identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
513387FA1B00FFA9248552C0C16EFDD6.text	513387FA1B00FFA9248552C0C16EFDD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus nigricauda (Boulenger 1891)	<div><p>Hisonotus nigricauda (Boulenger, 1891)</p><p>Figs. 2, 3, 4a, 5, 6a, 7a, and 8a</p><p>Otocinclus nigricauda Boulenger, 1891: 234 [original description, type locality: Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. - Regan, 1904: 268-269 [redescription, senior synonym of Hisonotus laevior and Hisonotus leptochilus]. Fowler, 1940: 83 [listed]. - Isbrücker,1980: 84 [listed].- Schaefer, 1991:23 [phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatinae].</p><p>Hisonotus nigricauda Cope, 1894: 97 [compared with Hisonotus laevior and H. leptochilus and new generic combination]. - Schaefer, 1998: 383 [transferred to Hisonotus]. - Schaefer, 2003: 232 [listed]. - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed]. - Ferraris, 2007: 248 [listed].</p><p>Microlepidogaster nigricauda . - Eigenmann, 1910: 413 [listed]. Miranda Ribeiro, 1911: 88 [listed]. Fowler, 1915: 237 [examined specimen]. - Gosline, 1945: 101 [listed]. - Fowler, 1954: 166-167 [listed and illustrated]. - Malabarba, 1989: 150 [type locality restricted to laguna dos Patos system, probably rio Camaquã]. - Schaefer, 1997: 8 [listed].</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus nigricauda differs from its congeners, except from H. maculipinnis and H. prata, by lacking the posterior portion of the lateral line (Fig. 4a), vs. posterior portion of lateral line present. It differs from H. maculipinnis and H. prata by having an almost completely dark caudal fin, without hyaline areas in the middle portion (Figs. 2-3), vs. caudal fin presenting hyaline areas in the middle portion (see remarks for H. maculipinnis diagnosis).</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 1. Adult size small to medium for members of this genus (less than 40 mm in SL). Body robust, not elongated. Head and body without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout tip to dorsalfin origin except slightly concave profile anterior to nares. Straight and posteroventrally sloped at dorsal-fin base, and almost straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at posterior end of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal-fin margin slightly concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded to somewhat square in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior to pectoral-fin insertion. Snout region anterior to nares concave, interorbital region slightly convex. Upper margin of orbit somewhat elevate. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral-fin posterior margin almost straight; when depressed tip extending to middle of pelvic fin. Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth in adults and juveniles. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below posterior bony margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed pelvic fin not reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending beyond that point in males. Dorsal fin II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located just posterior of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet somewhat round in shape. Anal fin i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin. Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and area around base of paired fins. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation for mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with narrow odontode free band between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes (Fig. 5), odontode-free area sometimes absent in smaller specimens. Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, small unplated area between rostrum and nares (Fig. 6a). Two or three rows of predorsal plates (modally three; Fig. 7a). Lateral line incomplete, anterior portion short, formed by one to three pored plates. Posterior portion of lateral line absent. Median plate series usually truncated (Fig. 4a). Plates of median abdominal plate series very small, numerous, irregularly arranged. Lateral abdominal plates larger, forming regular series of about four to seven plates on each side (Fig. 8a). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae openings and medial region of coracoids.</p><p>Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, these larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, medially directed on pelvic fin. Odontodes on head uniform in size and distribution, except for enlarged odontodes on ventral and dorsal margins of rostrum (Fig. 5). Odontodes on posterior parieto-supraoccipital tip not enlarged, about same size as surrounding areas. Anteroventral margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose. Maxillary barbel present.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp large and rounded, minor (lateral) cusp pointed. Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) not completely fused to each other, median notch on posterior margin of caudal-fin skeleton extending anteriorly. Total vertebrae 27- 28 (4 c&amp;s), one c&amp;s presenting 25 (apparently anomalous).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces gray to almost black. Dorsal and dorsolateral body surfaces slightly lighter than lateral surface, except for head, which is darker. Ventral surface of body heavily pigmented. Area anterior to nares lighter but not forming conspicuous longitudinal light stripes. Paired, dorsal and anal fins mostly hyaline, except for several transverse dark bands. Caudal fin almost completely dark, except for hyaline area on posterior portion of three uppermost branched rays. Caudal-fin hyaline portion, and the unbranched rays with transverse dark bands. Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males also possess a developed fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. In adult males, the first and second branched rays of pelvic fin present a fleshy flap at its anteromedial portion. In juvenile males all flaps are smaller or absent. Males have a longer pelvic-fin unbranched ray that extends beyond the anal-fin origin, with the ray never reaching that point in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus nigricauda is widely distributed in the laguna dos Patos system and in the rio Uruguay basin. In the laguna dos Patos system that species is found mostly in the lower portions of the tributaries near the laguna do Patos, being absent in the upper portions of rio Jacuí basin. In the same manner, H. nigricauda is most commonly collected in the lower portions of the rio Uruguay basin, but being found in the headwaters of rio Negro, rio Quaraí, and rio Ibicuí drainages (Fig. 9). Hisonotus nigricauda is apparently absent in the rio Uruguay basin above the mouth of rio Ibicuí. This species inhabits slow flowing watercourses, of brown waters running over dark organic matter and sandy bottom (Fig. 10c). The individuals were found in between marginal and aquatic vegetation.</p><p>Remarks. Hisonotus nigricauda is morphologically very similar to Hisonotus maculipinnis (Regan, 1912) from río de La Plata in Argentina; both nominal species being morphometrically identical (Fig. 11). However, the following features can distinguish them: H. nigricauda has an almost completely dark caudal fin contrasting with a caudal fin with hyaline areas in most specimens of H. maculipinnis (including the type series), especially in juvenile specimens (Fig. 12). Specimens of H. nigricauda usually posses a narrow odontode-free area between dorsal and ventral series of odontodes on the anterior margin of snout, which is absent in H. maculipinnis specimens. These features putatively distinguish the forms, and both seem to be part of a species complex inhabiting the lower portions of the Paraná-Paraguay and laguna dos Patos systems. Further study, however, is necessary to unambiguously demonstrate that these species are not conspecific, which is beyond the purposes of this work.</p><p>Material examined. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, laguna dos Patos system: BMNH 91.3.16.53-62, syntypes of Otocinclus nigricauda, 9, 24.8-31.8 mm SL . Rio Jacuí drainage: ANSP 21565, 2, 21.3- 22.4 mm SL, rio Jacuí . MCN 16246, 10, 23.7-34.1 mm SL, Porto Alegre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.233334/lat -30.016666)">Parque Estadual Delta do Jacuí</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.233334/lat -30.016666)">Saco da Pólvora</a>, 30º01’S 51º14’W. MCP 19834, 12, 25.6-40.2 mm SL, Amarópolis, creek tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.916668/lat -29.916666)">rio Jacuí</a> in the sylviculture <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.916668/lat -29.916666)">Santo Amaro</a>, 29º55’S 51º55’W. MCP 20543, 1, 31.1 mm SL, Porto Alegre, rio Jacuí on Saco da Alemoa, 30º00’00”S 51º14’51”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.274723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.931665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.274723/lat -29.931665)">Rio Caí drainage</a>: MCN 15989, 3, 27.3-31.7 mm SL, Triunfo, mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.274723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.931665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.274723/lat -29.931665)">rio Caí</a>, left margin, 29º55’54”S 51º16’29”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.338333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.291388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.338333/lat -30.291388)">Rio Vacacaí drainage</a>: MCP 19584, 33 + 3 c&amp;s, 22.7- 39.1 mm SL, São Gabriel, bridge on road between São Gabriel and Tiaraju, 30º17’29”S 54º20’18”W. MCP 26756, 5, 24.2-29.5 mm SL, São Gabriel, marsh of arroio Piraí, 30º17’07”S 54º20’33”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.966667/lat -29.933332)">Rio Gravataí drainage</a>: MAPA 1737, 1, 26.7 mm SL, Gravataí, arroio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.966667/lat -29.933332)">Passo dos Ferreiros</a>, tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.966667/lat -29.933332)">rio Gravataí</a>, 29º56’S 50º58’W. MAPA 1759, 3, 23.5-27.5 mm SL, Canoas, canal south of rio Gravataí . MCP 15059, 3, 29.4-30.6 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.933334/lat -29.966667)">Gravataí</a>, marsh at highway RS-118, 29º58’S 50º56’W . Rio dos Sinos: MCN 11625, 11, 31.3-38.3 mm SL, Sapucaia do Sul, Estação Ecológica do Pesqueiro at Zoológico de Sapucaia do Sul . Lago Guaíba drainage: MAPA 1009, 2, 11.6-23.9 mm SL, Porto Alegre, lago Guaíba at Medianeira. MCN 17416, 10, 22.0- 32.3 mm SL, Tapes, arroio Guará tributary of arroio Araçá on road between Barra do Ribeiro and Tapes, 30º29’14”S 51º23’39”W. MCP 21165, 4, 26.8-29.5 mm SL, Eldorado do Sul, creek at margins of highway BR-290, 30º02’36”S 51º20’56”W. MCP 28986, 11, 24.7- 34.3 mm SL, Eldorado do Sul, arroio Passo dos Carros, 30º05’S 51º23’W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.75722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.75722/lat -30.95)">Laguna dos Patos drainage</a>: MCN 12602, 4, 16.2-24.8 mm SL, Arambaré, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.75722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.75722/lat -30.95)">arroio do Brejo</a>, 5 km south of Arambaré on road to Santa Rita do Sul, 30º57’00”S 50º45’26”W. MCN 12605, 4, 21.6- 27.2 mm SL, Arambaré, arroio Santa Rita at Capão do Trago, 31º01’50”S 51º30’27”W. MCP 17677, 6, 19.8-24.7 mm SL, Pelotas, old drainage channel near to Passo do Tabajara, marsh of Pontal da Barra in Laranjal, 31º47’S 52º14’W. MCP 23855, 33, 23.1-34.1 mm SL, Sentinela do Sul, arroio Velhaco on road between Cerro Grande do Sul and Camaquã, 30º41’22”S 51º41’51”W. MCP 23858, 4, 27.2- 28.9 mm SL, Sentinela do Sul, arroio do Tigre tributary of arroio Velhaco on road from Cerro Grande do Sul to Camaquã, 30º44’30”S 51º46’26”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.783333/lat -31.133333)">Rio Camaquã drainage</a>: MCP 17416, 20 + 3 c&amp;s 25.5-39.1 mm SL, Camaquã, marsh in rio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.783333/lat -31.133333)">Camaquã</a> at Pacheca, 31º08’S 51º47’W. MCP 19701, 1, 27.2 mm SL, Encruzilhada do Sul, arroio Passo da Miséria on road between Encruzilhada do Sul and Canguçu, 30º57’S 52º26’W. MCP 25881, 51, 15.8-36.7 mm SL, Caçapava do Sul, creek tributary of arroio Seival on road between Lavras do Sul and Capaçava do Sul, 30º44’00”S 53º42’04”W. MCP 25875, 1, 34.2 mm SL, Caçapava do Sul, small creek tributary to arroio Hilário on road between Caçapava do Sul and Lavras do Sul, 30º44’24”S 53º44’51”W . MCP 40761, 10 + 3 c&amp;s, 31.0- 38.2 mm SL, Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.880554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.242779" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.880554/lat -31.242779)">arroio Banhado Grande</a> on highway BR-153 between Bagé and Caçapava do Sul, 31º14’34”S 53º52’50”W. MCP 44506, 1, 33.2 mm SL, Pinheiro Machado, creek tributary of arroio Boici at Fazenda Chimarrão, 31º14’09”S 53º21’39”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.333332/lat -31.616667)">Rio São Gonçalo drainage</a>: MCP 17415, 32, 27.7-34.9 mm SL, Pelotas, dead canal of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.333332/lat -31.616667)">rio Pelotas</a>, marginal of highway BR-116, at Retiro, 31º37’S 52º20’W. MCP 17577, 4, 25.1-31.6 mm SL, Pelotas, arroio Totó on road to colônia Z-3, 31º46’S 52º20’W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.033333/lat -32.15)">Laguna Mirim drainage</a>: MCP 11134, 2, 28.2- 35.0 mm SL, Arroio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.033333/lat -32.15)">arroio Xasqueiro</a> on highway BR-116 between Pelotas and Arroio Grande, 32º09’S 53º02’W . From <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.45/lat -29.55)">rio Uruguay basin</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.45/lat -29.55)">Rio Ibicuí drainage</a>: MCP 9270, 10, 17.0- 29.7 mm SL, Mata, creek on road between Santa Maria and Mata, 29º33’S 54º27’W. MCP 9386, 10, 14.5-24.3 mm SL, Cacequi, rio Ibicuí on bridge between São Rafael and Cacequi, 29º41’S 54º41’W. MCP 9473, 9, 20.3-32.5 mm SL, Brazil, São Vicente do Sul, arroio do Salso, road from São Vicente do Sul to Santiago, 29º34’S 54º42’W. MCP 9643, 33, 22.1-34.1 mm SL, Dom Pedrito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.7/lat -30.983334)">rio Santa Maria</a> at km 246 of highway BR-293, between Dom Pedrito and Santana do Livramento, 30º59’S 54º42’W. MCP 14145, 1, 24.5 mm SL, Rosário do Sul, creek on road between Rosário do Sul and Santana do Livramento, 30º18’45”S 54º59’49”W. MCP 14214, 1, 33.2 mm SL, Santana do Livramento, pools at side of rio Santa Maria on road between Dom Pedrito and Santana do Livramento, 30º59’S 54º42’W . MCP 16161, 2, 15.5-28.9 mm SL, Santana do Livramento, lateral pools on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.066666/lat -30.7)">Campo Seco</a>, 15 km east from highway BR-158, 30º42’S 55º04’W. MCP 19593, 13, 22.3-33.5 mm SL, São Gabriel, bridge over <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.525833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.261944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.525833/lat -30.261944)">Banhado do Inhatium</a>, highway BR-290, 30º15’43”S 54º31’33”W. MCP 23149, 11, 26.0- 31.4 mm SL, São Francisco de Assis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.13639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.547499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.13639/lat -29.547499)">rio Inhacunda</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.13639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.547499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.13639/lat -29.547499)">São Francisco de Assis going</a> to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.13639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.547499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.13639/lat -29.547499)">Manoel Viana</a>, 29º32’51”S 55º08’11”W. MCP 26865, 88 + 3 c&amp;s, 22.7-38.5 mm SL, Rosário do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.03528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.374166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.03528/lat -30.374166)">arroio do Salso</a> on the highway BR-158, affluent of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.03528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.374166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.03528/lat -30.374166)">rio Ibicuí da Armada</a>, 30º22’27”S 55º02’07”W. MCP 27608, 14, 16.2-35.9 mm SL, São Francisco de Assis, arroio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.18028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.18028/lat -29.5175)">Caraí-Passo</a> on road from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.18028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.18028/lat -29.5175)">São Francisco de Assis</a> to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.18028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.18028/lat -29.5175)">Manoel Viana</a>, 29º31’03”S 55º10’49”W. UFRGS 8241, 23, 23.7-34.5 mm SL, Rosário do Sul, creek at the margin of highway BR-290, 10 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.05/lat -30.2)">Rosário do Sul</a>, 30º12’S 55º03’W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.466667/lat -31.833334)">Río Negro drainage</a>: MCP 10000, 34, 15.4-30.1 mm SL, Uruguay, Cerro Largo, lagoon 10 m from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.466667/lat -31.833334)">río Negro</a> at Arreria, 31º50’S 54º28’W. UFRGS 7183, 17, 29.2-32.5 mm SL, Uruguay, Durazno, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.201668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.41528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.201668/lat -33.41528)">arroyo Maestre de Campo</a>, on road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.201668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.41528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.201668/lat -33.41528)">Polanco de Yi</a>, tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.201668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.41528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.201668/lat -33.41528)">río Yí</a>, 33º24’55”S 56º12’06”W. UFRGS 9243, 7, 29.3-35.5, Uruguay, Rivera, arroyo Batovi on ruta 27, at km 24, río Tacuarembó drainage . UFRGS 9241, 1, 37.3 mm SL, Uruguay, Rivera, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.491943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.039165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.491943/lat -31.039165)">arroyo Cunãpiru</a> on km 12 of ruta 27, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.491943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.039165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.491943/lat -31.039165)">río Tacuarémbo drainage</a>, 31º02’21”S 55º29’31”W . UFRGS 9243, 5 + 1 c&amp;s, 30.2-36.5 mm SL, Uruguay, Rivera, lateral pools and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.253887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.390556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.253887/lat -31.390556)">arroyo Corrales</a> on ruta 27, tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.253887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.390556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.253887/lat -31.390556)">río Tacuarembó</a>, 31º23’26”S 55º15’14”W . Other drainages and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.233334/lat -28.683332)">rio Uruguay</a>: ILPLA 238, 9, 18.5-25.8 mm SL, Argentina, Corrientes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.683332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.233334/lat -28.683332)">arroyo Cuay Grande</a>, 28º41’S 56º14’W. MAPA 2493, 15, 23.6-33.6 mm SL, Brazil, Barra do Quarai, arroio Quaraí-Chico, MCP 11568, 4, 23.2-29.1 mm SL, Brazil, Uruguaiana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.933334/lat -29.633333)">rio Touro Passo</a>, 29º38’S 56º56’W. MCP 16190, 2, 24.4- 26.2 mm SL, Brazil, São Marcos, marginal lagoon of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.816666/lat -29.5)">rio Uruguay</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.816666/lat -29.5)">praia da Formosa</a>, 29º30’S 56º49’W. MCN 16592, 6, 18.7-33.7 mm SL, Brazil, Itaqui, pool at side of highway BR-472, in marsh drainage canal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.166668/lat -29.0)">Reserva Biológica Estadual de São Donato</a>, 29º00’S 56º10’W. MCN 16639, 1, 28.9 mm SL, Brazil, Maçambará, canal at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.166668/lat -29.0)">Reserva Biológica Estadual de São Donato</a>, 29º00’S 56º10’W. MCN 16759, 7, 18.7-33.7 mm SL, Brazil, Itaqui, creek on highway BR-472 between Itaqui and São Borja, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.166668/lat -29.0)">Reserva Biológica Estadual de São Donato</a>, 29º00’S 56º10’W.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B00FFA9248552C0C16EFDD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B09FFB326095555C09CFB8B.text	513387FA1B09FFB326095555C09CFB8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus laevior Cope 1894	<div><p>Hisonotus laevior Cope, 1894</p><p>Figs. 13, 14, 4b, 7b, and 8b</p><p>Hisonotus laevior Cope, 1894: 95 [original description, type locality: Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. - Regan, 1904: 268-269 [junior synonym of Otocinclus nigricauda]. - Gosline, 1945: 101 [listed as synonym of Microlepidogaster nigricauda]. -Fowler, 1959: 167 [listed as junior synonym of Microlepidogaster nigricauda]. - Schaefer, 2003: 322 [listed]. - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 83 [listed]. - Ferraris, 2007: 248 [listed].</p><p>Otocinclus laevior . - Isbrücker, 1980: 83 [listed].</p><p>Microlepidogaster laevior . - Malabarba, 1989: 150 [listed]. Schaefer, 1997: 8 [listed].</p><p>Hisonotus leptochilus Cope, 1894: 96 new junior synonym [original description, type locality: Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. Regan, 1904: 268-269 [junior synonym of Otocinclus nigricauda]. - Gosline, 1945: 101 [listed as junior synonym of Microlepidogaster nigricauda]. - Fowler, 1954: 167 [listed as junior synonym of Microlepidogaster nigricauda]. - Schaefer, 2003: 322- 323 [listed]. - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 83 [listed]. - Ferraris, 2007: 248 [listed].</p><p>Otocinclus leptochilus . - Isbrücker, 1980: 83 [listed].</p><p>Microlepidogaster leptochilus . - Malabarba, 1989: 150 [listed]. - Schaefer, 1997: 8 [listed].</p><p>Hisonotus nigricauda, non (Boulenger, 1891). - Ribeiro et al., 2007: 60 [misidentification, listed and illustrated].</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus laevior differs from its congeners, except from H. notopagos and H. taimensis by the higher number of median plate series 25-27 (Table 2), vs. 20-25, by the number of predorsal plates 3-4 (modally 4; Fig. 7b), vs. 2- 3 predorsal plates, and by the vertebral count 30-31, vs. 25-29. Hisonotus laevior is distinguished from H. notopagos by the presence of a posterior notch articulation in the rostral plate, vs. notch articulation in the rostral plate absent; by the possession of a rounded caudal peduncle in cross section, vs. a slight square caudal peduncle in cross section; and by having the area anterior to nares unplated, vs. area anterior nares covered by plates. Hisonotus laevior can be distinguished from H. taimensis by the wider cleithral width 20.6-24.6%SL, mean 22.9%, vs. 18.5-21.3% SL, mean 20.0% (Fig. 15), and by the higher body depth at dorsal-fin origin 16.2-20.8 % SL, mean 18.1%, vs. 13.3-16.3%, mean 15.1% (Fig. 16).</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 3. Adult size medium to large for members of this genus (larger specimen with 47.2 mm in SL). Body robust, somewhat elongated, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section. Dorsal profile straight to concave from tip of snout to nares, slightly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin. Straight and posteroventrally sloped at dorsal-fin base and almost straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at posterior end of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal fin concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded to slightly square in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior of pectoral-fin insertion. Snout region anterior of nares concave, interorbital region convex. Upper margin of orbit slightly elevated. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral fin posterior margin almost straight; its tip extending to middle of pelvic fin when depressed.Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth. Half portion of spine length serrate in smaller individuals (about or less than 30 mm in SL). Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below posterior bony margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin not reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending beyond that point in males. Dorsal fin II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsalfin spinelet present, laterally extended.Anal fin I,5. First analfin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin or covered by ventral plate series.Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and area around base of paired fins. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation for mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with an odontodes-free band between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes. Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, large paired unplated region between rostrum and nostril. Three or four rows of predorsal plates (modally four; Fig. 7b), smaller specimens sometimes presenting three rows. Lateral line incomplete, with small gap without pores along middle length of body, posterior portion of lateral line present. Median plate series extending to posterior end of caudal peduncle, not truncated. (Fig. 4b). Median abdominal plate series small, irregularly arranged, sometimes presenting a naked area between median and lateral abdominal plate series. Lateral abdominal plates larger, forming a regular series, variable in number (Fig. 8b). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae openings and medial region of coracoids.</p><p>Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, these larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, medially directed on pelvic fin. Odontodes on head and trunk of uniform size and distribution, except for enlarged odontodes on ventral and dorsal margin of rostrum. Anterior margin of rostrum presenting an odontode-free area. Odontodes on posterior parieto-supraoccipital tip not enlarged. Anteroventral margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp large and rounded, minor (lateral) cusp pointed. Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other or with slight median notch on the posterior margin of caudal-fin skeleton, Total vertebrae 30- 31 (5 c&amp;s).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces of body light to dark brown. Dorsal and dorsolateral surface lighter than lateral surface.Ventral surface of body almost unpigmented except for scattered chromatophores. Dorsolateral surface of head and body with light longitudinal stripes. Stripes narrow, beginning at tip of snout anterior to nares, passing above orbit and reaching posterior end of parieto-supraoccipital, bifurcated and inconspicuous at this point and completely disappearing at vertical above dorsal-fin origin. Paired, dorsal and anal fins mostly hyaline, except for several transverse dark bands with chromatophores forming narrow transverse dark bands; bands most conspicuous on unbranched rays. Caudal fin completely dark brown, except for hyaline posterior portion of uppermost rays. That hyaline portion, and unbranched rays of caudal fin with striped pattern of transverse dark bands. In some specimens caudal fin with inconspicuous light transverse band, formed by rounded clear spots.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males possess a fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. Adult males presenting a fleshy flap in the medial portion of first and second branched rays of pelvic fin. In juvenile males flaps are smaller or absent. Males have a longer pelvic-fin unbranched thickened ray that extends beyond the anal-fin origin, with the ray never reaching that point in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus laevior is widely distributed in the laguna dos Patos system from southernmost tributaries of the laguna Mirim and canal São Gonçalo drainage to the tributaries of the northern rio Jacuí basin (Fig. 17). The species is absent in the headwaters of the rio Jacuí basin. This species inhabits slow to median flowing watercourses, with clear to brown waters running over a sandy bottom, and is found in marginal or submerged aquatic vegetation. Hisonotus laevior is sympatric along its distribution with several species of the genus. Hisonotus laevior occurs in sympatry with H. armatus along almost all its distribution. Hisonotus laevior is collected together with H. nigricauda in some localities of the laguna dos Patos system, mainly in the lower portions of the streams, and occurs in sympatry with H. notopagos in the rio Camaquã drainage. Hisonotus laevior occurs in the banhado do Taim together with Hisonotus taimensis and in coastal plain of the Rio Grande do Sul with H. leucofrenatus .</p><p>Remarks. Hisonotus laevior is herein designated as a new senior synonym of Hisonotus leptochilus (Fig. 18). Both species were published in the same paper by Cope (1894). Herbert H. Smith collected these species in 1882, together with a collection of fishes sent to Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). Edward D. Cope studied this material and described several new species including the two species of Hisonotus, collected at Rio Jacuhy (rio Jacuí). According to Papavero (1973) and Malabarba (1989), Herbert H. Smith’s itinerary in the State of Rio Grande do Sul included several cities in the laguna dos Patos system and the localities of Caí (São Sebastião do Caí), São João do Montenegro (Montenegro), and Porto Alegre. The later localities mentioned are situated in the lower portion of rio Jacuí and rio Caí drainages, where the species H. laevior is the most abundant taxa of the genus. The descriptions of H. laevior and H. leptochilus were both based on a single specimen each. The differences between these taxa according to Cope (1894: 96) are: “The important characters which distinguish this species [ H. leptochilus] from the H. laevior, are the thin and truncate lower lip with feeble tuberculation; the numerous ventral plates; the narrower orbital space, and the greater hispidity, especially of the head”. No substantial differences were found in the lower lip tuberculation between all Hisonotus species examinated including the holotypes of H. laevior and H. leptochilus . The holotype of H. leptochilus presents more plates in the abdominal median series than H. laevior (see Cope, 1894 fig. 11b and fig. 12b, respectively). However, this is a polymorphic feature observed within some species of the genus and cannot be used to differentiate H. laevior from H. leptochilus .Another diagnostic feature used by Cope (1894) to differ H. leptochilus from H. laevior was the narrower interorbital space. Although the holotype of H. leptochilus has a narrow interorbital width (39.5% of HL, vs. 41.6% of HL in the holotype of H. laevior), this measurement is within the range of H. laevior (36.9-46.2% of HL; Fig. 19). Finally, no difference in the hispidity of odontodes, in any portion of the body, was found that could suggest the separation of these two species or any Hisonotus in the laguna dos Patos system. For these reasons H. laevior Cope, 1894: 95 is considered senior synonym of H. leptochilus Cope, 1894: 96 . Hisonotus leptochilus is here, for the first time, suggested as junior synonym of H. laevior, although, both species had already been erroneously considered as junior synonyms of H. nigricauda before (see synonym list).</p><p>Material examined. All from laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rio Jacuí drainage: ANSP 21253, holotype of Hisonotus laevior, 39.2 mm SL, rio Jacuí . ANSP 21564, holotype of Hisonotus leptochilus, 40.9 mm SL, rio Jacuí . MCN 5823, 5, 14.8-30.7 mm SL, São Jerônimo, arroio da Porteira at fazenda Capão . MCP 9302, 2, 28.7-30.2 mm SL, Pantano Grande, arroio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.619164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.225555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.619164/lat -30.225555)">Dom Marcos</a>, 30º13’32”S 52º37’09”W . MCP 9533, 3, 23.2-27.6 mm SL, Rio Pardo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.133335/lat -30.15)">arroio Francisquinho</a> on highway BR-290 between Butiá and Rio Pardo, 30º09’S 52º08’W . MCP 19835, 12, 25.6-40.2 mm SL, Amarópolis, creek tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.916668/lat -29.916666)">rio Jacuí</a> in the sylviculture Santo Amaro, 29º55’S 51º55’W . MCP 27329, 2, 26.0- 30.2 mm SL, Butiá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.983334/lat -30.15)">arroio Martins</a> upstream of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.983334/lat -30.15)">mine Recreio</a>, 30º09’S 51º59’W . MCP 17359, 11, 18.9- 31.4 mm SL, Arroio dos Ratos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.95/lat -29.4)">arroio da Porteira</a>, 29º24’S 51º57’W . UFRGS 2577, 2, 29.7-39.9 mm SL, Triunfo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.616665/lat -29.8)">arroio Gil</a> on road between Barreto and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.616665/lat -29.8)">Montenegro</a>, 29º48’S 51º37’W . UFRGS 9153, 4, 33.8- 43.2 mm SL, Candelária, riceculture canal near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.616108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.616108/lat -29.8)">sanga das Oveiras</a>, 29º48’00”S 52º36’58”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.559723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.185555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.559723/lat -30.185555)">Rio Vacacaí drainage</a>: MCP 23131, 1, 33.5 mm SL, São Sepé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.559723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.185555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.559723/lat -30.185555)">rio São Sepé</a> at bridge lateral to highway BR-153, about 3 km south from São Sepé, 30º11’08”S 53º33’35”W . Rio Caí drainage: MAPA 1741, 17, 17.8-35.9 mm SL, São Sebastião do Caí, creek in Vila Conceição . MAPA 1744, 2, 26.8- 36.0 mm SL, São Sebastião do Caí, arroio Três Mares . MAPA 1755, 24 + 3 c&amp;s, 19.7-43.4 mm SL, São Sebastião do Caí, creek in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.366665/lat -29.583334)">rio Branco</a>, 29º35’S 51º22’W . MCP 23005, 2, 14.6-39.6 mm SL, Triunfo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.390278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.838612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.390278/lat -29.838612)">arroio Bom Jardim</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.390278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.838612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.390278/lat -29.838612)">III Polo Petroquímico</a> near SITEL, 29º50’19”S 51º23’25”W . MCP 26053, 1, 40.3 mm SL, Lindolfo Collor, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.234165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.581667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.234165/lat -29.581667)">arroio Feitoria</a> tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.234165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.581667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.234165/lat -29.581667)">rio Cadeia</a>, 29º34’54”S 51º14’03”W . UFRGS 8661, 23, 31.6-43.0 mm SL, Butiá, creek on property <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.983334/lat -30.133333)">Cerro Vermelho</a>, 30º08’S 51º59’W . UFRGS 8720, 38, 30.4-46.1 mm SL, Rio Pardo, creek at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.366665/lat -29.983334)">fazenda Limoeiro</a>, 29º59’S 52º22’W . UFRGS 8771, 8, 35.5-43.8 mm SL, Pantano Grande, creek on the border of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -30.133333)">fazenda Sanga Funda</a>, 30º08’S 52º23’W . UFRGS 8777, 2, 36.4-48.1 mm SL, Rio Pardo, creek tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.366665/lat -30.033333)">arroio Iruí</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.366665/lat -30.033333)">fazenda Limoeiro</a>, 30º02’S 52º22’W . UFRGS 8786, 16, 28.8-43.6 mm SL, Pantano Grande, creek on the border of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -30.133333)">fazendas Tarumã I</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -30.133333)">Tarumã II</a>, 30º08’S 52º23’W . Rio dos Sinos dranaige: MCN 18633, 1, 47.2 mm SL, Sapucaia do Sul, pesqueiro at Parque Zoológico of Sapucaia do Sul . Rio Gravataí drainage: MCN 6003, 1, 29.8 mm SL, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, arroio Chicoloma . MAPA 2626, 4, 32.9-38.0 mm SL, Gravataí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.966667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.966667/lat -29.933332)">arroio Passo dos Ferreiros</a>, 29º56’S 50º58’W . MAPA 2354, 1, 33.4 mm SL, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, arroio Ramos between Santo Antônio da Patrulha and highway BR-290 . MAPA 2628, 2, 35.5-36.5 mm SL, Canoas, canal at south of rio Gravataí . MCN 6062, 1, 39.7 mm SL, Gravataí, Banhado Grande at fazenda Quatro Irmãos . MCP 14652, 5, 33.7-41.3 mm SL, Morungava, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.9/lat -29.833334)">rio Morungava</a>, 29º50’S 50º54’W . MCP 41574, 2, 36.2-40.8 mm SL, Gravataí, marsh at highway RS-118, BR-290, 29º58’S 50º56’W . Lago Guaíba drainage: MAPA 1734, 2, 28.5- 27.5 mm SL, Guaíba, creek at fazenda Juncal km 39 of BR-290 . MAPA 1848, 5, 32.5-43.8 mm SL, Porto Alegre, arroio Dilúvio between PUCRS and UFRGS câmpus. MCN 14795, 1, 39.1 mm SL, Mariana Pimentel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.74361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.398056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.74361/lat -29.398056)">arroio Ribeiro Pequeno</a> on road RS-711, 29º23’53”S 50º44’37”W . MCN 17567, 2, 32.3-33.8 mm SL, Porto Alegre, arroio Lami on road of Quirinas . MCP 16034, 12, 20.6-31.4 mm SL, Viamão, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.038887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.038887/lat -30.25)">lago Guaíba</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.038887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.038887/lat -30.25)">praia de Itapuã</a> near to mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.038887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.038887/lat -30.25)">riacho Itapuã</a>, 30º15’00”S 51º02’20”W . MCP 23466, 1, 40.9 mm SL, Viamão, arroio at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.046665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.358334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.046665/lat -30.358334)">praia da Pedreira</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.046665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.358334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.046665/lat -30.358334)">Parque Estadual de Itapuã</a>, 30º21’30”S 51º02’48”W . MCP 28116 27.1-42.8 mm SL, Viamão, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.0/lat -30.233334)">arroio Sandu</a>, 30º14’S 51º00’W . MNRJ 25597, 1, 31.5 mm SL, Barra do Ribeiro, creek on road between Barra do Ribeiro and Guaíba about 8 km from Barra do Ribeiro . UFRGS 1239, 1, 38.1 mm SL, Viamão, arroio Alexandrina . UFRGS 2346, 7, 19.2-37.8 mm SL, Eldorado do Sul, lago Guaíba at Vila Sans Soucy. Laguna dos Patos drainage: MAPA 1753, 7, 24.1-42.3 mm SL, Tapes, arroio Teixeira on BR-116 . MAPA 1757, 2, 28.5-33.3 mm SL, Palmares do Sul, canal 16 km north of sanga Pangaré on road between Capivari and Mostardas . MCN 2622, 1, 44.4 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.15/lat -32.1)">arroio Vieira</a>, 32º06’S 52º09’W . MCN 12682, 7, 32.0- 46.7 mm SL, São Lourenço do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.083332/lat -31.466667)">arroio Inhuquipá (Turuçu)</a> near Formosa, 31º28’S 52º05’W . MCN 17632, 3, 18.5-40.0 mm SL, Palmares do Sul, channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.65/lat -30.45)">lagoa dos Gateados</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.65/lat -30.45)">fazenda São Sebastião do Fundo</a>, 30º27’S 50º39’W . MCN 17549, 1, 38.7 mm SL, Palmares do Sul, channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.65/lat -30.45)">lagoa dos Gateados</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.65/lat -30.45)">fazenda São Sebastião do Fundo</a>, 30º27’S 50º39’W . MCN 18138, 2, 32.5-32.6 mm SL, Palmares do Sul, south margin of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.6/lat -30.483334)">lagoa do Casamento</a>, 30º29’S 50º36’W . MCP 16016, 6, 14.7-34.8 mm SL, Viamão, creek on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.933334/lat -30.316668)">Varzinha</a> at Itapuã, 30º19’S 50º56’W . MCP 19068, 1, 34.2 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.183334/lat -32.15)">arroio Bolacha</a>, 32º09’S 52º11’W . MCP 21375, 6, 25.6-40.5 mm SL, São José do Norte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.459724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.571945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.459724/lat -31.571945)">laguna dos Patos</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.459724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.571945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.459724/lat -31.571945)">Barra Falsa upstream dam</a>, 31º34’19”S 51º27’35”W . MCP 23856, 10, 31.6-43.8 mm SL, Sentinela do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.756668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.730001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.756668/lat -30.730001)">arroio Faxinal</a> tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.756668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.730001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.756668/lat -30.730001)">arroio Velhaco</a> on road from Cerro Grande do Sul to Camaquã, 30º43’48”S 51º45’24”W . MCP 23859, 2, 27.1-41.8 mm SL, Sentinela do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.603333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.6575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.603333/lat -30.6575)">arroio Capivaras</a> on road between Sentinela do Sul and VilaAurora. 30º39’27”S 51º36’12”W . MCP 23860, 23, 27.6-46.2 mm SL, Tapes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.545834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.62389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.545834/lat -30.62389)">arroio Texeira</a> on highway BR-116, 30º37’26”S 51º32’45”W . MCP 31157, 4, 31.7-33.2 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.15/lat -32.083332)">Saco da Mangueira</a>, 32º05’S 52º09’W . MCP 41575, 23, 25.1-42.7 mm SL, Sentinela do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.773888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.741667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.773888/lat -30.741667)">arroio do Tigre</a> tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.773888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.741667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.773888/lat -30.741667)">arroio Velhaco</a> on road from Cerro Grande do Sul to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.773888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.741667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.773888/lat -30.741667)">Camaquã</a>, 30º44’30”S 51º46’26”W . MCP 41576, 2, 31.4-31.9 mm SL, Sentinela do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.697502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.689444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.697502/lat -30.689444)">arroio Velhaco</a> on road from Cerro Grande do Sul to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.697502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.689444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.697502/lat -30.689444)">Camaquã</a>, 30º41’22”S 51º41’51”W . UFRGS 4220, 3, 22.2-35.9 mm SL, Tapes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.633335/lat -30.75)">arroio Velhaco</a> between Tapes and Camaquã, about 24 km from mouth in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.633335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.633335/lat -30.75)">laguna dos Patos</a>, 30º45’S 51º38’W . UFRGS 6698, 10, 13.8-38.3 mm SL, Viamão, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.976112&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.359722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.976112/lat -30.359722)">lagoa Negra</a>, 30º21’35”S 50º58’34”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.030556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.148611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.030556/lat -30.148611)">Rio Camaquã drainage</a>: MCP 23854, 12, 34.8-44.7 mm SL, Cristal, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.030556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.148611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.030556/lat -30.148611)">arroio Santa Isabel</a> on highway BR-116, about 17 km south from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.030556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.148611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.030556/lat -30.148611)">Cristal</a>, 30º08’55”S 52º01’50”W . MCP 23857, 21, 27.8-38.9 mm SL, Camaquã, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.865833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.759445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.865833/lat -30.759445)">arroio Duro</a> on road between Vila Aurora and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.865833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.759445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.865833/lat -30.759445)">Dom Feliciano</a>, 30º45’34”S 51º51’57”W . MCP 25754, 4, 25.0- 37.2 mm SL, Camaquã, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.816666/lat -30.816668)">arroio Maria Ulghim</a> on road between Camaquã and Vila Aurora, 30º49’S 50º49’W . MCP 26042, 1, 42.3 mm SL, Caçapava do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.497223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.863335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.497223/lat -30.863335)">arroio do Banhado</a> highway BR-153 about 8 km northwest from Minas do Camaquã, 30º51’48”S 53º29’50”W . MCP 41607, 1, 36.7 mm SL, Caçapava do Sul, small creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.7475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.7475/lat -30.74)">arroio Hilário</a> on road between Caçapava do Sul and Lavras do Sul, 30º44’24”S 53º44’51”W . UFRGS 8239, 4, 32.5-41.3 mm SL, Canguçu, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.666668/lat -31.383333)">rio Camaquã</a> on highway RS-471, 31º23’S 52º40’W . UFRGS 8758, 13, 23.9-40.5 mm SL, Amaral Ferrador, creek at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.25/lat -30.866667)">fazenda Ferraria</a>, 30º52’S 52º15’W . MCP 44501, 2, 26.0-32.1, Pinheiro Machado, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.371666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.22889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.371666/lat -31.22889)">arroio Boici</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.371666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.22889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.371666/lat -31.22889)">fazenda Chimarrão</a>, 31º13’44”S 53º22’18”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.916668/lat -31.9)">Rio São Gonçalo drainage</a>: MCP 20821, 6, 37.8-39.4 mm SL, Pedro Osório, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.916668/lat -31.9)">arroio Reduzino</a>, 31º54’S 52º55’W . MCP 21424, 13, 33.4-48.9 mm SL, Herval, small creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.094166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.971945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.094166/lat -31.971945)">arroioArambaré</a>, between Pedro Osório and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.094166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.971945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.094166/lat -31.971945)">Airosa Galvão</a>, 31º58’19”S 53º05’39”W . MCP 21144, 4, 31.5-37.3 mm SL, Piratini, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.99278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.717222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.99278/lat -31.717222)">arroio Piratinizinho</a> on vicinal road to highway BR-293, 31º43’02”S 52º59’34”W . MCP 25153, 19, 33.1-46.3 mm SL, Pedro Osório, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.02778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.909721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.02778/lat -31.909721)">arroio Arambaré</a> on road between Pedro Osório and Basílio, tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.02778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.909721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.02778/lat -31.909721)">rio Piratini</a>, 31º54’35”S 53º01’40”W . MCP 34778, 1, 37.6 mm SL, Herval, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.104164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.976946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.104164/lat -31.976946)">arroio Arambaré</a> on road between Pedro Osório and Herval, 31º58’37”S 53º06’15”W . MCP 34779, 8, 33.3-48.8 mm SL, Pedro Osório, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.004444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.915556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.004444/lat -31.915556)">arroio Mata Olho</a> on road between Pedro Osório and Basílio, 31º54’56”S 53º00’16”W . MCP 37683, 4, 31.7-41.7 mm SL, Pedro Osório, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.10472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.964445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.10472/lat -31.964445)">arroio Arambaré</a> near Carvalho de Freitas, about 35 km from Pedro Osório on the railroad bridge, 31º57’52”S 53º06’17”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.566666/lat -32.616665)">Laguna Mirim drainage</a>. MCP 26074, 2, 38.9-41.22 mm SL, Rio Grande, canal do <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.566666/lat -32.616665)">arroio Taim</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.566666/lat -32.616665)">Estação Ecológica do Taim</a>, 32º37’S 52º34’W .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B09FFB326095555C09CFB8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B13FFB027A453B9C4D1FEEB.text	513387FA1B13FFB027A453B9C4D1FEEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus leucofrenatus (Miranda Ribeiro 1908)	<div><p>Hisonotus leucofrenatus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1908)</p><p>Figs. 20a and 21a</p><p>Otocinclus leucofrenatus Miranda Ribeiro, 1908: 2 [original description, type locality: Rio das Pedras, Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Brazil].</p><p>Microlepidogaster laevior non (Cope, 1884). - Gomes, 1947: 30-32 [misidentified redescription].</p><p>Hisonotus leucofrenatus . - Schaefer, 2003: 323 [listed] - Andreata et al., 2006 [karyological description]. -Oyakawa et al., 2007: 94 [comments on ecology and illustration].- Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed]. - Ferraris, 2007: 248 [listed]. - Menezes et al., 2007: 214 [illustrated].</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus leucofrenatus differs from all congeners except H. armatus, H. leucophrys, and H. notatus by having the combination of anterior margin of the snout completely covered by odontodes, vs. anterior margin of the snout with a narrow or wide odontode-free band; and large plates in the abdominal median series, usually comprising one series of plates between the lateral abdominal plates, vs. abdominal median series of plates small, with several plate series irregularly arranged between the lateral abdominal plates. Hisonotus leucofrenatus differs from H. armatus, H. leucophrys, and H. notatus by an almost completely dark caudal fin (Fig. 21a) or presence of a faint series of light hyaline spots, forming a vertical bar in the midventral portion (Fig. 20a), vs. a rounded hyaline blotch in the midventral portion in H. notatus (Fig. 21b), and one or more series of conspicuous light vertical bars in the ventral portion in H. armatus (Fig. 21 c-d) and H. leucophrys . Hisonotus leucofrenatus further differs from H. armatus and H. leucophyrs by the color pattern of dorsal surface of the head, which is plain dark to light brown, vs. dorsal surface of the head covered by vermiculate and ovoid white and dark spots. Hisonotus leucofrenatus can be also distinguished from H. leucophyrs by the absence of a conspicuous tuft of odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip, vs. presence of a conspicuous tuft of odontodes on parietosupraoccipital tip and by the presence of comparatively narrower light horizontal stripes on posterodorsal portion of head, vs. broader light horizontal stripes on the posterodorsal surface of the head.</p><p>Description. A redescription of Hisonotus leucofrenatus is beyond the scope of this paper.</p><p>Distribution. Hisonotus leucofrenatus is distributed along the eastern coastal plain of laguna dos Patos in Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 22) and is sympatric with H. laevior in this region. Outside the boundaries of the laguna dos Patos system, H. leucofrenatus is distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic coastal drainages of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul States; from the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin (type locality) to the rio Tramandaí system.</p><p>Remarks. Hisonotus leucofrenatus is found in the rio Tramandaí system, where it has been misidentified by Gomes (1947) as Hisonotus laevior in the resurrection and redescription of the latter.Although the three specimens used in the redescription of Gomes (1947) were not examined, extensive material from the same river (rio Maquiné) and other localities in the rio Tramandaí system were examined. Hisonotus laevior is absent in that system, being H. leucofrenatus the only species of Hisonotus in that region. Also noteworthy is the presence of H. leucofrenatus in the laguna dos Patos system. That species has a patchy distribution in that region contrasted with its wider distributions in neighboring basins. Hisonotus leucofrenatus was described from the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, a Brazilian Atlantic coastal drainage in southern São Paulo State. No difference was found between examined populations from rio Ribeira de Iguape and rio Tramandaí and all can be diagnosed as above. Recently, a karyologycal characterization of H. leucofrenatus byAndreata et al. (2006), revealed no differences between H. leucofrenatus populations along the Atlantic coastal drainages from rio Ribeira de Iguape to rio Itapocú drainage at northeast Santa Catarina, indicating not only the morphological similarity mentioned here, but karyotype homogeneity. Considering the wide range of this species, an accurate review of H. leucofrenatus populations from Brazilian southeastern coastal drainages should be done to determine with certainty whether these populations are a single species.</p><p>Material examined. All from Brazil. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.615555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.403055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.615555/lat -30.403055)">Laguna dos Patos system</a>: MCN 4640, 1, 29.1 mm SL, Viamão, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.615555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.403055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.615555/lat -30.403055)">lagoa Negra</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.615555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.403055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.615555/lat -30.403055)">Parque Estadual de Itapuã</a>. MCN 17790, 1, 33.2 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.615555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.403055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.615555/lat -30.403055)">lagoa do Casamento</a> at southeast coast of Ilha Grande, Palmares do Sul, 30º24’11”S 50º36’56”W . MCN 18137, 5, 25.4-28.9 mm SL, Palmares do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.583332/lat -30.483334)">lagoa do Casamento</a> at southern margin, 30º29’S 50º35’W . MCP 21373, 1, 36.4 mm SL, São José do Norte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.459724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.571945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.459724/lat -31.571945)">laguna dos Patos</a> at Barra Falsa, downstream dam, 31º34’19”S 51º27’35”W . MCP 41630, 7, 26.3-39.0 mm SL, São José do Norte, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.459724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.571945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.459724/lat -31.571945)">laguna dos Patos</a> at Barra Falsa, upstream dam, 31º34’19”S 51º27’35”W . Outside of laguna dos Patos system . INPA 28608, 10, 33.6-44.0 mm SL, São Paulo, rio Tejuco on road to Itapirapuã Paulista . MCP 11540, 60 + 3 c&amp;s, Santa Catarina, rio Cubatão (norte) . MCP 13645, 12, Rio Grande do Sul, Capão da Canoa, Canal at Vila Cornélios between lagoa Itapeva and lagoa dos Quadros . MCP 14834, 8, Santa Catarina, Praia Grande, rio Canoas 8 km from Praia Grande on the road to Mãe dos Homens . MCP 20722, 3, Rio Grande do Sul, creek tributary to rio Maquiné near Maquiné . MCP 21342, 7, Rio Grande do Sul, canal between lagoa Emboaba and lagoa Emboabinha . MCP 29298, 2, Rio Grande do Sul, rio Três Forquilhas on Vila Itati . MCP 32217, 31, Santa Catarina, Jaraguá do Sul, rio Alma tributary of rio Jaraguá . MCP 39094, 4, 38.3-47.6 mm SL, Paraná, Morretes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.816666/lat -25.483334)">rio Marumbi</a> tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.816666/lat -25.483334)">rio Nhundiaquara</a>, 25º29’S 48º49’W . MZUSP 36565, 20, São Paulo, small creek on road from Eldorado to Sete Barras . MZUSP 60220, 11, São Paulo, córrego Fria . UFRGS 4986, 4, Rio Grande do Sul, arroio Água Parada tributary to rio Maquiné . UFRGS 11526, 19, 22.2-30 mm SL, Rio Grande do Sul, Mostardas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.416668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.416668/lat -30.516666)">lagoa do Bacupari</a>, 30º31’S 50º25’W .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B13FFB027A453B9C4D1FEEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B10FFB124BE5619C466F88D.text	513387FA1B10FFB124BE5619C466F88D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus taimensis (Buckup 1981)	<div><p>Hisonotus taimensis (Buckup, 1981)</p><p>Figs. 6b and 20b</p><p>Microlepidogaster taimensis Buckup, 1981: 22 (original description, type locality:novo canal do arroio Taim, Estação Ecológica do Taim, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). - Buckup &amp; Malabarba, 1983 [listed]. - Malabarba, 1989: 150 [listed]. - Grosser et al., 1994 [listed].</p><p>Hisonotus taimensis . - Schaefer, 2003: 323 [listed, new combination]. - Bemvenuti &amp; Moresco, 2005: 55 [listed and illustrated]. - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed]. - Ferraris, 2007: 248 [listed].</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus taimensis differs from its congeners, except from H. notopagos and H. laevior by the higher number of lateral plates 26-29 (Table 2), vs. 20-25, by the number of predorsal plates 3-4 (usually 4), vs. 2-3, and by vertebral count 31-32, vs. 25-29 vertebrae. Hisonotus taimensis differs from H. notopagos by the presence of a posterior notch articulation in the rostral plate, vs. absence of a notch articulation in the rostral plate, by having a round caudal peduncle in cross section, vs. a slightly square caudal peduncle in cross section, and by having the area anterior to nares unplated, vs. area anterior to nares covered by dermal plates. Hisonotus taimensis can be distinguished from H. laevior by the narrow cleithral width 18.5-21.3% SL, mean 20.0%, vs. 20.6-24.6% SL, mean 22.9% (Fig. 15), and by the lower body depth at dorsalfin origin 13.3-16.3% SL, mean 15.1%, vs. 16.2-20.8% SL, mean 18.1% (Fig. 16).</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 4. This species was described by Buckup (1981) and will not be redescribed here.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus taimensis is known from localities nearby the laguna Mirim (Fig. 22). This species inhabits, at type locality, slow flowing watercourses with brown waters of muddy and sandy bottom. The individuals are found in between aquatic vegetation of the genus Eichhornia, in grasses or similar kind of submersed vegetation. According to Buckup (1981) the enlarged rostral and pelvic-fin odontodes contribute to them cling the stems and roots of Eichhornia . See Grosser et al. (1994) for detailed description of the species habitat and distribution in the Taim region.</p><p>Material examined. All from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">laguna dos Patos system</a>, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Paratypes of M. taimensis: MAPA 1054, 1, 36.3 mm SL, Santa Vitória do Palmar, channel at km 114 on highway BR-471, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> MAPA 1055, 1059- 1061, 4, 37.5-51.1 mm SL, Rio Grande, channel at east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">lagoa do Jacaré</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> MAPA 1070, 1, 26.1 mm SL, Santa Vitória do Palmar, old course of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> MAPA 1013, 1014, 1016, 1018, 1019, 1024, 1026-1028, 1063-1065, 1067-1069, 15, 30.1-47.4 mm SL, Rio Grande, new channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> MCN 4835-4844, 10, 34.7-45.9 mm SL, Rio Grande, new channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> MCN 7660, 2, 23.9- 50.0 mm SL, Rio Grande, north channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">lagoa do Jacaré</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> UFRGS 352-353, 2, 40.4-43.5 mm SL, Rio Grande, new channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> UFRGS 396, 1, 37.3 mm SL. Rio Grande, new channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a> near the highway BR-471. Non-types: MCP 14467, 2 + 3 c&amp;s, 21.8-42.5 mm SL, Rio Grande, new channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> MCP 17417, 27 + 3 c&amp;s, 24.6-41.8 mm SL, Rio Grande, new channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a>. UFRGS 697, 2, 32.8-37.4 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim.</a> UFRGS 2462, 5, 21.1-42.3 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim</a>, curve in the new channel of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Taim</a> on highway BR-471. UFRGS 2583, 1, 36.2 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim</a>, southeast margin of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">lagoa das Flores</a>. MCN 6474, 1, 46.2 mm SL, Chuí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Barra do Chuí</a>, 33º44’S 53º22’W. CIMC 2341, 2, 28.0- 30.7 mm SL, Rio Grande, canal near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">Estação Ecológica do Taim</a>. CIMC 2405, 67, 20.6-37.3 mm SL, Capão do Leão, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">canal São Gonçalo</a> near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">sanga das Traíras</a>. INPA 791, 1, 47.5 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Bolacha</a>. INPA 790, 2, 25.1-44.1 mm SL, Rio Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat -33.733334)">arroio Senandes</a>.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B10FFB124BE5619C466F88D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B16FFB424865784C287FBA8.text	513387FA1B16FFB424865784C287FBA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus charrua Almiron, Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Litz 2006	<div><p>Hisonotus charrua Almirón, Azpelicueta, Casciotta &amp; Litz, 2006</p><p>Fig. 20c</p><p>Hisonotus charrua Almirón et al., 2006: 88 [original description, type locality: Uruguay, Departamento Tacuarembó, río Uruguay basin, Canãda de Los Penã]. - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 83 [listed]. Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2009: 35 [included in key].</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 2 . Cramer et al., 2007: 54 [included in molecular phylogeny of Loricariidae].</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus charrua differs from its congeners, except from H. armatus, H. leucophrys, H. leucofrenatus, H. laevior, H. notopagos, and H. taimensis by the color pattern of the caudal fin, which has a conspicuous hyaline transversal band composed by clear spots (a second posterior band in larger individuals) in a dark background, vs. hyaline areas not forming a clearly defined transversal bands in the middle portion of caudal fin. Hisonotus charrua is distinguished from H. armatus, H. leucophrys, and H. leucofrenatus by having a narrow naked band without odontodes on the anterior margin of snout, vs. snout completely covered by odontodes; and from H. laevior, H. notopagos, and H. taimensis by the number of lateral plates 23-25 (Table 2), vs. 25-28 plates; by the number of predorsal plates, 3, vs. 3-4 (modally 4) predorsal plates; and by the number of vertebrae 28-29, vs. 30-32 vertebrae.</p><p>Description. This species was recently described by Almirón et al. (2006) and will not be redescribed here.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus charrua is widely distributed in the middle and lower portions of the rio Uruguay basin from the northern rio Ijuí drainage in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, to the southern río Negro drainage in Uruguay. Besides the limits of the rio Uruguay basin, this species is known from the coastal streams of Uruguay, and from the headwaters of Jaguarão and São Gonçalo drainages in the laguna dos Patos system (Fig. 22). The species is sympatric with H. ringueleti Aquino, Miquelarena &amp; Schaefer along its distribution in the middle rio Uruguay basin (Carvalho &amp; Reis, 2009). Hisonotus charrua is collected together with H. nigricauda in several streams tributaries to rio Ibicuí and río Negro drainages. This species inhabits a variety of habitats, usually small to medium size creeks with loose stones, and gravel bottom, with median to rapid-flowing water. Collected associated to marginal vegetation composed by grasses or Echinodorus uruguayensis (Almirón et al., 2006)</p><p>Remarks. No morphological differences were found between populations of Hisonotus charrua from rio Uruguay basin and the headwaters of rio Jaguarão and rio São Gonçalo drainages in the laguna dos Patos system (Table 5). Cramer et al. (2007) in a molecular phylogeny of Hypoptopomatinae + Neoplecostominae, using a mitochondrial gene (cytochrome c oxidase I), included a sample from the laguna dos Patos system population of H. charrua ( Hisonotus sp. 2 - MCP 25139). According to these authors, the H. charrua haplotype from the laguna dos Patos system is sister to H. laevior, while the H. charrua haplotype from rio Uruguay has a more basal position in a clade composed also of H. taimensis and H. armatus . However, there is low resolution in this clade and it seems necessary the inclusion of more samples/genes to unambiguously determine the phyletic status of the H. charrua morphospecies.</p><p>Material examined. From <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.45/lat -31.633333)">laguna dos Patos system</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.45/lat -31.633333)">Rio São Gonçalo drainage</a>: MCP 25139, 15 + 2 c&amp;s, 32.4-46.4 mm SL, Brazil, Pinheiro Machado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.45/lat -31.633333)">arroio dos Pires</a> on bridge of railroad at Passo dos Pires, 31º38’S 53º27’W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.6125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.885834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.6125/lat -31.885834)">Rio Jaguarão drainage</a>: MCP 44500, 10, 16.9-45.4 mm SL, Brazil, Pedras Altas, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.6125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.885834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.6125/lat -31.885834)">arroio Jaguarão</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.6125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.885834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.6125/lat -31.885834)">Fazenda Sao Francisco II</a>, 31º53’09”S 53º36’45”W. From rio Uruguay basin: Río Negro drainage: ZVC-P 5639, holotype, 49.2 mm SL, Uruguay, Tacuarembó, Cañada de Los Peña, 31º39’05”S 56º12’19”W. AI 165, paratypes, 5, 37.1- 48.7 mm SL, collected with the holotype . MCP 9648, 1, 34.2 mm SL, Brazil, Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.05/lat -31.35)">rio Negro</a> on bridge of highway BR-293 between Bagé and Aceguá, 31º21’S 54º03’W . MCP 16177, 3, 27.1-36.1 mm SL, Brazil, Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.15/lat -31.283333)">rio Piraizinho</a> on road from Bagé to Dom Pedrito, 31º17’S 54º09’W . MCP 40256, 4 + 1 c&amp;s, 32.8-50.3 mm SL, same locality of holotype . UFRGS 9242, 15, 26.6-38.3 mm SL, Uruguay, Durazno, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.201668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.41528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.201668/lat -33.41528)">arroyo Maestre de Campo</a> on road to Polanco de Yí, tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.201668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.41528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.201668/lat -33.41528)">río Yí</a>, 33º24’55”S 56º12’06”W . UFRGS 7184, 9 + 2 c&amp;s, 18.0- 46.2 mm SL, Uruguay, Rivera, lateral pools and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.253887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.390556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.253887/lat -31.390556)">arroyo Corrales</a> on ruta 27, tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.253887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.390556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.253887/lat -31.390556)">río Tacuarembó</a>, 31º23’26”S 55º15’14”W . UFRGS 7185, 12, 15.9-39.8 mm SL, Uruguay, Rivera, arroyo Batovi at km 24 of ruta 27, tributary of río Tacuarembó drainage . UFRGS 7186, 3, 15.8-20.6 mm SL, Uruguay, Tacuarembó, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.766666/lat -31.716667)">arroyo Batovi</a> on km 365 of ruta 5, about 20 km from Tacuarembó, 31º43’S 55º46’W . UFRGS 7187, 3, 16.1- 28.3 mm SL, Uruguay, Rivera, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.491943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.039165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.491943/lat -31.039165)">arroyo Cunãpiru</a> on km 12 of ruta 27, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.491943&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.039165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.491943/lat -31.039165)">río Tacuarembó drainage</a>, 31º02’21”S 55º29’31”W . Other drainages of rio Uruguay: MACN 7593, 1, 40.5 mm SL, Argentina, Entre Ríos, Parque Nacional El Palmar . UFRGS 7977, 2, 32.7-38.5 mm SL, Artigas, Uruguay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.68778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.68778/lat -30.633333)">arroyo Guaviyú</a> on ruta 3, 30º38’00”S 57º41’16”W . UFRGS 9195, 8, 25.1-40.9 mm SL, Uruguay, Artigas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.665836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.865278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.665836/lat -30.865278)">arroyo Mandiyú</a> on ruta 3, 30º51’55”S 57º39’57”W. AI 176, paratype, 1, 35.9 mm SL, Uruguay, Salto, arroyo Aspinillar at Constitución. Uruguay coastal drainages: MAPA 1969, 15, 14.7-47.2 mm SL, Uruguay, Maldonado, San Carlos, arroyo Maldonado . MCP 40257, 3, 37.3-40.3 mm SL, Uruguay, Canelones, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.84611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.74972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.84611/lat -34.74972)">arroyo Tropa Vieja</a>, 34º44’59”S 55º50’46”W . MCP 40255, 38.8 mm SL, Uruguay, Canelones, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.974167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.646667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.974167/lat -34.646667)">arroyo Sauce</a> on km 38 of ruta 7, 34º38’48”S 55º58’27”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.20528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.844444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.20528/lat -30.844444)">Rio Quaraí drainage</a>: AI 186, paratype, 1, 40.5 mm SL, Uruguay, Artigas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.20528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.844444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.20528/lat -30.844444)">arroyo Catalán Grande</a>, 30º50’40”S 56º12’19”W . MCP 11351, 3, 12.8-18.4 mm SL, Brazil, Quaraí, small creek affluent of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.216667/lat -30.15)">arroio Garupá</a>, 30º09’S 56º13’W . MCP 35303, 3, 33.8-41.5 mm SL, Brazil, Quaraí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.235558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.1625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.235558/lat -30.1625)">arroio Garupá</a> on road from Quaraí to Harmonia, about 33 km northeast of Quaraí, 30º09’45”S 56º14’08”W . MCP 40904, 23 + 4 c&amp;s, 17.6-45.6 mm SL, Brazil, Quaraí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-56.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -56.316666/lat -30.3)">arroio Quaraí-Mirim</a> on road between Uruguaiana and Quaraí, 30º18’S 56º19’W . UFRGS 7926, 1, 21.1 mm SL, Uruguay, Artigas, arroyo Yucutujá on ruta 3. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.7/lat -30.983334)">Rio Ibicuí drainage</a>: MCP 9630, 2, 23.4-33.4 mm SL, Brazil, Dom Pedrito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.7/lat -30.983334)">rio Santa Maria</a> at km 246 of highway BR-293, between Dom Pedrito and Santana do Livramento, 30º59’S 54º42’W . MCP 23090, 1, 44.4 mm SL, Brazil, São Francisco de Assis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.001667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.650555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.001667/lat -29.650555)">arroio Sanga Funda</a> about 15 km southeast from São Francisco de Assis, 29º39’02”S 55º00’06”W. MCP 27539, 4 + 2 c&amp;s, 28.8-46.6 mm SL, Brazil, Jaguari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.001667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.650555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.001667/lat -29.650555)">arroio do Tigre</a> on highway BR-453/ Ijucapirama, about 2,5 km northeast from BR-453, 29º28’18”S 54º40’19”W . MCP 27567, 1, 28.6 mm SL, Brazil, Jaguari, creek affluent of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.593056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.440832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.593056/lat -29.440832)">rio Tunas</a> on highway BR-453 / Ijucapirama, tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.593056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.440832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.593056/lat -29.440832)">rio Jaguari</a>, 29º26’27”S 54º35’35”W . MCP 27604, 7, 15.2-35.3 mm SL, Brazil, Jaguari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.475555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.352777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.475555/lat -29.352777)">arroio Capivari</a> on highway BR-453 / Jari, tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.475555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.352777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.475555/lat -29.352777)">rio Jaguari</a>, 29º21’10”S 54º28’32”W . MCP 27611, 15, 16.5-40.7 mm SL, Brazil, São Francisco de Assis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.18028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.5175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.18028/lat -29.5175)">arroio Caraí-Passo</a> on road from São Francisco de Assis to Manuel Viana, 29º31’03”S 55º10’49”W . MCP 27625, 3, 29.8-37.0 mm SL, Brazil, Tupanciretã, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.27972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.27972/lat -29.2425)">rio Santana</a> near Jari, tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.27972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.2425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.27972/lat -29.2425)">rio Jaguari</a>, 29º14’33”S 54º16’47”W . MCP 41631, 5, 34.4-39.74 mm SL, Brazil, São Francisco de Assis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.13639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.547499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.13639/lat -29.547499)">rio Inhacunda</a> at São Francisco de Assis going to Manuel Viana, 29º32’51”S 55º08’11”W . MCP 41634, 6, 19.1-37.2 mm SL, Brazil, São Francisco de Assis, creek affluent to rio Inhacunda at São Francisco de Assis about 300 m from potery . UFRGS 2576, 1, 34.5 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Maria, arroio Taquara at km 10 on highway RS-453 between Santa Maria and Santiago. UFRGS 8332, 3, 36.8-39.7 mm SL, Brazil, Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.366665/lat -31.133333)">rio Santa Maria</a> on highway BR-293 between Bagé and Dom Pedrito, 31º08’S 54º22’W . UFRGS 8333, 1, 40.4 mm SL, Brazil, Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.483334/lat -31.066668)">arroio Santa Maria Chico</a> affluent of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.066668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.483334/lat -31.066668)">rio Santa Maria</a> on highway BR-293, 31º04’S 54º29’W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.483334/lat -28.216667)">Rio Ijuí drainage</a>: MCP 9616, 1, 32.5 mm SL, Brazil, Panambi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.216667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.483334/lat -28.216667)">riacho Raiz Mana</a> at Condor on road from Palmeira das Missões to Panambi, 28º13’S 53º29’W . MCP 16751, 1, 34.5 mm SL, Brazil, Jóia, creek affluent of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.116665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.116665/lat -28.65)">rio Ijuizinho</a> near Jóia, on road from Eugênio de Castro to Jóia, 28º39’S 54º07’W . MCP 34968, 2 c&amp;s, 19.3-34.9 mm SL, Brazil, Roque Gonzales, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.975834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.105833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.975834/lat -28.105833)">arroio Portão</a>, 28º06’21”S 54º58’33”W . MCP 37232, 2 + 2 c&amp;s, 36.1-38.4 mm SL, Brazil, São Pedro do Butiá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.924446&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.13611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.924446/lat -28.13611)">arroio Albino</a>, 28º08’10”S 54º55’28”W . MCP 37270, 4, 23.1-33.6 mm SL, Brazil, Dezesseis de Novembro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.949444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.20639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.949444/lat -28.20639)">lageado Araçá</a>, 28º12’23”S 54º56’58”W . UFRGS 4329, 3, 37.8-45.6 mm SL, Brazil, Panambi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.316668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.65/lat -28.316668)">rio Caxambu</a>, at km 275 of highway BR-285, 28º19’S 53º39’W .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B16FFB424865784C287FBA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B14FFB527FD535CC568FE98.text	513387FA1B14FFB527FD535CC568FE98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann, Pereira & Reis 2008	<div><p>Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann, Pereira &amp; Reis, 2008</p><p>Figs. 21 c-d, 23, and 27d</p><p>Hisonotus armatus Carvalho et al., 2008: 510 [original description, type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Pedro Osório, arroio Arambaré, about 5 km south of Vila Basílio on the road to Pedro Osório].</p><p>Hisonotus nigricauda non (Boulenger, 1981). - Lucena et al., 1994 [listed].</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 3 . - Cramer et al., 2007: 54 [molecular phylogeny of Loricariidae].</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 5 . - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed]. - Cramer et al., 2007: 54 [molecular phylogeny of Loricariidae].</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus armatus differs from all congeners except H. leucofrenatus, H. leucophrys, and Hisonotus notatus by the combination of having the anterior margin of the snout completely covered by odontodes, vs. anterior margin of the snout with a narrow or wide odontode-free band; and having large plates in the abdominal median series, usually comprising of one series of plates between the lateral abdominal plates, vs. abdominal median series of plates small, with several plate series irregularly arranged between the lateral abdominal plates. Hisonotus armatus differs from H. leucofrenatus and H. notatus by the presence on caudal fin of a series of light hyaline spots, forming one or more vertical light bands (Fig. 21 c-d), vs. a rounded hyaline blotch or no hyaline area in the midventral portion of caudal fin (Fig. 21 ab). Further differs from H. leucofrenatus and H. notatus by the color pattern of dorsal surface of the head, which is covered by vermiculate and ovoid white and dark spots, vs. dorsal surface of the head plain dark to light brown. Hisonotus armatus differs from H. leucophyrs by the absence of a conspicuous tuft of odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip, vs. presence of a conspicuous tuft of odontodes on parietosupraoccipital tip, and by the presence of comparatively narrower light stripes on posterodorsal portion of head, vs. broader light stripes on the posterodorsal surface of the head.</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 6. This species was recently described by Carvalho et al. (2008) and will not be redescribed here.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus armatus is widely distributed in the laguna dos Patos system (Fig. 24). This species inhabits slow to median flowing watercourses, with clear to brown waters over sandy bottom and is found in marginal or submerged aquatic vegetation. Hisonotus armatus is sympatric through its distribution with H. laevior . It was also collected together with H. nigricauda in some localities of the lago Guaíba drainage, with H. vireo in the rio Jacuí drainage, and with H. notopagos in the upper rio Camaquã drainage.</p><p>Material examined. In addition to the material listed in Carvalho et al. (2008) the following specimens were examined:All from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">laguna dos Patos system</a>, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. MAPA 2624, 10, 21.9-38.0 mm SL, Gravataí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">arroio Passo dos Ferreiros</a>. MNRJ 25583, 22, 11.2-37.8 mm SL, Barra do Ribeiro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio Guaíba</a> at mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">arroio Ribeiro</a>. MNRJ 25611, 16, 20.8-28.5 mm SL, Porto Alegre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio Guaíba</a> north of Ponta dos Quatis. MCN 6456, 1, 39.4 mm SL, Três Coroas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">arroio José Velho</a> between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">Canastra Baixa</a> and linha Café Alta. MCN 14236, 8, 14.6-21.8 mm SL, Canela, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio Paranhana</a> at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">Larangeiro Dam</a>, 29º23’54”S 50º45’26”W. MCN 14795, 1, 33.5, Canela, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">arroio Casca</a> northeast of UHE Canastra, 29º23’53”S 50º44’37”W. MAPA 1752, 6, 15.0-42.0 mm SL, São Sebastião do Caí, left margin of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio Caí.</a> MCP 41549, 4, 12.8-19.0 mm SL, Cotiporã, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio Carreiro</a> on road between Dois Lageados and Cotiporã, 28º59’43”S 51º45’16”W. MCP 43107, 3, 28.3-30 mm SL, Nova Roma do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio das Antas</a> downstream to hydroeletric plant UHE Castro Alves. MCP 43549, 1, 29.2 mm SL, Faria Lemos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">córrego Pedrinho</a> near Alcântara, 29º05’31”S 51º37’23”W. MCP 44023, 1, 35.2 mm SL, Bento Gonçalves, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio das Antas</a> near to hydroeletric plant UHE 14 de Julho, 29º04’S 51º40’W. UFRGS 9974, 4, 28.6- 40.3 mm SL, Veranópolis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio da Prata</a> downstream to hydroeletric plant PCH Jararaca, 28º56’S 51º26’W. MCN 8071, 1, 19.0 mm SL, Triunfo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.933332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.433334/lat -28.933332)">rio Jacuí</a> at south margin of Ilha das Cabras .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B14FFB527FD535CC568FE98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B15FFB824BA56ACC4BDFCB0.text	513387FA1B15FFB824BA56ACC4BDFCB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus notopagos Carvalho & Reis 2011	<div><p>Hisonotus notopagos, new species</p><p>Figs. 4c, 6c, 8c, 25, 26, and 27c</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 6 . - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed].</p><p>Holotype. MCP 44517, 45.0 mm SL, female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Lavras do Sul, small creek tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.92861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.838333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.92861/lat -30.838333)">arroio das Lavras</a> on road from Lavras do Sul to Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.92861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.838333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.92861/lat -30.838333)">rio Camaquã drainage</a>, 30º50’18”S 53º55’43”W, 31 Jul 2006, T. P. Carvalho, A. R. Cardoso &amp; J. M. Wingert.</p><p>Paratypes. All from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">laguna dos Patos system</a>, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">Rio Camaquã drainage</a>: MCP 40757, 4, 35.4-41.6 mm SL, collected with the holotype. ANSP 188701, 3, 39.0- 44.7 mm SL, Pinheiro Machado, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio Boici</a>, at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">fazenda Chimarrão</a>, 31º13’54”S 53º21’45”W, 25 Jan 2006. L. E. Lanés, M. V. Volcan, A. C. Gonçalves &amp; M. Burns. MCP 25803, 5, 31.8-34.9 mm SL, Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio do Tigre</a>, on secondary road between Bagé and Lavras do Sul, 27 Apr 2000, C. A. S. Lucena, J. F. P. Silva &amp; V. A. Bertaco, 31º04’47”S 53º54’03”W. MCP 25924, 1 + 2 c&amp;s, 34.8-44.4 mm SL, Lavras do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio da Mantiqueira</a> on secondary road between Bagé and Lavras do Sul, 30º54’24”S 53º58’06”W, 26Apr 2000, C.A. S. Lucena, J. F. P. Silva &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCP 40762, 3, 31.6-41.8 mm SL, Lavras do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio da Mantiqueira</a> on secondary road between Bagé and Lavras do Sul, 30º54’24”S 53º58’06”W, 31 Jul 2006, T. P. Carvalho, A. R. Cardoso &amp; J. M. Wingert. MCP 40749, 2, 35.5-39.0 mm SL, Bagé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio das Traíras</a> on highway BR-153, 31º05’29”S 53º43’33”W, 1 Aug 2006, T. P. Carvalho, A. R. Cardoso &amp; J. M. Wingert. MCP 40763, 1, 51.7 mm SL, Lavras do Sul, small creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio das Lavras</a>, about 2 km from Lavras on road to Bagé, 30º50’02”S 53º53’52”W, 31 Jul 2006, T. P. Carvalho, A. R. Cardoso &amp; J. M. Wingert. MCP 44504, 9, 24.9-39.7 mm SL, Encruzilhada do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio Maria Santa</a>, 30º40’36”S 52º32’57”W, 16 Jun 2007, L. E. Lanés &amp; A. C. Gonçalves. MCP 44507, 7, 37.2-45.3 mm SL, Pinheiro Machado, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio Boici</a>, at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">fazenda Chimarrão</a>, 31º14’09”S 53º21’39”W. MZUSP 104943, 4, 34.6-36.9 mm SL, Pinheiro Machado, creek tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">arroio Boici</a>, at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">fazenda Chimarrão</a>, 31º13’44”S 53º22’18”W, 25 Jan 2006. L. E. Lanés, M. V. Volcan, A. C. Gonçalves &amp; M. Burns. UFRGS 8966, 43 + 3 c&amp;s 17.4- 39.2 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Encruzilhada do Sul, small creek in Encruzilhada do Sul tributary to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.565&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.588057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.565/lat -30.588057)">rio Camaquã drainage</a>, 30º35’17”S 52º33’54”W, 14 Dec 2006, J. Anza &amp; R. Hirano .</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus notopagos differs from its congeners by the absence of a rostral plate posterior notch articulation for the mesethmoid, rostral plate reduced and thin, with an unplated area, medially between the dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes, vs. presence of a rostral plate with the posterior notch articulation with the mesethmoid, rostral plates thick. The new species is also distinguished from other species of Hisonotus, except H. laevior and H. taimensis, by its great number of median plate series 25-27 (Table 2), vs. low number of median plate series 20-25; by having four predorsal plates, vs. three predorsal plates, and by having 30-31 vertebrae, vs. 25-29. Hisonotus notopagos further differs from H. laevior and H. taimensis by having caudal peduncle slightly square in cross section, vs. round peduncle in cross section, and by having the area anterior to the nostrils covered by prenasal plates (Fig. 6c), vs. area anterior to nostrils naked (Fig. 6b).</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 7. Adult size large for members of this genus (a female reaching 51.7 mm SL). Body elongate, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle slightly square in cross section. Dorsal profile convex from snout to parieto-supraoccipital tip, slightly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin; straight and posteroventrally sloped from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at posterior end of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal-fin margin concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded anteriorly in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior to pelvicfin insertion. Snout region anterior to nares not depressed, interorbital region convex. Upper margin of orbit slightly elevated. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral-fin posterior margin almost straight; when depressed tip extending beyond middle of pelvic fin (tip of pectoral-fin reaching just anterior third of pelvic fin in some specimens). Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine serrate. In juveniles entire length of spine serrate, reduced to distal portion of spine in adults. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below posterior bony margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin not reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending beyond that point in males. Dorsal fin II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet present, laterally extended. Anal fin i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin.Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and area around base of paired fins. Rostral plate without posterior notch articulation for mesethmoid, rostral plate reduced and thinned, rostral area between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes unplated medially. Prenasal plates anterior to nares present, not reduced (Fig. 6c). Four rows of predorsal plates. Lateral line incomplete, with small gap without pores along middle length of body. Median plate series reaching the postrior end of caudal peduncle, not truncated (Fig. 4c). Median abdominal plates small, irregularly arranged, often leaving naked area between median and lateral abdominal plate series. Lateral abdominal plates larger, forming a regular series of about five to seven plate in each side (Fig. 8c). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae opening.</p><p>Odontodes on posterior parieto-supraoccipital tip not enlarged in adults, slightly enlarged odontodes in juvenile specimens. Head, fin spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, medially directed on pelvic fin. Odontodes on head and trunk of uniform size and distribution, except for enlarged odontodes on ventral margin of rostrum, ventrad series of odontodes sometimes absent in medial portion of rostral plate. Rostrum anterior margin with wide free-odontode band (Fig. 26). Compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations from middle portion to ventral margin. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose. Maxillary barbel present.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp large and rounded, minor (lateral) cusp pointed (Fig. 27c). Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other, but not completely fused in juveniles. Total vertebrae 31 (3 c&amp;s).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces of body light to dark gray, brownish in some specimens. Dorsal and ventrolateral regions slightly lighter, lateral surface darker forming longitudinal band. Ventral surface of body less pigmented than lateral and dorsal portions, belly region with small scattered chromatophores. Dorsolateral surface of head and body with light longitudinal stripes. Stripes beginning on rostrum anterior to nares, passing above orbits and reaching the posterior end of parietosupraoccipital, bifurcating at this point and disappearing laterally bellow dorsal-fin base. Light longitudinal stripe on trunk located above lateral line. Tip of parieto-supraoccipital and corners of squared caudal peduncle lighter than surrounding areas. Paired, dorsal and anal fins mostly hyaline, except for chromatophores forming transverse dark bands (inconspicuous in pelvic fin); bands most conspicuous on unbranched rays. Caudal fin dark pigmented ventrally, unbranched rays with striped pattern. Upper branched rays of caudal fin almost hyaline except for transversal dark bands. Middle portion of caudal fin with hyaline transverse band formed by round light spots. Larger specimens with second hyaline band located posteriorly, on lower caudal lobe.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males possess a fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap wide basally and progressively narrowing distally. Adult males with first branched ray of pelvic fin presenting a feeble fleshy flap in medial portion. In juvenile males, flaps are smaller or absent. Males have a longer pelvic-fin thickened unbranched ray that extends up to the anal-fin origin, never reaching that point in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus notopagos is known from the headwaters of rio Camaquã drainage in the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil (Fig. 22). This species inhabits slow to median flow, clear waters running over a sandy bottom, and is found in marginal or aquatic submersed vegetation (Fig. 10d). Hisonotus notopagos was collected together with H. armatus in some localities close to Lavras do Sul, and together with H. nigricauda and H. laevior close to Pinheiro Machado. Geographic variation. Populations in the northern tributaries (Encruzilhada do Sul) and southern tributaries (Pinheiro Machado and Lavras do Sul) of rio Camaquã drainage differ to a degree in morphometrics and pigmentation. Specimens from the southern tributaries possess a longer pectoral-fin spine (19.2-25.7% SL, mean 23.5%, vs. 17.7-20.7% SL, mean 19.5% in the northern population). Also, the southwestern population is relatively darker and possesses a more conspicuous light transversal band on the middle portion of the caudal fin comparing to the population near Encruzilhada do Sul. In the absence of clear and discrete diagnostic features, we considered both populations as conspecific.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, notopagos, from the Greek notos meaning South; and pagos meaning hills. In allusion to the hilly terrains on the southernmost portions of the Brazilian shield, from where this species is endemic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B15FFB824BA56ACC4BDFCB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B18FFBF24D554B5C3B8FA6F.text	513387FA1B18FFBF24D554B5C3B8FA6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho & Reis 2011	<div><p>Hisonotus carreiro, new species</p><p>Figs. 4d, 8d, 28, and 29</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 2 . - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed].</p><p>Holotype. MCP 44515, 35.4 mm SL, female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Serafina Corrêa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.849167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.702778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.849167/lat -28.702778)">rio Carreiro</a> downstream Carreiro bathing spot, 28º42’10”S 51º50’57”W, 25 Oct 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; V.A. Bertaco.</p><p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.689445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.51361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.689445/lat -28.51361)">rio Carreiro drainage</a>. ANSP 188702, 3, 27.7-28.3 mm SL; MCP 40495, 2 + 2 c&amp;s, 27.5-31.2 mm SL; MZUSP 104944, 3, 27.8-28.6 mm SL; collected with the holotype. MCP 41548, 1, 32.0 mm SL, collected at type locality, 11 Jan 2006, J. P. Silva &amp; T. P. Carvalho. MCP 40943, 3, 33.6-35.8 mm SL, Guabiju, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.689445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.51361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.689445/lat -28.51361)">arroio Guabiju</a> on secondary road between Guabiju and Vila São Jorge, 28º30’49”S 51º41’22”W, 24 Oct 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; V. A. Bertaco. MCN 16361, 3, 34.4-35.4 mm SL, Nova Araçá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.689445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.51361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.689445/lat -28.51361)">arroio Guabiju</a> on road between Guabiju and Vila São Jorge, 28º30’S 51º41’W, Out 2000, W. Koch. UFRGS 6961, 7, 31.7-37.8 mm SL, Serafina Corrêa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.689445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.51361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.689445/lat -28.51361)">rio Carreiro</a>, 28º44’S 51º50’W, Nov 2004, J. Anza .</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus carreiro differs from its congeners, except H. francirochai, H. iota, H. leucophrys, and H. prata by the presence of a conspicuous tuft of enlarged odontodes on the tip of the parieto-supraoccipital, vs. odontodes on the tip of parieto-supraoccipital similar in size, not enlarged, or only slightly enlarged. It differs from H. francirochai, H. leucophrys, and H. iota by having the anterior portion of snout with a narrow odontode-free band (Fig. 29), vs. snout completely covered with odontodes, without an anterior band free of odontodes. Hisonotus carreiro can be distinguished from H. prata by having a longer dorsal-fin spine 24.3- 29.0% SL, mean 26.6%, vs. 22.6-25.5% SL, mean 24.5% (Fig. 30); longer pectoral-fin spine 24.7-29.0% SL, mean 26.7 %, vs. 22.0-25.6% SL, mean 24.0% (Fig. 31); and by its general color pattern of the body, which is yellowish in life and pale yellow to light brown in alcohol preserved specimens, vs. a dark green general color pattern of the body in life and a dark gray to dark brown color in alcohol preserved specimens.</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 8. Adult size small to medium for members of this genus (maximum size 37.8 mm SL). Body relatively stocky, not elongated, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section. Dorsal profile slightly concave from tip of snout to nares, convex from nares to tip of parieto-supraoccipital, almost straight and posterodorsally inclined from that point to dorsalfin origin. Dorsal-fin base straight and posteroventrally sloped, almost straight to slightly concave from posterior end of dorsalfin base to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at middle of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal fin concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior to pectoral-fin insertion. Snout region anterior of nares concave, interorbital region convex. Upper margin of orbit somewhat elevated. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral-fin posterior margin almost straight; when depressed tip extending beyond middle of pelvic fin. Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth in adults, juveniles with feeble serrae at distal portion. Pectoralfin axillary slit present, located below posterior bony margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin not reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending beyond that point in males. Dorsal fin II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located just posterior of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet present, laterally extended, one c&amp;s specimen lacking spinelet.Anal fin with i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin. Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and area around base of paired fins. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation with mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with narrow odontode-free band between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes (Fig. 29), sometimes absent at medial portion of some specimens. Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, small unplated area between rostrum and nostril at lateral portion. Two or three rows of predorsal plates (rarely two). Lateral line incomplete, with small gap without pores along middle length of body. Median plate series truncated (Fig. 4d). Abdominal plates arranged in three rows anteriorly and irregularly arranged between pelvic-fin insertions. Lateral abdominal plates slightly larger and forming regular series. Median abdominal series usually formed by one plate row. Area between lateral and median abdominal plate series naked in some specimens (Fig. 8d). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae openings and medial region of coracoids.</p><p>Odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip greatly enlarged, arranged in round patch. Odontodes approximately five times larger than those of surrounding areas. Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, and on ventral and dorsal margin of rostrum medially. Odontodes medially directed in pelvic-fin thickened unbranched ray. Anteroventral margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations.Infraorbitalseriesentering infraorbital canal via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose, posterior border of lower lip fimbriate. Maxillary barbel present.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp large and rounded, minor (lateral) minute pointed. Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other, a median notch on the posterior margin of caudal-fin skeleton. Total vertebrae 28 (2 c&amp;s).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces pale yellow to light brown. Dorsal and lateral body surfaces with scattered dark brown round spots. Dorsal and lateral portions of head darker than body. Ventral and ventrolateral surface of body yellowish except for scattered chromatophores, these grouped forming spots on ventral surface of caudal peduncle. Region anterior to nares lighter than surrounding areas, but not forming conspicuous longitudinal light stripes posterior to that point. Paired, anal, and dorsal fins mostly brown, sometimes with light transverse bands, forming striped pattern. Caudal fin almost completely brown, except for one pair of somewhat round hyaline areas in middle portion of upper and lower lobes. Unbranched rays of caudal fin with alternating transverse light bands and dark areas.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males also possess a developed fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. In males, first and second branched rays of pelvic fin with a fleshy flap in medial portion. In juvenile males, flaps are smaller or absent. Males have a longer pelvic-fin thickened unbranched ray that extends far beyond the anal-fin origin, with the pelvic-fin ray reaching just to the origin of anal fin in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus carreiro is endemic to rio Carreiro drainage, a tributary to the rio Taquari, which flows into the rio Jacuí basin in the laguna dos Patos system (Fig. 32). This species inhabits relative high altitudes, above 400 m. The habitat in rio Carreiro is a rapid flow watercourse, a wide river with about 0.5 m deep, with clear water and rocky bottom (Fig. 10a). The specimens were caught between aquatic vegetation of Echinodorus, which form green islands on the faults of the rocky substrate. The arroio Guabiju is a small stream about 3 m wide and up to 1 m deep, with clear water, running over a sandy and rocky bottom.There, the species is caught in marginal submersed vegetation. Hisonotus carreiro is sympatric with the undescribed Hypoptopomatinae Eurycheilichthys sp. 1 in arroio Guabiju. Its type locality is now flooded by the reservoir of the Caçador Hidroelectric Dam. The changes in the environment from a rapid running river to a lentic habitat is likely to promote the disappearance of this species in that region.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, carreiro, refers to rio Carreiro, the river basin where this species is known. It is treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B18FFBF24D554B5C3B8FA6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6.text	513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus prata Carvalho & Reis 2011	<div><p>Hisonotus prata, new species</p><p>Figs. 4e, 8e, 27b, 33, 34, and 35</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 1 . - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed].</p><p>Holotype. MCP 44513, 31.8 mm SL, female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Nova Prata, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.614166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.633612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.614166/lat -28.633612)">rio da Prata</a> on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.614166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.633612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.614166/lat -28.633612)">Passo do Despraiado</a>, 28º38’01”S 51º36’51”W, 24 Oct 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; V. A. Bertaco.</p><p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, rio da Prata drainage, ANSP 188703, 3, 25.6-32.0 mm SL; MCP 40492, 18, 19.5-33.2 mm SL; MZUSP 104945, 3, 28.3 mm SL; collected with the holotype. MCP 22204, 9 + 3 c&amp;s, 14.3-29.3 mm SL, collected at type locality, 20 Jan 2006, R. E. Reis, J. F. P. Silva &amp; E. H. L. Pereira.</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus prata differs from its congeners, except H. carreiro, H. francirochai, H. iota, and H. leucophris by the presence of a conspicuous tuft of enlarged odontodes on the tip of the parieto-supraoccipital (Fig. 34), vs. odontodes on the tip of parieto-supraoccipital similar in size, not enlarged or only slightly larger over the remaining odontodes on the parieto-supraoccipital. It differs from H. francirochai, H. iota, and H. leucophrys by having the anterior portion of snout with an odontode-free band (Fig. 35), vs. snout complete covered with odontodes, without an anterior band free of odontodes. Hisonotus prata can be distinguished from H. carreiro by having a shorter dorsal-fin spine 22.6- 25.5% SL, mean 24.5%, vs. 24.3-29.0% SL, mean 26.6% (Fig. 30); shorter pectoral-fin spine 22.0-25.6% SL, mean 24.0 %, vs. 24.7-29.0% SL, mean 26.7%. (Fig. 31); and by its general color pattern of dorsal surface of body which is dark green in life specimens and dark gray to dark brown in alcohol preserved specimens, vs. a yellowish pattern in life, pale yellow to light brown coloration in alcohol preserved specimens.</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 9. Adult size small for members of this genus (maximum size 33.2 mm in the SL). Body stocky, robust, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section. Dorsal profile convex from tip of snout to nares to parieto-supraoccipital, convex bump at parieto-supraoccipital tip, almost straight and posterodorsally inclined from that point to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin base straight and posteroventrally sloped, almost straight from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile almost straight from snout tip to anal-fin origin, concave from that point to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at middle of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal fin slightly concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior to pelvic-fin insertion. Snout region anterior to nares concave, interorbital region convex. Upper margin of orbit not elevated. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral-fin posterior margin slightly rounded; when depressed tip extending anterior to middle of pelvic fin. Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth in adults, juveniles with serrae along distal third of pectoral-fin spine. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below posterior bony margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin just reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending beyond that point in males. Dorsal II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet present, laterally extended. Anal fin i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin. Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and area around base of paired fins. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation with mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with an odontode-free band between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes (Fig. 35). Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, small unplated area between rostral plate and nostril. Two or three rows of predorsal plates (rarely two). Lateral line incomplete, with gap without pores along middle length of body, posterior portion of lateral line sometimes absent. Median plate series truncated, not reaching posterior end of caudal peduncle (Fig. 4e). Abdominal plates arranged in three rows anteriorly and irregularly arranged between pelvic-fin insertions. Lateral abdominal plates slightly larger and forming regular series. Median abdominal series usually formed by one plate row. Naked area between lateral and median abdominal plate series in most specimens (Fig. 8e). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae openings and medial region of coracoids.</p><p>Odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip greatly enlarged, raised odontodes arranged in rounded patch, approximately five times larger than those of surrounding areas (Fig. 34). Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, and on ventral and dorsal margin of rostrum. Odontodes medially directed on pelvic-fin thickened unbranched ray. Anteroventral margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose, posterior margin of lower lip fimbriate. Maxillary barbel present.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp large and rounded, minor (lateral) minute pointed (Fig. 27b). Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other. Total vertebrae 28 (2 c&amp;s).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces dark gray. Dorsal and lateral body surfaces with round dark gray spots. Dorsal and lateral portions of head darker than body, except for lighter cheek region. Ventral surface of body pale yellow, except for scattered chromatophores, these forming spots on ventral surface of caudal peduncle. Region anterior to nares lighter than surrounding areas, but not forming longitudinal light stripes beyond this point. Parietosupraoccipital tip lighter than remaining dorsal surface. Paired, anal, and dorsal fins mostly gray pigmented, with light transverse bands, forming striped pattern. Caudal fin almost completely, except for pair of round to somewhat triangular hyaline areas in middle portion of upper and lower lobes. Unbranched rays of caudal fin with striped pattern of transverse light bands. Ground color in life dark green.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla, positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males also possess a developed fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. In juvenile males, flap smaller or absent. Males have a longer thickened pelvic-fin unbranched ray that extends beyond anal-fin origin, with pelvic-fin ray reaching just to anal-fin origin in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus prata is endemic to the rio da Prata, tributary of rio das Antas, in the rio Taquari drainage, which is a tributary of the rio Jacuí basin in the laguna dos Patos system (Fig. 32). The rio da Prata, at the type locality, is a rapid flow watercourse, wide and shallow, with an average depth of 0.5 m, shallower in most of its extension, with clear water, rocky bottom and great amounts of submersed vegetation (Fig. 10b). The specimens were caught between aquatic vegetation, individuals being associated with plants of the genus Echinodorus, which form green islands in the faults of the rocky substrate. Hisonotus prata is collected in the vegetation with the undescribed Hypoptopomatinae Eurycheilichthys sp. 2 .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, prata, refers to rio da Prata, the river basin where this species is known. It is treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B22FF8624C4524BC40FF895.text	513387FA1B22FF8624C4524BC40FF895.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus vireo Carvalho & Reis 2011	<div><p>Hisonotus vireo, new species</p><p>Figs. 4f, 8f, 27a, 36, 37, and 38</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 4 . - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed].</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 1 . - Cramer et al., 2007: 54 [included in molecular phylogeny].</p><p>Holotype. MCP 44518, 38.2 mm SL, female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Caraá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.316666/lat -29.783333)">rio dos Sinos</a>, brigde 7 km north of Caraá, road to Fundo Quente, 29º47’S 50º19’W, 12 Jan 1995, L. R. Malabarba, P. A. Buckup, A. R. Cardoso &amp; G. M. Guazelli.</p><p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.42806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.764723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.42806/lat -29.764723)">rio Jacuí basin</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.42806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.764723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.42806/lat -29.764723)">rio dos Sinos drainage</a>: MCP 17643, 6, 11.3-39.2 mm SL; MZUSP 104946, 4, 30.5-39.3 mm SL; collected with the holotype. ANSP 188704, 4, 31.0- 34.3 mm SL; MCP 14619, 4 + 3 c&amp;s, 28.3-42.0 mm SL; Caraá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.42806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.764723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.42806/lat -29.764723)">rio do Sinos</a>, about 5 km north of Caraá, 29º46’S 50º20’W, 17 Jan 1991, N. A. Menezes, R. E. Reis &amp; E. H. L. Pereira. MCP 17620, 9, 30.0- 40.3 mm SL, Caraá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.42806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.764723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.42806/lat -29.764723)">rio dos Sinos</a>, at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.42806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.764723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.42806/lat -29.764723)">praia João Fernandes</a>, about 4 km of Caraá and 5 km of Vila Rodolfo Tetour, 29º45’53”S 50º25’41”W, 12 Jan 1995, L. R. Malabarba, P. A. Buckup, A. R. Cardoso &amp; G. M. Guazelli .</p><p>Non-type material. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.446943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.26/lat -29.446943)">laguna dos Patos system</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.446943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.26/lat -29.446943)">Rio Jacuí drainage</a>: MCP 25459 15, 16.3- 38.7 mm SL and MCP 25719, 15 + 3 c&amp;s, 24.1-39.1 mm SL, Ibarama, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.446943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.26/lat -29.446943)">lageado do Gringo</a> about 2 km from hidroeletrical power plant Dona Francisca, 29º26’49”S 53º15’36”W . MCP 26568, 6, 26.5-36.8 mm SL, Nova Palma, arroio <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.297222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.480556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.297222/lat -29.480556)">Caemborá near Caemborá</a>, 29º28’50”S 53º 17’50”W . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.003887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.461668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.003887/lat -29.461668)">Rio Taquari drainage</a>: MCP 38766, 15 + 3 c&amp;s, 16.9-38.2 mm SL, Lageado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.003887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.461668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.003887/lat -29.461668)">arroio Saraquá</a>, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.003887&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.461668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.003887/lat -29.461668)">Botanic Garden of Lageado</a>, 29º27’42”S 52º00’14”W . UFRGS 8812, 14, 32.5-39.9 mm SL, Lageado, confluence of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.234165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.3225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.234165/lat -29.3225)">arroio Pinheirinho</a> with <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.234165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.3225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.234165/lat -29.3225)">rio Forqueta.</a> 29º19’21”S 52º14’03”W . MCP 41550, 4, 14.6-20.0 mm SL, Cotiporã, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.754444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.995277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.754444/lat -29.995277)">rio Carreiro</a> at bridge on road between Dois Lageados and Cotiporã, 29º59’43”S 51º45’16”W . Rio Caí drainage: MAPA 1750, 1, 40,6 mm SL, Nova Petrópolis, rio Cadeia, between Joaneta and Pinhal Alto . MAPA 1751, 2, 33.0-40.0 mm SL, Nova Petrópolis, affluent of rio Cadeia at Picada Café . MAPA 2625, 1, 40.4 mm SL, Nova Petrópolis, arroio Macaquinhos tributary of rio Cadeia . Rio dos Sinos drainage: MAPA 724, 1, 22.9 mm SL, Taquara, rio Rolante between Taquara and Rolante. MAPA 1868, 3, 32.9-41.2 mm SL, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, rio dos Sinos, bridge at Santo Antônio da Patrulha . MAPA 2422, 2, 17.3-23.4 mm SL, Taquara, rio da Ilha entre Padilha e rio da Ilha . MAPA 2627, 4, 29.7-41.2 mm SL, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, rio dos Sinos, bridge at Nossa Senhora de Monte Serrat. MCN 6455, 1, 38.7 mm SL, Três Coroas, arroio José Velho between Canastra Alta and Linha Café . MCN 6920, 1, 36.0 mm SL, Três Coroas, arroio Moreira at confluence of arroio Quilombo. MCN 6863, 1, 39,3 mm SL, Três Coroas, arroio Quilombo at Sander. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.701946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.792778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.701946/lat -29.792778)">Rio Gravataí drainage</a>: MCP 23875, 3, 29.7-35.2 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.701946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.792778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.701946/lat -29.792778)">arroio Itajacu</a>, Glorinha, 29º47’34”S 50º42’07”W . Hisonotus cf. vireo: All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.573334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.10389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.573334/lat -29.10389)">laguna dos Patos system</a>. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.573334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.10389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.573334/lat -29.10389)">Rio Jacuí drainage</a>: MCP 26855, 3, 36.0- 41.7 mm SL, Júlio de Castilhos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.573334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.10389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.573334/lat -29.10389)">arroio Tipiáia</a>, about 13 km north of Júlio de Castilhos on road to Cruz Alta, 29º06’14”S 53º34’24”W . MCP 41074, 4, 39.0- 44.2 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.65028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.113335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.65028/lat -29.113335)">arroio Tipiáia</a> (or <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.65028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.113335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.65028/lat -29.113335)">arroio Passo dos Buracos</a>), on road from Júlio de Castilhos to Cruz Alta, 29º06’48”S 53º39’01”W .</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus vireo differs from its congeners, except from H. aky, H. brunneus, H. carreiro, H. charrua, H. heterogaster, H. laevior, H. megaloplax, H. montanus, H. nigricauda, H. notopagos, H. prata, H. ringueleti, and H. taimensis by having the anterior margin of the snout with an odontode-free band (Fig. 38); vs. anterior margin of the snout complete covered by odontodes. Differs from those above, except H. carreiro, H. prata, and H. ringueleti by the caudalfin pigmentation, when well defined, composed of a dark background with a pair of hyaline areas, in the middle portion of upper and lower lobes, vs. a dark background without hyaline areas or a transverse hyaline band at the middle of caudal-fin length. Hisonotus vireo differs from H. ringueleti by having the posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine smooth in specimens between 25 and 35 mm SL, vs. posterior portion of spine serrate in specimens between 25 and 35 mm SL, and by having the abdomen completely covered by abdominal plates (Fig. 8f), vs. abdomen having a large naked area medially on the anterior portion. Differs from H. carreiro and H. prata by the absence of a raised tuft of odontodes on the posterior parieto-supraoccipital tip on adults, juvenile specimens presenting slightly enlarged odontodes, vs. a conspicuous tuft of enlarged odontodes at posterior parietosupraoccipital tip, and median lateral plate series complete, not truncated (Fig. 4f), vs. median lateral plate series truncated (Fig. 4 d-e).</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 10. Adult size moderate for members of this genus (larger than 40.0 mm in SL). Body stocky, robust, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section. Dorsal profile convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin, except for almost straight portion anterior to parieto-supraoccipital. Dorsal-fin base straight and posteroventrally sloped, straight to slightly concave from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile almost straight from snout tip to analfin origin, concave from this point to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at middle of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal-fin margin pronounced concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded to slightly pointed in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior of pelvic-fin insertion. Snout region anterior to nares slightly concave, interorbital region convex. Upper margin of orbit slightly elevate. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6, posterior-fin margin almost straight, when depressed tip extending beyond middle of pelvic fin. Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth in adults, juveniles with serrae along distal half of pectoral-fin spine. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below ventral margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin almost reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending far beyond anal-fin origin in males. Dorsal II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet somewhat rounded. Anal fin i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin. Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and areas around base of paired fins. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation with mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with odontode-free band between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes (Fig. 38). Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, small unplated area at lateral portion between rostral plate and prenasal plates. Three rows of predorsal plates. Lateral line incomplete, with gap without pores along middle length of body. Median plate series complete, not truncated (Fig. 4f). Abdominal plates arranged in three rows anteriorly and irregularly arranged between pelvic-fin insertions. Lateral abdominal plates slightly larger and forming regular series. Median abdominal series usually formed by one row, pre-anal shield region formed by small to median size plates (Fig. 8f). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae openings and medial region of coracoids.</p><p>Odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip slightly larger than those of surrounding areas, mostly in smaller specimens. Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, and on ventral margin of rostrum, slightly enlarged on dorsal margin. Odontodes medially directed on pelvic-fin unbranched ray. Anterior margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose, posterior margin of lower lip fimbriate. Maxillary barbel present.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp rounded to spatulate, minor (lateral) minute pointed (Fig. 27a).Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other, with slight median notch on the posterior margin of caudal-fin skeleton. Total vertebrae 27-29 (3 c&amp;s). Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces of body light to dark brown. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head darker than body, except for light area in ventrolateral region contrasting with dark blotches. Region anterior to nares lighter than surrounding areas, forming paired longitudinal light stripes from snout tip to posterior end of parieto-supraoccipital, bifurcating and inconspicuous posterior to that point. Midlateral surface of body darkish, forming darker brown wide longitudinal stripe above lateral line. Ventral surface of body pale yellow, sometimes with scattered round blotches, mostly on cheeks and belly. Unbranched rays of pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins mostly brown pigmented, except for narrow lighter spots, forming striped pattern. Branched rays of these fins mostly hyaline except for darker transverse bands. Caudal fin mostly dark brown, except for pair of hyaline areas, somewhat triangular, on anterior portion of upper and lower lobes. Hyaline areas sometimes contacting each other at middle of caudal fin, forming hour-glass-like mark. Posterior portion of branched rays of caudal-fin hyaline. Unbranched rays of caudal fin with striped pattern of transverse light bands. In life, ground color of dorsum and flanks bright green (Fig. 37).</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males also possess a developed fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. Presence of a fleshy flap on medial portion of the first and second branched rays of pelvic fin. In juvenile males, flaps are smaller or absent. Males have a longer pelvic fin that extends far beyond the anal-fin origin, with the pelvic fin never reaching the anal-fin origin in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus vireo is widely distributed in the rio Jacuí basin from the eastern rio Gravataí and rio dos Sinos drainages to the lower portions of the western rio Jacuí drainage (Fig. 32). In the rio Jacuí basin, the new species was not found in the southern tributaries or in the headwaters of rio Jacuí and rio Taquari drainages. This species inhabits medium to fast flow watercourses, with clear waters running over sandy or rocky bottoms, being collected in marginal or aquatic submersed vegetation. Hisonotus vireo is sympatric along almost its entire distribution with H. armatus .</p><p>Geographic variation. The specimens from arroio Tipiáia (MCP 26855 and MCP 41074) differ to a certain degree in pigmentation from other populations in the rio Jacuí basin. These specimens of arroio Tipiáia differ from other conspecifics by the darker pigmentation of caudal fin, which present reduced hyaline areas to complete dark brown in some specimens, contrasting with a pair of hyaline triangular areas on upper and lower lobes and no pigments at posterior portion of caudal fin rays. The condition observed in the caudal-fin pigmentation of specimens from arroio Tipiáia, resemble that of Hisonotus brunneus and H. heterogaster . However, when well defined, the hyaline areas in the specimens from arroio Tipiáia clearly are alike the triangular hyaline areas presented by other populations of H. vireo . A PCA was performed to compare morphometric data of that population to others of H. vireo, in rio Jacuí, rio Taquari, and rio dos Sinos (type locality). No discriminant differences were found between the populations of H. vireo, except when compared with the species H. brunneus (Fig. 39). For these reasons, we tentatively identified these specimens from arroio Tipiáia as belonging to the species H. vireo, and restricted the type series to specimens collected close to the type locality.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, vireo, from the Latin meaning “greenish”, in allusion to the greenish coloration of live specimens of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B22FF8624C4524BC40FF895	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B27FF85261B51B9C492FCA1.text	513387FA1B27FF85261B51B9C492FCA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis 2011	<div><p>Hisonotus brunneus, new species</p><p>Figs. 4g, 8g, 40, and 41</p><p>Hisonotus sp. 3 . - Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed].</p><p>Holotype. MCP 44516, 41.5 mm SL, female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Cruz Alta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.559723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.645277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.559723/lat -28.645277)">rio Passo Novo</a>, on road from Cruz Alta to Ibirubá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.559723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.645277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.559723/lat -28.645277)">rio Jacuí drainage</a>, 28º38’43”S 53º33’35”W, 2 Apr 1999, R. E. Reis, E. H. L. Pereira &amp; V. A. Bertaco.</p><p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, rio Jacuí drainage: MCP 22701, 27 + 3 c&amp;s, 26.3-41.1 mm SL, collected with the holotype . ANSP 188705, 4, 34.6-39.0 mm SL; MCP 41072, 13, 29.0-41.0 mm SL; MZUSP 104947, 4, 37.2-40.9 mm SL; collected at the type locality, 13 Dec 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; A. R. Cardoso .</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus brunneus differs from its congeners, except from H. aky, H. brunneus, H. carreiro, H. charrua, H. heterogaster, H. laevior, H. megaloplax, H. montanus, H. nigricauda, H. notopagos, H. prata, H. ringueleti, and H. taimensis by having the anterior portion of snout with an odontode-free band (Fig.41), vs. snout completely covered with odontodes. It differs from those above, except from H. laevior, H. taimensis, H. megaloplax, and H. heterogaster by a darkly pigmented caudal fin, without a hyaline area in the middle portion, vs. caudal fin with hyaline areas in the middle portion. Hisonotus brunneus differs from H. heterogaster, H. laevior, H. megaloplax, and H. taimensis by having the abdominal median plate series large, one or two series of plates regularly arranged between the lateral abdominal series (Fig. 8g), vs. abdominal median plate series with several small plates irregularly arranged between the lateral abdominal plates in H. laevior and H. taimensis, or abdominal medium series absent, midline portion of the belly naked in H. heterogaster (Fig. 8h) or covered by the enlarged lateral series in H. megaloplax, respectively.Also, it differs from H. heterogaster, H. laevior, H. megaloplax, and H. taimensis by having median lateral plate series incomplete, truncated (Fig. 4g), vs. median lateral plate series complete, not truncated.</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 11. Adult size small to median for members of this genus (usually less than 40.0 mm SL). Body relatively stocky, robust, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section. Dorsal profile convex from tip of snout to parietosupraoccipital tip, slightly convex from that point to dorsalfin origin. Dorsal-fin base straight and posteroventrally sloped, straight from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile almost straight from snout tip to anal-fin origin, concave from this point to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at posterior end of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal fin concave to slightly forked. Head and snout broad, snout rounded to slightly square in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior of pelvic-fin insertion. Snout region anterior of nares concave, interorbital region convex. Upper margin of orbit slightly elevated. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral-fin posterior margin slightly rounded to straight, when depressed tip extending just anterior to middle of pelvic fin. Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth in adults, juveniles with feeble serrae along distal third of pectoralfin spine. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below posterior bony margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin just reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending far beyond that point in males. Dorsal-fin II, 7. Dorsalfin origin located slightly posterior to vertical through pelvicfin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet slight-laterally extended.Anal i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin. Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and area around base of paired fins. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation of mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with odontode-free area between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes (Fig. 41). Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, small unplated area at lateral portion between rostral plate and nostril. Three rows of predorsal plates. Lateral line incomplete, with gap without pores along middle length of body. Median plate series truncated, not reaching posterior end of caudal peduncle (Fig. 4g). Abdominal plates arranged in three rows anteriorly and irregularly arranged between pelvic-fin insertions. Lateral abdominal plates slightly larger and forming regular series. Median abdominal series formed by one or two plate series, pre-anal shield region formed by median to large plates (Fig. 8g). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae openings and medial region of coracoids.</p><p>Odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip slightly larger than those of surrounding areas, most in smaller specimens. Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, and on ventral margin of rostrum slightly enlarged in dorsal margin. Odontodes medially directed on pelvic-fin unbranched ray. Anterior margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via compound pterotic. Lips roundish and papillose, posterior margin of lower lip fimbriate. Maxillary barbel present.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp large and rounded, minor (lateral) minute pointed. Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other, with small median notch on the posterior margin of caudal-fin skeleton. Total vertebrae 27-28 (2 c&amp;s).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces pale to dark brown. Dorsal and lateral body surfaces with rounded gray spots. Dorsal and lateral portions of head darker than body, except for lighter area in ventrolateral region contrasting with dark blotches. Ventral surface of body pale yellow, except for scattered chromatophores. Region anterior to nares lighter than surrounding areas, forming longitudinal light stripe from snout tip to posterior end of parietosupraoccipital. Unbranched rays of fins mostly brown pigmented, sometimes presenting hyaline transverse bands, forming striped pattern. Caudal fin almost completely brown, except for hyaline area on posterior end of upper caudal fin rays. Unbranched rays of caudal fin with alternating transverse light bands and dark areas. General color pattern in life, dark green.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla, positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males also possess a developed fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. Presence of a fleshy flap in the medial portion of the first and second branched rays of pelvic fin. In juvenile males, flaps smaller or absent. Males have longer pelvic-fin unbranched ray that extends far beyond anal-fin origin, with pelvic-fin reaching just to anal-fin origin in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus brunneus is endemic to the upper rio Jacuí basin, in the laguna dos Patos system. The new species is only known from the rio Passo Novo, an affluent of the rio Ingaí, tributary to the upper portion of rio Jacuí basin (Fig. 32). This species inhabits a median to fast flowing watercourse, with clear to brown waters running over sand or stones. Being found in marginal submersed grasses, H. brunneus is collected in the vegetation together with Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis &amp; Schaefer. The rio Passo Novo at the type locality is a small creek, about 3 m wide and shallow with a maximum depth of 0.5 m, at 400 m above sea level. The stream is somewhat polluted, crossing the urban area of Cruz Alta, and has deforested riparian vegetation and amounts of rubbish along the margins.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet brunneus, from the Latin, means tawny and refers to overall brownish pigmentation of the species. It is treated as an adjective.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B27FF85261B51B9C492FCA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B25FF8824B45447C147FCC2.text	513387FA1B25FF8824B45447C147FCC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus heterogaster Carvalho & Reis 2011	<div><p>Hisonotus heterogaster, new species</p><p>Figs. 4h, 8h, 42, and 43</p><p>Holotype. MCP 44514, 43.0 mm SL, female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Júlio de Castilhos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.631664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.31778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.631664/lat -29.31778)">arroio Felício</a> on road from Nova Palma to Júlio de Castilhos, 29º19’04”S 53º37’54”W, 12 Dec 2006, T. P. Carvalho &amp; A. R. Cardoso.</p><p>Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, rio Jacuí drainage: ANSP 188706, 3, 37.1-40.7 mm SL ; MCP 41073, 5 + 2 c&amp;s, 37.4- 44.3 mm SL; MZUSP 104948, 3, 40.8-41.3 mm SL; collected with the holotype . MCP 26802, 1, 43.0 mm SL, collected at type locality, 28 Nov 2000, L. R. Malabarba, V. A. Bertaco, M. A. Azevedo, J. R. H. Bastos &amp; C. Ricken .</p><p>Diagnosis. Hisonotus heterogaster differs from its congeners, except from H. aky, H. brunneus, H. carreiro, H. charrua, H. heterogaster, H. laevior, H. megaloplax, H. montanus, H. nigricauda, H. notopagos, H. prata, H. ringueleti, and H. taimensis by having the anterior margin of the snout with an odontode-free band (Fig. 43), vs. anterior margin of the snout completely covered by odontodes. It differ from those above by its lack of the median abdominal plate series, leaving a large naked abdominal area, plates at ventral midline restricted to small platelets at pre-anal shied region (Fig. 8h); vs. presence of the median abdominal plate series, pre-anal shield region plated.</p><p>Description. Morphometrics and meristics in Table 12. Adult size moderate to large for members of this genus (larger than 40.0 mm in the SL). Body robust, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section, slightly flattened dorsally. Dorsal profile convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin base straight and posteroventrally sloped, straight from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile somewhat concave from snout tip to posterior portion of head, almost straight from that point to anal-fin origin. Concave at anal fin base and straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at middle of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal-fin margin slightly concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded to slightly pointed in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior to pectoral-fin insertion. Snout region anterior to nares straight, not depressed; interorbital region straight to slightly convex. Upper margin of orbit not elevated. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.</p><p>Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral-fin posterior margin almost straight, when depressed tip extending beyond middle of pelvic fin. Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth in adults, smaller specimens with feeble serrae along posterior third of pectoral-fin spine. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below ventral margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin just reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending far beyond that point in males. Dorsal II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet laterally extended. Anal fin i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin. Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</p><p>Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and base of paired fins, and belly region between lateral abdominal plate series. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation with mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with odontode-free area between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes (Fig. 43). Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, small unplated area at lateral portion between rostral plate and prenasal plates. Three rows of predorsal plates. Lateral line incomplete, with gap without pores along middle length of body. Median plate series not truncated, reaching posterior end of caudal peduncle (Fig. 4h). Median abdominal plate series absent. Irregularly arranged platelets in preanal shield region, absent in some specimens. Lateral abdominal plates relative small and forming regular series of three to six plates in each side (Fig. 8g). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between arrector fossae openings and medial region of coracoids.</p><p>Odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip slightly larger than those of surrounding areas. Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, and on ventral margin of rostrum, slightly enlarged on dorsal margin of rostrum. Anteroventral margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose, posterior margin of lower lip fimbriate. Maxillary barbel present.</p><p>Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp round; minor (lateral) minute pointed. Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.</p><p>Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other, with median notch on posterior margin of caudal-fin skeleton. Total vertebrae 29 (2 c&amp;s).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces light brown to gray. Dorsal and lateral portions of head darker than body, except for yellowish area, contrasting with dark blotches, in ventrolateral region of head. Region anterior to nares lighter than surrounding areas, forming paired longitudinal light stripe from snout tip to posterior end of parieto-supraoccipital, bifurcating and inconspicuous from that point. Ventral surface of body pale yellow, with scattered chromatophores, mostly grouped on cheeks and base of pectoral fins forming dark blotches. Unbranched rays of pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins mostly brown, except for narrow light bands, forming banded pattern. Branched rays of these fins mostly hyaline except for darker transverse bands. Caudal mostly dark brown, except for hyaline area on posterior portion of upper lobe. Unbranched rays of caudal fin with banded pattern of transverse light bands. In life, ground color of dorsum and flanks dark green.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Urogenital papilla, positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males also possess a developed fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. Presence of a fleshy flap in the medial portion of first and second branched rays of pelvic fin. In juvenile males, flaps smaller or absent. Males have longer pelvic fin that extends far beyond anal-fin origin, with the pelvic fin just reaching anal-fin origin in females.</p><p>Distribution and habitat. Hisonotus heterogaster is known from the arroio Felício, a stream affluent to the rio Soturno that is a western tributary of the rio Jacuí basin (Fig. 32). This species inhabits a median to fast flowing watercourse, with clear water running over sand or rocks, being collected mostly in the marginal submersed vegetation composed of bamboos.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet heterogaster, from the Greek heteros meaning distinct, deviating, abnormal, and gaster meaning belly, in allusion to the specific shape of plate covering of the abdominal plates. It is treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B25FF8824B45447C147FCC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
513387FA1B28FF88279F5464C38DF842.text	513387FA1B28FF88279F5464C38DF842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann	<div><p>Key to the species of Hisonotus from the laguna dos Patos system</p><p>1. Dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes along anterior margin of the snout separated by a narrow or wide odontode-free band...............................................................2</p><p>1’. Odontode-free band absent on anterior margin of snout, which is completely covered by odontodes.....................11</p><p>2. Tuft of enlarged odontodes present on the parietosupraoccipital tip, odontodes in that region approximately four to five times larger than the ones in surrounding areas...............................................................3</p><p>2’. Tuft of enlarged odontodes absent on the parietosupraoccipital tip, odontodes in that region approximately the same size or slightly larger than the in surrounding areas............................................................4</p><p>3. Pectoral-fin spine short (22.0-25.6% of SL, mean 24.0%), just reaching the vertical through dorsal-fin origin; general color pattern in life, dark green; in alcohol gray ..................................................................... Hisonotus prata (rio da Prata, in the rio Taquari drainage).</p><p>3’. Pectoral-fin spine long (24.7 -29.0 % of SL, mean 26.7%), far surpassing the vertical through dorsal-fin origin; general color pattern in life yellowish brown; in alcohol yellow to light brown........................... Hisonotus carreiro (rio Carreiro, in the rio Taquari drainage)</p><p>4. Three predorsal plate series; 22-25 plates in median series; and 27-29 vertebrae.............................................................5</p><p>4’. Three or four predorsal plate series (modally four); 25-29 plates in median series; and 30-32 vertebrae......................9</p><p>5. Caudal fin with paired, somewhat triangular, hyaline areas at the middle portion of ventral and dorsal lobes .................................................................... Hisonotus vireo (rio Jacuí basin)</p><p>5’. Caudal fin mostly dark, or with a transversal hyaline band at the midventral portion.......................................................6</p><p>6. Posterior portion of perforated lateral line absent; median abdominal plate series composed of several small plates, irregularly arranged.................... Hisonotus nigricauda (laguna dos Patos and rio Uruguay basin).</p><p>6’. Posterior portion of perforated lateral line present; median abdominal plate series absent or composed of larger plates, arranged in one to three series.............................................7</p><p>7. Caudal fin with one or two transversal hyaline bands............................................ Hisonotus charrua (headwaters of rio Piratiní and rio Jaguarão drainage).</p><p>7’. Caudal fin mostly dark, without transversal hyaline bands......................................................................................8</p><p>8. Median abdominal plate series present, formed by one or two series of median to large plates; median lateral plate series truncated, not reaching the posterior end of caudal peduncle............................................... Hisonotus brunneus (upper rio Jacuí drainage).</p><p>8’. Median abdominal plate series absent, scattered platelets at preanal shield region; median lateral plate series not truncated, reaching the posterior end of caudal peduncle ................................................... Hisonotus heterogaster (lower rio Jacuí drainage).</p><p>9. Caudal peduncle slightly square in cross section; odontodefree band on snout wide; rostral plate thin without the posterior notch articulation for the mesethmoid; prenasal area covered by plates.................. Hisonotus notopagos (headwaters of rio Camaquã drainage).</p><p>9’. Caudal peduncle round in cross section; odontode-free band on snout narrow; rostral plate thick with a posterior notch articulation for the mesethmoid; prenasal area naked, without plates.......................................................................10</p><p>10. Body relatively slender; shallow at dorsal-fin origin (body depth 13.3-16.3% in SL, mean 15.1%)... Hisonotus taimensis (lower portions of laguna Mirim tributaries)</p><p>10’. Body relatively robust; deep at dorsal-fin origin (body depth 16.2-20.8 % in SL, mean 18.1%).......... Hisonotus laevior (laguna dos Patos system)</p><p>11. Posterior portion of perforated lateral line absent; plates in median abdominal series small and irregularly arranged ..................................... Hisonotus nigricauda (lower portions of laguna dos Patos system and rio Uruguay basin).</p><p>11’. Posterior portion of perforated lateral line present; plates in median abdominal series large and regularly arranged, usually in a single row........................................................12</p><p>12. Caudal fin with one or more transversal hyaline bands; dorsal surface of head and body with dark marks contrasting with dark and white, vermiculous to ovoid, spots................................................ Hisonotus armatus (laguna dos Patos system).</p><p>12’. Caudal fin mostly dark, without a transversal hyaline band, or sometimes presenting an inconspicuous band; dorsal surface of head and body yellowish to pale brown................................... Hisonotus leucofrenatus (coastal drainages of southeastern and south Brazil from Ribeira de Iguape basin to eastern coastal plain of laguna dos Patos).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B28FF88279F5464C38DF842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto;Reis, Roberto E.	Carvalho, Tiago Pinto, Reis, Roberto E. (2011): Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1): 1-48, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011000100001
