identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
714BE3B3DC635B99A07A482FC7B33BAE.text	714BE3B3DC635B99A07A482FC7B33BAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paradoris hypocrita Yonow 2020	<div><p>Paradoris hypocrita sp. nov. Plates 15-18; Figures 9, 10, 11, 12</p><p>Paradoris liturata: - Debelius and Kuiter 2007: 242, right photo only (Red Sea; non P. liturata Bergh).</p><p>Aldisa sp. 2 Yonow 2008: 156 (Red Sea).</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype. SMF 360586. Hurghada, Egypt, Sept/Oct 1995, one specimen 10 × 5 mm pres., leg. A. Valdés and E. Mollo (HU-08).</p><p>Paratypes. SMF 360587. Whale Bay, Sha'arm el Sheikh, Egypt, May 1980, 10-15 m depth, one specimen 8 × 6 mm pres. curled, leg. and photographs B.E. Picton (BEP/RS3) ; SMF 360588. near Hurghada, Egypt, 22 Feb 2011, one specimen 15 × 9 mm pres. curled, leg. S. Kahlbrock (SEM of jaws and radula) ; SMF 360589. Near Hurghada, Egypt, 2012, two specimens 15 × 10 mm (A; penis extruded) and 12 × 10 mm (B; SEM of jaws and radula) pres. curled, leg. S. Kahlbrock .</p><p>Photographic material.</p><p>Egypt - El Quseir, 2007, photograph of one individual, H. Blatterer; near Hurghada, 14 Jul 2010, photographs of one individual, S. Kahlbrock; near Hurghada, 09 Sept 2010, photographs of one individual, S. Kahlbrock; Abu Dabbab, Marsa Alam, 28 Jul 2014, 24 m depth, photographs of one individual 30 mm, Hsini Lin (LIN_0805); Abu Dabbab, Marsa Alam, 15 Apr 2015, 23 m depth, photographs of one individual 20 mm, Hsini Lin (LIN_3209); Abu Dabbab, Marsa Alam, 2 Aug 2018, 24 m depth, photographs of one individual 30 mm, Hsini Lin (LIN-P8020094); Moray Garden, Dahab, 2019, photograph of one individual, H. Blatterer. Israel - Eilat, 2014, 31 July 2015, 13 May 2020, photographs of three individuals, R. Amar.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body elongate-oval with a distinct dorsal hump, wide mantle skirt. Dorsum pink, granular, with paler to white nodules, and black lines. Black pattern as four or five paired polygons; first pair around rhinophores with one or two lines extending to frontal margin. Dorsal polygons have short lines extending over skirt to margins. One polygon in front of the gills and one around the gills. Rhinophores black with translucent white stalk; rims of pockets raised, translucent pink, very thin, with an irregular margin. Six gills tri-pinnate, translucent white; pocket large with raised pink rim.</p><p>Description.</p><p>The shape of the species is elongate oval, usually with an angular frontal margin. There is a central dorsal hump and a broad mantle skirt. The black markings are smooth, loosely paired in a series of four or five polygons, with a larger central one just in front of the gills. Each rhinophore and the gills are located within a polygon (Plates 15-18). The rhinophores are long, translucent white at the base and the lamellate clavus is black with a distinct squared tip that is angled. In three photographs of two living individuals, there are 17 lamellae in each of the four rhinophores that can be counted. The gill pocket is large when the gills are extended, with an upstanding pink rim; its margin appears irregular. The six tripinnate gills are translucent white and the edges appear denser white (Plates 16, 17). The pink areas are granular and covered in white tubercles that are also granular. An enlarged detail from one photograph shows that the granules vary in both size and density (Fig. 9A, from Plate 18).</p><p>The five preserved specimens (in alcohol or in formaldehyde) are all pale pink with approximately paired, rounded, polygonal, black markings (Fig. 9C). The black rhinophores are retracted but just visible in most of the material. The white gills were only extended in two preserved specimens, the holotype SMF 360586 and SMF 360587, and the large gill cavity with its thin rim is clearly visible (Fig. 9B).</p><p>All preserved specimens are curled ventrally to a greater or lesser extent except the holotype SMF 360586. The black lines remain on the dorsum and are visible through the hyponotum in the holotype SMF 360586 (Fig. 9D). The foot is narrower than the dorsum, more than 1/2 to 2/3 the width of the dorsum in the less curled specimens (SMF 360586, SMF 360589). The penis is extruded in specimen A of SMF 360589 (Fig. 9E). The foot is rounded anteriorly and tapered posteriorly. The anterior margin is bilabiate and both edges appear to be clearly notched in specimen B of SMF 360589 (Fig. 9F) but this is an artefact of preservation. The oral tentacles are indistinct in all preserved specimens, certainly not as obvious as those of P. liturata or, in fact, most dorids. None of the photographs are helpful in showing them, although the bilabiate margins are just visible in Fig. 9E.</p><p>The jaws are formed of three plates (Fig. 10A). The rodlets are slightly curved, each with a tapered rounded tip; the more worn rodlets have a rounder tip, and some are broken off (Fig. 10B). The radula is asymmetrical and there are more teeth per row on the left side than the right side. The general shape of the radula is distinctive for the two Phyllidiella mimics, P. liturata and P. hypocrita: long and narrow, rounded at the old end, and with two long tails of sharp teeth at the new end (Fig. 11). The radular formula of Paradoris hypocrita sp. nov. (n = 2) is 53-55 × 14-16 (left).0.8-11 (right).There is no rachidian, but a narrow space is present down the middle of the radula in its place (Fig. 12B, C). The hooks of the lateral teeth are grooved, which is very difficult to see (Fig. 12A, arrowed).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species appears to be relatively common in the northernmost part of the Red Sea, based on the available photographs (Rudman 2007a, except the photograph from Borneo). It differs consistently in external morphology from Paradoris liturata, which is currently recorded only from Indonesia and PNG (Dayrat 2006), Malaysia (Masayoshi 2002), and the Philippines (Okiedivenut 2007). Note that the Red Sea species is easily distinguished from the west Pacific species on iNaturalist (2007-2020) and that there are no records in the Indian Ocean. Discodorid species are known to vary in notum colour and pattern and rhinophore lamellae counts, but the following differences between P. hypocrita and P. liturata can be observed.</p><p>Externally, the black pattern of P. hypocrita sp. nov. forms a series of paired, loose polygons on the dorsum, sometimes incomplete, but in P. liturata the two or three black lines are longitudinal, either complete or broken (but note the black ground colour in a photograph (no specimen available) in Dayrat (2006: fig. 17) H from Papua New Guinea). The dorsum is (always) pink in P. hypocrita (described as grey in P. liturata (Dayrat 2006) but note the pink tinge in Dayrat (2006: fig. 17) and on Sea Slug Forum). There are 17 lamellae counted from photographs (specimens are contracted) in P. hypocrita, while Paradoris liturata has 13, 15, or 16 lamellae on the rhinophores. However, one head shot of P. hypocrita bears 13 or 14 lamellae on one side and 16 or 17 on the other, indicating similar variations in both species. There are 6-8 gills in P. liturata but only six in P. hypocrita, coloured various shades of grey in the first species and white in the latter.</p><p>The three jaw plates and form of the radulae and teeth are very similar if not identical in both species, albeit based on few specimens, but the numbers vary with fewer teeth per row in P. hypocrita sp. nov. The radular formula of P. liturata is 45-79 × 18-21 (left). 0.12-14 (right) (n = 4) while in P. hypocrita the formula is 53-55 × 14-16 (left). 0.8-11 (right) (n = 2). Tooth shape in discodorids is similar and at this level of magnification no particular differences are visible. It may be that Dayrat (2006) is correct and this species forms part of a very variable P. liturata species. However, the high endemism of nudibranchs in the Red Sea currently being revealed (see Discussion) combined with the consistent polygonal dorsal pattern and fewer teeth per row in the radula of the Red Sea specimens examined are considered sufficient to warrant separation. It is also noteworthy that there are no published records of P. liturata from the Indian Ocean: the westernmost Pacific record is from Indonesia (Dayrat 2006), further supporting the distinctiveness of the Red sea species.</p><p>Paradoris liturata has not been recorded in the Indian Ocean but there are at least two species of Paradoris resembling phyllidiids which remain unidentified in the western Indian Ocean. One is pink with three to many longitudinal, usually broken, lines, granular tubercles of different sizes, and grey gills (Bidgrain 2020a; Anderson 1988-2020); this may prove to be P. liturata and if so, would the first records of this western Pacific species in the Indian Ocean. The second species is white with five longitudinal wavy black lines and evenly sized tubercles and is probably a new species (Bidgrain 2020b). The Red Sea species clearly differs from both of these in the pattern of the black lines; additionally there are no records of either undescribed species in the Red Sea.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>This epithet is based on the Latin noun Paradoris hypocrita (mime, mimic) and refers to its superficial resemblance to another family, the Phyllidiidae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/714BE3B3DC635B99A07A482FC7B33BAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yonow, Nathalie	Yonow, Nathalie (2020): Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
41FDA3B1CD165A9E99E551C773AA8A4C.text	41FDA3B1CD165A9E99E551C773AA8A4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllidia schupporum Fahrner & Schroedl 2000	<div><p>Phyllidia schupporum Fahrner &amp; Schroedl, 2000 Plates 9-14; Figures 7, 8</p><p>Phyllidia schupporum Fahrner &amp; Schrödl, 2000b: 5-60, figs 1-4 (Dahab, Gulf of Eilat); Debelius and Kuiter 2007: 267; Yonow 2008: 217, three figs incl. ventral anterior of holotype; Gosliner et al. 2008: 289.</p><p>Phyllidia (Fryeria) rueppelii: - Nithyanandan 2012: 4, fig. 6 (Kuwait). non P. (F.) rueppelii (Bergh, 1869).</p><p>Material.</p><p>Egypt - Hurghada, Sha’ab Dorfa, 7 Sept 2010, one specimen 32 × 21 mm pres., alcohol, 14 m depth, leg. and photographs S. Kahlbrock.</p><p>Photographic records.</p><p>Egypt - Caves, Ras Umm Sid, Sha’arm el Sheikh, 19 Nov 2007, one individual, photograph H. Blatterer; El Quseir, 2007, one individual, photograph H. Blatterer; Dahab, 2008, two individuals together, photographs H. Blatterer; Sha’ab Mahmoud/Beacon Rock, Dahab, 5 May 2010, 8 June 2010, 15 Apr 2012, photographs S. Kahlbrock; Hurghada, 14 May 2012, photograph of one individual, S. Kahlbrock; "SS Thistlegorm," Sha’arm el Sheikh, 9 Oct 2012, 17 m depth, photograph S. Kahlbrock; House Reef of Rima Life Resort, Makadi Bay, 9 August 2014, 8 m depth, one individual ~ 30 mm, photograph Hsini Lin; Dahab, 19 July 2015, one individual, photograph H. Blatterer. Israel - Eilat. 16 Apr 2008, photographs of one individual, B. and S. Koretz (also published in Gosliner et al. 2008: 289); 4 September 2015, photographs of one individual, R. Amar.</p><p>Description.</p><p>The single large (32 mm) preserved specimen is mostly black, which forms deep scallops around the mantle sides with three elongations on the left and four irregular ones on the right, almost reaching the mantle margin, and a small one on the posterior margin (Plate 9). These semi-circular areas formed by the black scalloped pattern are white but contain some black patches and bright yellow tips on both the large and small tubercles. The white areas are almost translucent and full of white granules; even the tiniest tubercles have granulated white pigmentation. The large tubercles in each area are white, topped with yellow, and the bases of the pigmented tubercles are more opaque white as well as more granular than the others, which makes them appear ocellated (Fig. 7B). These white semi-circles are pustulate, as are the yellow parts of the largest tubercles in these areas and elsewhere on the dorsum. There is no coloured edge remaining on the margin in this specimen, but all photographs of living animals show orange spots and/or lines on the mantle margin (Plates 9-14) and three display almost complete yellow margins (Plates 12-14).</p><p>The central black area in life bears a few barely discernible pustules, visible only at great magnification. The four large central tubercles are pustulose and irregular. There is one large tubercle just behind the rhinophores followed by two more. These three tubercles are the largest and rugose, with the basal pustules faintly tipped in yellow pigment which deepens towards tips. The white anal papilla is located just behind the third dorsal tubercle and located in a white area; the anal opening is surrounded by tiny black spots. There is one smaller white and yellow pustulose tubercle behind the anal papilla (far right on Plates 9, 11, 13). The deep yellow rhinophores are almost parallel sided with a short tip (Plates 9, 11, 14). They are each set in a tapering white patch with a yellow rhino-tubercle just behind and slightly displaced laterally. The rhinophores have 16-20 lamellae (counted from photographs).</p><p>The preserved specimen is black and white (Fig. 7A). Both the black and white areas are pimpled with small pustules, which are more obvious on the white areas. The tubercles are very unusual for species of Phyllidia and in preservative resemble the tubercles of Dendrodoris tuberculosa (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1832). They are composed of ridges and incomplete rings of smaller pustules, some even tipped with yellow pigment, and very clearly visible in a large living animal (Plates 9, 14). The rhinophores are retracted and the anus is a puckered hole placed after the third tubercle and clearly visible.</p><p>Ventrally, the spicules of the hyponotum are arranged in a distinctly hatched pattern, and the black pigment shows through from the dorsal side, darkest around the margin (Fig. 7C-E). The gill leaflets are grey. The uniformly grey foot sole is oval with no black midline and notched anteriorly (Fig. 7D, E) in the preserved specimen but not in the living specimen (Fig. 7C). The anterior margin is rounded, the ‘lips’ are prominent, and the retracted oral tentacles are conical structures with an obvious deep groove on each side, similar to those depicted in the photograph of the living holotype (Fig. 7C, courtesy of M Schrödl).</p><p>A dorsal incision to remove the very thick notum revealed a digestive system (Fig. 8) similar of that of other species of the genus excluding the Dendrodoris multituberculata Boettger, 1918 complex [e.g., P. varicosa, P. alyta (Yonow, 1996: figs 7-9), P. coelestis Bergh, 1905 (Yonow 2011: figs 14, 15), P. koehleri Perrone, 2000 (Yonow 2012: fig 19)] and matches the drawing by Fahrner and Schrödl (2000b: fig. 2). The pharyngeal bulb is creamy yellow and bears an upside-down U-shaped concavity on the dorso-posterior side; this is where the retractor muscles attachments and the small pharynx originate. The creamy-white blood gland lies in or over this concavity. The bursa copulatrix (left sphere) is a solid yellowish colour.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The external details of this specimen described in this work clearly fit those given for the holotype by Fahrner and Schrödl (2000b) despite the preponderance of black and the lack of orange- or yellow-tipped oral tentacles: as no orange/yellow pigment remains on the dorsum of the preserved specimen it is not surprising that the oral tentacles have lost their pigmentation. The species is distinctive, recognised in Yonow (2008) from photographs (see also references listed in the synonymy). Whilst this specimen is much darker than both the holotype and the available photographs, it does bear the diagnostic characters of three large, tall, spiculose, and pustulose orange/yellow-tipped tubercles along the dorsal midline, the presences of a smaller one posterior to the anus, two longitudinal black lines with at least one transverse band, an anterior black Y-shaped mark originating between the rhinophores and extending to the anterior margin, three or four white semi-circular areas on the margin on each side, orange/yellow rhinophores, and no black line on the sole of the foot.</p><p>The individuals photographed (Plates 10, 11, 13) are most similar to the holotype, but the black markings are thinner. In four individuals, there are three complete transverse lines (Plates 10, 11, 13, 14) which match the incomplete bands of the holotype.</p><p>Internally, the digestive system is as described and illustrated in Fahrner and Schrödl (2000b: figs 2, 3) but it no longer retains any bright orange-red colour that they described in the freshly collected animal.</p><p>One additional character for P. schupporum observed from this material should be added to its diagnosis: there is an orange or yellow border present on the mantle margin which is usually very patchy: it can be almost absent or almost entire with only small breaks. It is in fact present as one patch on the coloured illustration of the holotype (Fahrner and Schrödl 2000b: fig. 1) just ‘above’ the tip of the right rhinophore. Of the records presented here, all images examined at high magnification also show at least small marginal patches of orange or yellow. Therefore, all records of Phyllidia (Fryeria) rueppelii (Bergh, 1869) from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman must now be re-examined considering this new observation. The illustrated individual from Kuwait (Nithyanandan 2012: 5, fig. 6) clearly belongs to P. schupporum and not to P. (F.) rueppelii due to the three high spiculose and tuberculate central tubercles and the dorsal black pattern, indicating that P. schupporum may not be endemic to the Red Sea. Individuals depicted in several photographs examined from the United Arab Emirates can be attributed to P. schupporum (Carole Harris, Sydney, Australia, pers. comm.). There are transverse bands present in some of her images and there are extensions to the sides forming white semi-circular areas as in P. (F.) rueppelii . Apart from P. (F.) rueppelii, there are no other species in the Red Sea which have an orange or yellow margin; however, the black pattern is different in the two species. Phyllidia (F.) rueppelii has three rows of central tubercles with a more linear black pattern, and it has a ventral anus.</p><p>The individuals and holotype with less black are similar to the Indo-West Pacific Phyllidia exquisita Brunckhorst, 1993, also noted by Fahrner and Schrödl (2000b) but the Red Sea P. schupporum differs externally, having only two (instead of three or four) curved black longitudinal lines extending from the fronto-lateral mantle margins to the posterio-lateral margins.</p><p>Phyllidia schupporum is very similar with its light and dark variations to the images of a species identified as P. exquisita from Hawaii, which is probably a new species (Pittman and Fiene 1999). It is remotely possible that the Red Sea species and the Hawaiian ones are the same, as they resemble each other externally including the very dark variants. However, given their very disjunct localities and that both regions have high levels of endemism, the same identity is unlikely but further collections will eventually resolve this issue.</p><p>Phyllidia schupporum is a rare species in the Red Sea, with only two known specimens and several photographed individuals in the last forty years. It was not present in the more recent collections in the southern half of the Red Sea (e.g., Sanganeb 1991 by T. Paulus; Farasan banks 2017 by KAUST) but was recorded as early as the 1980s (single photograph by Pam Kemp in Yonow (2008) from the Jeddah area, central Red Sea). There are photographs on the internet from the northern Red Sea which have been variously identified as F. rueppelii, P. cf. exquisita, and P. schupporum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/41FDA3B1CD165A9E99E551C773AA8A4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yonow, Nathalie	Yonow, Nathalie (2020): Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
E8DA8F4A93C15F1A9C85A23EE4C76E34.text	E8DA8F4A93C15F1A9C85A23EE4C76E34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllidiella amphitrite Yonow 2020	<div><p>Phyllidiella amphitrite sp. nov. Plate 1; Figures 1, 2</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype. SMF 360585. Near Hurghada, Egypt, 09 August 2009, one specimen 28 × 15 mm, bent (pres., alcohol), leg. and photograph S. Kahlbrock.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Relatively smooth phyllidiid with pale yellow crests and cones (instead of rounded tubercles). White areas granulate, black areas smooth. Sub-margin with single series of yellow and white patches and small crests and pointed tubercles, margin smooth and pale. Rhinophores black, extending from pale yellow raised sheaths. Very distinctive oral tentacles, trilobed with a median ridge (not digitiform as those of other species of Phyllidiella). Dorsal anus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>The photograph of the living specimen depicts an animal which vaguely resembles a smudged Phyllidiella ' Phyllidiella pustulosa ' with yellow pigment on the top of its crests, which are loosely arranged in groups with black lines around them (Plate 1). These tuberculate areas comprise a large white area and the tubercles arise very sharply as crests or cones, both pale yellow. These crests are low, and those around the margin are either low cones or rounded on top. There are six of these elongated crests forming a ridge along the midline, grouped into three polygonal areas with two single ones situated behind the anus. The rhinophores are located on the anterior sides of the first cluster, and issue from raised sheaths which are faintly yellow; the rhinophores are associated with rhino-tubercles. The visible part of the right rhinophore in the photograph is black and densely lamellated, rounded at the tip. The individual marginal tubercles are very small and nipple-like with a large creamy white base. They are present as a single series along the submargin and the margin is smooth and pale.</p><p>The preserved specimen is curved ventrally but everything is clearly visible (Fig. 1A). The dorsal crests and cones are still present in the specimen and appear ‘dirty’ where they were coloured yellow. The anus is located on the posterior edge of the third tubercular cluster. The right rhinophore was removed and bears 17 lamellae, the lowest four of which are white, and a rounded distal tip. Ventrally, there is no black showing through the hyponotum, nor are there any black markings on the gill leaflets or oral tentacles in the preserved specimen. The foot sole has no black line. The oral tentacles, gill leaflets, and gonopore are all flesh-coloured (Fig. 1B, C). The oral tentacles are trilobed with a median ridge: the right one (specimen viewed ventrally) is upstanding and the left one is folded over (Fig. 1C, D). The foot is folded longitudinally (Fig. 1B, C, D).</p><p>Anatomically, the dissection of the single specimen confirms placement in the genus Phyllidiella (see Fig. 2). The internal organs were covered by a dark visceral envelope and beneath this was a smaller envelope anteriorly covering the pharynx, pharyngeal bulb, oral glands, and nervous system. When this was removed, a large mass of large leaf-like oral glands covered the pharynx and pharyngeal bulb. The first is long and muscular, forming a large loop. Two strong muscles attach the elongated and bent pharyngeal bulb to the body wall. The bursa copulatrix is a solid sphere with a reddish patch on the ventral-most side.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The internal anatomy of this new species clearly places it in Phyllidiella: the visceral envelope is black, the pharyngeal bulb is elongate and folded, the pharynx is thick and muscular but becomes tubular, and there are leaf-like glands overlying the pharynx and the bulb. However, there are no other known species of Phyllidiella with yellow pigmentation or with such unusual oral tentacles. Despite these two differences, it is described as a new member of Phyllidiella due to similarities in the digestive system. Phyllidiella ' Phyllidiella pustulosa ' is one of the most common species in the Red Sea and Indo-West Pacific, but there are no records of it having yellow tubercles or crests on the tubercles.</p><p>Phyllidiella ' Phyllidiella pustulosa ' is always pink, green, or white underwater and in photographs, possibly depending on the lighting utilised; no species of Phyllidiella has any yellow pigmentation. There are, however, instances of very pale yellow markings in other genera, which may lead to misidentifications, e.g., Phyllidiella sp. in Gosliner et al. (2008: 295) which is in fact Phyllidia elegans: the pattern of black and tubercles is typical, and a yellow tinge is clearly visible on the rhinophores. For comparison, a photograph of a very pale Phyllidia varicosa is illustrated in Plate 2, and another is available on Sea Slug Forum (Adams 2003). There are specimens in the Red Sea of P. ' Phyllidia pustulosa ' with a more pointed appearance (Plate 3) which may eventually also be identified as a different species; but, it must be noted that these spikier variations also occur in other phyllidiid species, e.g., Phyllidia multifaria (Yonow, 1986: 1410, fig. 11i; Yonow 1988: 149, pl. 7).</p><p>While P. amphitrite looks like an aberrant form of P. ' Phyllidiella pustulosa ', the differences are enough to warrant specific separation for now, especially following the recent molecular work on the species complex in the western Pacific (Stoffels et al. 2016; Bogdanov 2020; see Remarks for P. ' Phyllidiella pustulosa ' in Appendix 1). No other phyllidiid has trilobed oral tentacles, a character which needs further examination when more specimens are collected. Species of the Phyllidia pustulosa complex have triangular oral tentacles with a lateral groove and are tipped in black. With black rhinophores and a mass of leaf-like oral glands, P. amphitrite clearly does not belong to Phyllidia or Phyllidiopsis, and it is placed in Phyllidiella as the most parsimonious choice.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name was chosen for the wife of the ruler of the sea, Poseidon, in Greek mythology. She was called Ἀμφιτρίτη, Amphitrite.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E8DA8F4A93C15F1A9C85A23EE4C76E34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yonow, Nathalie	Yonow, Nathalie (2020): Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
EECE00D4184D507A997F53908658F1EE.text	EECE00D4184D507A997F53908658F1EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart 1858)	<div><p>Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1858) Plates 4-8; Figures 3-6</p><p>Phyllidia zeylanicus Kelaart, 1858: 120 (Sri Lanka).</p><p>Phyllidiella zeylanica: - Yonow 1996: 502, fig. 10A-G (Maldives, Seychelles, Thailand); Yonow et al. 2002: 868, fig. 19a (Chagos); Domínguez et al. 2007: 105, fig. 12 (Papua New Guinea); Yonow 2012: 71, pls 72, 73 (Seychelles. Maldives, Sri Lanka) and references therein.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Egypt - Hurghada. Sept 2009, one specimen 10 × 5 mm (pres., alcohol), leg. and photograph S. Kahlbrock; Sha’ab Dorfa, 07 Sept 2010, 14 m depth, one specimen 10 × 5 mm (pres., alcohol), leg. and photograph S. Kahlbrock; 2014, one specimen 13 × 6 mm (pres., formaldehyde), leg. S. Kahlbrock; April 2015, one specimen 9 × 5 mm (pres., alcohol), leg. S. Kahlbrock; Abu Kafan, 14 July 2015, 7 m depth, one specimen 10.5 × 4 mm (pres., alcohol), leg. and photographs S. Kahlbrock (SK #13).</p><p>Photographic records.</p><p>Egypt - Hurghada, 16 July and 15 Aug 2010, three individuals, photographs S. Kahlbrock; Dahab, 2017, photographs of one individual, C. von Mach (H. Blatterer, Vienna, pers. comm.).</p><p>Description.</p><p>These five specimens and the additional photographs all bear a single dorsal black band enclosing both the rhinophores and the anal orifice (Plates 4-8, Figs 3A-6A); it is not quite complete in one specimen and bears a transverse mark in three specimens (Plates 4, 5, Figs 3A, 4A). Critically, in all five specimens, the anterior section of this black band is squared, a feature unique to this species. All specimens bear a second thin black line submarginally and faint black markings within the central black ring. The individual tubercles in the central black ‘square’ and the multiple tubercles in the wide marginal pink band are as described previously: the pink areas are tuberculate with some faint or distinct black markings between them. Between the two black rings is a double or triple row of tubercles, which appears to be another diagnostic character of P. zeylanica . The thin mantle margin is pink. The rhinophores are long and straight in all photographs, black with a white stalk and few white lower lamellae. Photographs of three individuals are also similar and clearly identifiable; the one with slightly higher and more defined tubercles is probably larger than the others (Plate 8), virtually identical to the specimen illustrated from the Maldives (Yonow 2012: pl. 73) that measured 38 mm in length.</p><p>None of the preserved specimens were relaxed before preservation, but they are moderately flat with the margins slightly curled (as reported previously for preserved specimens) and their rhinophores are all retracted. Of the photographic series of living specimens, SK #13 has a few that are focused on the rhinophores, and there are 12-14 lamellae on each clavus with the lower three or four lamellae being white. This lower white portion is visible on all photographs of all animals even if they are not sharp enough to count the individual lamellae. Ventrally, the foot sole has no black line nor are there any other markings on it or on the hyponotum (Figs 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B). In four specimens the anterior foot margin is notched and the margin and ‘lips’ are separated with the triangular oral tentacles set at an angle. In one less relaxed specimen, the ‘lips’ and margin are contracted around the mouth. In three specimens (Figs 3B, 4B, 5B), black pigment is visible on the oral tentacles.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>A careful search of all photographic records in the author’s archives from Pam Kemp, Woody Pridgen, and Jürgen Kuchinke who were in Saudi Arabia and diving during the 1980s revealed no photographs of Phyllidiella zeylanica; size is presumably not the issue as they all had photographs of Phyllidia dautzenbergi Vayssière, 1912 (&lt;20 mm alive), which is similarly small. Is it reasonable to conclude that Phyllidiella zeylanica is a recent migrant? Given that there is no previous photographic evidence of this species in the Red Sea, in this work, it is considered a recent introduction from the Indian Ocean, where it is frequently recorded. Some authors (e.g., Brunckhorst 1993, Gosliner et al. 2008) have a different view on the identity of P. zeylanica based on Pacific specimens, but to date, having examined hundreds of specimens of species of phyllidiids from both the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific, this consistent colour pattern bears no resemblance to some specimens in the author’s collection from the Indian Ocean, currently unidentified, whose dorsal patterns match those illustrated by Brunckhorst (1993) and Gosliner et al. (2008) identified as P. zeylanica . Given these external morphological differences, these are not simply much larger specimens of P. zeylanica . Domínguez et al. (2007) recorded P. zeylanica from Papua New Guinea which has the same dorsal pattern, and anterior foot with prominent ‘lips’ and triangular tentacles so the species is known to occur in the western Pacific. However, neither Domínguez et al. (2007) nor Brunckhorst (1993) described the black tips on the oral tentacles for P. zeylanica as they did for ' P. pustulosa '.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EECE00D4184D507A997F53908658F1EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Yonow, Nathalie	Yonow, Nathalie (2020): Red Sea Opisthobranchia 6: Phyllidiidae and their paradorid mimic: new species and new records (Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ZooKeys 1006: 1-34, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1006.59732
