taxonID	type	description	language	source
503687B624548367FF5EF8A87854F4B0.taxon	description	Definition: Poecilosclerida with apically spined tylotes forming a tangential ectosomal skeleton (emended from Hooper, 2002; according Morrow & Cardenas, 2015).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624548367FF5EF8A87854F4B0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Encrusting, massive, flabellate or digitate growth forms, sometimes burrowing, many genera producing fistules. Ectosomal skeleton composed of tylotes, strongyles or modified tylote spicules bearing microspined bases forming tangential and / or paratangential tracts, often irregular or halichondroid in arrangement. Choanosomal megascleres are styles or modified styles (anisoxeas) forming reticulate structures in massive forms (isodictyal, isotropic, anisotropic or more irregular skeletons) or plumose or hymedesmioid skeletons in encrusting growth forms. Echinating spicules present or absent, consisting of acanthostyles, unique cladotylotes and tylostyles. Microscleres include palmate isochelae and toxas of various morphologies (both sometimes lost), with some genera also having other microscleres such as bipocillae, modified anisochelae, microrhabd-like spicules (modified microxeas or microstrongyles) and diamond-shaped microxeas that are considered modified toxas (emended from Hooper, 2002; our additions are in bold).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558367FF5EFE7E7EBCF640.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Acarnus innominatus Gray, 1867 a (by monotypy).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558367FF5EFE7E7EBCF640.taxon	description	Definition: Non-fistular Acarnidae with cladotylote echinating spicules (Hooper, 2002).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558367FF5EFE7E7EBCF640.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Non-fistulose, encrusting to massive growth forms; ectosomal tylotes with microspined ends, forming tangential or paratangential tracts (not brushes); choanosomal skeleton isodictyal, isotropic or anisotropic reticulate, occasionally plumo-reticulate or plumose or hymedesmioid in encrusting species; skeletal tracts cored by smooth styles, echinated by 1 or 2 (exceptionally 3) categories of cladotylotes, echinating acanthostyles present or absent, and smooth tylostyles; microscleres are palmate isochelae, toxas of several morphologies, smooth microxeas and acanthoxeas (emended from Nascimento & Pinheiro, 2023; our additions are in bold).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 A – D, 3 A – L; Table 1) Synonymy: Acarnus innominatus Gray (1867: 544), Muricy et al. (2011: 145) and Ugalde et al. 2021: 52. Fig. 46.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. St. Vincent, Southern Caribbean (de Voogd et al. 2022).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Acarnus with cladotylotes in two categories (large cladotylotes with perfectly rounded tyles and cladomes with four clads and rare, sparingly spined small cladotylotes), besides toxas in three categories and palmate isochelae (van Soest et al., 1991).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MNRJ 14290, Brazil, Alagoas State, Maceió, Ponta do Prego, 09 ° 31 ’ 45.8 ” S 35 ° 35 ’ 29.0 ” W, 1 m depth, free diving, coll. E. Hajdu & V. Cedro. Additional material examined. A. innominatus (as Acarnus sp.) MNRJ 1920, Brazil, Bahia State, Mucuri, I / 1988; MCN 2661 (slides), Cuba, north coast of La Habana, 25. XI. 1976, coll. P. Alcolado; Cuba, Cayo Manzanillo, 25. XI. 1976, coll. P. Alcolado; MCN 2663, Cuba, Cayo Anelitas, VI. 1974, coll. P. Alcolado; Excursão Curaçao, 16. XI. 1975, Det. R. W. M. van Soest. Additional material examined. Acarnus sp. MCN 1331 (slides), Australia, East Point Reef, Darwin North Territory, 08. III. 1985, coll. T. M. A. Hooper.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	description	Description (Fig. 2 A – B). Encrusting to massive. 3 x 2 x 0.8 cm (MNRJ 1920 - biggest specimen), friable / flexible consistency, microhispid texture. Microhispid surface. Small oscules. Yellow-orange color in vivo, turning to beige when preserved in ethanol. Skeleton (Fig. 2 C – D). Ectosome formed by paratangential tylotes, with cladotylotes in tufts or bouquets (Fig. 2). Choanosome consists of a reticulation of multispicular tracts of styles, echinated by cladotylotes or acanthostyles. Microscleres (chelae and toxas) scattered throughout the choanosomal and ectosomal regions. Spicules (Fig. 3 A – L). Megascleres: styles (Fig. 3 A, B) stout, slightly curved and smooth (380 – 403 – 435 / 12 – 16.5 – 23 µm). Tylotes (Fig. 3 C, D) slender, straight and smooth, with microspined ends (195 – 252.8 – 300 / 4.7 – 6.4 – 7.5 µm). Cladotylotes I (Fig. 3 E, F) with a smooth shaft and smooth rounded basal tyle and apical clads, with one end provided with three to five large hooks and the other with a thick smooth knob or smaller hooks (225 – 284.4 – 315 / 11.5 – 13.5 – 16.2 µm). Cladotylotes II (Fig. 3 G, H) same morphology as cladotylotes I, with a sparsely spined shaft, and smooth, rounded basal tyle and apical clads (95 – 117.1 – 160 µm). Microscleres: toxas in three categories: toxa I (accolada) (Fig. 3 I), long thin, with a short and shallow curvature at the center (240 – 316.5 – 560 µm). Toxa II deeply curved (Fig. 3 J) (80 – 125.8 – 200 µm); Toxa III (Oxhorn-shaped) (Fig. 3 K) smooth and robust (55 – 97.5 – 150 µm). Palmate isochelae (Fig. 3 L), 10 – 12.9 – 19 µm in length. ”	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Apparently restricted to coral reefs (van Soest 1984).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Gulf of Mexico (Ugalde et al. 2021), Bahamas, U. S. (Florida), Cuba, other countries in the Caribbean Sea (Zea 1987), and Brazil in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco (Muricy et al. 2011), Bahia (Bettcher et al. 2023), and Alagoas (Nascimento & Pinheiro, 2023).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B624558362FF5EFC777B7BF7D0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to Nascimento & Pinheiro (2023), A. innominatus can be confused in the environment with A. microxeatus due to the similarity in their external morphology. However, they differ in the presence of acanthoxeas and smooth microxeas in A. microxeatus. Finally, the spicule set and measurements of all material examined match the redescription of the type material of A. innominatus described based on by Hooper (2002) (see Table 1). We found robust styles, tylotes with microspined ends, two categories of cladotylotes, three categories of toxas and palmate isoquelae (Table 1). The material from the State of Alagoas (MNRJ 14290) has rare cladotylotes II, a character previously registered as rare by van Soest (1984) and van Soest et al. (1991) as well. The MNRJ 14290 presents some cladotylotes I with five clads in the cladome, differing from the other analyzed materials here, but it is according to Ugalde et al. (2021) and within the known variation of the species. The presence of five clads in the cladome of cladotylote I of A. innominatus has not been observed by previous studies (van Soest, 1984; van Soest et al. 1991; Hooper, 2002 a), who have mentioned and / or illustrate four clads. Only Zea (1987) has mentioned five ones, but only in an illustrative way (figure), without any formal description. In some species of the genus the number of clads can reach to six, for example, A. toxeata (Boury-Esnault 1973; van Soest et al. 1991). Six clads occur in A. innominatus (provide one or more references) as well. A new analysis using molecular methods associated to morphology would clarify this character. The MCN- 1331 has the same spicule set that A. innominatus. However, it came from Australia, far from the Caribbean region, where is the type locality of A. innominatus. We agree that it belongs to a different species (not identified here).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494.taxon	description	(Fig. 4 A – K; Table 2)	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: MNRJ 3942, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Vermelha Beach, 22 ° 57 ’ 15 ” S 43 ° 09 ’ 49 ” W, 2.5 m depth, Coll. E. Hajdu, free diving, 30. XII. 2000, Det. G. Santos & C. Menegola. Paratype: MNRJ 6460, 6464, 6466, 6491, 6577, 6580, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, # y 1, 22 ° 11 ’ 48.1 ” S 40 ° 29 ’ 36.2 ” W, 60 m depth, coll. R. V. “ Astro Garoupa ”, through dredging, 11. VI. 2002, Det. G. Santos & C. Menegola.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Acarnus with a combination of blunt spines over acanthostyles, longer and thicker megascleres (style 505 / 13 µm; tylote 425 / 8 µm), cladotylotes with less clads (3 – 4) and larger chelae (~ 40 µm).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494.taxon	description	Description. Thinly encrusting sponge (1 mm thick) growing on dead coral fragments (MNRJ 3942). Surface varying from smooth to rough, with spicules protruding externally. Fragile consistency, MNRJ 3942 had a “ soft cheese ” consistency in life. Color in life red, pale in preservation. The fragments in general are quite damaged, in which oscules and pores are not visible. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. was found in two distinct forms: encrusting in algae thallus (most specimens) and homogeneously amalgamated in sand grains (one specimen). Skeleton. Ectosome with tangential tylotes. Choanosome with scarce spongin, but echinated plumose tracts are nevertheless formed, ascending from the substrate; echinating spicules (acanthostyles) singly erect on the substrate. Spicules (Fig. 4 A – K). Megascleres: styles (Fig. 4 A and B) with rugose spines (319 – 442.8 – 505 / 7.9 – 10 – 13.3 µm). Microspined tylotes (Fig. 4 C and D) with well-developed heads, shaft thoroughly smooth and slightly curved (266 – 345 – 425 / 5.3 – 6.0 – 7.9 µm). Acanthostyles (Fig. 4 G and H) slightly curved and spiny on their entire surface, but density of spines varying along the length, base with rounded spines (66.5 – 97.7 – 109 / 2.9 – 3.4 – 4.8 µm). Cladotylotes I (Fig. 4 E and F) sparsely spined shaft, stout and strongly hooked, with a cladome more developed than the other, with three to four clads (172 – 210.7 – 260 / 8 – 8.9 – 10.6 µm). Cladotylotes II (Fig. 4 E) with the same morphology as cladotylotes I (79 – 97.8 – 122 / 2.6 – 3.3 – 5.3 µm). Microscleres: toxas in two categories: toxa I (Fig. 4 J) elongated, with a slight curvature in the middle (accolada-like) (133 – 209.5 – 532 µm); toxa II (Fig. 4 I) thin and slightly curved (34.5 – 109.6 – 218.1 µm). Oxhorn toxa not observed. Palmate isochelae (Fig. 4 K) with the alae fused to the shaft (29.2 – 34.4 – 39.9 µm).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwest Atlantic, Brazil. Recorded from Southeast Brazil in the Rio de Janeiro State.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named “ hooperi ”. This species is named in honor of Dr. John N. A. Hooper, from the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia, for his remarkable contribution to the progress of sponge taxonomy, especially of the Acarnus genus.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B62450836CFF5EFCDC78C3F494.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Concerning the spicule set, Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. belongs to the “ souriei ” group due the possession of acanthostyles. Currently, there are twelve species described worldwide (Table 4) belonging to the “ souriei group ”. Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. is morphologically similar to A. nicoleae. However, A. nicoleae has toxas in three categories and smaller chelae, while Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. has two categories of toxas and larger chelae, about twice in size (14.4 – 21 µm against 29 – 39.9 µm) (Tab. 2). Other similar species are the Mediterranean Acarnus levii (Vacelet, 1960), the Pacific Acarnus peruanus van Soest et al. 1991 and Indo-Pacific A. bicladotylotus Hoshino, 1981. Acarnus bicladotylotus has three categories of toxas, megascleres and chelae smaller, while Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. has two categories of toxas and very larger chelae (Tab. 4). The differences between A. levii, A. peruanus and Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. are minimal and reduced to spicular dimensions of the megascleres, toxas and chelae (Tab. 4). However, due to the vast geographic distances between all species (western Mediterranean, eastern Central Pacific, Indo-Pacific and the southern Atlantic) they are unlikely to be the same species. From the “ souriei ” species group, six species have cladotylotes in one category: Acarnus souriei, A. radovani, Acarnus tener Tanita, 1963, Acarnus michoacanensis Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013, A. guentheri (Dendy, 1896) and Acarnus primigenius Hiemstra & Hooper, 1991. Furthermore, A. souriei and A. radovani have two categories of acanthostyles and toxas in three sizes. Acarnus tener is an encrusting to massive sponge with a plumose skeleton formed by ascending tracts. Acarnus michoacanensis has smaller megascleres and chelae (Tab. 4). Finally, A. primigenius has only one category of toxas. Acarnus caledoniensis Hooper & Lévi, 1993 has two categories of acanthostyles and is spherical in shape. In comparison to other three species known to Brazil, A. innominatus, A. toxeata and A. microxeatus differs from Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. in not having acanthostyles.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245E836FFF5EF9CE7B6DF7B4.taxon	description	(Fig. 5 A – K; Table 3) Synonymy: Acarnus toxeata Boury-Esnault, 1973: 285, van Soest et al., 1991: 62, Nascimento & Pinheiro, 2023: 529.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245E836FFF5EF9CE7B6DF7B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil, Bahia State (18 º 09 ’ S 38 º 39 ’ W). Material examined. MNRJ 4903 and 4913, Brazil, Espírito Santo State, # y 17, 18 º 39 ’ 48 ” S 37 º 52 ’ 13 ” W, 65 m depth, coll. R. V., “ Astro Garoupa ”, through dredging, 29. VI. 2001; MUCIN 0152, Brazil, Bahia State, Camamu Bay, intertidal, 13 ° 54 ’ 14 ” S 39 ° 00 ’ 34 ” W, coll. Guerrazzi, M. C., free diving, 25. III. 2005; UFBA 2700, Brazil, Bahia State, Camamu Bay, Cairu, 13 ° 32 ’ 31.56 ” S 38 ° 35 ’ 27.96 ” W, 9 m depth, Coll. Lopes, U., free diving, 28. VIII. 2004; UFBA 2703, Brazil, Bahia State, Camamu Bay, Marau, 13 ° 54 ’ 33.4 ” S 38 ° 59 ’ 40.4 ” W, Coll. Guerrazzi, M. C., free diving, 06. VIII. 2005; UFBA 2704, Brazil, Bahia State, Camamu Bay, Marau, 13 ° 53 ’ 42.6 ” S 39 ° 00 ’ 28.1 ” W, 3 m depth, Coll. Guerrazzi, M. C., free diving, -. IX. 2003; UFBA 2705, Brazil, Bahia State, Camamu Bay, Maraú, 13 ° 53 ’ 42.6 ” S 39 ° 00 ’ 28.1 ” W, 9.15 m depth, Coll. Guerrazzi, M. C., free diving, 30. X. 2004; UFBA 3170, Brazil, Bahia State, Camamu Bay, Cairu, 13 ° 32 ’ 29.5 ” S 38 ° 59 ’ 29.7 ” W, 11.7 m depth, Coll. Guerrazzi, M. C., free diving, 25. IX. 2004.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245E836FFF5EF9CE7B6DF7B4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Thinly (0.5 – 2 mm) incrusting in size; color of living specimens described as brown; accolada toxa (I) extremely long: 500 – 945 µm (from Boury-Esnault, 1973).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245E836FFF5EF9CE7B6DF7B4.taxon	description	Description. Finely embedded in coral fragments and coralline algae. With an average thickness of 1 mm and indefinite length (MNRJ 4913). Surface generally smooth; however, in some regions it is rough due spicules projections. Fragile consistency, tearing easily. Color in life varying from orange (MNRJ 4913) to red (MNRJ 4903) and, when fixed, it appears as a thin semi-transparent film. Oscules not observed. Skeleton. Detachable ectosome, basically formed by perpendicular tylotes. Organic choanosome with diffusely distributed sand grains. In this region, there are also bundles of megascleres echinated by cladotylotes and with scattered microscleres. Spicules (Figure 5 A – K). Megascleres: styles stout (Fig. 5 F – G), slightly curved, with microspined ends (430 – 536.9 – 646 / 7.9 – 9.6 – 13.3 µm). Tylotes (Fig. 5 H – I) slender, straight and smooth, with microspined ends (295 – 349.7 – 436 / 5.6 – 6.9 – 7.9 µm). Cladotylotes I (Fig. 5 A – B) microspined with four clads (210 – 263.6 – 311 / 5.3 – 8.1 – 10.6 µm). Cladotylotes II (Fig. 5 C – D) with a highly spinated shaft (71.8 – 115.2 – 159.6 / 2.2 – 3.2 – 5.3 µm). Microscleres: Toxas I (accolada) (Fig. 5 K) thin and straight, with a short and shallow curvature at the center (106 – 459.2 – 825 µm); Toxas II, deeply curved (61.9 – 155.8 – 272.8 µm); Toxa III (oxhorn) (Fig. 5 J) (31.9 – 57.7 – 82.4 µm). Palmate isochelae (Fig. 5 E) (7.9 – 10.6 – 13.3 µm).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245E836FFF5EF9CE7B6DF7B4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic from Brazil: Bahia (Boury-Esnault, 1973; van Soest et al. 1991; Muricy et al. 2011; Nascimento & Pinheiro 2023) and Espírito Santo States (Muricy et al. 2006; Muricy et al. 2011).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245E836FFF5EF9CE7B6DF7B4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Boury-Esnault (1973) did not designate the type material for this species, but van Soest et al. (1991) has designated the holotype from the original series of syntypes. The examined material conforms to A. toxeata based on the redescription of the type material (2 microscopic slides) by van Soest et al. (1991). Additionally, the spicule measurements of the material examined match the specimens of A. toxeata recently redescribed by Nascimento & Pinheiro (2023) from the northeast Brazil region. A variation of four to six clads in cladotylotes I and II have been reported by van Soest et al. (1991) and Boury-Esnault (1973) for the species. Part of our material (UFBA 2700, 2703, 2704, 2705) has cladotylotes with four clads. We consider it to be only an intraspecific variation. Toxas I were only present in two specimens among examined material (MNRJ 4913 and MUCIN 0152) and varied greatly in length (106 – 825 µm). The type material of A. toxeata described by Boury-Esnault (1973) and redescribed by van Soest et al. (1991) presents strictest length variation 500 – 945 µm. Lower variations (<500 µm) had never been registered for A. toxeata until then, and it may be an intraspecific variation. Acarnus toxeata has been originally reported from at 7 m to 50 m depth by Boury-Esnault (1973) and van Soest et al. 1991. Recently, Bettcher et al. (2023) have found the species in intertidal areas from reefs of the south Bahia region. Here, we expanded the bathymetric range down to 65 m depth and recorded for the first time for the state of Espírito Santo.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	description	(Fig. 6 A – V; Table 4)	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: UFBA 2453 (Schizoholotype MUCIN 0151) Brazil, Bahia State, Maraú, Camamu Bay, Barra Grande, 13 ° 55 ’ 08.8 ” S 38 ° 59 ’ 59.3 ” W, VIII. 2004, 16 m, coll. W. Andrade, Holme Dredge and Van Veen Grab, Det. A. Ozga & C. Menegola.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Unique Acarnus species with tylostyles.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	description	Description. Encrusting, thin to massive sponge, with sediments, algae fragments and shells both on its surface and interior, measuring approximately 1.3 x 2 cm. Surface hispid due to the presence of spicules and rough by the accumulation of sand grains. Firm consistency, however, easy to tear. Oscules and pores not visible. External and internal color beige after fixation (Fig. 6 A). Skeleton. Anisotropic reticulate skeleton (Fig. 6 B) with ascending bundles of tylotes, around which single spicules are arranged irregularly, in many directions, resulting in triangular, rectangular or differently shaped meshes. Equinate cladotylotes protrude from the spicular bundles, directed towards the base or surface of the sponge. Monaxonic megascleres (styles, tylotes, cladotylotes and tylostyles) are abundant and randomly arranged from choanosome to ectosome, as well as toxas and chelae microscleres. Cladotylotes found in reduced numbers when compared to the tylotes. Spicules. (Fig. 6 C – X) Megascleres: styles (Fig. 6 C – E), long and thick, straight and tapering from center to tip, with tapered end (370 – 653 – 900 / 7.5 – 10 – 15 µm). Tylotes (Fig. 6 F – H) long and thin, straight with microspiny tyles (270 – 400 – 560 / 2.5 – 5.6 – 7.5 µm). Tylostyles (Fig. 6 I – M), short and thin, with a smooth tyle at the tip and tapering from the center to the end. Hastate tip (127.5 – 155.8 – 177.5 / 2.5 – 3.5 – 5 µm). Cladotylotes I (Fig. 6 N, P, Q), long and thick, with spiny shaft and spines curved towards the base, cladome well developed at one end and presenting four clads (127.5 – 184.8 – 232.5 / 5 – 5.8 – 7.5 µm). Cladotylotes II (Fig. 6 O, R, S), short and thin, with a spiny shaft and spines curved towards the base, a developed cladome with four clads at one end (65 – 80.5 – 100 / 2.5 – 2.8 – 5 µm). Microscleres: toxas I (accolada) (Fig. 6 T – U), long and thin, center smooth and straight and slightly curved, with tapered ends (200 – 239.3 – 310 / 2 – 2.1 – 2.5 µm). Toxas II (Fig. 6 V – W), short and thin, smooth and very curved in the central region and slightly curved at the tip with tapered ends (47.5 – 66.8 – 80 / 0.8 – 1.3 – 1.6 µm). Toxa III (oxhorn) absent. Palmate isochelae (Fig. 6 X), small, with a well-developed tab (12.5 – 15.8 – 17.5 µm).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and bathymetry. An agglomeration of biodetrital debris (fragments of shells and carapaces, calcareous nodules, etc.) inside the sponge, at a depth of 16 m.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwest Atlantic, Brazil. Recorded from Northeast Brazil on the southern coast of the Bahia State (Camamu Bay, Maraú, Barra Grande).	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is in homage to the Brazilian indigenous group Tupiniquins that belong to the Tupi nation and are also called tupinaquis, topinaquis and tupinanquins. The Municipality of Camamu originated from a Tupiniquim village that was transformed into a parish in 1561, after the establishment of a Jesuit mission. They were the indigenous group encountered by the Portuguese squadron of Pedro Álvares Cabral, on April 22, 1500. They currently inhabit indigenous lands in the municipality of Aracruz, in the north of Espírito Santo State, in Brazil.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
503687B6245D8369FF5EFD7B7E73F7D0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Concerning the spicule set, Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. belongs to the “ tortilis ” group because it has spinate cladotylotes and lacks acanthostyles. The material studied differs from all congeneric species in its internal morphological characters, especially for having a type of tylostyle so far undocumented for the genus. The redefinition of Acarnus was necessary here to inclusion of this new species. In Acarnidae, the presence of tylostyles were briefly mentioned in Zyzzya fulliginosa (Carter, 1879) and Cornulum virguliferum (Lèvi & Lévi, 1983). Specifically, when compared with Atlantic species (Table 4), A. tupiniquim sp. nov. differs of A. nicoleae, with records from the Caribbean to Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco and Espírito Santo), due to absence of acanthostyles and presence of smooth styles, although both species have identical external morphological characters such as the ability to accumulate sediments and fragments of calcareous algae and shells adhered to the surface and inside the body. The new species differs from A. innominatus, which also occurs from the Caribbean to Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Bahia), in having spiny cladotylotes. Besides A. innominatus, besides hasving flat cladotylotes I, these have them are larger (230 – 300 / 6 – 12 µm) than in the new species (127.5 – 232 / 5 – 7.5 µm). But when compared to A. deweerdtae, with records in the south Caribbean region, the new species differs by the presence of a tylostyle and by having larger and more robust styles (370 – 900 / 7.5 – 15 µm vs. 400 – 566 / 5 – 6 µm, respectively). Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. differs of A. tortilis, with records in north Atlantic, Azores, Canarias and Madeira, due to absence of amphitylotes and presence of three toxa categories. In comparison to endemic species of Brazil, the set of spicules of Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. is closest to A. toxeata (Bahia and Espírito Santo), because they have a single category of styles, two categories of cladotylotes (spinate) and isoquelae, but both differ in the size of the cladotylotes, larger in A. toxeata (I 250 – 395 / 3 – 9 and II 56 – 162 / 3 µm) than in the new species (I 127.5 – 232.5 / 5 – 7.5 and II 65 – 100 / 2.5 – 5 µm). In comparison to other species known to Brazil, A. radovani (Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Rio de Janeiro States) due to absence of acanthostyles and presence of two cladotylotes categories. Meanwhile, it is set apart of A. microxeatus (Alagoas State) due to absence of acanthostyles and microxeas. Finally, Acarnus tupiniquim sp. nov. of Acarnus hooperi sp. nov. due to absence of acanthostyles and tylostyles.	en	Ozga, Aline Vasum, Santos, George Garcia, Menegola, Carla (2024): Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species. Zootaxa 5523 (4): 401-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1
