taxonID	type	description	language	source
57405B27FFBCFFE6FF13FB048F47FEA1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Polypedilum pelostolum Kieffer, 1912 (= Chironomus nubifer Skuse, 1889), by subsequent designation of Ashe (1981: 58).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFBCFFE6FF13FB048F47FEA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As in Pinder and Reiss (1983, 1986), Cranston et al. (1989), and Saether (1977). The diagnoses can be emended in several minor aspects based on newer revisions and descriptions especially in Oyewo and Saether (1998), Saether and Sundal (1999), Vårdal et al. (2002), and Zhang and Wang (2004). However, several other groups of the genus still remain to be revised and a more complete diagnosis should be postponed. Systematics. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the genus as a whole with keys to subgenera and species groups is presented in Saether and Sundal (1999). The subgenus Uresipedilum is shown probably to form the sister group of all the other subgenera within the genus Polypedilum.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFBFFFE0FF13FE648F94FC71.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Polypedilum stratiotale Kieffer, 1913: 26 (= Chironomus tritus Walker, 1856: 162), by subsequent designation of Edwards (1929: 326). Other included species: P. (Pe.) anale (Freeman), P. (Pe.) botiense sp. n., Polypedilum (Pe.) botosaneanui sp. n., P. (Pe.) calvescens Freeman, P. (Pe.) camposense sp. n., P. (Pe.) chutteri Harrison, P. (Pe.) convexum Johannsen, P. (Pe.) daitojekeum (Sasa et Suzuki), P. (Pe.) daitokeleum (Sasa et Suzuki), P. (Pe.) elongatus Tokunaga, P. (Pe.) epleri Oyewo et Jacobsen, P. (Pe.) esakii (Tokunaga), P. (Pe.) exsectum (Kieffer) nomen dubium, P. (Pe.) fanjingense Zhang et Wang, P. (Pe.) furudosecundum (Sasa et Arakawa), P. (Pe.) hamoni Freeman, P. (Pe.) hirtiforceps Kieffer, P. (Pe.) intuber sp. n., P. (Pe.) kamosecundum (Sasa), P. (Pe.) kasumiense (Sasa), P. (Pe.) leei Freeman, P. (Pe.) longisetum Moubayed, P. (Pe.) macrotrichium (Guha et Chaudhuri), P. (Pe.) mellense (Goetghebuer), P. (Pe.) micra Freeman, P. (Pe.) muscicola (Kieffer), P. (Pe.) nodosum (Johannsen), P. (Pe.) nubens (Edwards), P. (Pe.) palauense Tokunaga, P. (Pe.) pallidum (Kieffer) nomen dubium, P. (Pe.) paraconvexum Zhang et Wang, P. (Pe.) pseudosordens Zhang et Wang, P. (Pe) pygmaeum Kieffer, P. (Pe.) reei sp. n., P. (Pe.) robusticeps (Guha et Chaudhuri), P. (Pe.) ruandae Freeman, P. (Pe.) scirpicola (Kieffer), P. (Pe.) shirokanense (Sasa), P. (Pe.) sordens (van der Wulp), P. (Pe.) tissamaharense sp. n., P. (Pe.) tenuis Zhang et Wang, P. (Pe.) tigrinum (Hashimoto), P. (Pe.) toyamadeeum (Sasa), P. (Pe.) tritum (Walker), P. (Pe.) trukense (Tokunaga), P. (Pe.) tusimaefeum (Sasa), P. (Pe.) tusimafegeum (Sasa), P. (Pe.) unagitertium (Sasa), P. (Pe.) uncinatum (Goetghebuer), P. (Pe.) vittatum, P. (Pe.) wittei (Freeman). Diagnostic characters. The male imagines of the subgenus differ from the males of other subgenera primarily by the presence of macrotrichia, at least at the apex of the wing membrane. The superior volsella is horn-shaped, almost always with one bristle beyond the base or on a projection, but in very rare cases there may be two or it is absent. The setae on the inner subapical margin of gonostylus are long and evenly distributed. The anal point is mostly narrow, without lateral shoulders. The known females differ from the other subgenera by having spermathecal ducts with a sharp bend, but no loop. The dorsomesal lobe is shorter than in the subgenus Tripodura; the ventrolateral lobe is brush-like in most instances, but without the apical longer curved microtrichia; the number of setae on gonocoxite IX as well as tergite IX appear generally higher than in other subgenera, but with few on each side of segment X. The pupa lacks well developed cephalic tubercles or frontal warts, the anal comb usually projects laterally and has anally directed teeth; the anterior, transverse band of shagreen on tergites II – VI frequently consists of unusually coarse, dark spines. The anal lobe always lacks dorsal setae. The larva has third antennal segment almost as long as fourth or longer; Lauterborn organs small, indistinct or absent. The antennal blade is always shorter than flagellum. The premandible is almost always bifid. Imago. Moderately small to moderately large species, wing length 0.77 – 3.02 mm. Abdomen pale yellow to various dark brown stripes on segments; yellow or dark apices or broadly banded. Thorax pale yellow to dark brown or with various coloration patterns on vittae, preepisternum, postnotum, antepronotum and scutellum. Wings without markings but with few (at least at apices) to very dense macrotrichia. Legs pale yellow, yellow, yellowish brown or dark brown; some with dark brown femora and / or tarsi apices. Antenna. AR 0.33 – 2.23. Male with 13, females with 5 flagellomeres. Head. Eyes bare, frontal tubercles absent. Third palpomere bearing 2 – 5 short blunt-tipped subapical sensilla clavata. Tentorium without microtrichia. Temporals consisting of several inner and outer verticals and few postorbitals. Clypeus often with numerous setae. Thorax. Antepronotum reduced, widely separated, without setae, scutal tubercle usually absent. Acrostichals numerous, long and biserial; dorsocentrals long, few to many, in single row. Scutellum with few to many setae, uni- to multiserial. Supraalars absent; preepisternum and anepisternum bare. Wing. Membrane with macrotrichia. R 1 and R 2 + 3 nearly parallel; R 2 + 3 evanescent. R and R 1 with few to many setae; R 4 + 5 with many or occasionally few setae; RM with 1 – 5 setae or occasionally bare; M with few, occasionally many or without setae. Cell m basal of RM occasionally bare. Squama with few to several setae. Brachiolum with 1 – 9 setae. Legs. Foretibial scale rounded or triangular, with or without apical or subapical spur. Mid and hind tibiae with broad, unspurred anterior comb separated from posterior narrower comb with elongate spur, occasionally fused. Sensilla chaetica absent. Pulvilli present, well developed and characteristically bifurcate. Abdomen. Densely setose with long setae. Hypopygium. Anal tergite band moderately developed, almost always fused basal to median anal tergite setae; slightly delimited area of long median anal tergal setae; weaker apical anal tergite setae present lateral to anal point. Anal point variable, but often narrow, tapered apically to parallel-sided apex, sometimes broad with median furrow. Superior volsella with well developed base with or without microtrichia; 2 – 6 inner setae or setae occasionally absent; superior volsella projection bears 1 seta subapically, medially or basally, occasionally 2 or no setae. Inferior volsella mostly parallel-sided or clubbed or broadened subapically or medially, microtrichiose with a long seta directed posteriorly arising from a tubercle, very rarely 2 setae. Gonocoxite mostly medially narrowed with outer margin gradually tapering to rounded apex. Gonostylus most nearly straight on inner side, outer margin medially broadened and gradually tapering to rounded apex with short seta on tubercle. Female genitalia. Gonocoxapodeme well sclerotized, straight to slightly curved, nearly reaching apex of dorsomesal lobe, no connections mesally anterior of vagina. Gonocoxite IX reduced with 2 – 17 setae. Tergite IX with numerous setae. Segment X with 2 – 10 setae on each side of the anterior edge of the vagina. Postgenital plate mostly U-shaped or apically pointed, a few species with rounded apex. Gonapophysis VIII with dorsomesal lobe large, broadly rounded; ventrolateral lobe distinctively small, with diverse shape but usually with brush-like microtrichia of various length. Apodeme lobe with no particular shape, often covered by dorsomesal lobe. Cerci normal. Seminal capsules rounded or ovoid with distinct sclerotized neck; spermathecal duct almost always with bend. Pupa. Small to medium sized, 3.31 – 7.02 mm. Exuviae pale brown to brown or black with margins of wing sheath golden brown, mesal paratergites margins of segments VI – VII and caudal spur brown. Cephalothorax. Frontal setae, if present either short or long. Cephalic tubercles absent or barely indicated. Frontal apotome smooth or very slightly wrinkled laterally. Prealar tubercle apparently always absent. Abdomen. Tergite I without spines and shagreen; II – VI with large anterior band of spines; VII with anterolateral spinules or absent; VIII bare but occasionally with anterolateral spinules; IX bare; II – VI with relatively weak to strong extensive median and / or posterior band of shagreen. Tergite II and III without shagreen in P. (Pe). exsectum and II without shagreen in P. (Pe.) leei. Tergite II with coarse caudal hooklets arranged in a single row. Spinules on conjunctives III / IV may be absent, if present, spines or spinules are 2 – 4 or multiband and mostly anterior pointing; IV / V always with spinules. Pedes spurii A present on segment IV or occasionally absent. Pedes spurii B weak to well developed on segment II. Segments II – IV with 1 – 3 hair-like L setae; V and VI with 3, VII and VIII each with 4 taeniae. Anal lobe well developed with complete fringe of medium to long taeniae confined to posterior half, dorsal seta absent. Larva. Small to medium sized larvae. Head capsule yellowish brown or brown with postoccipital margin, mentum and mandible brownish black. Antenna. Five segmented. Basal antennal segment with ring organ near base. Antennal segment 3 subequal, equal or slightly longer than 4; Lauterborn organ usually vestigial or small, if developed, not beyond 1 / 2 of segment 3. Blade usually shorter than flagellum. Labrum. S I moderately expanded laterally towards apex, apex branched; S II narrow, more or less distinctly branched on both sides. Labral lamella well developed. Pecten epipharyngis usually distinctly divided into 3 platelets, each with well developed teeth. Premandible usually bifid, with prominent premandibular brush. Mandible. Four dark brown heavily sclerotized teeth with an apparently fifth tooth fused proximally to the medial margin in some species. Teeth may bear a dorsal tooth, one apical and 2 smaller inner tooth, or 1 large apical and 3 inner tooth. Seta subdentalis well developed, base straight with apex slightly curved. Seta interna usually consisting of 4 main branches with numerous branches. Pecten mandibularis with numerous secondary filaments projecting towards teeth. Mentum. Two median teeth and 7 pairs of lateral teeth. First lateral tooth usually shorter than median in most species; in P. (Pe.) epleri median and first lateral teeth equal, forming a straight row. Second lateral tooth may be shorter, longer or subequal to median; from third lateral teeth usually decrease progressively to the sixth and a minute seventh. Ventromental plate without posterior lobe. Abdomen. Body setae inconspicuous. Claws of posterior parapods all simple. Procercus short, bearing several medium to long anal setae. Supraanal seta well developed. Anal tubules well developed.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF97FFCAFF13FDB98F3EFC24.taxon	description	(Figs 7 – 8)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF97FFCAFF13FDB98F3EFC24.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Palmiet River, Elgin, holotype male, 20. xi. 1952, P. Brink (BMNH); Cape Province, Berg River, 1 male paratype, 25. xi. 1952, 1 female paratype, v. 1952, K. M. F. Scott (B. M. 1953 – 79, BMNH); Transvaal, Olifantsviei near Johannesburg & Klipspuit near Witbank, 1 male, 2 females, viii. 1954 & 04. v. 1956, K. M. F. Scott (B. M. 1955 – 176 & 24, 23, BMNH); Natal, Merrivale district near Howick, 1 female, 13 – 31. x. 1990, at light, B. R. Stuckenberg (ZMBN). ZIMBABWE: Salisbury, 1 male, iv. 1956, E. T. M. Reid (B. M. 1956 – 288, BMNH). UGANDA: Kampala, 1 male, 04. xi. 1929, G. L. R. Hancock (B. M. 1948 – 66, BMNH). GHANA: Eastern Region, Subri River near Kibi, 3 males, 04. ii. 1993, light trap, NUFU project (ZMBN). Diagnostic characters. The male differs from other species with a very broad anal point (convexum group) except P. (Pe.) kasumiense by having anal point with a V-shaped median furrow, sharply pointed projection of superior volsella, and cell m basal of RM with less than 25 setae. It differs from P. (Pe.) kasumiense by having less numerous macrotrichia on the wing with cell m basal of RM with 1 – 13 macrotrichia as opposed to 14 – 20 in P. (Pe.) kasumiense, 9 – 16 dorsocentrals as opposed to 23 – 26, and 17 – 25 setae on the clypeus as opposed to 29 – 30 in P. (Pe.) kasumiense. The female has a simple, nearly straight, brush-like ventrolateral lobe, a caudally broad dorsomesal lobe, and segment X with not more than 4 setae. Male (n = 6 – 8, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.12 – 3.60, 2.79 (4) mm. Wing length 1.28 – 2.04, 1.59 mm. Total length / wing length 1.65 – 3.60, 2.79 (4). Wing length / length of profemur 2.07 – 2.70, 2.32. Postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum and scutum almost completely brown. Abdomen pale brown with dark apices, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.35 – 1.56, 1.36. Ultimate flagellomere 498 – 641, 546 µm long. Temporal setae 6 – 11 including 2 – 4, 3 inner verticals; 4 – 5, 4 outer verticals; and 1 – 3, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 17 – 25, 20 setae. Tentorium 82 – 131, 108 µm long; 5 – 7, 6 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 103 – 143, 123 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 26 – 38, 32; 29 – 45, 37; 82 – 119, 98 (7); 98 – 138, 115 (7); 128 – 168, 156 (4). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.56 – 2.00, 1.72 (4). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 10 – 18, 13; dorsocentrals 9 – 16, 13; prealars 3 – 6, 4. Scutellum with 4 – 11, 7 setae. Wing (Fig. 8 A). Anal lobe moderately reduced. VR 1.17 – 1.26, 1.21. Brachiolum with 1 – 2, 1 seta; Sc with 6 – 29, 15 setae; R with 22 – 42, 32; R 1 with 13 – 32, 24; R 4 + 5 with 38 – 64, 51; M with 5 – 12, 8; RM with 0 – 3, 1; M 1 + 2 with 48 – 85, 58; M 3 + 4 with 24 – 46, 32; Cu with 17 – 55, 28; Cu 1 with 12 – 24, 18; PCu with 25 – 80, 50; An with 16 – 46, 29 setae. Cell r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 with more than 100; m 3 + 4 with about 60 to more than 100 macrotrichia; cell m basal of RM with 1 – 13, 6 macrotrichia; an plus cu with about 50 to more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 3 – 8, 5 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 8 B) including minute apical spur 28 – 48, 39 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 51 – 67, 57 µm long, on hind tibia 63 – 65, 60 µm long. Comb on midtibia 8 – 26, 18 µm long; combs on hind tibia 18 – 21, 20 µm and 9 – 20, 17 (5) µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 33 – 50, 39 µm; of midtibia 26 – 48, 42 µm; of hind tibia 28 – 52, 28 µm. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 4. wise stated). Hypopygium (Fig. 7). Tergite IX with 12 – 22, 15 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 – 3, 2 setae. Anal point (Fig. 7 B) broad; 54 – 55, 52 µm long; 29 – 60, 39 µm wide at base; nearly parallel-sided medially, apex broad and rounded, 21 – 24 µm wide. Transverse sternapodeme 28 – 50, 37 µm long; phallapodeme 60 – 88, 74 µm long. Gonocoxite 117 – 157, 136 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 7 C) 20 – 48, 30 µm long; base very broad with microtrichia and 3 – 4 inner setae, with needle-like projection bearing 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella 67 – 102, 88 µm long; parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 89 – 140, 113 µm long. HR 1.05 – 1.38, 1.22 (4). HV 2.38 – 3.53, 2.70 (4). Female (n = 4, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.01 – 2.13 (2) mm. Wing length 1.71 – 2.07, 1.86 mm. Total length / wing length 1.25 – 1.62 (2). Wing length / length of profemur 1.96 – 2.69, 2.37. Thorax almost completely brown, abdominal segments pale brown to brown with slightly darkened apices; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 0.30 – 0.37 (3). Temporal setae 7 – 12; including 4 – 5, 4 inner verticals, 3 – 5, 4 outer verticals, and 1 – 2, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 19 – 24, 20 setae. Tentorium 100 – 144, 125 µm long; 4 – 6 (2) µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 143 – 169, 152 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30 – 38, 34; 36 – 40, 39; 105 – 126, 116; 119 – 135, 124; 200 – 252 (3). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.83 – 2.00 (3). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 10 – 14, 13; dorsocentrals 17 – 33, 23; prealars 5 – 6, 6. Scutellum with 5 – 11 (3) setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately reduced. VR 1.13 – 1.23. Brachiolum with 1 – 3, 2 setae; R with 42 – 49, 46; R 1 with 27 – 52, 37; R 4 + 5 with 57 – 87, 70; Sc with 17 – 36, 24; RM with 3 – 5, 4; M with 8 – 14, 13; M 1 + 2 with 68 – 83, 77; M 3 + 4 with 39 – 55, 47; Cu with 38 – 49, 44; Cu 1 with 18 – 34, 28; PCu with 52 – 81, 71 and An with 34 – 49, 41 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM; cu plus an with dense macrotrichia. Legs. Foretibial scale 36 – 42, 40 µm long; apical spur 10 – 14 (3) µm long. Spurs on midtibia 43 – 56, 51 µm long; on hind tibia 56 – 64, 61 µm long. Comb on midtibia 19 – 36, 22 µm long; combs on hind tibia 23 – 39, 25 µm and 18 – 24, 21 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 44 – 54, 49 µm; of midtibia 40 – 60, 50 µm; of hind tibia 54 – 67, 61 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 5. Genitalia (Figs 8 C – F). Gonocoxite IX with 2 – 5, 4 setae; tergite IX with 20 – 38, 29 setae; segment X with 2 – 4, 3 setae. Cercus 80 – 100, 91 µm long; 4 – 5 (3) µm wide at apex. Seminal capsule ovoid 50 – 88 (2) µm long; 29 – 49 (3) µm wide; neck sclerotized 7 – 13 (3) µm long. Notum 126 – 162, 147 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 8 D) 96 – 105, 98 µm long, 37 – 50, 44 µm wide; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 8 E) brush-like and straight; apodeme lobe (Fig. 8 F) almost inverted U-shaped. Postgenital plate triangular.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF97FFCAFF13FDB98F3EFC24.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Three species, P. (Pe.) anale, P. (Pe.) convexum, and P. (Pe.) kasumiense are very similar and believed to be synonyms by Hashimoto (1983). However, there are differences that merit these species to be kept apart. The males all have a very broad anal point with a distinct median furrow. The median furrow of P. (Pe.) convexum, however, is nearly parallel-sided, while those of P. (Pe.) kasumiense and P. (Pe.) anale are virtually V-shaped. The wing membrane of P. (Pe.) kasumiense is completely covered with numerous macrotrichia, a distinguishing character from P. (Pe.) anale and P. (Pe.) convexum. The latter has sparse setation, with for instance a little more than 100 macrotrichia in cell m basal of RM. P. (Pe.) anale has fewer macrotrichia with wing cell m basal of RM with 1 - 13 macrotrichia; m 3 + 4 and cu + an each with less than 100 macrotrichia. P. (Pe.) kasumiense has more than 23 – 26 dorsocentrals while P. (Pe.) convexum has 15 – 17 and P. (Pe.) anale 9 – 16. The LR 1 of P. (Pe.) convexum is 2.25 – 2.29 (always higher than 2.00) while P. (Pe.) kasumiense has 1.82 – 1.92 (always lower than 2.00) and P. (Pe.) anale 1.58 (?) – 2.28. The pupa of P. (Pe.) kasumiense is similar to that of P. (Pe.) convexum in having bare segments VII and VIII. However, it can be distinguished from P. (Pe.) convexum by having several rows of spinules posteriorly on segments II – VI as opposed to 2 spots in P. (Pe.) convexum. The larva of P. (Pe.) kasumiense can be distinguished by the mentum. The median teeth are larger than the second lateral tooth, with a minute first lateral and progressively decreasing third to sixth lateral teeth and a minute seventh tooth, whilst in P. (Pe.) convexum, the second lateral tooth is larger than the median teeth, a minute first lateral tooth and subequal third to sixth lateral teeth and a minute seventh tooth. The immatures of P. (Pe.) anale was not available for description.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF97FFCAFF13FDB98F3EFC24.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Ghana, South Africa, Burkina Faso, Lesotho, Madagascar, Namibia, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of Congo (Freeman & Cranston 1980: 195).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF93FFC4FF13FBFE89F3FE89.taxon	description	(Fig. 9)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF93FFC4FF13FBFE89F3FE89.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, GHANA: Eastern Region, Boti falls, 28. x. 1994, Malaise trap, NUFU project (ZMBN Type No. 417). Diagnostic characters. The male can be separated from other species with less than 100 setae in cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5 and foretibial scale with spur by having an antennal ratio of about 0.5 and projection of superior volsella sharply pointed with outer lateral seta placed basally on projection.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF93FFC4FF13FBFE89F3FE89.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Boti Falls, the type locality. Male (n = 1) Total length 1.26 mm. Wing length 0.87 mm. Total length / wing length 1.44. Wing length / length of profemur 2.17. Thorax pale yellow with brown at postnotum and scutum, abdomen pale yellow, femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head (Fig. 9 B). AR 0.51. Ultimate flagellomere 188 µm long. Temporal setae 6; including 2 inner verticals, 2 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 15 setae. Tentorium 59 µm long, 2 µm wide at sieve pore, 5 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 61 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 16, 23, 41, 63, 98. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 2.39. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 9 A). Acrostichals 6, dorsocentrals 10, prealars 5. Scutellum with 3 setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.29. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc bare, R with 12, R 1 with 7, R 4 + 5 with 23, M bare, RM with 1, M 1 + 2 with 27, M 3 + 4 with 15, Cu with 9, Cu 1 with 8, PCu with 9, An with 7 setae. Cell m basal of RM with 1 seta, cell r 4 + 5 with about 65, m 1 + 2 with about 40, m 3 + 4 with about 30, an plus cu with about 20 setae. Squama with 3 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 9 C) 19 µm long, with 4 µm long apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 35 µm long, on hind tibia 38 µm long. Comb on midtibia 12 µm long, combs on hind tibia 14 µm and 12 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 27 µm, of midtibia 28 µm, of hind tibia 31 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 6. Hypopygium (Figs 9 D – G). Tergite IX with 14 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 40 µm long, 4 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided medially, apex 2 µm wide. Transverse sternapodeme 21 µm long, phallapodeme 47 µm long. Gonocoxite 77 µm long. Superior volsella (Figs 9 F, G) 30 µm long, with 1 seta just before projection and 3 inner basal setae. Inferior volsella (Fig. 9 E) 51 µm long, apically clubbed, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 72 µm long. HR 1.06; HV 1.75.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF93FFC4FF13FBFE89F3FE89.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Ghana.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9DFFC5FF13FE1C88D1FEF1.taxon	description	(Figs 10 A – C)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9DFFC5FF13FE1C88D1FEF1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, MARTINIQUE: Rivière Morose, small tributary, 4. iii. 1989, L. Botosaneanu (ZSM). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other species with more than 100 setae in each of cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5, uniformly colored abdomen and foretibial scale with spur by having a spatulate anal point, base of superior volsella without microtrichia and projection long, slender, nearly straight and with lateral seta placed medially.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9DFFC5FF13FE1C88D1FEF1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named in honor of the collector, Dr. Lazare Botosaneanu, formerly of Institute for Systematic and Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, for his numerous contributions to the knowledge of aquatic insects. Male (n = 1) Abdomen incomplete, not measurable. Wing length 1.36 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 1.80. Thorax, abdominal segments, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.34. Ultimate flagellomere 364 µm long. Temporal setae 10 including 4 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 15 setae. Tentorium 130 µm long, 9 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 119 µm long. Palpomere length (in µm): 31, 38, 37, 52, 179. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 2.03. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 10, dorsocentrals 11, prealars obscure on slide. Scutellum with 7 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.34. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc with 0, R with 24, R 1 with 14, R 4 + 5 with 37, M with 2, RM with 0, M 1 + 2 with 41, M 3 + 4 with 25, Cu with 17, Cu 1 with 20, PCu with 29, An with 1 seta. Cell m basal of RM with about 10, cell r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 each with more than 100, m 3 + 4 with about 70, an plus cu with about 115 macrotrichia. Squama with 7 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 21 µm long, with 4 µm long subapical spur. Spurs on midtibia 43 µm long, on hind tibia 42 µm long. Comb on midtibia 5 µm long, combs on hind tibia 21 µm and 17 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 45 µm, of midtibia 50 µm, of hind tibia 45 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 7. Hypopygium (Figs 10 A – C). Tergite IX with 12 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 42 µm long, 10 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided medially, apex 7 µm wide. Transverse sternapodeme 55 µm long, phallapodeme 52 µm long. Gonocoxite 102 µm long. Total length of superior volsella (Fig. 10 C) 60 µm, projection nearly parallel-sided, very slender, with 1 lateral seta, base with 3 inner setae, microtrichia absent. Inferior volsella (Fig. 10 B) 48 µm long, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 98 µm long. HR 1.05.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9DFFC5FF13FE1C88D1FEF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the holotype from Martinique Island.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9CFFC0FF13F88D8BBBFEA4.taxon	description	(Figs 10 D – G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9CFFC0FF13F88D8BBBFEA4.taxon	materials_examined	Pentapedilum calvescens Freeman; Freeman and Cranston (1980: 195). Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Berg River, French Hoek, holotype and paratype males, 25. iii. 1955 & 20. iv. 1955, K. M. F. Scott (BMNH). GHANA: Northern Region, Sogo, White Volta River, 1 male, 11. ii. 1993, light trap, NUFU project (ZMBN). TANZANIA: Tanga Region, West Usambara Mts., Mazumbai, Kaputu stream, 2 males, xi. 90, ZMBN Tanzania expedition (ZMBN). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other species with less than 100 setae in each of cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5 and foretibial scale without spur, by having base of superior volsella without microtrichia and with 2 – 3 inner setae on base, spatulate anal point and abdominal segments with broad dark bands.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9CFFC0FF13F88D8BBBFEA4.taxon	description	Male (n = 5, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.88 – 3.06 (2) mm. Wing length 1.67 – 1.96 mm. Total length / wing length 1.57 – 1.83 (2). Wing length / length of profemur 1.96 – 3.18, 2.44 (4). Thorax pale brown on postnotum, anteprotum, preepisternum and scutum or completely brown. Abdominal segments with broad dark bands, femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown to brown. Head (Fig. 11 A). AR 1.12 – 1.93 (3). Ultimate flagellomere 450 – 722 (3) µm long. Temporal setae 12 (3) including 2 – 4, 3 inner verticals, 3 – 5, 4 outer verticals and 2 – 4, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 10 – 17, 12 (4) setae. Tentorium 96 – 145, 129 (4) µm long; 4 – 7, 5 µm (4) wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 91 – 160 (3) µm long. Palpomere length (in µm): 30 – 43, 38 (4); 30 – 47 (3); 96 – 109 (3); 100 – 121 (3); 156 – 213 (3). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.63 – 1.95 (3). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 (3) sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 11 B). Acrostichals 7 – 11, 9; dorsocentrals 12 – 24, 17; prealars 3 – 5, 4 (4). Scutellum with 6 – 9 (3) setae. Wing (Fig. 10 G). Anal lobe well developed, slightly lobed. VR 1.14 – 1.22, 1.18. Brachiolum with 1 seta; R with 20 – 28, 23; R 1 with 14 – 25, 19; R 4 + 5 with 27 – 52, 39 setae. Sc 0 – 3, 1; RM 0 – 1; M with 0 – 3, 1; M 1 + 2 with 31 – 57, 36; M 3 + 4 with 0 – 27, 13; Cu 0 – 5, 1; Cu 1 0 – 19, 4; PCu bare, An 0 – 1. Cell r 4 + 5 with 46 – 76, 62 macrotrichia; m 1 + 2 with 25 – 51, 42; m 3 + 4 with about 3 – 36, 20 setae; cell m basal of RM bare; an plus cu 0 – 21, 4. Squama with 5 – 12, 8 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 10 D) 16 – 60, 34 µm long, triangular, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 38 – 61, 51 µm long; on hind tibia 49 – 70, 58 µm long. Comb on midtibia (Fig. 10 E) 12 – 25, 18 µm long; combs on hind tibia (Fig. 10 F) 15 – 25, 21 µm and 7 – 21, 16 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 35 – 52, 45 µm; of midtibia 33 – 55, 47 µm; of hind tibia 48 – 61, 55 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 8. Hypopygium (Figs 11 C – E). Tergite IX with 8 – 11 (2) median seta, laterosternite IX with 2 – 3 (3) seta. Anal point 50 – 53 (2) µm long, 9 – 10 (2) µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards spatulate, 6 (2) µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 23 – 29 (2) µm long; phallapodeme 44 – 88 (2) µm long. Gonocoxite 110 – 179 (2) µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 11 E) 56 – 63 (2) µm long, projection slightly curved, with 1 dorsolateral seta, base without microtrichia, with 2 – 3 inner setae. Inferior volsella (Fig. 11 D, E) 84 – 107 (3) µm long; parallel-sided with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 105 – 145 (3) µm long. HR 1.04 – 1.23 (2); HV 2.06 – 2.91 (2).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9CFFC0FF13F88D8BBBFEA4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Wing vein M 3 + 4 in the holotype is bare; Cu to An are bare in all specimens examined except that the paratype has setae on Cu, Cu 1, and An. Wing cell an plus cu is bare except for in the paratype which has 21 macrotrichia. Foretibial scale may be pointed in the holotype.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF9CFFC0FF13F88D8BBBFEA4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Ghana (Freeman & Cranston 1980: 195).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF99FFC0FF13FE7E881FF975.taxon	description	(Figs 12 A – C)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF99FFC0FF13FE7E881FF975.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Campos de Jordão, 10. ix. 2001, M. T. Suriano (MZUSP). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other species with more than 100 setae in each of cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5, foretibial scale without spur and base of superior volsella with microtrichia, by having only about 4 setae in cell m basal of RM and the apical seta of the inferior volsella prominent, reaching apex of gonostylus.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF99FFC0FF13FE7E881FF975.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin, campus, field, plain, and – ense, a suffix denoting locality, referring to Campos de Jordão, the plain of Jordão. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing length 1.92 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.44. Thorax, abdominal segments, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.35. Ultimate flagellomere 605 µm long. Clypeus with 15 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 44, 54, 136, 129; fifth palpomere torn. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 9, dorsocentrals 12, prealars 6. Scutellum with 5 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.18. Brachiolum 1 seta, R with 32, R 1 with 23, R 4 + 5 with 50, Sc with 10, RM with 1, M with 13, M 1 + 2 with 82, M 3 + 4 with 25, Cu with 2, Cu 1 with 8, PCu with 2, An with 1 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, and m 1 + 2 each with just over 100; m 3 + 4 with 63 macrotrichia, cell m basal of RM with 4, cu plus an with 36 macrotrichia. Squama with 7 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 37 µm long, nearly triangular, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 60 µm long, on hind tibia 69 µm long. Comb on midtibia 25 µm long, combs on hind tibia 28 µm and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 46 µm, of midtibia 53 µm, of hind tibia 55 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 9. Hypopygium (Figs 12 A – C). Tergite IX with 11 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 58 µm long, 8 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 5 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 23 µm long; phallapodeme 67 µm long. Gonocoxite 145 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 12 B, C) 74 µm long; base with 2 – 3 inner setae and microtrichia, 1 lateral seta on projection. Inferior volsella 115 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 124 µm long. HR 1.17.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF99FFC0FF13FE7E881FF975.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the holotype from Brazil.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF98FFDCFF13F925898AFEF2.taxon	description	(Figs 13 A – C)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF98FFDCFF13F925898AFEF2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State, Vaal River near Lineques Drift, paratypes male, female, 24. iv. 1958, F. M. Chutter (AM). Diagnostic characters. The species is characterized by having about 100 setae in cell r 4 + 5, about 80 in cell m 1 + 2, foretibial scale with spur, and an antennal ratio of 0.7. It differs from the similar P. (Pe.) botiense by having base of superior volsella without microtrichia and with the projection less pointed, and by having a slightly spatulate anal point. The female is similar to most Pentapedilum species in having a spherical seminal capsule, broadly triangular postgenital plate, and nearly straight and brush-like ventrolateral lobe. Male (n = 1) Total length 3.55 mm long. Wing length 1.98 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.00. Thorax, abdominal segments, femur, tibia and tarsi dark brown. Head. AR 0.70 – 0.73 according to Harrison (2001); flagellum incomplete in examined specimen. Temporal setae 10 including 4 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 setae. Tentorium 147 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm) 46, 60, 129, 117, 158. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.22. Thorax. Acrostichals 13, dorsocentrals 18 (26 in Harrison), prealars 7. Scutellum with 6 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.18. Brachiolum with 2 setae, R with 18 (24 in Harrison), R 1 with 15, R 4 + 5 with 27 setae. Sc bare. RM with 3, M with 2, M 1 + 2 with 45, M 3 + 4 with 24, Cu bare; Cu 1 with 12, PCu with 29 and An with 28 setae. Cells r 4 + 5 with just over 100, m 1 + 2 with about 80, m 3 + 4, with 22, cell m basal of RM with 3, and an plus cu with 27 macrotrichia. Squama with 6 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 13 A) including apical spur 44 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 55 µm long, on hind tibia 66 µm long. Comb on midtibia 23 µm long, comb on hind tibia 25 µm and 21 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 41 µm, of midtibia 69 µm, of hind tibia 69 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 10. Hypopygium (Figs 13 A – C). Anal tergite bands fused basal to median setae. Tergite IX with 11 median setae, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point 64 µm long, 9 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards rounded, 9 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 32 µm long; phallapodeme 51 µm long. Gonocoxite 202 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 13 C) 85 µm long, base bare with 4 inner setae, projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella 145 µm long, parallel sided and with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus very broad, 156 µm long. HR 1.29. Female (n = 1) Wing length 2.05 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.35. Coloration similar to male. Head. Antennae lost (AR 0.5 in Harrison). Temporal setae 9 including 3 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals, and 1 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 60, 58, 99, 97, 120. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.21. Thorax. Dorsocentrals 26, prealars 8. Scutellum with 7 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately reduced. VR 1.56. Brachiolum with 1 seta; R with 20, R 1 with 26, R 4 + 5 with 36, Sc bare, RM with 2, M with 9, M 1 + 2 with 65, M 3 + 4 with 28, Cu with 12, Cu 1 with 12, PCu with 31 setae and An bare. Cells r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 with more than 100 macrotrichia; cells m 3 + 4 with 13, cell m basal of RM with 3, cu plus an with 4 macrotrichia. Squama damaged. Legs. Scale on foretibia 23 µm long, with pointed spur. Spurs on midtibia 54 µm long, on hind tibia 58 µm long. Comb on midtibia 25 µm long, combs on hind tibia 25 µm and 21 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 54 µm, of midtibia 74 µm, of hind tibia 64 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 11. Genitalia. Gonocoxite IX with 4 setae, tergite IX with 8 setae, segment X with 4 setae on each side. Cercus 143 µm long. Seminal capsule almost spherical 69 µm long; 58 µm wide; neck sclerotized, 9 µm long. Notum 175 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe 94 µm long, 49 µm wide, ventrolateral lobe and apodeme lobe not clear. Postgenital plate triangular.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF98FFDCFF13F925898AFEF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from South Africa.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF85FFDDFF13FE948A63FB94.taxon	description	(Figs 13 D – I)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF85FFDDFF13FE948A63FB94.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. INDONESIA: Sumatra, holotype male, 1928 – 9, A. Thienemann (Type No. B. M. 1937 - 703, F 21; BMNH). CHINA: Tibet, Xiachayu County, Ba’antong, 2 males, 13. vi. 1988 & 19. v. 1988, light trap, C. Deng (NU Nos. 05180, 05173); Guangxi Province, Jinxiuluo Town, 1 male, 7. vi. 1990, sweep net, X. Wang (NU No. 1562). Diagnostic characters. The male has a very broad anal point (convexum group), similar to P. (Pe.) anale and P. (Pe.) kasumiense, with a distinct median furrow. P. (Pe.) convexum can be distinguished by the shape of the median furrow which is nearly parallel-sided medially and subapically, but broadens apically; that of P. (Pe.) anale and P. (Pe.) kasumiense are virtually V-shaped. Unlike P. (Pe.) anale and P. (Pe.) kasumiense, the abdominal segments are not banded. P. (Pe.) fanjingense and P. (Pe.) toyamadeeum have a similar anal point with furrow, but both have a very low antennal ratio (0.3 – 0.4) as opposed to 1.0 – 1.4 in P. (Pe.) convexum. The pupae of both P. (Pe.) convexum and P. (Pe.) kasumiense lack spinules on segments VII and VIII. However, P. (Pe.) convexum can be separated from P. (Pe.) kasumiense by having 2 spots of posterior shagreen on segments II – VI, as opposed to several rows of shagreen in P. (Pe.) kasumiense. Male (n = 4, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.64 – 2.82 (2) mm. Wing length 1.37 – 1.89, 1.59 mm. Total length / wing length 1.59 – 1.68 (2). Wing length / length of profemur 2.12 – 2.36 (3). Thorax dark brown on postnotum, preepisternum and scutum; abdomen pale brown; femur, tibia and tarsi yellowish brown. Head. AR 1.15 – 1.35, 1.22. Ultimate flagellomere 494 – 621, 542 µm long. Temporal setae 9 – 10 including 3 (1) inner verticals, 4 (1) outer verticals, and 2 (1) postorbitals. Clypeus with 18 – 24, 20 setae. Tentorium 114 – 117 (3) µm long, 5 – 7 (3) µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 133 (1) µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 32 – 61 (3); 44 – 56 (3); 96 – 105, 104; 114 – 127, 121; 189 – 209 (2). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.80 – 2.16 (2). Thorax. Acrostichals 11 – 18, 14; dorsocentrals 15 – 17, 16; prealars 4 – 5, 5. Scutellum with 6 – 8, 7. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.21 – 1.27, 1.24. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc 14 – 17 (3) setae; R with 20 – 28, 24; R 1 with 25 – 38, 30; R 4 + 5 with 46 – 60, 52; M with 8 – 16 (3); RM with 2 (3); M 1 + 2 with 40 – 81, 63; M with 27 – 39, 34; Cu with 12 – 39, 25; Cu 1 with 11 – 25, 17; PCu with 38 – 40 (3); An with 11 (1) setae. Cells m basal of RM, r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, and cu plus an each with just more than 100 sparse macrotrichia. Squama with 5 – 8 (3) setae. 3 + 4 Legs. Scale on foretibia 28 – 34, 32 µm long; with 7 – 10, 9 µm long triangular spur. Spurs on midtibia 56 – 68, 64 µm long; on hind tibia 63 – 84, 69 µm long. Comb on midtibia 13 – 23, 19 µm long; combs on hind tibia 21 – 30, 25 µm and 12 – 18, 17 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 43 – 47, 44 µm; of midtibia 40 – 49, 46 µm; of hind tibia 47 – 52, 50 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 12. Hypopygium (Fig. 13 E). Tergite IX with 13 – 14 (2) setae, laterosternite IX with 1 – 4, 2 setae. Anal point (Fig. 13 D) with distinct median furrow; 52 – 75, 68 µm long; 40 – 68, 48 µm wide at base, 20 – 26, 24 µm at apex; median furrow 9 – 11, 10 µm long. Transverse sternapodeme 47 – 58, 52 µm long; phallapodeme 58 – 86, 65 µm long. Gonocoxite 133 – 158, 150 µm long. Superior volsella (Figs 13 G – I) 37 – 49, 44 µm long; base with microtrichia and 3 – 4 inner setae; projection needle-like, apex with 1 seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 13 F) 78 – 96, 85 µm long; parallel-sided and slender, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus slender, 105 – 125, 119 µm long. HR 1.21 – 1.31, 1.26; HV 2.11 – 2.26 (2). Pupa and larva. The immature stages are illustrated and partially redescribed by Cranston (1996).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF85FFDDFF13FE948A63FB94.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the illustration of the male hypopygium in Johannsen (1932: 553) the projection of the superior volsella lacks a lateral seta. However, this seta is apparently present in all specimens examined thereafter by other authors. Johannsen also described the male abdomen as yellow with thin brown bands posteriorly; in subsequent publications it is either described as yellowish or pale brown, not banded.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF85FFDDFF13FE948A63FB94.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and distribution. Indonesia, Caroline Islands, China, Japan, Bhutan, India, Palau, Federated States of Micronesia. According to Cranston (1996: 258) the species is acidophilic and may be found in phytotelmata.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF84FFDFFF13FB0E89FDFE51.taxon	description	(Figs 14 E – G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF84FFDFFF13FB0E89FDFE51.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Minamidaito Island, Okinawa, Ouike, paratype male, 26. iii. 2001, light trap, H. Suzuki (NMST Type No. 413: 58). Diagnostic characters. Among species with strongly haired wing membrane, broadly banded abdominal segments and no spur on foretibial scale, P. (Pe.) daitojekeum can be distinguished by apparently lacking seta on the strongly curved projection of the superior volsella and having the base free of microtrichia. Male (n = 1) Wing length 1.88 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.15. Thorax, femur, tibia and tarsi dark brown, abdominal segments with broad dark bands. Head. AR 1.73. Ultimate flagellomere 718 µm long. Temporal setae 9, including 3 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 27 setae. Tentorium 174 µm long, 9 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 41, 62, 160, 149, 156 (? atrophied). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 2.22 (?). Thorax. Acrostichals 19, dorsocentrals 29, prealars 7: 8. Scutellum with 20 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.04. RM with 3 setae. Wing membrane with numerous macrotrichia obscuring veins. Squama damaged, with 12 – 22 setae according to Sasa and Suzuki (2002). Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 14 E) 35 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 62 µm long, on hind tibia 60 µm long. Comb on midtibia 23 µm long, combs of hind tibia 18 µm and 12 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 57 µm, of midtibia 64 µm, of hind tibia 72 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 13. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 16 median setae, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point 64 µm long, 18 µm wide at base, tapering to 6 µm at apex. Superior volsella (Fig. 14 F) 85 µm long, base without microtrichia, with 4 inner setae, projection without lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 14 G) 115 µm long, narrow, subapically swollen, with caudally-directed prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 183 µm long, broad, constricted subapically.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF84FFDFFF13FB0E89FDFE51.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to Sasa and Suzuki (2002: 73) the holotype has the projection of the superior volsella more strongly curved and with a lateral seta, and the base has 3 inner setae while there are 4 in the paratype examined. The species may be a junior synonym of P (Pe.) furudosecundum.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF84FFDFFF13FB0E89FDFE51.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF86FFDFFF13FCEE89FDF811.taxon	description	(Figs 14 A – D)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF86FFDFFF13FCEE89FDF811.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Minamidaito Island, Okinawa, holotype male, 28. iii. 2001, H. Suzuki (NMST Type No. 412: 36). Diagnostic characters. Among species with strongly haired wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, no spur on foretibial scale, and base of superior volsella without microtrichia P. (Pe.) daitokeleum can be distinguished by having the fourth tarsomere of the foreleg longer than the third, mid and hind tibia each with two combs, AR about 0.90, and the gonostylus conspicuously small. Male (n = 1) Wing length 1.16 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.19. Thorax pale with darker postnotum, scutum and antepronotum; abdominal segments, femur, tibia and tarsi dark brown. Head. AR 0.85. Ultimate flagellomere 327 µm long. Temporal setae 8, including 4 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 34 setae. Tentorium 115 µm long, 6 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30, 32, 103, 92, 147. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.42. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 17, dorsocentrals 23, prealars 7. Scutellum with 8 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.31. Brachiolum with 2, RM with 2 setae. Wing membrane with numerous macrotrichia, obscuring the veins. Squama damaged, with 2 – 3 setae according to Sasa and Suzuki (2002). Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 14 B) 14 µm long, rounded, without spur. Spurs on midtibia 48 µm long, on hind tibia 50 µm long. Combs on midtibia 16 µm and 18 µm long, on hind tibia 16 µm and 19 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 41 µm, of midtibia 41 µm, of hind tibia 44 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 14. Hypopygium (Fig. 14 A). Tergite IX with 7 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 40 µm long, 6 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided, 3 µm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 28 µm long. Gonocoxite 123 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 14 C) 57 µm long, base bare with 3 inner setae, projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 14 D) 69 µm long; slightly swollen subapically or parallelsided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 85 µm long. HR 1.50.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF86FFDFFF13FCEE89FDF811.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF81FFDAFF13FE218FA4FEA1.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 A)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF81FFDAFF13FE218FA4FEA1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA: Truk, 2 paratype males, 24. v. 1946; H. K. Townes (BM); Truk, Meon Island, Mt. Teroken, 80 m a. s. l., paratype male, 29. xii. 1952, light trap, J. L. Gressitt (BM- 13); Truk, Tol Island, Mt. Unibot, 32 m a. s. l., paratype male, 3. i. 1953, light trap, J. L. Gressitt (KYU). Diagnostic characters. Among species with strongly haired wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, no spur on foretibial scale, and base of superior volsella without microtrichia, P. (Pe.) elongatus can be distinguished by lacking inner setae on the base of the superior volsella, having wing veins RM and M bare, and 21 – 24 prealars. Male (n = 4, unless otherwise stated) Wing length 908 – 978 (3) ìm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.19 – 2.60 (3). Thorax brown on postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum and scutum. Abdomen brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 0.70 – 0.97, 0.84. Ultimate flagellomere 236 – 276, 254 µm long. Temporal setae 10 (1). Clypeus with 13 (1) setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 16 – 26 (2), 21 (2), 45 – 47 (2), 70 – 72 (2), 106 (1). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 2.28 (1). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 (2) sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 8 – 12 (2), dorsocentrals 9 – 12 (2), prealars 21 – 24 (2). Scutellum with 23 – 30 (3) setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.29 – 1.33 (3). Brachiolum with 1 (1) seta, Sc with 12 (1) setae, R with 16 – 18 (2), R 1 with 7 – 9 (2), R 4 + 5 with 23 (2), M with 0 (1), RM with 0 (1), M 1 + 2 with 24 (1) setae; M 3 + 4, Cu, Cu 1, PCu and An seem to lack setae. Cells m basal of RM, r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, and cu plus an each covered with few macrotrichia. Squama damaged, with 3 – 5 setae according to Tokunaga (1964). Legs. Scale on foretibia 12 – 17 (3) µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 23 – 28 (2) µm long, on hind tibia 21 – 24 (2) µm long. Comb on midtibia 9 – 12 (2) µm long, combs on hind tibia 12 – 14 (2) µm and 9 – 12 (2) µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 24 – 26 (3) µm, of midtibia 27 – 33 (3) µm, of hind tibia 23 – 30 (3) µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 15. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 6 (1) median setae, laterosternite IX with 1 – 3, 2 setae. Anal point 41 – 50, 44 µm long, 8 – 12, 10 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 2 – 4, 3 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme and phallapodeme not clear on slides. Gonocoxite 82 – 97, 89 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 A) 31 – 44, 40 µm long; broad based with microtrichia and no inner seta, projection very slender apically with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella 61 – 71, 68 µm long; parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 104 – 120, 113 µm long. HR 0.78 – 0.81, 0.79.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF81FFDAFF13FE218FA4FEA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands, Truk).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF83FFDAFF13FE6488BEFAF7.taxon	description	(Figs 16 – 17)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF83FFDAFF13FE6488BEFAF7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. USA: Florida, Everglades National Park, holotype male, reared from larva, 14. i. 1999, D. A. Levitis (NMNH); Florida, Everglades National Park, female allotype reared from larva, 14. i. 1999, D. A. Levitis; Florida, Everglades National Park, 5 males, 4 females, 10 pupae, 11 larvae paratypes, 28. x. 1998, 14. i. 1999, C. L. de la Rosa & R. E. Jacobsen; Florida, Highland County, Kissimmee River, Riverwoods Biological Field station, 7 males, 6 females, 4 pupae, 12 larvae paratypes, 24. vii. 1998, 30. vii. 1998, C. L. de la Rosa; Ohio, Camden Lake, 5 males, 3 females, 4 pupae, 10 larvae paratypes, 4. x. 1986, 21. vi. 1987, 27. viii. 1988, 6. viii. 1989, 9. ii. 1989, 20. ix. 1990, M. Bolton (ZXMBN) Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other species with numerous macrotrichia on the wing, uniformly colored abdomen, and spur on the foretibia except P. (Pe.) tritum by having a microtrichiose base of the superior volsella. It differs from P. (Pe.) tritum by having a lower base of the superior volsella and slightly lower antennal ratio (0.9 – 1.2 as opposed to about 1.6). The pupa is distinguished from Nearctic and western Palaearctic Polypedilum species including P. (Pe.) tritum by having 7 branches in the thoracic horn, shagreen on tergite IV – VI separated into 4 fields, with median field entirely separated from anterior band and with paired posterolateral fields as well having spines on conjunctives III / IV and IV / V. Larvae can be distinguished from other known Polypedilum larvae by a 16 toothed mentum with the second laterals slightly longer and wider than the median and first laterals.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF83FFDAFF13FE6488BEFAF7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from Florida and Ohio, USA.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF83FFD5FF13FAA98A34F946.taxon	description	(Figs 12 D – I)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF83FFD5FF13FAA98A34F946.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GUAM: Mt. Lamlam, 2 males, 1 female, x. 1952, N. L. H. Krauss (T- 3) (BM); NORTH- ERN MARIANA ISLANDS: Nimitz Hill, 1 female, 4. v. 1956, C. F. Clagg (T- 2) (BM). Diagnostic characters. The male can be distinguished from other species with numerous macrotrichia on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, no spur on foretibia, and microtrichiose base of superior volsella, by having tergite IX with 15 median setae, a low AR of about 0.50, 31 – 33 dorsocentrals, and inferior volsella apically clubbed. The female can be distinguished from other species by having a short comb-like ventrolateral lobe. Male (n = 2) Wing length 1.16 – 1.20 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 1.99 – 2.33. Thorax, abdomen, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 0.49 – 0.52. Ultimate flagellomere 190 – 195 µm long. Temporal setae 10 – 12 including 4 – 5 inner verticals, 3 – 6 outer verticals and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 27 – 29 setae. Tentorium 105 – 119 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30 – 35, 28, 93 – 105, 94 – 120, 127 (1) Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.37 (1). Thorax. Acrostichals 22 – 24, dorsocentrals 31 – 33, prealars 6 – 7. Scutellum with 20 – 23 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.22 – 1.43. Brachiolum with 1 seta; Sc with 27 – 41 setae, R with 34 – 36, R 1 with 20 – 29, R 4 + 5 with 43 – 63, M with 9 – 19, RM with 3 – 4, M 1 + 2 with 49 – 65, M 3 + 4 with 29 – 37, Cu with 27 – 41, Cu 1 with 18, PCu with 71 – 72, An with 32 – 41 setae. Cells m basal of RM, r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, and cu plus an each with numerous macrotrichia. Squama with 6 – 7 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 28 – 33 µm, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 50 µm long, on hind tibia 42 – 45 µm long. Comb on midtibia 18 (1) µm long, combs on hind tibia 18 – 23 µm and 12 – 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 33 – 42 µm, of midtibia 20 (1) µm, of hind tibia 42 (1) µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 16. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 15 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 – 4 setae. Anal point 38 (1) µm long, 14 (1) µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 4 (1) µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 75 (1) µm long; phallapodeme 57 – 63 µm long. Gonocoxite 104 – 136 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 12 I) 54 – 61 µm long, base with microtrichia and 3 inner setae, projection with curved apex and 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 12 H) 58 – 72 µm long with clubbed apex, 1 prominent apical seta and 6 curved bristles. Gonostylus 79 – 83 µm long. HR 1.31 – 1.65. Female (n = 2) Wing length 1.05 – 1.06 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.15. Coloration similar to male. Head. AR 0.32. Length of flagellomere (in µm): 93, 61, 58, 40, 82. Temporal setae 13 (1) including 7 inner verticals, 5 outer verticals, 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 24 – 26 setae. Palpomere length (in µm): 16 – 28, 26 – 30, 70 – 84, 72 – 98, 98 – 114. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.17 – 1.63. Thorax. Acrostichals 28 (1), dorsocentrals 19 (1), prealars 13 (1). Scutellum with 14 (1) setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.20 – 1.23. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc with 28 setae, R with 22 – 27, R 1 with 22 – 36, R 4 + 5 with 46 – 54, M with 7 – 11, RM with 3, M with 52 (1), M 3 + 4 with 30 – 33, Cu with 26 – 29, Cu 1 with 14 (1), PCu with 48 – 58, An with 25 (1) setae. Cells m basal of RM, r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, and cu plus an each with numerous macrotrichia. Squama with 3 – 5 setae. 1 + 2 Legs. Scale on foretibia 23 – 27 µm. Spurs on midtibia 44 – 51 µm long, on hind tibia 40 – 43 µm long. Comb on midtibia 14 – 19 µm long, combs on hind tibia 17 – 19 µm and 16 – 19 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 37 µm, of midtibia 42 – 47 µm, of hind tibia 40 – 51 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 17. Genitalia (Figs 12 D – G). Not clear. Gonocoxite IX with 5 setae; tergite IX with 15 setae; segment X with 3 setae. Cercus 147 µm long, 5 µm wide at apex. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 12 F) 86 µm long, 23 µm wide; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 12 G) not comb-like; only apodeme of apodeme lobe (Fig. 12 E) discernible. Postgenital plate broad, triangular.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF83FFD5FF13FAA98A34F946.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Federated States of Micronesia (Truk Island and Caroline Islands), Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF8FFFD6FF13FF5C8F38FB37.taxon	description	(Figs 18 A – D)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF8FFFD6FF13FF5C8F38FB37.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GERMANY: Rheinland Pfalz, Schalkenmehrener Maar, in rock encrustations, pupal exuviae, 10. viii. 1911, A. Thienemann (ZSM). Male. The types could not be located. According to the original description the total length is 3.5 mm; the antennal stem is black; thorax yellow, mesonotal (scutal) stripes black or brown (var. suecicum Kieffer); metanotum black; halteres white; legs brownish yellow; abdomen and hypopygium brown; posterior margins of tergites yellowish. AR = 2. Wing densely haired. LR = 1.2. Gonostylus medially straight, with a few setae in a row. Projection of superior volsella slightly bent, short. Inferior volsella do not reach the proximal third of the gonostylus, in distal third somewhat widened, and heart-shaped indented at apex. Pupa (n = 1, exuviae lacking segments IV – VI) Frontal setae, cephalothorax, margins of segments and caudolateral spur pale brown. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercles absent. Prealar tubercle apparently absent. Wing sheath 1.64 mm long. Abdomen (Figs 18 A – B). Tergite I bare; tergites II and III both with strong, anterior row of spines, without shagreen; tergites VII and VIII both without spinules and shagreen. Tergite II with single row of about 52 caudal hooks. Pedes spurii B strong and prominent on segment II. Caudolateral spur (Figs 18 C – D) 110 µm long, with 1 strong apical tooth, 3 inner teeth and 3 lateral accessory points. Segments VII and VIII each with 4 L taeniae. Anal lobe fringe with 40 taeniae.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF8FFFD6FF13FF5C8F38FB37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The exuviae could be designated as a neotype. However, at the moment it seems better to regard the species as a nomen dubium and hope for a future association.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF8FFFD6FF13FF5C8F38FB37.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known only from Germany with certainty. The many records from Eastern Europe (see Saether & Spies 2004) most likely all refer to Phaenopsectra flavipes.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF8FFFD0FF13FAE9887AFE51.taxon	description	(Figs 14 H, I)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF8FFFD0FF13FAE9887AFE51.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA: Guizhou Province, Fanjingshan Nature Conservation Area, Fanjing Mountain, Huguo Temple, 1100 m a. s. l., holotype male, 3. viii. 2001, R. Zhang (NU No. 14683). Diagnostic characters. The shape of the male hypopygium is similar to P. (Pe.) convexum and P. (Pe.) toyamadeeum by having a short broad anal point (convexum group) with a distinct furrow. The species differs from P. (Pe.) convexum by the very low AR of about 0.4 as compared to 1.0 – 1.5. It differs from P. (Pe.) toyamadeeum by having foretibial scale with spur and base of superior volsella with 6 inner setae. Male (n = 1). Total length 2.74 mm. Wing length 1.63 mm. Total length / wing length 1.68. Wing length / length of profemur 2.11. Thorax brown with dark brown postnotum, vittae and preepisternum. Abdominal segments yellowish brown with narrow dark brown posterior margins; femur, tibia and tarsi yellowish brown. Head. AR 0.35. Ultimate flagellomere 202 µm long. Temporal setae 11 including 4 inner verticals, 5 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 27 setae. Tentorium 142 µm long, 2 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Palpomere length (in µm): 47, 47, 114, 128, 200. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.76. Thorax. Acrostichals 21, dorsocentrals 29, prealars 6. Scutellum with 11 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.23. Brachiolum with 2 setae, Sc with 16 setae, R with 33, R 1 with 35, R 4 + 5 with 81, M with 11, RM with 3, M 1 + 2 with 77, M 3 + 4 with 41, Cu with 40, Cu 1 with 20, PCu with 59, An with 30 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM; cu plus an with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 9 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia triangular with needle-like 54 µm long spur. Spurs on midtibia 63 µm long, on hind tibia 58 µm long. Comb on midtibia 24 µm long, combs on hind tibia 28 µm and 19 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 40 µm, of midtibia 49 µm, of hind tibia 51 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 18. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 25 median setae, laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal point (Fig. 14 H) very broad with distinct median furrow; 72 µm long, 40 µm wide at base, 28 µm wide at rounded apex; median furrow 12 µm wide at base, 9 µm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 58 µm long; phallapodeme 79 µm long. Gonocoxite 142 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 14 I) 49 µm long, base bare with 6 inner setae, projection very slender, with 1 long dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella 80 µm long; parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 144 µm long. HR 0.98; HV 1.90.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF8FFFD0FF13FAE9887AFE51.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Guizhou (China).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF89FFD1FF13FCD489FDFB8C.taxon	description	(Figs 18 E – G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF89FFD1FF13FCD489FDFB8C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Toyama, Ikeda, Lake Furudo, holotype male of P. furudosecundum, 23. viii. 1993, light trap, R. Arakawa (NMST Type No. 247: 36); Tokara Islands, Kagoshina, holotype male of P. tokarageheum, 20. v. 1994, H. Suzuki (NMST Type No. 290: 17); Toyama Prefecture, Toyama City Family Park, Lake Rokusen, holotype male of P. famibeceum, 21. ix. 1993, M. Sasa (NMST Type No. 255: 21). Diagnostic characters. Among species with strongly haired wing membrane, broad dark bands on the abdominal tergites, and foretibial scale without spur, the species can be separated by lacking a seta on the projection of the superior volsella and in having a microtrichiose base of superior volsella. P. (Pe.) furusecundum can also be distinguished from all other species by the peculiar anal point with a broad, darkly pigmented, Vshaped base tapering to a nearly parallel-sided apex. Male (n = 2 – 3, unless otherwise stated) Wing length 2.07 – 2.23 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.11 – 2.39. Thorax brown, abdominal segments with large brown bands (about 2 / 3) with thin pale yellow apices; femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.82 – 1.98. Ultimate flagellomere 781 – 885 µm long. Temporal setae 14 – 17 including 4 – 6 inner verticals, 5 – 6 outer verticals, and 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 29 – 37 setae. Tentorium 163 – 169 µm long, 5 – 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 174 – 175 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 44 – 54, 58 – 68, 161 – 189, 167 – 174, 231 (1). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.43. Thorax. Acrostichals 15 – 27, dorsocentrals 26 – 36, prealars 9 – 11. Scutellum with 17 – 24 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.08 – 1.13. Brachiolum 2 – 5 setae, R with 43 – 54, R 1 with 56 – 72, R 4 + 5 with 85 – 93, Sc with 28 – 51, RM with 2 – 3, M with 21 – 23, M 1 + 2 with 54 (1), M 3 + 4 with 41 (1), Cu with 40 (1), Cu 1 with 24 (1). Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM; cu plus an each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 20 (1) setae (8 – 20 in Sasa and Arakawa (1994), 12 – 16 setae in Sasa (1996) and Sasa and Suzuki (2000 b )). Legs. Scale on foretibia 51 – 58 µm long, nearly triangular, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 62 – 79 µm long, on hind tibia 69 – 77 µm long. Comb on midtibia 23 – 27 µm long, combs on hind tibia 30 – 33 µm and 19 – 27 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 72 – 77 µm, of midtibia 72 – 85 µm, of hind tibia 82 – 93 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 19. Hypopygium (Fig. 18 E). Tergite IX with 14 – 18 median setae, laterosternite IX with 3 – 4 setae. Anal point with V-shaped basal ridge, darkly pigmented, 117 – 172 µm long, gradually tapering to 5 – 7 µm wide rounded apex. Transverse sternapodeme 75 – 84 µm long; phallapodeme 75 – 123 µm long. Gonocoxite 175 – 200 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 18 F, G) 93 – 96 µm long, base with microtrichia and 4 – 6 inner setae, projection without seta. Inferior volsella 119 – 128 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with subapical bulge, with 2 apical setae of which one or both are prominent. Gonostylus very broad medially, 175 – 193 µm long. HR 100 – 1.04.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF89FFD1FF13FCD489FDFB8C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The only significant difference between P. (Pe.) furudosecundum and P. (Pe.) famibeceum consists of the two prominent apical setae on the inferior volsella in the latter. However, P. (Pe.) furudosecundum also has two apical setae, but the second seta is less prominent and placed more subapically. P. (Pe.) unagitertium and P. (Pe.) daitokeleum may also be synonyms of P. (Pe.) furudosecundum. P. (Pe.) unagitertium, however, has a seta on the projection of the superior volsella and the base more completely covered by microtrichia, while P. (Pe.) daitokeleum has the base completely bare. For the moment both species are kept as separate species.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF89FFD1FF13FCD489FDFB8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF88FFADFF13FB168AD1FEA1.taxon	description	(Figs 19, 20 A – D)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF88FFADFF13FB168AD1FEA1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Bukavu, River Mufuli, 2400 m a. s. l., paratypes male, female, 12. v. 1957, J. Hamon (BMNH). TANZANIA: Tanga Region, West Usambara Mts., Mazumbai, Kaputu stream, 3 males, 6. xi. 1990, sweep net and Malaise trap, ZMBN Tanzania expedition (ZMBN). Diagnostic characters. The species belongs to a group of species having less than 100 setae in cell m 1 + 2, but sometimes more than 100 setae in cell r 4 + 5. The foretibial scale lacks a spur, the base of the superior volsella lacks microtrichia and has 2 – 3 inner basal setae as in P. (Pe.) calvescens, but the abdominal segments are not banded as in P. (Pe.) calvescens and the anal point not spatulate. The female genitalia are similar to P. (Pe.) wittei but can be distinguished by having a long seminal capsule neck. The postgenital plate of P. (Pe.) wittei is steep sided and almost pointed apically, as compared to the more gently sloped plate of P. (Pe.) hamoni. Male (n = 4, unless otherwise stated) Total length. 2.86 – 3.30 (2) Wing length 1.91 – 2.31, 2.01 mm. Total length / wing length 1.57 – 1.72 (2). Wing length / length of profemur 1.96 – 2.24, 2.07. Thorax with brown markings, postnotum blackish; abdominal segments clear green without dark markings; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head (Fig. 19 A). AR 1.91 – 2.15, 2.01. Ultimate flagellomere 754 – 923, 813 µm long. Temporal setae 11 including 3 – 4, 4 inner verticals, 3 – 5, 3 outer verticals, and 2 – 3, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 15 – 21, 17 setae. Tentorium 117 – 141, 132 µm long; 5 – 7, 6 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 114 – 140, 125 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 31 – 38, 36; 48 – 54, 52; 140 – 152, 144; 138 – 264 (3); 186 – 264 (3). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.33 – 1.73 (3). Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 19 B). Acrostichals 8 – 11, 10; dorsocentrals 12 – 15, 14; prealars 4. Scutellum with 5 – 9, 7 setae. Wing (Fig. 19 F). Anal lobe developed. VR 1.15 – 1.20, 1.18. Brachiolum with 1 seta; R with 22 – 24, 23; R 1 with 14 – 26, 20; R 4 + 5 with 36 – 49, 43; M 1 + 2 with 26 – 38, 31; M 3 + 4 with 2 – 10, 6 setae. All other veins bare. Cell r 4 + 5 with 79 – 103, 90; m 1 + 2 with 38 – 69, 57; m 3 + 4 with 12 – 26, 22 macrotrichia; cell m basal of RM, and an plus cu bare. Squama with 9 – 12 (3) setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 19 C) 32 – 50, 39 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia (Fig. 19 D) 57 – 70, 61 µm long, on hind tibia (Fig. 19 E) 65 – 71, 69 µm long. Comb on midtibia 21 – 24, 23 µm long; combs on hind tibia 21 – 28, 23 µm and 23 – 29, 26 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 52 – 55 µm; of midtibia 47 – 60, 53 µm; of hind tibia 54 – 61, 58. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 20. Hypopygium (Fig. 19 G). Tergite IX with 10 – 15, 13 median setae; laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 52 – 74, 62 µm long, 11 – 17, 13 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 5 – 6, 5 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 42 – 54, 46 µm long; phallapodeme 70 – 96, 84 µm long. Gonocoxite 149 – 165, 164 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 19 J, K) 75 – 93, 82 µm long, base bare with 3 inner setae, projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 19 H, I) 117 – 138, 125 µm long, parallel sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 137 – 159, 146 µm long. HR 1.10 – 1.23, 1.11; HV 2.01 – 2.41 (2). Female (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing torn, length not measurable. Thorax coloration similar to male; abdominal segments brown without bands; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. Antennae lost. Temporal setae 9, including 4 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 setae. Tentorium 167 µm long, 10 µm at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 167 µm long. Palpomere length (in µm): 38, 43, 157, 113, 309. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.73. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 11, dorsocentrals 20, prealars 6. Scutellum with 11 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.17. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 30, R 1 with 35, R 4 + 5 with 65, Sc with 7, RM with 2, M with 8, M 1 + 2 with 67, M 3 + 4 with 42, Cu with 23, Cu 1 with 19, PCu with 50, and An with 20 setae. Cell m basal of RM bare. Cells r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 with more than 100 macrotrichia, m 3 + 4 with about 99 macrotrichia. Squama with 7 setae. Legs. Foreleg lost. Spur on midtibia 71 µm long, on hind tibia 71 µm long. Comb on midtibia 21 µm long, combs on hind tibia 29 µm and 24 µm long. Width at apex of midtibia 62 µm, of hind tibia 71 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 21. Genitalia (Fig. 20 A). Gonocoxite IX with 4 seta; tergite IX with 20 seta; segment X with 6 seta. Cercus 102 µm long, 7 µm wide at apex, with 1 apical seta. Seminal capsule ovoid, 76 µm long, 45 µm wide; neck sclerotized, 15 µm long. Notum 162 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 20 B) 93 µm long, caudally broad; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 20 C) nearly straight; apodeme lobe (Fig. 20 D) curved, nearly L-shaped. Postgenital plate triangular.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF88FFADFF13FB168AD1FEA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Sudan and Burkina Faso.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF4FFAEFF13FD1E89D4FE51.taxon	description	(Figs 20 E – H)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF4FFAEFF13FD1E89D4FE51.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GERMANY: Berlin, Grünewald, holotype male, 14. v. 1899, J. J. Kieffer (DEI). Diagnostic characters. Among species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, base of superior volsella without microtrichia and with 4 – 5 inner setae the species can be distinguished by the L-shape projection of the superior volsella with the lateral seta placed medially and by the basally broad gonostylus tapering to narrow, pointed apex. The species is similar to P. (Pe.) tusimafegeum, but that species has an anal point with V-shaped basal ridge that is not present in P. (Pe.) hirtiforceps. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing damaged, not measurable. Abdomen, thorax, femur, tibia and tarsi dark brown. Head. AR 1.66. Ultimate flagellomere 728 µm long. Temporal setae 10, including 3 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals, and 4 postorbitals. Clypeus with 29 setae. Tentorium 133 µm long, 9 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 145 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): first three not measurable, 147, 195. Thorax. Acrostichals 12, dorsocentrals 19, prealars 5. Scutellum with 13 setae. Wing. Subcosta with 1 seta, squama with 11 setae. Legs. Foreleg lost. Spur on midtibia 48 µm long, on hind tibia 52 µm long. Comb on midtibia 23 µm long, combs of hind tibia 27 µm and 21 µm long. Width at apex of midtibia 55 µm, of hind tibia 64 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 22. Hypopygium (Fig. 20 E). Tergite IX with 18 median setae, laterosternite IX with 1 seta. Anal point 62 µm long, 9 µm wide at base, tapering to 6 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 73 µm long. Gonocoxite 181 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 20 F, G) 69 µm long, base bare with 4 inner setae, projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 20 H) 135 µm long, nearly parallel-sided with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 174 µm long, broad basally, tapering to narrow nearly pointed apex. HR 1.04.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF4FFAEFF13FD1E89D4FE51.taxon	discussion	Remarks. On the holotype, one superior volsella bears a dorsolateral seta on the projection while the other does not. The superior volsella is similar to that of Pentapedilum tusimafegeum, but the projection lacks the dorsolateral seta.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF4FFAEFF13FD1E89D4FE51.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Germany.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF7FFAFFF13FE3189C8FF29.taxon	description	(Figs 21 A – B)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF7FFAFFF13FE3189C8FF29.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, CANADA: Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, 5 km off Selkirk (Horse) Island, 29. vi. 1969, light trap, S. S. Chang (CNC); Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, Hecla Island, 2 paratype males, 27. vi. 1971, light trap, M. P. McLean (ZMBN). Other material. USA: Alabama, Elmore Co., Wallahatchee Creek, 3.2 miles west of Tallassee at Hwy 8, 1 male, 21. iii. 1989, W. E. Garrett (Coll. J. Epler). Diagnostic characters. The species has numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale with spur, base of superior volsella without microtrichia and projection almost straight as in P. (Pe.) muscicola and P. (Pe.) botasaneanui, but P. (Pe.) muscicola lacks seta on the projection and P. (Pe.) botasaneanui has a spatulate anal point. The male hypopygium is similar to P. (Pe.) tritum, which, however, has microtrichia on the base of the superior volsella and usually a more curved projection.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF7FFAFFF13FE3189C8FF29.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin tuber, swelling, and the prefix in-, not, without, referring to the narrow projection of the superior volsella and the parallel-sided anal point. Male (n = 3, except when otherwise stated) Total length 3.11 – 3.72 mm. Wing length 1.83 – 2.15 mm. Total length / wing length 1.70 – 1.73. Wing length / profemur 2.27 – 2.40. Coloration pale brown with darker vittae, posterior anepisternum II, preepisternum and postnotum. Haltere knob blackish brown. Abdomen brown. Legs brownish stramineous. Head. AR 1.56 – 1.63. Temporals 11 – 14. Clypeus with 20 – 27 setae. Tentorium 122 – 133 µm long. Stipes 133 – 143 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30 – 43, 57 – 70, 140 – 173, 137 – 143, 190 – 226 (2). Thorax. Antepronotum bare. Dorsocentrals 16 – 21, uniserial; acrostichals 17 (2); prealars 5 – 6. Scutellum with 10 – 14 setae in single row. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.12 – 1.14. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc with 16 (1), R with 47 – 65, R 1 with 25 – 39, R 4 + 5 with 80 – 114, RM with 2 (1), M with 11 (1), M 1 + 2 with about 65 (1), M 3 + 4 with about 45, Cu 1 with about 20, PCu with about 50 setae. Cell m basal of RM with about 50, r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, an plus cu each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 6 – 8 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia including apical spur 56 (1) µm long. Spurs on midtibia 48 µm long, on hind tibia 64 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 48 µm, of midtibia 48 µm, of hind tibia 50 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 23. Hypopygium (Fig. 21 A). Tergite IX with 11 – 14 oromedian setae and 20 – 23 setae at base of anal point, laterosternites IX with 3 setae. Phallapodeme 75 – 93 µm long. Transverse sternapodeme 43 – 63 µm long. Anal point 79 – 91 µm long. Gonocoxite 147 – 160 µm long. Inferior volsella with 14 – 16 setae, with 1 prominent apical seta. Superior volsella (Fig. 21 B) 59 – 70 µm long, 6 – 8 µm wide at base, 3 – 4 µm wide at apex. Gonostylus 167 – 183 µm long. HR 0.84 – 0.88, HV 1.86 – 2.03.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF7FFAFFF13FE3189C8FF29.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is very close to Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) tritum. In P. intuber the anal point is clearly longer than the superior volsella and at most twice as wide at base as at apex. Townes (1945: 62) mentions that the gonostylus of P. tritum often is somewhat broader and the superior volsella narrower than fig- ured by him, and he possibly had some specimens of P. intuber mixed into his series.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF7FFAFFF13FE3189C8FF29.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Canada.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF1FFA9FF13FD5489B9FE39.taxon	description	(Figs 15 B – C)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF1FFA9FF13FD5489B9FE39.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto City, Kamo River, male type, 12. x. 1988, at light, M. Sasa (NMST Type No. 163: 03). CHINA: Guizhou Province, Libo County, Maolan Town, Sanchache River, 2 males, 28. vii. 1995, light trap, W. Bu (NMST Nos. 09120, 08872). Diagnostic characters. Among species with less than 100 setae in each of cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5, foretibial scale without spur, and base of superior volsella with microtrichia and 4 – 6 inner setae, the species is distinguished by the shape of the superior volsella with stout base and curved projection with rugulose inner margin. The species is quite similar to P. (Pe.) shirokanense, which, however, appears to have a more microtrichiose base of the superior volsella, a more basally placed lateral seta of the projection, and is lacking the small V-shaped ridge present at the base of the anal point in P. (Pe.) kamosecundum. Male (n = 3, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.82 – 2.97 (2) mm. Wing length 1.61 – 1.71 mm. Total length / wing length 1.73 (2). Wing length / length of profemur 1.99 – 2.28. Ground color yellowish; thorax with brown patches; abdominal segments broadly banded brown; femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.51 – 1.55. Ultimate flagellomere 555 – 659 µm long. Temporal setae 9 including 3 – 4 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 1 – 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 11 – 17 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 40 – 47 (2), 47 – 49 (2), 105 – 121 (2), 119 – 136 (2), 101 – 191 (2). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.82 – 1.94 (2). Thorax. Acrostichals 7 – 14, dorsocentrals 10 – 12, prealars 4 – 5. Scutellum with 7 – 11 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.21 – 1.29. Brachiolum with 2 – 3 (2) setae, Sc with 17 – 22, R with 11 – 31, R 1 with 12 – 30, R 4 + 5 with 26 – 51, M with 3 – 7, RM with 1 – 3, M 1 + 2 with 46 – 67, M 3 + 4 with 31 – 42, Cu with 19 – 27 (2), Cu 1 with 15 – 19 and An with 23 (1) setae. Cell m basal of RM, r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, and m 3 + 4 each with few and sparse macrotrichia. Squama damaged, with 8 setae according to Sasa (1989). Legs. Scale on foretibia 27 – 34 µm long, nearly triangular, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 21 – 34 µm long, on hind tibia 28 – 47 µm long. Comb on midtibia 19 – 26 µm long, combs on hind tibia 23 – 30 µm and 14 – 21 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 45 – 56 µm, of midtibia 47 – 58 µm, of hind tibia 51 – 63 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 24. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 4 – 9 setae, laterosternite IX with 2 – 3 setae. Anal point (Fig. 15 C) 36 – 47 µm long, 12 – 19 µm wide at base, with V-shaped ridge, nearly parallel-sided to 6 – 12 µm wide rounded apex. Transverse sternapodeme 21 – 23 µm long; phallapodeme 66 – 75 µm long. Gonocoxite 121 – 133 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 B) 56 – 70 µm long, base broad with microtrichia and 4 inner setae, projection apically curved, inner portion corrugated, with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella 91 – 105 µm long, slightly expanded medially, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 142 – 173 µm long. HR 0.70 – 0.88; HV 1.63 – 1.82 (2).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF1FFA9FF13FD5489B9FE39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Chinese specimens were larger than those from Japan. The AR of 1.51 - 1.55 is opposed to 1.31 in Sasa (1989) and 1.54 - 1.68 in Zhang and Wang (2005). Although there are some minor differences, the species may be a junior synonym of P. (Pe.) shirokanense.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF1FFA9FF13FD5489B9FE39.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Japan and China.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF0FFAAFF13FBE189FDFA48.taxon	description	(Figs 21 C – G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF0FFAAFF13FBE189FDFA48.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Locality not stated, 2 males, 26. viii. 1994, 19. vi. 1992, T. Kobayashi (NMST Nos 17: 10; 17: 14). Diagnostic characters. The male differs from other species with a very broad anal point (convexum group), except P. (Pe.) anale, by having a V-shaped median furrow, sharply pointed projection of superior volsella, and cell m basal of RM with less than 25 setae. It differs from P. (Pe.) anale by having more numerous macrotrichia on the wing with cell m basal of RM with 14 – 20 macrotrichia as opposed to 1 – 13 in P. (Pe.) kasumiense, 23 – 26 dorsocentrals as opposed to 9 – 16, and 29 – 30 setae on the clypeus as opposed to 17 – 25 in P. (Pe.) anale. The female antennal segment 5 with 2 apical setae is a distinguishing feature from P. (Pe.) anale. The pupa is similar to P. (Pe.) convexum by having bare segments VII and VIII. However, it can be distinguished from P. (Pe.) convexum by having several posterior rows of shagreen on segments II – VI as opposed to 2 spots in P. (Pe.) convexum. Male (n = 2, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.30 – 3.56 mm. Wing length 1.54 – 1.56 mm. Total length / wing length 1.49 – 1.64. Wing length / length of profemur 2.13 (1). Ground color yellowish brown; postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum and scutum brown. Abdomen yellowish brown with narrow dark apices; femur, tibia and tarsi pale yellow. Head. Antennae lost. AR 1.13 – 1.39 according to Sasa (1979) and Sasa and Suzuki (2001). Temporal setae 7 – 10. Clypeus with 29 – 30 setae. Tentorium 140 µm long. Stipes 128 (1) µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 35, 40 – 44, 96 – 107, 121 – 133, 176 – 203. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.83 – 1.89. Thorax. Acrostichals 12 – 19, dorsocentrals 23 – 26, prealars 10. Scutellum with 11 – 13 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.20 – 1.22. Brachiolum with 1 (1) seta, Sc with 22 – 24, R with 29 – 30, R 1 with 29 – 31, R 4 + 5 with 62 – 66, M with 11 – 14, RM with 2 – 3, M 1 + 2 with 53 (1), M 3 + 4 with 30 (1), Cu with 22 – 33, Cu 1 with 36 – 56, PCu with 33 – 56, An with 18 – 22 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2 and m 3 + 4 each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Cell m basal of RM with 14 – 20 macrotrichia. Squama with 11 (1) setae; 4 – 7 according to Sasa (1979) and Sasa and Suzuki (2001). Legs. Scale on foretibia 44 – 49 µm long, with 16 µm long triangular subapical spur. Spurs on midtibia 57 – 70 µm long, on hind tibia 62 – 68 µm long. Comb on midtibia 23 – 25 µm long, combs on hind tibia 23 – 26 µm and 23 – 26 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 44 – 47 µm, of midtibia 47 – 55 µm, of hind tibia 54 – 60 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 25. Hypopygium (Fig. 21 C). Tergite IX with 18 – 34 median setae; laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point (Fig. 21 D) with large V-shaped ridge, 65 – 72 µm long, 21 – 31 µm wide at base, with broadly rounded 18 – 23 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 30 – 43 µm long; phallapodeme 61 – 70 µm long. Gonocoxite 145 – 148 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 21 F, G) 55 – 56 µm long, base with microtrichia and 4 – 5 inner setae, projection with strongly pointed apex, with 1 – 2 dorsolateral setae. Inferior volsella (Fig. 21 E) 77 – 79 µm long, parallel-sided, slender, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 145 – 152 µm long. HR 0.97 – 1.00, HV 1.51 – 1.77.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF0FFAAFF13FBE189FDFA48.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Female, pupa and larva are superficially described and illustrated in Sasa (1979: 13, Figs 21, 22).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF0FFAAFF13FBE189FDFA48.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF3FFA4FF13F9D38A06FED9.taxon	description	(Fig. 22)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF3FFA4FF13F9D38A06FED9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Creek 5 km E Edith River Crossing, male, 26 – 28. viii. 1995, M. Baehr (ZSM No. 47); Queensland, Funnel Creek, 2 km S Clesmont-Marborough-G., male, 17 – 18. xi. 1990, M. Baehr (ZSM No. 37). Diagnostic characters. The male can be separated from other species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale with spur, base of superior volsella bare and projection curved, by having the seta on the superior volsella projection placed 2 / 3 from base and the base with 4 – 5 inner setae. The inferior volsella is bilobed subapically, similar to P. (Pe.) reei which lacks spur on foretibia and has microtrichia on the base of superior volsella. The species is very similar to P. (Pe.) scirpicola which, however, lacks the bifurcation of the inferior volsella and has the seta on the superior volsella projection placed more basally. Pupal tergite II has only anterior spines and no shagreen as in P. (Pe.) exsectum, but can be distinguished as the latter has no shagreen on segment III. Conjunctives III / VI bare. Segments III – VI with both anterior spines and median and posterior shagreen, VII and VIII both with anterolateral spinules. Anal spur with 1 apical and about 4 inner teeth, plus several accessory points. The larva is characterized by having lateral teeth 3 – 6 subequal and median teeth slightly taller than 1 st lateral. Premandible with 4 – 5 teeth. Male (n = 2, unless otherwise stated) Total length 3.06 – 3.27 mm. Wing length 2.07 – 2.17 mm. Total length / wing length 1.48 – 1.51. Wing length / length of profemur 2.40 – 2.49. Thorax completely dark brown; abdomen brown to dark brown with very thin pruinose apices; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head (Fig. 22 B). AR 1.62 – 1.66. Ultimate flagellomere 729 – 782 µm long. Temporal setae 7 – 8, including 3 inner verticals, 2 – 3 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 26 – 28 setae. Tentorium 143 – 145 µm long, 4 – 5 µm wide at sieve pore, 4 – 5 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 167 – 193 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 40 – 48, 51 – 63, 119 – 124, 145 – 155, 258. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 2.08 – 2.17. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 22 A). Scutal tubercle present. Acrostichals 10 – 13, dorsocentrals 18 – 27, prealars 6. Scutellum with 14 – 19 setae. Wing. Wing lobe moderately reduced. VR 1.13 – 1.15. Brachiolum with 3 – 4 setae, R with 49 – 61, R 1 with 41 – 46, R 4 + 5 with 77 – 97, Sc with 27 – 30, RM with 2 – 3, M with 20 – 22, M 1 + 2 with 57 – 88, M 3 + 4 with 39 – 45, Cu with 34 – 44, Cu 1 with 24 – 26, PCu with 51, An with 27 – 39 setae. Cells r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 with numerous microtrichia, m 3 + 4 with more than 100, cell m basal of RM with 63 – 67, cu plus an with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 8 – 9 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 22 C) 37 – 45 µm long, with 7 – 8 µm long apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 48 – 57 µm long, on hind tibia 54 – 61 µm long. Comb on midtibia (Fig. 22 D) 17 – 26 µm long, combs on hind tibia (Fig. 22 E) 24 – 27 µm and 14 – 18 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 46 – 52 µm, of midtibia 55 – 57 µm, of hind tibia 61 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 26. Hypopygium (Fig. 22 F). Tergite IX with 11 – 13 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 77 – 80 µm long, 20 – 21 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 5 – 8 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 43 – 55 µm long; phallapodeme 81 – 93 µm long. Gonocoxite 157 – 138 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 22 H – J) 81 – 82 µm long, base bare with 3 – 5 inner setae, projection with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella bilobed (22 G), 92 – 117 µm long; parallel sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 138 – 157 µm long. HR 1.18 – 1.37. Pupa and larva Illustrated and briefly described by Cranston (1996: 261).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFF3FFA4FF13F9D38A06FED9.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and distribution. Known from Australia. According to Cranston (1996) the species seems quite pollution tolerant.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFCFFA5FF13FF5C89D9FA26.taxon	description	(Fig. 23)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFCFFA5FF13FF5C89D9FA26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. LEBANON: Jib-Jannin, Litani River, holotype male, 16. v. 1982, J. Moubayed (ZSM). Diagnostic characters. The male can be separated from other species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale with spur, base of superior volsella bare and projection curved, by having the seta on the superior volsella projection placed close to base, inferior volsella apically clubbed, and wing cell m basal of RM with 40 macrotrichia. The species is very similar to P. (Pe.) scirpicola which, however, does not have a clubbed inferior volsella and more numerous setae basally on the wing. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing length / length of profemur 2.26. Thorax, abdomen, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head (Fig. 23 B). AR 1.89. Ultimate flagellomere 645 µm. Temporal setae 11 including 5 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 33, 57, palpomeres 3 – 5 lacking. Thorax. Acrostichals 20, dorsocentrals 24, prealars not discernible. Scutellum with 7 setae. Wing (Fig. 23 A). Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.13. Brachiolum with 3 setae, Sc with 20, R with 44, R 1 with 33, R 4 + 5 with 84, M with 6, RM with 4, M 1 + 2 with 57, M 3 + 4 with 32, Cu with 35, Cu 1 with 22, PCu with 29, An with 28 setae. Cell m basal of RM with 38 macrotrichia, cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, and an plus cu each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 9 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 23 C) 31 µm long, with 14 µm long apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 60 µm long, on hind tibia 67 µm long. Comb on midtibia (Fig. 23 D) 26 µm long, combs on hind tibia (Fig. 23 E) 29 µm and 24 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 65 µm, of midtibia 67 µm, of hind tibia 71 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 27. Hypopygium (Figs 23 E). Tergite IX with 14 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 62 µm long, 7 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 4 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 64 µm long; phallapodeme 81 µm long. Gonocoxite 169 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 23 F) 90 µm long, base bare with 3 – 5 inner base setae, projection nearly parallel-sided, with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 23 G) 100 µm long, broad at mid section, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 157 µm long. HR 1.08.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFCFFA5FF13FF5C89D9FA26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Lebanon.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFEFFA7FF13FF5C8868FCBC.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 D)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFEFFA7FF13FF5C8868FCBC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BELGIUM: East Flanders, Melle, holotype male, 6. v. 1942, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN). Diagnostic characters. Among species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, base of superior volsella without microtrichia, and base of superior volsella with 5 inner setae, the species can be distinguished by having inferior volsella with 2 apical setae and projection of the superior volsella with 2 lateral seta placed in apical half. P. (Pe.) pseudosordens and to some extent P. (Pe.) kasumiense have a superior volsella with two lateral setae, but these species differ in most other details. Male (n = 1) Holotype (slide) damaged. Thorax and abdominal segments dark brown. Wing lost. AR 1.5, LR 1 1.9. Projection of superior volsella (Fig. 15 E) strongly curved with 2 lateral setae, base with 5 inner setae as opposed to the 3 inner setae indicated by Goetghebuer (1942). Inferior volsella parallel-sided, with 2 long apical setae. Anal point tapering to parallel-sided.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFEFFA7FF13FF5C8868FCBC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Melle, Belgium.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFEFFA2FF13FC668F0AFE39.taxon	description	(Fig. 24)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFEFFA2FF13FC668F0AFE39.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. SUDAN: Wunatong near Wau, holotype male, paratype male, 3 females, 19. iii. 1955, E. T. M. Reid (BMNH, B. M. 1955 - 382). GHANA: Volta Region, Kete Krachi. (TOGO: Kate Kratje), 2 paratype males, 12. x. 1898, Graf Zech (BMNH); Greater Accra Region, Legon Botanical garden, 9 males, 2. ix. 1994, NUFU project (ZMBN); Northern Region, White Volta, Sogo, 4 males, 1 female, 11. ii. 1993, light trap, NUFU project (ZMBN), Northern Region, Sabari, 2 males, 24. xi. 1991, NUFU project (ZMBN). BURKINA FASO: Bobo Dioulasso, 2 females, 2. x. 1957 (BMNH 02105). Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other species with more than 100 setae in each of cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5, abdominal segments uniformly colored, and foretibial scale without spur, by having an AR of 0.4 – 0.8 and a LR 1 2.0 – 2.5, base of superior volsella at most with a few microtrichia, and scutellum with only 2 – 5 setae. The female genital are simple like in most species, the ventrolateral lobe is brush-like and slightly curved, the dorsomesal lobe very broad caudally. Male (n = 16 – 20, unless otherwise stated) Total length 1.13 – 1.58, 1.40 mm. Wing length 0.77 – 1.10, 0.90 mm. Total length / wing length 1.24 – 2.04, 1.52. Wing length / length of profemur 2.18 – 2.51, 2.29. Thorax yellowish, stripes brownish, pleura with horizontal dark band, or almost completely brown. Abdomen pale yellowish, femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown to brown. Head. AR 0.47 – 0.79, 0.57. Ultimate flagellomere 125 – 246, 208 µm long. Temporal setae 5 – 8, 6 including 2 – 3, 2 inner verticals; 2 – 3, 2 outer verticals; and 1 – 3, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 15 – 24, 18 setae. Tentorium 47 – 98, 69 µm long; 2 – 7, 3 µm wide at sieve pore. Stipes 26 – 105, 75 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 16 – 34, 22; 21 – 38, 25; 35 – 95, 64; 65 – 117, 76; 91 – 128, 114 (7). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.64 – 2.60, 1.98 (7). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 6 – 16, 12; dorsocentrals 10 – 20, 16 (13); prealars 4 – 5, 5. Scutellum with 2 – 5, 3 setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced and apically broad. VR 1.19 – 1.39, 1.29. Brachiolum with 1 seta; R with 11 – 32, 19; R 1 with 7 – 26, 16; R 4 + 5 with 18 – 50, 34; Sc with 12 – 22, 18 (15); RM with 1 – 2, 1; M with 3 – 9, 7; M 1 + 2 with 30 – 57, 46; M 3 + 4 with 11 – 30, 21; Cu with 16 – 27, 21; Cu 1, with 7 – 15, 12; PCu with 22 – 41, 31, An 12 – 26, 20 setae. Cell r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 with more than 100 macrotrichia; m 3 + 4 with 30 to more than 100; cell m basal of RM with 12 – 42, 27; an plus cu with 60 to more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 2 – 4, 3 (15) setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 24 B) 16 – 31, 20 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 33 – 55, 43 µm long; on hind tibia 38 – 55, 45 µm long. Comb on midtibia (Fig. 24 C) 9 – 16, 12 µm long; combs on hind tibia (Fig. 24 D) 9 – 19, 14 µm and 7 – 16, 11 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 19 – 36, 29 µm; of midtibia 28 – 40, 32 µm; of hind tibia 22 – 40, 33 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 28. Hypopygium (Fig. 24 A) Tergite IX with 6 – 11, 9 (10) median setae; laterosternite IX with 1 – 3, 2 setae. Anal point 30 – 47, 37 µm long; 5 – 12, 7 µm wide at base; gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 2 – 5, 3 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 21 – 31, 24 µm long; phallapodeme 37 – 69, 48 µm long. Gonocoxite 35 – 105, 91 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 24 F) 17 – 44, 32 µm long; base with or without microtrichia, with 2 – 3, 3 inner setae; projection tapering towards apex, with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 24 E) 42 – 70, 56 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, apically clubbed, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 35 – 73, 60 µm long. HR 1.34 – 2.72, 1.60; HV 1.75 – 3.97, 2.54 (14). Female (n = 6, unless otherwise stated) Total length 1.04 – 2.04, 1.34 (4) mm. Wing length 0.85 – 1.42, 1.04 mm. Total length / wing length 1.21 – 1.44, 1.29 (4). Wing length / length of profemur 2.05 – 2.46 (2). Ground color pale brown. Thorax brown at postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum and scutum. Abdominal segments pale brown to brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head (Fig. 24 G). AR 0.37 – 0.39 (3). Temporal setae 6 – 11 (4); including 2 – 5, 3 inner verticals; 2 – 3, 3 outer verticals; and 2 – 3, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 16 – 27, 21 (5) setae. Tentorium 83 – 115, 98 (4) µm long; 2 – 7 (3) µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 83 – 105, 94 (5) µm long. Palpomere length (in µm): 21 – 36, 28 (4); 20 – 35, 26 (5); 63 – 114, 81 (5); 71 – 128, 87 (5); 162 (1). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 7.56 (1). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 9 – 14, 12 (5); dorsocentrals 13 – 30, 18 (5); prealars 4 – 5, 4 (4). Scutellum with 4 – 6, 5 (4) setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.21 – 1.56, 1.31. Brachiolum with 1 – 3, 1 setae; R with 14 – 37, 23; R 1 with 11 – 32, 17; R 4 + 5 with 25 – 68, 39; Sc with 18 – 51, 26; RM with 2 – 3, 2; M with 3 – 28, 9; M 1 + 2 with 21 – 67, 43; M 3 + 4 with 18 – 36, 25; Cu with 21 – 32, 25; Cu 1 with 10 – 20, 13; PCu with 23 – 48, 36; An with 13 – 28, 20 setae. Cells r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 each with more than 100; m 3 + 4 with 53 – 108, 80; cell m basal of RM with 10 – 29, 19; an plus cu with 44 to more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 2 – 8 (3) setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 17 – 24 (3) µm long. Spurs on midtibia 37 – 57, 46 (5) µm long; on hind tibia 45 – 61, 50 µm long. Comb on midtibia 13 – 19, 17 (5) µm long; combs on hind tibia 14 – 26, 20 µm and 12 – 21, 16 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 30 – 37 (3) µm; of midtibia 35 – 44, 39 (5) µm; of hind tibia 26 – 51 (2) µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 29. Genitalia (Figs 24 H – K). Gonocoxite IX with 3 – 4, 3 (5) setae; tergite IX with 14 – 26, 17 (4) setae; segment X with 2 – 4, 3 (4) setae. Cercus 40 – 80, 52, (5) µm long; 1 – 2, 1 (4) µm wide at apex. Seminal capsule spherical to ovoid, 51 – 67, 57 (5) µm long; 18 – 53; 25 (5) µm wide; neck sclerotized, 7 – 14, 11 (5) µm long. Notum 102 – 125, 111 (5) µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 24 J) 76 – 178 (2) µm long, 31 – 39 (2) µm wide; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 24 I) brush-like, slightly curved; apodeme lobe (Fig. 24 K) nearly L-shaped.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFEFFA2FF13FC668F0AFE39.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Ghana, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Togo and Burkina Faso.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFBFFBCFF13FBEE8870FC66.taxon	description	(Fig. 25)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFBFFBCFF13FBEE8870FC66.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BELGIUM: Locality and date not stated, holotype male, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN). Diagnostic characters. The species has numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale with spur, base of superior volsella without microtrichia and projection almost straight as in P. (Pe.) intuber and P. (Pe.) botasaneanui, but differs from both by lacking seta on the projection of the superior volsella. Male (n = 1) Total length 3.42 mm. Wing length 2.08 mm. Total length / wing length 2.59. Wing length / length of profemur 1.64. Thorax, abdominal segments, femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head (Fig. 25 A). AR 1.80. Ultimate flagellomere 743 µm long. Temporal setae 14, including 6 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 4 postorbitals. Clypeus with 24 setae. Tentorium (Fig. 25 B) 150 µm long, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes not measurable. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 49, 50, 162, 143, 245. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.51. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 25 C). Acrostichals 14, dorsocentrals 26, prealars 11. Scutellum with 16 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.07. Brachiolum with 7 setae, R with 69, R 1 with 83, R 4 + 5 with 140, Sc with 63, RM with 4, M with 18, M 1 + 2 with 86, M 3 + 4 with 58, Cu with 52, Cu 1 with 19, PCu with 57, An with 55 setae. Cell m basal of RM with 42 macrotrichia. All other cells with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 13 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 25 D) 62 µm long, with 12 µm long apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 57 µm long, on hind tibia 57 µm long. Comb on midtibia 19 µm long, combs on hind tibia (Fig. 25 E) 23 µm and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 55 µm, of midtibia 58 µm, of hind tibia 63 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 30. Hypopygium (uncleared). Tergite IX with 11 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point (Fig. 25 F) 43 µm long, 12 µm wide at base, tapering towards 10 µm wide globule-shaped apex. Transverse sternapodeme 60 µm long, phallapodeme 67 µm long. Gonocoxite 188 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 25 G, H) 81 µm long, base bare with 3 inner basal setae, projection without lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 25 I) 150 µm long, parallel-sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 171 µm long. HR 1.10, HV 2.00.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFBFFBCFF13FBEE8870FC66.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The redescription of the holotype does not fit the description by Kieffer (1924: 36), especially concerning the superior volsella. The projection lacks a lateral seta and there are three inner setae as opposed to five. The superior volsella is similar to Polypedilum (Polypedilum) ephippium Freeman, but lacks microtrichia on the base. The species cannot be a synonym of Pentapedilum tritum since it lacks a lateral seta on the superior volsella and there are also differences in the number of setae on the wing, especially on veins R, R 1, R 4 + 5, Sc, RM, and M. The brachiolum bears 7 setae; in P. (Pe.) tritum the number never exceeds 4. Further, the shape of the superior volsella is different. The number of prealars and setae on the scutellum is higher than in P. (Pe.) tritum; and the species is much larger than P. (Pe.) tritum.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFFBFFBCFF13FBEE8870FC66.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Germany and Belgium.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE5FFBDFF13FC388E08FD99.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 E)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE5FFBDFF13FC388E08FD99.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. INDONESIA: Java, holotype male, 1928 - 9, A. Thienemann (BMNH Type No. B. M. 1937 - 703, RK 1). Diagnostic characters. Among species with strongly haired wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, no spur on foretibial scale, and base of superior volsella without microtrichia, the species can be distinguished by having the projection of the superior volsella almost straight with a medially placed lateral seta, an AR of 0.5 – 0.9, and squama with 2 – 3 setae. The species is similar to P. (Pe.) wittei which, however, has dark posterior bands on the abdominal tergites, AR of 1.8 – 2.0, and squama with 7 – 11 setae. Pupal tergite II lack a median band of spines, but has a posterior band of shagreen; tergite VII with anterior and paired posterior patches of spinules. Larval antennal segment 3 is very short, clearly less than 1 / 2 the length of fourth segment. Male (n = 1 hypopygium; other details from Tokunaga (1964) and Sasa and Hasegawa (1983 )). Total length 1.5 – 2.1 mm. Wing length 1.0 – 1.4 mm. Pale yellowish brown with brownish vittae and pale brown abdomen. Head. AR 0.5 – 0.8 in Tokunaga, 0.9 in Sasa and Hasegawa, 0.73 – 0.85 in Sasa and Suzuki (2002). Temporal setae 14, including 6 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 4 postorbitals. Clypeus with 24 setae. Tentorium 150 µm long, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes not measurable. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 49, 50, 162, 143, 245. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.51. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Scutellum with 8 – 10 setae. Wing. Anal lobe weak. Wing membrane rather densely haired. Squama with 2 – 3 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia without apical spur. LR 1 about 1.7. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 26 median setae, laterosternite IX with 6 setae. Anal point 49 µm long, 16 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 3 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme and phallapodeme not discernible. Gonocoxite 47 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 E) 59 µm long; base bare with 2 – 3 inner setae, projection apically slender, elongated and slightly curved with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella 70 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, slightly clubbed apically, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 77 µm long. HR 1.42.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE5FFBDFF13FC388E08FD99.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Unlike in the illustration by Johannsen (1932: 553), the specimen examined has both lateral and inner setae on the superior volsella and no microtrichia on the basal portion as described and illustrated in Tokunaga (1964: 597) and Sasa and Hasegawa (1983: 325). However, Sasa and Suzuki (2002: 75) described P. (Pe.) nodosum without inner basal setae, and microtrichia on a long narrow basal portion. The tentative pupa and larva is partly described and illustrated as P. (Pe.) K 1 by Cranston (1996: 258).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE5FFBDFF13FC388E08FD99.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indonesia, Sumatra, Palau, Marianas Islands, Caroline Islands, and probably Australia.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE4FFB8FF13FD0C8F28F8CF.taxon	description	(Figs 26 – 27)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE4FFB8FF13FD0C8F28F8CF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: West Anatolia, Koruköy, 1 male, 30. v. 1992, H. Malicky (ZSM No. TR 29). ITALIA: Basilicata, Trecchina, 1 male, 02. ix. 94, A. Hausmann (ZSM). NORWAY: Hordaland, Bergen, 2 males, 27. v. 1990, Ø. A. Schnell & E. Willassen (ZMBN). AFGHANISTAN: (locality not stated), K. Lindberg (ZSM No. A 485). GERMANY: Bodensee, Bodanrück, 3 pupae, 12. vi. 1962, F. Reiss (ZSM No. I); Bodensee bei Bodman, 3 pupae, 12. vi. 1962, F. Reiss (ZSM No. I). ITALY: Lago Maggiore, 3 pupae, 9. v. 1960, F. Lenz (ZSM). TUNISIA: Gouvernorat de Tunis, Saint-Germain, 1 male, 12. ix. 1942, Clastrier (ZSM No. 520). MOROCCO: South Marrakesh, Lalla Taerkoust dam, 1 pupa, 26. vi. 1992, H. Laville (ZSM). Diagnostic characters. Among species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, base of superior volsella with microtrichia, tergite IX with less than 15 median setae, and cell m basal of RM with more than 10 setae, the species is characterized by having a slightly spatulate anal point, cell m basal of RM with 22 – 33 setae, squama with 7 – 15 setae, and projection of superior volsella normally without a lateral seta. The species is close to P. (Pe.) uncinatum, which, however, has a longer, parallel-sided anal point and always has a lateral seta on the projection of the superior volsella. The pupa can be distinguished from other Pentapedilum species by the low number of taeniae (10 – 13), caudolateral spur with 1 apical or bifid tooth and 1 – 3 lateral teeth plus several accessory points. Conjunctive III / IV lack spines, and pedes spurii B is not well developed. Male (n = 5 – 6, unless otherwise stated) Total length 3.63 – 3.74 (3) mm. Wing length 2.05 – 2.31 (3) mm. Total length / wing length 1.58 – 1.78 (3). Wing length / length of profemur 2.41 – 2.73 (3). Thorax and abdominal segments dark brown to brown; femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head (Fig. 26 A). AR 1.21 – 1.56, 1.45. Ultimate flagellomere 517 – 685, 609 µm long. Temporal setae 12 including 2 – 5, 4 inner verticals; 3 – 5, 4 outer verticals; and 2 – 3, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 16 – 24, 19 setae. Tentorium 117 – 143, 131 µm long; 5 – 9, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 131 – 162, 148 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 26 – 47, 36; 39 – 58, 49; 135 – 159, 144; 136 – 148, 140; 200 – 221, 211. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.25 – 1.57, 1.46. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 26 B). Acrostichals 10 – 12, 11; dorsocentrals 14 – 24, 17; prealars 4 – 6, 5 (4). Scutellum with 7 – 8, 8 (5) setae. Wing (Fig. 26 E). Anal lobe developed. VR 1.09 – 1.21, 1.15. Brachiolum 2 – 3, 3 setae; R with 31 – 61, 48; R 1 with 37 – 43, 40; R 4 + 5 with 57 – 88, 72; Sc with 14 – 33, 22; RM with 0 – 2, 1; M with 8 – 12, 10; M 1 + 2 with 56 – 67, 61; M 3 + 4 with 54 – 65, 59; Cu with 29 – 40, 32; Cu 1 with 19 – 32, 24; PCu with 28 – 44, 40; An with 10 – 34, 18 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2 and m 3 + 4 each with more than 100 macrotrichia; cell m basal of RM with 22 – 33, 30; cu plus an with 90 to more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 7 – 15, 11 (4) setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 26 C) 29 – 37, 34 µm long, triangular, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia (Fig. 26 D) 48 – 51, 46 µm long; on hind tibia 57 – 64, 58 µm long. Comb on midtibia 12 – 23, 17 µm long; combs on hind tibia 14 – 28, 20 µm and 12 – 21, 13 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 38 – 49, 45 µm; of midtibia 28 – 49, 36 µm; of hind tibia 55 – 64, 58 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 31. Hypopygium (Fig. 26 F). Tergite IX with 7 – 13, 10 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 – 3, 3 setae. Anal point 51 – 64, 57 µm long, 6 – 14, 10 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 5 – 10, 8 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 26 – 65, 42 µm long; phallapodeme 58 – 100, 78 µm long. Gonocoxite 129 – 193, 148 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 26 H – K) 58 – 81, 72 µm long; base bare with 1 – 5, 3 inner setae; projection rarely with lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 26 G) 93 – 125, 108 µm long, nearly parallelsided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 145 – 179, 165 µm long. HR 0.75 – 1.13; HV 1.63 – 2.23 (3). wise stated). Pupa (n = 10, unless otherwise stated) Total length 3.31 – 4.88, 4.09 (6) mm. Frontal setae, exuviae cephalothorax, margins of segments and caudolateral spur brown. Cephalothorax (Figs 27 A – C). Frontal apotome as in Figure 27 A, cephalic tubercules absent. Frontal setae 36 – 57, 53 (5) µm long. Prealar tubercle apparently absent. Wing sheath 1.17 – 1.54, 1.40 mm long. Abdomen (Figs 27 D – I). Tergite I bare; tergites II – VI each with strong, prominent anterior row of spines. Tergites II – VI with medial anterior to posterior patches of shagreen, VII with sparse, weak anterior to posterior shagreen. Tergites VII and VIII both bare or with paired anterolateral spots of fine spinules, and without shagreen. Conjunctive IV / V with 2 – 3 transverse bands of posterior pointed spinules or spines. Tergite II with single row of 53 – 89, 71 (6) caudal hooks. Pedes spurii A present on segment IV. Pedes spurii B weakly developed on II. Caudolateral spur (Fig. 27 I) 49 – 98, 82 µm long, with bifid tooth or occasionally 1 strong apical tooth with several accessory points. Segments I – IV without L taeniae, V and VI each with 3 taeniae; VII and VIII each with 4 taeniae. Anal lobe fringe with 10 – 13, 12 (8) taeniae. Length of genital sac overreach 191 – 416, 301 µm.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE4FFB8FF13FD0C8F28F8CF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The foretibial scale is triangular with blunt apex. One of two specimens from Bergen, Norway, has a lateral seta on the projection of the superior volsella, absent in all other examined specimens. All specimens observed lack microtrichia on the superior volsella, although specimens described and illustrated by some authors (e. g. Pinder 1978) bear microtrichia.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE4FFB8FF13FD0C8F28F8CF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the Czech Republic, France (including Corsica), Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Macedonia, Norway, Portugal, Spain, North Africa, Iran, Switzerland, Iraq, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan (Saether & Spies 2004).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE0FFB9FF13FF5C8FF5FB49.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE0FFB9FF13FF5C8FF5FB49.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PALAU: Babelthuap Island, Ulimang, paratype male, 9. xii. 1947, H. S. Dybas (BM) Diagnostic characters. The subapically placed lateral seta of the superior volsella combined with the lack of inner basal setae and basal microtrichia will separate the species from all other members of the subgenus. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing length 0.92 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.09. Thorax, abdomen, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 0.75. Ultimate flagellomere 254 µm long. Thorax. Acrostichals 6, dorsocentrals 8, prealars 3. Scutellum with 4 setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.28. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc with 0 setae, R with 8, R 1 with 23, R 4 + 5 with 26, M with 8, RM with 1, M 1 + 2 with 22, M 3 + 4 with 12, Cu with 6, Cu 1 with 2 PCu with 11, An with 4 setae. Cells with very few and sparse macrotrichia. Squama damaged, with 2 – 3 setae according to Tokunaga (1964). Legs. Scale on foretibia 19 µm long, subtriangular but not apically pointed and without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 14 µm long, on hind tibia 38 µm long. Comb on midtibia 14 µm long, combs on hind tibia 14 µm and 12 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 19 µm, of midtibia 31 µm, of hind tibia 35 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 32. Hypopygium. Tergite IX and laterosternite IX not discernible. Anal point 22 µm long, 6 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 2 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 13 µm long; phallapodeme not discernible. Gonocoxite 75 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 G) 35 µm long, base bare without inner setae; projection slender, curved apically, with 1 subapical seta. Inferior volsella 56 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 107 µm long. HR 0.70.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE0FFB9FF13FF5C8FF5FB49.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Belau, Palau, Republic of Kiribati and Caroline Islands.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE0FFB9FF13F9888843F893.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Kribi in Cameroon.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE3FFBAFF13FF5C898EFAF9.taxon	description	(Figs 28 A – B)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE3FFBAFF13FF5C898EFAF9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA: Tibet, Xiachayu County, Dongqiong, 1700 m a. s. l., holotype male, 24. v. 1988, light trap, C. Deng (NU No. 05161). Diagnostic characters. The broad anal point (convexum group) combined with the vestigial projection of the superior volsella separate the species from all other species of the subgenus. Male (n = 1) Total length 2.65 mm. Wing length 1.77 mm. Total length / wing length 1.50. Wing length / length of profemur 2.21. Thorax yellowish brown with dark brown postnotum, vittae and preepisternum; abdomen yellowish brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.04. Ultimate flagellomere 503 µm long. Temporal setae 10 including 3 inner verticals, 5 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 22 setae. Tentorium 137 µm long, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 34, 42, 112, 128, 221. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.98. Thorax. Acrostichals 13, dorsocentrals 13, prealars 4. Scutellum with 7 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately reduced. VR 1.21. Brachiolum with 2 seta, Sc with 6, R with 35, R 1 with 23, R 4 + 5 with 64, M with 11, RM with 2, M 1 + 2 with 63, M 3 + 4 with 38, Cu with 26, Cu 1 with 18, PCu with 48, An with 33 setae. Cells with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 6 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia including spur 49 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 75 µm long, on hind tibia 77 µm long. Comb on midtibia 26 µm long, combs on hind tibia 28 µm and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 47 µm, of midtibia 49 µm, of hind tibia 54 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 33. Hypopygium (Fig. 28 A). Tergite IX with 12 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 39 µm long, 68 µm wide at base, 47 µm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 44 µm long; phallapodeme 96 µm long. Gonocoxite 151 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 28 B) 29 µm long, base with microtrichia and 5 inner setae, projection with 1 long apical seta. Inferior volsella 91 µm long, parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 121 µm long. HR 1.25; HV 2.19.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE3FFBAFF13FF5C898EFAF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Tibet, China.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE3FFB4FF13F9B389F9FC5C.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 F)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE3FFB4FF13F9B389F9FC5C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA: Tianjin City, Nankai University, holotype male, 20. v. 1986, light trap, X. Wang (NU No. 05188). Diagnostic characters. The male can be distinguished from other species with numerous macrotrichia on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, no spur on foretibia, and microtrichiose base of superior volsella, by having two lateral setae on the projection of the superior volsella, tergite IX with 25 median setae, AR of about 1.9, about 49 dorsocentrals, and inferior volsella nearly parallel-sided. The species is similar to P. (Pe.) esakii which, however, has only one lateral setae on the projection of the superior volsella, is less setaceous, and has an AR of only about 0.5. Male (n = 1) Wing length 2.93 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.49. Thorax, abdominal segments, femur, tibia and tarsi dark brown. Head. AR 1.93. Ultimate flagellomere 565 µm long. Temporal setae 10. Clypeus with 45 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 62, 77, 233, 217, last segment lost. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 30, dorsocentrals 49, prealars 15. Scutellum not clear. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.08. Brachiolum 7 setae, Sc not discernible, R with 111, R 1 with 80, R 4 + 5 with 129, M with 20, RM with 3, M 1 + 2 with 62, M 3 + 4 with 82, Cu with 75. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM, cu plus an each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama damaged, with 4 setae according to Zhang and Wang (2005). Legs. Scale on foretibia 75 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 72 µm long, on hind tibia 119 µm long. Comb on midtibia 33 µm long, combs on hind tibia 37 µm and 14 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 58 µm, of midtibia 77 µm, of hind tibia 87 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 34. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 25 median setae, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point 91 µm long, 19 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided, with 14 µm wide rounded apex. Transverse sternapodeme 89 µm long; phallapodeme 110 µm long. Gonocoxite 254 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 F) 114 µm long, base broad with microtrichia and 5 inner setae, projection apically curved, with 2 lateral setae situated close to base. Inferior volsella 65 µm long, nearly parallel-sided with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus broad, 219 µm long. HR 1.16.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE3FFB4FF13F9B389F9FC5C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from China.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEDFFB5FF13FAF38A72FD7A.taxon	description	(Fig. 28 C)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEDFFB5FF13FAF38A72FD7A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TAIWAN: Anping, holotype female, 2 paratype females, 4. x. 1912, H. Sauter (DEI, Germany). Diagnostic characters. A small species with an usually large spherical seminal capsule with unsclerotized neck. Female (n = 3, unless otherwise stated) Wing length 1.07 – 1.15 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.47 – 2.65 (2). Thorax, pale brown, dark at scutum, postnotum and preepisternum; abdomen, femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 0.36 (1). Length of flagellomeres (in µm) 97 (1), 82 (1), 62 (1), 39 (1), 107 (1). Temporal setae 10. Clypeus with 23 – 31 setae. Thorax. Acrostichals 17 (1), dorsocentrals 23 – 25 (2), prealars 3 – 6. Scutellum 6 – 7 setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.29 – 1.40. Brachiolum with 1 (2) setae, R with 35 (1), R 1 with 35 (1), R 4 + 5 with 50 (1), M with 7 (1), RM with 4 (1), M 1 + 2 with 69 (1), M 3 + 4 with 29 (1), Cu with 20 (1), PCu with 17 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM; cu plus an with few to numerous macrotrichia. Squama with 2 – 4 setae (2). Legs. Scale on foretibia 23 – 27 (2) µm long, with blunt apex. Spur on midtibia 44 – 45 (2) µm long, hind tibia lost. Combs on midtibia 18 (1) µm and 41 µm (1) long. Width at apex of foretibia 29 – 30 (2) µm, of midtibia 41 (1) µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 35. Genitalia (Fig. 28 C). Gonocoxite IX with 2 – 3 (2) setae, tergite IX with 27 – 28 (2) setae, segment X with 4 (2) setae. Cercus 53 – 57 (2) µm long. Seminal capsule ovoid, neck not sclerotized. Notum 80 – 87 (2) µm long. Dorsomesal lobe 57 – 62 (2) µm long, 32 – 34 (2) µm wide; ventrolateral lobe slightly curved, brush-like. Postgenital plate nearly U-shaped.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEDFFB5FF13FAF38A72FD7A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species is known only as female.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEDFFB5FF13FAF38A72FD7A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Taiwan. wise stated).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFECFFB6FF13FC0E88D3FED9.taxon	description	(Figs 28 D – G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFECFFB6FF13FC0E88D3FED9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. SOUTH KOREA: Kyongpo Province, Kangnung, holotype male, 3. vi. 1998, H. I. Ree (KYU No. CH 1514). Diagnostic characters. Among species with less than 100 setae in cell m 1 + 2, foretibial scale without spur, and base of superior volsella with microtrichia, the species is distinguished by having the inferior volsella apically bifurcate and base of superior volsella with 2 – 3 inner setae.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFECFFB6FF13FC0E88D3FED9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Prof. H. I. Ree, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, who made the specimen available. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing length 1.62 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.18. Thorax, abdomen, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.48. Ultimate flagellomere 612 µm long Temporal setae 9 including 4 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 1 postorbitals. Clypeus with 25 setae. Tentorium 117 µm long, 3 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 38, 39, 106, 110, 183. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.72. Thorax. Acrostichals 14, dorsocentrals 16, prealars not discernible. Scutellum not discernible. Wing (Fig. 28 D). Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.36. Brachiolum with 2 setae, Sc with 13, R with 27, R 1 with 19, R 4 + 5 with 37, M with 6, RM with 3, M 1 + 2 with 40, M 3 + 4 with 30, Cu with 22, Cu 1 with 12, PCu with 30, An with 0 setae. Cell m basal of RM bare, cells r 4 + 5 with more than 100, m 1 + 2, with about 90, m 3 + 4, and an plus cu with not more than 50 macrotrichia. Squama with 4 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 28 E) 37 µm long, triangular, without apical spur. Spur on midtibia (Fig. 28 F) 64 µm long, on hind tibia 66 µm long. Comb on midtibia 23 µm long, combs on hind tibia 21 µm and 16 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 41 µm, of midtibia 45 µm, of hind tibia 49 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 36. Hypopygium (Fig. 28 G). Tergite IX with 8 median setae, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point 50 µm long, 11 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 8 µm wide rounded apex. Anal tergite band weakly fused. Transverse sternapodeme 44 µm long; phallapodeme 48 µm long. Gonocoxite 128 µm long. Superior volsella 57 µm long, base with some microtrichia and 2 – 3 inner setae, projection with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella 89 µm long, nearly parallel-sided with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 152 µm long. HR 0.84.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFECFFB6FF13FC0E88D3FED9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the holotype from South Korea.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEFFFB6FF13FD7989E3F83B.taxon	description	(Fig. 29)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEFFFB6FF13FD7989E3F83B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. INDIA: West Bengal, Palasi, paratype male, 18. viii. 1986, S. Chattobadhyay (ZSM); West Bengal, Bastar, paratype male, 7. iv. 1980, S. Ahmed (ZSM). Diagnostic characters. Among species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, base of superior volsella without microtrichia and with 4 – 5 inner setae, the species can be distinguished by having the lateral seta of the projection of the superior volsella placed basally, scutellum with 25 – 27 setae, and brachiolum with 7 – 8 setae. Male (n = 2) Total length not measurable; 3.24 mm according to Guha and Chaudhuri (1985). Wing length 1.83 – 2.00 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 1.95 – 2.18. Brown. Head. AR 1.98 (1). Ultimate flagellomere 813 (1) µm long. Thorax. Acrostichals 14, dorsocentrals 34 – 39, prealars 4. Scutellum with 25 – 27 setae. Wing (Fig. 29 A). Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.18 – 1.43. Brachiolum with 7 – 8 setae, R with 59 – 62, R 1 with 79 – 86, R 4 + 5 with 77 – 87, Sc with 58 – 69, RM with 1 – 3, M with 19 – 22, M 1 + 2 with 65 – 85, M 3 + 4 with 31 – 63, Cu with 34 – 72, Cu 1 with 24 – 26, PCu with 97 – 124, An with 32 – 35 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM and cu plus an each with numerous macrotrichia. Squama with 9 – 14 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 29 B) 45 – 48 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 66 – 70 µm long, on hind tibia 66 – 69 µm long. Comb on midtibia 25 – 30 µm long, combs on hind tibia 14 – 32 µm and 29 – 30 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 57 – 61 µm, of midtibia 51 – 55 µm, of hind tibia 62 – 69 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 37. Hypopygium (Fig. 29 E). Tergite IX with 14 – 15 median setae, laterosternite IX with 5 setae. Anal point stout, 76 – 90 µm long, 18 – 19 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 17 – 18 µm wide, blunt apex. Transverse sternapodeme 39 – 57 µm long; phallapodeme 100 – 120 µm long. Gonocoxite 183 – 212 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 29 C, D) 57 – 67 µm long, base bare with 4 – 5 inner setae, projection may be slightly curved at apex, with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 29 F) 86 – 99 µm long.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEFFFB6FF13FD7989E3F83B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The AR is 1.98, not 3.00; the HR is higher than 1.00, not 0.57, as stated by Guha and Chaudhuri (1985). Their illustration of the hypopygium is also inaccurate and it is not impossible that their type series were mixed.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEFFFB6FF13FD7989E3F83B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from India.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE9FFB2FF13FF5C8A5CFE39.taxon	description	(Fig. 30)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE9FFB2FF13FF5C8A5CFE39.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Lake N’Gando near Ruanda, Volcano Karisimbi, 2.400 m a. s. l., paratypes male, female, 6. iii. 1935, G. F. deWitte (BMNH). Diagnostic characters. Among species with less than 100 setae in cell m 1 + 2, but slightly more in cell r 4 + 5, and foretibial scale with spur, the species is characterized by having cell m basal of RM bare, base of superior volsella bare, and an AR of about 1.75. In the female the wing is broader and the macrotrichia in all cells are denser. The dorsomesal lobe is broad caudally, and the ventrolateral lobe is arc-shaped with brush-like bristles. Male (n = 1) Total length. Wing length 2.37 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.44. Brown. Head. Antenna incomplete, but AR according to Freeman (1955 a) about 1.75. Temporal setae 13, including 3 inner verticals, 7 outer verticals, and 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 21 setae. Tentorium 152 µm long, 6 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 169 µm long. Palp lost. Thorax. Acrostichals 14, dorsocentrals 20, prealars 5. Scutellum apparently with 5 setae. Wing (Fig. 30 A). Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.21. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 26, R 1 with 18, R 4 + 5 with 42, Sc bare, RM with 1, M with 3, M 1 + 2 with 49, M 3 + 4 with 15, Cu 1 with 6 and An with 28 setae, Cu and PCu bare. Cells r 4 + 5, with about 100, m 1 + 2 with about 72 macrotrichia, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM and an plus cu bare. Squama with 6 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 30 B) 32 µm long, with 13 µm long apical spur. Spurs on midtibia (Fig. 30 C) 69 µm long, on hind tibia (Fig. 30 D) 65 µm long. Comb on midtibia 17 µm long, combs on hind tibia 26 µm and 24 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 55 µm, of midtibia 57 µm, of hind tibia 67 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 38. Hypopygium (Fig. 30 E). Tergite IX with 9 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 69 µm long, 21 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 10 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 38 µm long; phallapodeme 79 µm long. Gonocoxite 164 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 30 G) 70 µm long, base bare with 3 inner setae, projection with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 30 F) 145 µm long, parallel-sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 145 µm long. HR 1.13. Female (n = 1) Total length 2.99 mm. Wing length 2.58 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.42. Brown. Thorax. Acrostichals 10, dorsocentrals 27, prealars 6. Scutellum with 11 setae. Head. Antennae missing. Temporal setae 10, including 4 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals, and 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 31 setae. Tentorium 167 µm long, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 150 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 43, 60, 179, 145, last segment not measurable. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.12. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 33, R 1 with 41, R 4 + 5 with 80, Sc bare, RM with 1, M with 19, M 1 + 2 with 68, M 3 + 4 with 42, Cu with 21, Cu 1 with 20, PCu with 19 and An with 33 setae. Cells r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 each with more than 100 macrotrichia; cells m 3 + 4 with about 100, cell m basal of RM with about 30, cu plus an with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 7 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 48 µm long. Spurs on midtibia broken, on hind tibia 68 µm long. Comb on midtibia 26 µm long, combs on hind tibia 29 µm and 19 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 64 µm, of midtibia 76 µm, of hind tibia 77 µm. Length of leg segments (in mm): fore femur 1.07, foretibia 0.84; midfemur 1.13, midtibia 1.07, hind femur 1.23, hind tibia 1.22. Other segments missing. Genitalia (Figs 30 H). Gonocoxite IX with 7 setae, tergite IX with 18 setae, segment X with 7 setae. Cercus 125 µm long, 7 µm wide at apex, with 1 apical seta. Seminal capsule ovoid, 83 µm long, 49 µm wide; neck sclerotized, 7 µm long. Notum 181 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 30 K) caudally broad; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 30 J) arched; apodeme lobe (Fig. 30 I) curved downwards, nearly L-shaped. Postgenital plate triangular.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFE9FFB2FF13FF5C8A5CFE39.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, and Morocco (Langton & Visser 2003).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEBFF8CFF13FDEC89D4FF29.taxon	description	(Fig. 31)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEBFF8CFF13FDEC89D4FF29.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GERMANY: Eastern Holstein, holotype male, 8. viii. 1918, A. Thienemann (ZSM). Diagnostic characters. The male can be separated from other species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale with spur, base of superior volsella bare and projection curved, by having the seta on the superior volsella projection placed in basal half, inferior volsella not clubbed, and wing cell m basal of RM with numerous macrotrichia. The species is very similar to P. (Pe.) longisetum, which, however, has a clubbed inferior volsella and wing cell m basal of RM with only about 40 macrotrichia. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing length 2.48 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.27. Thorax dark brown, abdominal segments, femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head (Fig. 31 A). AR 2.04. Ultimate flagellomere 979 µm long. Temporal setae 19 including 7 inner verticals, 7 outer verticals, and 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 33 setae. Tentorium 167 µm long, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes not discernible. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 55, 65, 207, 195, fifth palpomere lacking. Thorax (Fig. 31 B). Acrostichals 11, dorsocentrals 37, prealars 12. Scutellum with 14 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.00. Brachiolum with 9 setae, R with 137, R 1 with 89, R 4 + 5 with 157, Sc with 112, RM with 4, M with 31, M 1 + 2 with 146, M 3 + 4 with 104, Cu with 81, Cu 1 with 61, PCu with 140, An with 17 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM; cu plus an with dense macrotrichia. Squama with 10 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 31 C) including minute apical spur 57 µm long. Spurs on midtibia (Fig. 31 D) 69 µm long, on hind tibia (Fig. 31 E) 69 µm long. Comb on midtibia 24 µm long, combs on hind tibia 26 µm and 21 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 65 µm, of midtibia 71 µm, of hind tibia 78 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 39. Hypopygium (Figs 31 F). Tergite IX with 29 median setae, laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal point 95 µm long, 17 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 15 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 87 µm long; phallapodeme 127 µm long. Gonocoxite 217 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 31 H) 98 µm long, base bare with 5 inner setae, projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 31 G) 121 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 171 µm long. HR 1.26.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFEBFF8CFF13FDEC89D4FF29.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Germany.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD5FF8EFF13FEFC89FDFE39.taxon	description	(Fig. 32)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD5FF8EFF13FEFC89FDFE39.taxon	description	Diagnostic characters. Among species with less than 100 setae in each of cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5, foretibial scale without spur, and base of superior volsella with microtrichia and 4 – 6 inner setae, the species is distinguished by having the setae of the projection of the superior volsella placed medially and the base completely covered by microtrichia. The species is quite similar to P. (Pe.) kamosecundum, which, however, has a less microtrichiose base of the superior volsella, a more basally placed lateral seta of the projection, inner margin of projection rugulose, and a small V-shaped ridge at the base of the anal point. The pupa has median shagreen on tergite II and some shagreen on tergite VII, conjunctive III / IV with spinules, and apparently reduced pedes spurii B. The larva has a mandible with dorsal tooth, median teeth of mentum slightly longer than or subequal to second lateral teeth, third antennal segment slightly longer than fourth, and antennal blade shorter than flagellum and reaching base of fifth segment. Male (from Sasa 1979) Total length 2.6 – 2.8 mm. Wing length 1.68 – 1.95 mm. Thorax yellow with brown vittae; abdominal segments almost uniformly dark brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.43 – 1.57. Temporal setae 8. Clypeus with 16 setae. Palpomere 2 – 5 lengths (in µm): 53, 113, 116, 188. Thorax (Sasa 1979, fig. 16 B). Acrostichals 10, dorsocentrals 14, prealars 5. Scutellum with 8 setae. Wing (Sasa 1979, fig. 17 F). Anal lobe weak. Cell m basal of RM apparently bare. Squama with 6 – 8 setae. Legs (Sasa 1979, fig. 16 D – E). Scale on foretibia without spur. LR 1 1.7 – 1.8. Hypopygium (Fig. 32 A; Sasa 1979, fig. 17 A – E). Tergite IX with 8 – 9 median setae. Anal point 58 µm long, 10 µm wide, parallel-sided. Base of superior volsella (Fig. 32 B) covered with microtrichia, with 5 inner setae, projection with 1 seta. Inferior volsella about 120 µm long; parallel-sided with prominent apical seta. Female (from Sasa 1979) Total length 1.6 – 2.3 mm. Wing length 1.68 – 2.11 mm. Coloration as in male. Head (Sasa, 1979, fig. 16 A). Antenna as in Sasa (1979, fig. 16 C). Lengths of antennal segments (in µm): 67, 137, 92, 96, 161. Temporal setae 8. Palpomere 2 – 5 lengths (in µm): 53, 123, 133, 227. Thorax. Scutellum with 10 setae. Wing (Sasa 1979, fig. 17 F). Anal lobe weak. Squama with 3 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia without spur. LR 1 1.8 – 1.9. Genitalia. Cercus as in Sasa (1979, fig. 16 G). Seminal capsules as in Sasa (1979, fig. 16 F). Pupa (from Sasa 1979) Total length 3.5 – 3.9 mm. Frontal seta, cephalothorax, margins of segments and caudolateral spur brown. Cephalothorax (Sasa 1979, fig. 18 A). Thoracic horn with 7 branches (Sasa 1979, fig. 17 G). Abdomen (Fig. 32 C; Sasa 1979, fig. 18 B – C). Tergite I bare, tergites II – VI each with strong, prominent anterior row of spines; tergite II and III with few weak and sparse or occasionally extensive medial shagreen; tergites II and III each with median band of spinules, tergite IV with two median patches, tergite V with single median patch and two posterior patches of spinules, tergite VI with two median patches and two posterior patches of spinules, tergite VII with paired anterolateral spots of spinules, tergite VIII bare. Tergites VII and VIII both without additional shagreen. Conjunctives III / IV and IV / V with multiserial band of anterior pointed spinules. Tergite II apparently with mostly single row of more than 40 caudal hooks. Pedes spurii A present on segment IV. Pedes spurii B weakly developed on segment II. Caudolateral spur 105 – 176, 134 µm long, with 1 strong apical tooth, 2 – 4 lateral teeth and several accessory points. Segments I – IV without L taeniae, V and VI with 3 taeniae; VII and VIII with 4 taeniae. Anal lobe fringe with about 40 taeniae. Larva (from Sasa 1979) Total length 5.11 – 5.47, 5.23 mm. Head. AR about 1.1. Antenna as in Fig. 32 D (Sasa 1979, fig. 19 C), lengths of segments (in µm): 60, 19, 15, 14, 6. Blade 51 µm long, shorter than flagellum. Premandible, mandible (Fig. 32 E), mentum (Fig. 32 F), and epipharyngeal area as illustrated by Sasa (1979, fig. 19). Abdomen. Procercus with 8 anal setae. Anal tubules 120 – 165 µm long.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD5FF8EFF13FEFC89FDFE39.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species could possibly be a senior synonym of P. (Pe.) kamosecundum.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD5FF8EFF13FEFC89FDFE39.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD7FF8BFF13FDEC893FFAE1.taxon	description	(Figs 33 – 34)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD7FF8BFF13FDEC893FFAE1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BELGIUM: Genval, 2 males [marked syntype but collected in 1917], 28. vi. 1917, 10. vii. 1917, A. Tonnoir (IRSN No. 893); Postel, 5 males, vii. 1922, G. Severin (IRSN); Destelbergen, 1 male, 18. xi. 1919, G. Severin (IRSN). GERMANY: West Parle, Munich, 2 males, B. Peters (ZSM Nos. 4.1, 4.2); Ost-Holstein, Unterer Schierenseebach, 1 male, 02. viii. 1986, U. Holm (ZSM No. 196); Ost-Holstein, Trammersee, 1 male with associated pupae, 21. viii. 1951, I. Müller-Liebenau (ZSM); Ober-Bayern, Weβlinger See, 3 pupae, 01. viii. 1990, N. Reiff (ZSM); Bodensee-Gebiet, 4 pupae, 27. v. 1962, F. Reiss (ZSM); unknown locality, 3 pupae A. Thienemann (ZSM 173). NORWAY: Hordaland, Øygarden, Alvøy, Dalsvatn, 1 male, 05. vi. 1987, T. Andersen (ZMBN). THE NETHERLANDS: Friesland, Scheeme, 3 larvae, 28. vi. 76, T. Claassen (ZSM). USA: Minnesota, Washington County, Stillwater, 1 male, 9. vi. 1969, D. E. Maschwitz (UMSP); Minnesota, Becker County, Hubble Pond, 1 male, 16. viii. 1982, light trap, N. Kirsch (UMSP No. 8); Minnesota, Clear water County, Sucker Brook, 1 female with associated larva and pupa, 03. viii. 1969, D. E. Maschwitz (UMSP No. R- 67); Minnesota, Shoreview, 1 female with associated larva and pupa, 18. vii. 1969, D. E. Maschwitz (UMSP No. R- 61); Montana, Beaver Creek Park, 1 male, 24. vi. 1968, light trap, R. A. Hellenthal (UMSP); Ohio, Fern Lake Bog, Geauga, 1 male, 1 female, 2 pupae, 2 larvae, 02. viii. 1992, 12. vi. 1992, M. J. Bolton (Nos. 34, 35, 36, 37). MONGOLIA: Wolfssprung, Conocharajch, 1 male, 05. viii. 1977, M. Stubbe (ZSM); Somon, Dörgön, Aimak choud, 1 male, 17. viii. 1980, M. Stubbe (ZSM). Diagnostic characters. Among species with densely haired wing membrane, abdomen with broad dark bands and foretibial scale normally with spur, only P. (Pe.) sordens has the base of the superior volsella bare and the inferior volsella parallel-sided. The female can be distinguished by the peculiar shape of the lobes of gonapophysis VIII, especially the ventrolateral lobe which is nearly S-shaped and the dorsomesal lobe. The pupa has shagreen pattern on tergites IV and V in 4 separate patches. The larva has the third and fourth antennal segments subequal in length; and very broad and wide ventromental plates, with the width nearly 5 times the distance between the ventromental plates. Male (n = 13 – 19, unless otherwise stated) Total length 3.48 – 5.13, 4.14 (10) mm. Wing length 2.10 – 3.02, 2.49 mm. Total length / wing length 1.59 – 1.85, 1.69 (8). Wing length / length of profemur 2.29 – 2.92, 2.50. Thorax brown to dark brown; abdominal segments with broad dark brown bands (Fig. 40 E); femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head (Fig. 33 A). AR 1.78 – 2.03, 1.94. Ultimate flagellomere 729 – 959, 870 µm long. Temporal setae 9 – 16 including 3 – 9, 5 inner verticals; 3 – 6, 4 outer verticals; and 1 – 4, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 22 – 40, 30 setae. Tentorium 121 – 202, 166 µm long; 6 – 17, 9 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 121 – 238, 171 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 32 – 52, 40; 57 – 80, 65; 169 – 212, 191 (11); 155 – 231, 171 (11); 249 – 307, 237 (7). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.41 – 1.63, 1.49 (7). Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 33 B). Acrostichals 8 – 25, 16; dorsocentrals 20 – 55, 36; prealars 7 – 13, 9. Scutellum with 8 – 25, 16 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.03 – 1.13, 1.08. Brachiolum with 3 – 7, 6 setae; R with 48 – 92, 74; R 1 with 48 – 112, 75; R 4 + 5 with 92 – 164, 126; Sc with 27 – 88, 61; RM with 2 – 5, 3; M with 8 – 32, 24; M 1 + 2 with 55 – 130, 76; M 3 + 4 with 43 – 122, 77; Cu with 72 – 120, 79; Cu 1 with 25 – 50, 36; PCu with 73 – 115, 95; An with 28 – 61, 49 (11) setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM, cu plus an each with dense macrotrichia. Squama with 8 – 18, 11 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 33 C) 38 – 71, 58 µm long, with minute up to 19 µm long apical or subapical spur. Spurs on midtibia 40 – 80, 62 µm long; on hind tibia 43 – 82, 66 µm long. Comb on midtibia 15 – 29, 21 µm long; combs on hind tibia 24 – 34, 29 µm and 12 – 28, 20 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 48 – 71, 60 µm; of midtibia 61 – 77, 67 µm; of hind tibia 43 – 82, 73 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 40. Hypopygium (Fig. 33 G). Tergite IX with 10 – 22, 15 median setae; laterosternite IX with 2 – 3, 2 setae. Anal point 71 – 137, 94 µm long, 8 – 38, 17 wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 8 – 18, 12 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 62 – 133, 93 µm long; phallapodeme 88 – 140, 110 µm long. Gonocoxite 193 – 267, 230 µm long. Superior volsella (33 J – G) 73 – 112, 91 µm long; base bare with 3 – 5, 4 inner setae; projection with 0 – 1 lateral setae. Inferior volsella (33 H, I) 124 – 189, 160 µm long; parallel-sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus broad, 174 – 224, 196 µm long. HR 0.90 – 1.35, 1.21; HV 1.85 – 2.59, 2.16 (9). Female (n = 1 – 3) Total length not measurable. Wing length 1.94 – 2.39 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.43 – 2.66. Thorax dark brown at postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum, and scutum or almost completely brown; abdominal segments with or without broad dark bands; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 0.36 – 0.49. Length of flagellomeres (in µm): 132 – 142, 86 – 90, 86 – 102, 52 – 71, 126 – 190. Temporal setae 12 – 14, including 3 – 5 inner verticals, 4 – 5 outer verticals, and 2 – 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 33 – 39 setae. Tentorium 133 – 157 µm long, 8 – 10 µm wide at sieve pore, 5 – 6 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 124 – 159 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 31 – 42, 45 – 51, 142 – 157, 145 – 147, 226 – 261. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.44 – 1.76. Thorax. Acrostichals 14 – 18, dorsocentrals 28 – 39, prealars 6 – 12. Scutellum with 12 – 19 setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.10 – 1.18. Brachiolum with 1 – 5 setae, R with 49 – 66, R 1 with 63 – 80, R 4 + 5 with 99 – 118, Sc with 4 – 62, RM with 2 – 3, M with 20 – 29, PCu with 71 (1) setae. Setae on veins M 1 + 2, M 3 + 4, Cu, Cu 1, and An obscure because wing membrane densely covered with macrotrichia. Squama with 7 – 18 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 38 – 57 µm long, with apical or subapical 9 µm long spur. Spurs on midtibia 47 – 60 µm long, on hind tibia 51 – 70 µm long. Comb on midtibia 17 – 22 µm long, combs on hind tibia 20 – 26 µm and 14 – 24 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 49 – 60 µm, of midtibia 55 – 60 µm, of hind tibia 63 – 77 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 41. Genitalia (Fig. 33 P). Gonocoxite IX with 3 – 6 setae, tergite IX with 13 – 42 setae, segment X with 8 – 9 setae. Cercus 131 – 147 µm long, 2 – 4 µm wide at apex. Seminal capsule nearly spherical, 60 – 64 µm long, 40 – 58 µm wide; neck sclerotized, 11 – 15 µm long. Notum 144 – 174 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 33 S) 76 – 100 µm long, 22 – 44 µm wide, ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 33 Q) nearly S-shaped with straight brushes; apodeme lobe (Fig. 33 R) S-shaped. Postgenital plate triangular. Pupa (n = 13, unless otherwise stated) Total length 4.07 – 7.02, 5.90 (9) mm. Frontal seta, cephalothorax, margins of segments, and caudolateral spur brown. Cephalothorax (Figs 34 A – B). Cephalic tubercules absent. Frontal setae 39 – 64 (3) µm long. Prealar tubercle apparently absent. Wing sheath 1.26 – 2.12, 1.79 mm long. Abdomen (Figs 34 C – E). Tergite I bare, tergites II – VI each with strong, prominent anterior row of spines; tergites II – III with few weak and sparse or occasionally extensive medial shagreen; tergites IV – V with two patches of extensive medial and two distinct patches of posterior shagreen, tergite VII with only two patches of posterior shagreen. Tergite VII with paired anterolateral spots of spinules, tergite VIII bare. Tergites VII – VIII without shagreen. Conjunctive IV / V with multiserial band of anterior pointed spinules. Tergite II with single row of 52 – 74, 60 (7) caudal hooks. Pedes spurii A present on segment IV. Pedes spurii B weakly developed on segment II. Caudolateral spur (Figs 34 F, G) 105 – 176, 134 µm long; with 1 strong apical tooth, 2 – 4 lateral teeth and several accessory points. Segments I – IV without L taeniae, V – VI each with 3 taeniae; VII – VIII each with 4 taeniae. Anal lobe fringe with 39 – 53, 45 taeniae. Length of genital sac overreach 243 – 488, 329 µm. Larva (n = 6 – 8, unless otherwise stated) Total length not measurable. Postmentum 2.09 – 2.45, 221 (5) µm long. Head segments brown with postoccipital margin, teeth of mentum and mandible dark brown. Frontoclypeal apotome not discernible. Head. AR 1.16 – 1.36, 1.25 (4). Antennal (Fig. 34 H) segment lengths (in µm) 58 – 82, 72; 20 – 30, 25; 10 – 18, 14; 11 – 18, 14; 4 – 5, 5 (5) (Fig. 42 E). Basal antennal segment 14 – 21, 17 µm wide, ring organs and sensory pits not discernible; blade 51 – 95, 61 µm (5) long, shorter than flagellum. Pecten epipharyngis (Fig. 34 L) consisting of 3 platelets, each with 4 – 5 unequal teeth. Premandible (Fig. 34 J) 97 – 117, 103 µm long, bifid with prominent premandibular brush. Mandible (Fig. 34 I) 157 – 176, 164 µm long with 1 apical and 3 inner teeth; seta subdentalis slender and well developed, distally straight; seta interna prominent; pecten mandibularis prominent and pointing towards teeth. Mentum (Fig. 34 K) 129 – 147, 138 µm wide, with 8 pairs of teeth. Median tooth 19 – 30, 25 µm wide, second lateral slightly shorter than median, first lateral tooth subequal to third, fourth to sixth decrease progressively to minute seventh. Ventromental plate 151 – 179, 161 µm wide; distance between plates 29 – 43, 35 µm; median apices of plates pointing towards each other. Ratio of ventromental plate / mentum 1.11 – 1.23, 1.20. Abdomen. Procercus 7 – 18, 11 (5) µm high, 14 – 38, 24 (5) µm wide; with 6 – 8 478 – 603, 536 (5) µm long anal setae. Supraanal setae 340 – 382 (2) µm long. Posterior parapods 155 – 307, 254 µm long. Anal tubules 115 – 268, 170 (3) µm long; 48 – 53, 51 (3) µm wide at base; 38 – 42, 39 (3) µm wide at middle and 11 – 14, 13 (3) µm wide at apex.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD7FF8BFF13FDEC893FFAE1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Most specimens bear an apical or subapical spur on the foretibia. However, a few specimens lack spur, but have a pointed scale. Two specimens from Mongolia lack a lateral seta on the projection of the superior volsella, confirming the description by Townes (1945). Some specimens from China have also been reported to lack the lateral seta on the projection of the superior volsella, and when present, the positions may vary (Zhang & Wang 2005). The projection of the superior volsella is slightly curved at apex and may be similar to P. (Pentapedilum) nubens and P. (Pentapedilum) scirpicola, but the species can be distinguished by the broad gonostylus and the banded abdominal segments. The larva of P. (Pe.) sordens and Asheum beckae (Sublette) are very similar. However, the antennal blade is shorter than the flagellum in P. (Pe.) sordens, longer in A. beckae. In both species the median tooth is slightly taller than the first lateral tooth, nearly of the same size as second lateral, followed by progressively shorter lateral teeth and a minute seventh tooth; but the first lateral tooth appear slightly lower in P. (Pe.) sordens than in A. beckae. The distance between the ventromental plates appears to be larger in A. beckae and the plates are more slender and posteriorly pointed in P. (Pe.) sordens. The larva of A. beckae, however, has not been examined and the differences mentioned may not stand closer scrutiny.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD7FF8BFF13FDEC893FFAE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in the Palaearctic region, China, Japan and USA (Oliver et al. 1990; Sasa & Kikuchi 1995; Saether & Spies 2004).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD2FF85FF13FAA4880AFD30.taxon	description	(Figs 35 A – D)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD2FF85FF13FAA4880AFD30.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA: Shanxi Province, Zhouhi County, Banfangzi town, holotype male, 10. viii. 1994, light trap, B. Ji (NU No. 06487). Diagnostic characters. The species can be distinguished from other species with numerous macrotrichia, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, and base of superior volsella covered with microtrichia, by having a superior volsella with a large base, with projection not longer than base, inferior volsella with two long apical setae, an anal point with basal V-shaped wedge, and squama with only 4 setae. Male (n = 1) Total length 2.78 mm. Wing length 1.69 mm. Total length / wing length 1.63. Wing length / length of profemur 2.14. Thorax brown at postnotum, antepronotum and preepisternum; abdomen yellowish brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.17. Ultimate flagellomere 546 µm long. Temporal setae 15 including 4 inner verticals, 9 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 17 setae. Tentorium 84 µm long, 5 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 32, 31, 110, 126, 212. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.94. Thorax. Acrostichals 15, dorsocentrals 14, prealars 6. Scutellum with 6 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.15. Brachiolum with 2 seta, Sc with 23, R with 25, R 1 with 26, R 4 + 5 with 65, M with 6, RM with 2, M 1 + 2 with 62, M 3 + 4 with 40, Cu with 23, Cu 1 with 28, PCu with 46, An with 30 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM, cu plus an each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 4 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 40 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 30 µm long, on hind tibia 33 µm long. Comb on midtibia 19 µm long, combs on hind tibia 23 µm and 13 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 47 µm, of midtibia 49 µm, of hind tibia 65 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 42. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 17 median setae, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point (Fig. 35 A) 44 µm long, 12 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 7 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 26 µm long; phallapodeme 105 µm long. Gonocoxite 149 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 35 D) 70 µm long, microtrichia present on base and part of projection, base with 3 inner setae, projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella (Figs 35 B – C) 89 µm long, parallel-sided, with 2 long prominent apical setae. Gonostylus 161 µm long. HR 0.98; HV 1.74.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD2FF85FF13FAA4880AFD30.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Shanxi Province, China.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDCFF86FF13FBFE89B8F82E.taxon	description	(Figs 35 E – I)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDCFF86FF13FBFE89B8F82E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Nagoya, male, 1980 (No. C- 27: 59); Nagoya, larva, 1981 (No. 27: 52). KOREA: Sopko, Asan, 3 males, 13. x. 1984, M. S. Kim (YU Nos. 2411, 2413, 2414); Sinjorg, Asan, 1 male, 25. ix. 1984, M. S. Kim (YU No. 2423). Diagnostic characters. Among species with less than 100 setae in cells m 1 + 2 and r 4 + 5, cell m basal of RM bare, and foretibial scale with spur, only P. (Pe.) tigrinum has abdominal segments with bands. The tentatively associated larva is characterized by a mentum with second lateral tooth taller than the median teeth; first lateral tooth very short and almost of the same size as fourth; third and sixth lateral teeth almost of the same size. Male (n = 5, unless otherwise stated) Wing length 1.44 – 1.67, 1.62 mm. Ground color of scutum yellow, median vittae dark brown, lateral vittae with anterior and posterior dark spots, scutellum yellow, postnotum largely dark brown. Abdomen largely yellowish; tergite I with large triangular dark mark, tergites II, IV, VI, and VII with broad transverse band. Femur, tibia and tarsi yellowish brown. Head. AR 1.38 – 1.68, 1.53 (4). Ultimate flagellomere 471 – 612, 546 (4) µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30 (1), 47 (1), 63 (1), 61 (1), 125 (1). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.98. Clypeus with 15 – 18 (3) setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.06 – 1.61, 1.33. Brachiolum with 1 – 2 (2) setae, Sc with 0; R with 19 – 24, 21; R 1 with 11 – 13, 12; R 4 + 5 with 23 – 33, 27; M with 0, RM with 0, M 1 + 2 with 10 – 33, 20; M 3 + 4 with 0, Cu with 0, Cu 1 with 0 PCu with 0 and An without setae. Cells r 4 + 5 with 12 – 19, 16 (4); m 1 + 2 with 8 – 19, 14 (4) macrotrichia; m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM and an plus cu all bare. Squama with 6 setae (1). Thorax. Acrostichals 7 – 14 (2); prealars 4 (1). Scutellum with 4 setae. Legs. Scale of foretibia (Fig. 35 E) 41 – 48, 45 µm long; with 6 – 9 (2) µm long apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 34 – 40, 37 µm long; on hind tibia 34 – 45, 41 µm long. Comb on midtibia 16 – 21, 18 µm long; combs on hind tibia 16 – 23, 21 µm and 18 – 21, 19 µm long. Width of foretibia 37 – 46, 43; of midtibia 42 – 57 µm; of hind tibia 45 – 47 (3) µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 43. erwise stated). Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 6 – 12 (2) median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 (2) setae. Anal tergite bands weakly fused. Anal point 48 – 62, 53 µm long; 6 – 11 (3) µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 3 – 6 (3) µm rounded apex. Gonocoxite 144 – 153 (3) µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 35 F) 62 – 82, 73 µm long; base with microtrichia and 2 – 3 inner setae; projection apically hooked with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella 77 – 96, 86 (4) µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 113 – 131 (3) µm long, narrow. HR 1.11 – 1.25 (3). Larva (n = 1, tentatively associated) Total length not measurable. Postmentum 147 µm long. Head black with postoccipital margin, teeth of mentum and mandible black. Frontoclypeal apotome not discernible. Head. Antenna, only base present, length 47 µm, width 19 µm, ring organs not discernible. Premandible (Fig. 35 H) 89 µm long, bifid with prominent premandibular brush. Mandible (Fig. 35 G) 144 µm long with 1 large apical, 1 minute dorsal, and 2 inner teeth; seta subdentalis slender and well developed, distally straight; seta interna prominent; pecten mandibularis not observed. Mentum (Fig. 35 I) 117 µm wide. Median teeth 21 µm wide, second lateral as long as median teeth, first lateral tooth very short, third and fifth long, fourth short, seventh minute. Ventromental plate 86 µm wide, distance between plates 47 µm. Ratio of ventromental plate / mentum 0.74. Abdomen lost.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDCFF86FF13FBFE89B8F82E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. P. (Pe.) pseudotritum Ree, 1988 and P. (Pe.) utonaiprimum Sasa, 1988 a are both synonyms of P. (Pe.) tigrinum Hashimoto, 1983, confirming the doubts of Sasa (1995: 109). P. (Pe.) utonaiprimum and P. (Pe.) tigrinum were collected together at the same locality, time and date. The only differences are the absence of the lateral seta on the superior volsella of the former and a slight difference in coloration of the scutum. Presence or absence of the lateral seta on the superior volsella is shown to occur within some species and is here regarded as intraspecific variation. The larva of P. (Pe.) tigrinum was previously not described. The remains of a larva on the same slide as one of the males is not an associated larva (different years), therefore its conspecifity is unproven.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDCFF86FF13FBFE89B8F82E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Japan and Korea.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDEFF87FF13FF5C89ADFA46.taxon	description	(Fig. 36)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDEFF87FF13FF5C89ADFA46.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, SRI LANKA: Tissamaharama, 16. vii. 1973, B. Scharf (ZSM). Paratype: 1 male, same data as holotype (ZSM). SRI LANKA: Wilpattu National Park, 26. i. 1979, M. Müller (ZSM). Diagnostic characters. Among species with strongly haired wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, no spur on foretibial scale, and base of superior volsella without microtrichia and with 2 - 3 inner setae, only P. (Pe.) tissamaharense and P. (Pe.) daitokeleum have the projection of the superior volsella curved with seta medially. P. (Pe.) daitokeleum, however, has two combs on both mid and hind tibia and the fourth tarsomere of the foreleg longer than the third.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDEFF87FF13FF5C89ADFA46.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after the type locality, Tissamaharama. Male (n = 2) Total length 2.51 mm. Wing length 0.99 – 1.17 mm. Total length / wing length 2.15. Wing length / length of profemur 2.11. Thorax and abdominal segments pale brown to brown, femur, tibia, and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.26 – 1.32. Ultimate flagellomere 278 – 325 µm long. Temporal setae 5 including 2 inner verticals, 2 outer verticals, and 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 25 setae. Tentorium 78 µm long, 4 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 138 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 24, 33, 88 – 92, 88 – 93, 138 – 145. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.49 – 1.65. Third palpomere with 1 – 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 16 – 17, dorsocentrals 28, prealars 7. Scutellum with 6 – 8 setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.26 – 132. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 30 – 33, R 1 with 18 – 20, R 4 + 5 with 42 – 53, Sc 27 – 43, RM 3 – 4, M with 6 – 8, M 1 + 2 with 59 – 62, M 3 + 4 with 21 – 30, Cu with 28 – 33, Cu 1 with 9, PCu with 51, and An with 14 – 22 setae. Cells r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2 with more than 100 macrotrichia, cell m 3 + 4 with 65 – 90, cell m basal of RM with 40 – 50, an plus cu with 110 – 115 macrotrichia. Squama with 3 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 36 A) 29 – 33 µm long, nearly rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 45 – 49 µm long, on hind tibia (Fig. 36 B) 47 – 49 µm long. Comb on midtibia 14 – 19 µm long, combs on hind tibia 19 µm and 10 – 12 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 35 – 40 µm, of midtibia 36 – 43 µm, of hind tibia 40 – 45 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 44. Hypopygium (Fig. 36 D). Tergite IX with 8 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 43 – 48 µm long, 8 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 5 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 27 – 40 µm long, phallapodeme 51 – 60 µm long. Gonocoxite 115 – 119 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 36 E – F) 50 µm long, base bare with 2 – 3 inner setae, projection with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 36 C) 83 – 86 µm long, parallel-sided, with prominent, long apical seta. Gonostylus 80 – 87 µm long. HR 1.37; HV 2.88.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFDEFF87FF13FF5C89ADFA46.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Sri Lanka.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD9FF81FF13F93F89FDFBF0.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 H)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD9FF81FF13F93F89FDFBF0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Toyama Prefecture, Toyama, Family Park, Lake A, holotype male, 23. vi. 1993, M. Sasa (NMST Type No. 272: 14). Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other species of the subgenus, except P. (Pe.) fanjingense, by the low antennal ratio (0.3 – 0.4) combined with a broad anal point, with median furrow reaching apex. It differs from P. (Pe.) fanjingense by lacking a spur on the foretibial scale. Male (n = 1) Wing length 1.73 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.19. Pale brown. Head. AR 0.33. Ultimate flagellomere 191 µm. Temporal setae 15. Clypeus with 26 setae. Tentorium 140 µm long. Stipes 151 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 44, 40, 93, 127, 175. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.88. Thorax. Acrostichals 22, dorsocentrals 30, prealars 7. Scutellum with 12 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.19. Brachiolum with 3 setae, Sc with 21 setae, R with 40, R 1 with 34, R 4 + 5 with 93, M with 14, RM with 4, M 1 + 2 with 81, M 3 + 4 with 38, Cu with 44, Cu 1 with 24, PCu with 55, An with 33 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM, cu plus an each with numerous macrotrichia. Squama lost; with 10 – 16 setae according to Sasa (1996). Legs. Scale on foretibia 58 µm long, triangular, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 73 µm long, on hind tibia 65 µm long. Comb on midtibia 28 µm long, combs on hind tibia 33 µm and 30 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 64 µm, of midtibia 63 µm, of hind tibia 70 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 45. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 20 median setae, laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal point parallel-sided, not measurable. Transverse sternapodeme 37 µm long; phallapodeme 73 µm long. Gonocoxite 163 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 H) slender, 70 µm long; base with few microtrichia and 3 inner setae, projection with pointed apex, with dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella 84 µm long, parallel-sided and slender, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 139 µm long. HR 1.18.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD9FF81FF13F93F89FDFBF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD8FF9DFF13FA408874F9F7.taxon	description	(Fig. 37)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD8FF9DFF13FA408874F9F7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ENGLAND: paratype female, F. Walker (BMNH No. 235846). BELGIUM: Destelbergen, 2 males, 31. viii. 1921, 12. viii. 1916, 1 female, 25. iv. 1921, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN No. 847 / 07); La Panne, 1 male, 12. ix. 1931, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN); Dickebusch, 1 male, 03. ix. 1936, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN); Heusden, 1 male, 30. xi. 1930, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN). NORWAY: Aust-Agder, Birkenes, Store Hovvatn, 1 male, 15. vii. 1989, Ø. A. Schnell (ZMBN). PORTUGAL: Lagoa de Barrinha, Praia de Mira, 1 male, 30. iv. 1985, L. Why Honda Terra (ZSM). GERMANY: Ost-Holstein, Unterer Schierenseebach, 1 male, 10. v. 1985, U. Holm (ZSM No. 197). SPAIN: Province Huelva, Las Marismas, El Rosio, 1 male, 21. iv. 1979, W. Schacht (ZSM). CANADA: Winnipeg, B. P. P. Delta Marsh, 1 male, 26. v. 1980, D. Wrubleski (ZSM No. CH 5278); Ontario, Experimental Lakes Area, 1 male, 1984 – 1986, B. Bilyj. USA: Minnesota, Shoreview Pond, University of Minnesota, 4 males, 22. v. 1969, D. E. Maschwitz (UMSP); Ohio, Geauga, Fern lake Bog, 2 pupae & larvae, 12. vi. 1992, 2. viii. 1992, M. J. Bolton; Pennsylvania, Raccoon Creek, Sanner Rd., 1 pupa, 2 larvae, 21. viii. 1992, M. J. Bolton; Pennsylvania, Tinkers Creek, 2 larvae 20. viii. 1993, M. J. Bolton (ZMNB). Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other species with numerous macrotrichia on the wing, uniformly colored abdomen, and spur on the foretibia, except P. (Pe.) epleri. It differs from P. (Pe.) epleri by having a higher base of the superior volsella and slightly higher antennal ratio (about 1.6 as opposed to 0.9 – 1.2). This species is similar to P. (Pe.) uncinatum, which, however, lacks a spur on the foretibial scale. The projection of the superior volsella is less curved in P. (Pe.) tritum than in P. (Pe.) uncinatum. The female genitalia is similar to those of P. (Pe.) uncinatum, but the females can be distinguished by the shape of the lobes of gonapophysis VIII, as the ventrolateral lobe is slender, brush-like and slightly curved, while that of P. (Pe.) uncinatum is broad. The pupa has tergite II without shagreen, strong bands of anterior spines on tergites II – VI; tergite VII with fine anterolateral spinules and tergite VIII bare; tergite II with 31 – 47 caudal hooklets; pedes spurii B and A well developed on segment II and IV respectively; conjunctives III / IV and IV / V each with bands of spinules; and anal lobe with 20 – 26 taeniae. The larva has a dorsal tooth on the mandible, third antennal segment is slightly longer than fourth, the antennal blade is shorter than the flagellum, the Lauterborn organs virtually absent, and the mentum has the median teeth slightly longer or subequal to the second lateral tooth, with first lateral tooth shorter than the third. Male (n = 10 – 15, unless otherwise stated) Total length not measurable. Wing length 1.71 – 2.19, 1.91 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.18 – 2.75, 2.43. Thorax brown; abdomen pale brown to brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.41 – 1.79, 1.55. Ultimate flagellomere 556 – 729, 640 µm long. Temporal setae 8 – 13 including 3 – 6, 4 inner verticals; 3 – 5, 4 outer verticals; and 1 – 3, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 14 – 27, 19 setae. Tentorium 114 – 140, 125 µm long, 6 – 13, 8 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 119 – 155, 133 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 29 – 45, 76; 35 – 52, 46; 118 – 164, 137; 114 – 145, 132; 148 – 238, 192. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.12 – 1.59, 1.44 (7). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 7 – 17, 13; dorsocentrals 12 – 26; 17, prealars 4 – 5, 5. Scutellum with 5 – 13, 10 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.10 – 1.23, 1.15. Brachiolum with 1 – 4, 1 setae; R with 23 – 57, 38; R 1 with 13 – 48, 34; R 4 + 5 with 32 – 93, 77; Sc with 14 – 33, 21; RM with 1 – 3, 2; M with 1 – 15, 10; M 1 + 2 with 40 – 65, 52; M 3 + 4 with 33 – 52, 40; Cu with 27 – 42, 38; Cu 1 with 14 – 49, 19, PCu with 31 – 56, 44; An with 21 – 46, 31 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, apparently all with more than 100 macrotrichia; cell m basal of RM with 20 – 55, 30 macrotrichia. Squama with 6 – 9, 7 (8) setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Figs 37 A – D) 26 – 51, 37 µm long; with 14 – 21, 18 µm long apical to subapical spur. Spurs on midtibia 36 – 65, 53 µm long; on hind tibia 48 – 71, 57 µm long. Comb on midtibia 13 – 31, 23 µm long; combs on hind tibia 16 – 27, 23 µm and 12 – 28, 20 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 36 – 55, 46 µm; of midtibia 38 – 63, 50 µm; of hind tibia 40 – 68, 53 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 46. Hypopygium (Fig. 37 E). Tergite IX with 7 – 15, 8 median setae; laterosternite IX with 1 – 3, 2 setae. Anal point 27 – 70, 59 µm long; 4 – 19, 10 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 4 – 7, 6 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 27 – 71, 52 µm long; phallapodeme 52 – 119, 74 µm long. Gonocoxite 98 – 176, 153 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 37 I – N) 42 – 69, 60 µm long; base with sparse microtrichia and 3 – 4 inner setae; projection with 1 lateral seta. Inferior volsella (Fig. 37 H) 82 – 136, 113 µm long; parallelsided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus (Fig. 37 G, H) 95 – 171, 158 µm long. HR 0.89 – 1.23, 0.97. Female (n = 2) Total length not measurable. Wing length 2.12 – 2.20 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.57 – 2.94. Thorax and abdomen pale brown to brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 0.37 – 0.39. Length of flagellomeres (in µm): 136 – 139, 87 – 96, 90 – 98, 48 – 60, 140 – 147. Temporal setae 11 including 4 – 5 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 3 – 4 postorbitals. Clypeus with 25 – 26 setae. Tentorium 114 – 169 µm long; 9 – 11 µm wide at sieve pore. Palpomere length (in µm): 44, 52, 133, 143, fifth segment lost. Thorax. Acrostichals 12 – 14, dorsocentrals 18 – 31, prealars 6. Scutellum with 9 – 12 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.12. Brachiolum with 1 – 5 setae, R with 41, R 1 with 36 – 45, R 4 + 5 with 84, Sc with 23 – 37, RM with 4, M with 14 – 18, M 3 + 4 with 56 – 65, PCu with 74, M 1 + 2 with 72, Cu with 42 – 44, Cu 1 with 23 – 27 and An with 44 setae. Wing membrane densely covered with macrotrichia. Squama with 9 – 11 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia including apical spur 45 – 61 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 52 – 63 µm long, on hind tibia 52 – 79 µm long. Comb on midtibia 26 – 27 µm long, combs on hind tibia 28 – 31 µm and 19 – 26 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 51 – 60 µm, of midtibia 54 – 62 µm, of hind tibia 62 – 63 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 47. Genitalia (Fig. 37 O). Gonocoxite IX with 6 setae, tergite IX with 23 setae. Segment X with 4 – 6 setae. Cercus 90 – 105 µm long, 5 – 9 µm wide at tip. Seminal capsule ovoid, 49 – 57 µm long, 24 – 40 µm wide; with sclerotized neck, 18 µm long. Notum 139 – 188 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 37 Q) 71 – 85 µm long, 23 – 38 µm wide; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 37 P) and apodeme lobe not discernable. Postgenital plate broadly triangular. Pupa (n = 3, unless otherwise stated) Exuviae with cephalothorax, margins of segments and caudolateral spur brown. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercules absent. Frontal setae 30 (1) µm long. Prealar tubercle apparently absent. Wing sheath 1.08 – 1.28 – 2.12 (2) mm long. Abdomen. Tergite I bare; tergites II – VI with strong, prominent anterior row of spines; tergites II – III with weak, sparse spinules in median shagreen, tergite II occasionally bare; tergites IV – VI with weak medial to posterior shagreen. Tergites VII and VIII without shagreen; tergite VII with paired anterolateral spots of spinules, tergite VIII bare. Conjunctive III / IV and IV / V each with 3 – 4 or multiserial bands of anterior pointed spinules. Tergite II with single row of about 31 (1) caudal hooks. Pedes spurii A present on segment IV. Pedes spurii B weakly developed on segment II. Caudolateral spur 49 – 85 µm long, with 1 strong apical tooth, 2 – 4 lateral teeth, and several accessory points; or bifid, with 3 inner and 1 lateral teeth plus several accessory points. Segments I – IV without L taeniae, segments V – VI with 3 taeniae; VII – VIII with 4 taeniae. Anal lobe fringe with 20 – 26 taeniae. Length of genital sac overreach 138 – 159 (2) µm. Larva (n = 6, unless otherwise stated) Postmentum 99 – 108, 109 (4) µm long. Head segments brown with postoccipital margin, teeth of mentum and mandible dark brown. Frontal apotome not discernible. Head. AR 0.84 – 1.28, 1.03 (4), antenna 5 - segmented, segment lengths (in µm) 39 – 58, 50 (5); 16 – 21, 18 (5); 15 – 18, 16 (5); 9 – 15, 13 (4); 5 – 7, 6 (4). Basal antennal segment 14 – 16, 14 (5) µm wide, ring organs and sensory pits not discernible; blade 41 – 51 (3) µm long, shorter than flagellum. Lauterborn organs virtually absent. Pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 laminate platelets, laterally with 3 – 4 unequal teeth. Premandible 62 – 71, 68 µm long, bifid with prominent premandibular brush. Mandible 108 – 127, 115 µm long, with 1 large anterior, 1 dorsal and 2 inner teeth; seta subdentalis slender and well developed, distally straight; seta interna prominent; pecten mandibularis prominent and pointing towards teeth; 2 prominent sensillum minusculum. Mentum 90 – 106, 98 µm wide, with 8 pairs of teeth; median pair 17 – 21, 18 µm wide, which is longer than or subequal to second lateral tooth. First lateral tooth very short, shorter than third lateral, which is subequal to fourth; seventh tooth minute. Ventromental plate 83 – 97, 90 µm wide; distance between plates 18 – 38, 30 µm; median apices of plates pointing towards each other. Abdomen. Procercus 7 (1) µm high. Posterior parapods 105 (1) µm long. Anal tubules 239 (1) µm long.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD8FF9DFF13FA408874F9F7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. One specimen from Ontario, Canada has a lower wing chaetotaxy. Cell m basal of RM with only 1 macrotrichium, r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4 and cu + an each with less than 80 macrotrichia, wing veins M 3 + 4, Cu, Cu 1, PCu and An each with less than 10 setae. The wing is also short, only 1.31 mm long. However, other measurements and the shape of the hypopygium are similar to the other specimens. The specimen is regarded as belonging to P. (Pe.) tritum, but not included in the above measurements.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFD8FF9DFF13FA408874F9F7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in the Holarctic Region.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC4FF9FFF13F9A98FA8FEF1.taxon	description	(Figs 38 A – F)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC4FF9FFF13F9A98FA8FEF1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PALAU: Babelthuap Island, Ngerehelong, 1 male, 08. v. 1957, C. W. Sabrosky (M- 1); Babelthuap Island, Ngaremlengui, 1 female, 03. vi. 1957, light trap, C. W. Sabrosky (M- 1) (BM). FEDER- ATED STATES OF MICRONESIA: Truk, Moen Island, Mt. Teroken, 150 m a. s. l., male, 27. xii. 1952, light trap, J. L. Gressitt (M- 9) (BM). Diagnostic characters. The superior volsella differs from all other known members within the subgenus by having a peculiar broad, hairy base and a small beak-like projection similar to some members of the subgenus Uresipedilum. The female can be distinguished by the narrow brush-like ventrolateral lobe. The wing length is only 0.88 mm, while all other species examined had a wing length of more than 1.00 mm. Male (n = 2) Total length not measurable. Wing length 1.02 – 1.03 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.31 – 2.38. Brown. Head. AR 0.80 – 0.87. Ultimate flagellomere 287 – 291 µm long. Clypeus with 17 (1) setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 23, 26, 70, 75, fifth palpomere lacking. Third palpomere with 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 7 – 11, dorsocentrals 10 – 14, prealars 3 – 4. Scutellum with 7 (1) setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.31 – 1.38. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc with 7, R with 22, R 1 with 15, R 4 + 5 with 25, M with 1, RM with 0, M 1 + 2 with 36, M 3 + 4 with 14, Cu with 17 (2), Cu 1 with 5, PCu with 27 and An with 20 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM, cu plus an with few and sparse macrotrichia. Squama damaged, with 2 setae according to Tokunaga (1940 a). Legs. Scale on foretibia 21 – 31 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 28 – 43 µm long, on hind tibia 37 – 51 µm long. Comb on midtibia 12 – 14 µm long, combs on hind tibia 13 – 22 µm and 12 – 19 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 29 – 31 µm, of midtibia 33 – 35 µm, of hind tibia 33 – 37 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 48. Hypopygium (Figs 38 A). Tergite IX with 10 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 35 µm long, 6 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 2 – 5 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 21 µm long; phallapodeme 49 – 51 µm long. Gonocoxite 84 – 96 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 38 C) 49 – 51 µm long, with very broad base, with 1 seta apically on base, no inner seta and short minute beak-like projection, numerous microtrichia present on base. Inferior volsella (Fig. 38 B) 70 – 79 µm long, with broad apex and prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 103 – 114 µm long. HR 0.82. Female (n = 1) Wing length 0.88 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.15. Coloration similar to male. Head. Temporal setae 7 including 2 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus obscure. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 24, 23, 35, 51, 70. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 2.0. Thorax. Acrostichals 6, dorsocentrals 10. Scutellum with 4 setae. Wing. Anal lobe reduced. VR 1.23. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc with 0 seta, R with 10, R 1 with 5, R 4 + 5 with 14, M with 0, RM with 1, M 1 + 2 with 21, M 3 + 4 with 6 setae. Cells with very few macrotrichia. Squama damaged. Legs. Scale on foretibia 26 µm long. Spurs on midtibia broken, on hind tibia 30 µm long. Comb on midtibia 14 µm long, combs on hind tibia 14 µm and 12 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 40 µm, of midtibia 36 µm, of hind tibia 40 – 51 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 49. Genitalia (not clear) (Fig. 38 D). Gonocoxite with IX 4 setae, tergite IX with 16 setae, segment X with 3 setae. Cercus 31 µm long, 5 µm wide at apex. Notum 100 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 38 F) 66 µm long, 34 µm wide; ventrolateral lobe with straight brush (Fig. 38 E), apodeme lobe not discernible. Postgenital plate minute, broadly triangular.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC4FF9FFF13F9A98FA8FEF1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The illustration of the volsella in Tokunaga (1964: 591) is not accurate. The superior volsella is stout, more or less rounded and the gonostylus is very slender.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC4FF9FFF13F9A98FA8FEF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and Palau.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC1FF98FF13FE2189FDF95E.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 I)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC1FF98FF13FE2189FDF95E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Tsushima Island, holotype male, 23. iii. 1998, sweep net, H. Suzuki (NMST No. 353: 79, # 1 – 3 – 2). Diagnostic characters. The species can be distinguished from other species with numerous macrotrichia, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, and base of superior volsella covered with microtrichia, by having a superior volsella with narrow base bearing 4 – 5 setae, and a projection that begins parallelsided and straight before it curves sharply at apical 1 / 3 where a long lateral seta arises, and by having a inferior volsella with 2 apical setae. Male (n = 1) Wing length 2.77 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.36. Thorax dark brown; abdomen brown; femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.83. Ultimate flagellomere 997 µm long. Temporal setae 9 including 5 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals, and 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 10 setae. Tentorium 172 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 47, 84, 184, 163, 253. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.37. Third palpomere with 1 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 16, dorsocentrals 17, prealars 6. Scutellum with 11 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.18. Brachiolum with 4, Sc with 17, R with 60, R 1 with 59, R 4 + 5 with 75, M with 2, RM with 0 setae. Wing covered with numerous macrotrichia. Squama with 9 setae; 12 – 24 according to Sasa and Suzuki (1999). Legs. Scale on foretibia 45 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 49 µm long, on hind tibia 86 µm long. Comb on midtibia 22 µm long, combs on hind tibia 34 µm and 30 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 77 µm, of midtibia 81 µm, of hind tibia 86 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 50. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 15 median setae, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point 68 µm long, 19 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to 5 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 30 µm long; phallapodeme 96 µm long. Gonocoxite 177 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 I) 70 µm long, base with few microtrichia and 5 inner setae, projection elbow-shaped, elongation with 1 lateral seta at bend. Inferior volsella 118 µm long, parallel-sided with 2 prominent apical setae. Gonostylus broad, 239 µm long. HR 0.73.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC1FF98FF13FE2189FDF95E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC0FF99FF13FF5C89FDFA8C.taxon	description	(Fig. 15 J)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC0FF99FF13FF5C89FDFA8C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Tsushima Island, 1 male, 25. iii. 1998, sweep net, H. Suzuki (NMST No. 374: 56; # 13 - 2 - 15) Diagnostic characters. Among species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, base of superior volsella without microtrichia and with 4 – 5 inner setae, the species can be distinguished by the L-shaped projection of the superior volsella with the lateral seta placed medially and by the V-shaped basal ridge on the anal point. The species is similar to P. (Pe.) hirtiforceps, but that species lacks the V-shaped ridge on the anal point and has 18 median setae on tergite IX as opposed to 11 in P. (Pe.) tusimafegeum. Male (n = 1) Wing length 2.05 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.42. Thorax completely brown; abdomen pale brown; femur, tibia,. and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.46. Ultimate flagellomere 673 µm long. Temporal setae 9. Clypeus with 11 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 42, 49, 114, 130, 214. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.88. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 10, dorsocentrals 17, prealars 5. Scutellum with 9 setae. Wing. Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.13. Brachiolum with 1 seta; R with 34, R 1 with 27, R 4 + 5 with 60 setae. Wing covered with numerous macrotrichia. Squama damaged, with 6 – 8 setae according to Sasa and Suzuki (1999). Legs. Scale on foretibia 35 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 51 µm long, on hind tibia 63 µm long. Comb on midtibia 22 µm long, combs on hind tibia 27 µm and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 58 µm, of midtibia 61 µm, of hind tibia 70 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 51. Hypopygium. Tergite IX with 11 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point slender, 63 µm long, 14 µm wide at base, parallel-sided, 7 µm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 47 µm long; phallapodeme 63 µm long. Gonocoxite 163 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 15 J) 72 µm long, base without macrotrichia, with 4 inner setae; projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella 100 µm long, parallel-sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus broad, 163 µm long. HR 1.00.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC0FF99FF13FF5C89FDFA8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC0FF9AFF13F8C389FDFB37.taxon	description	(Figs 38 G, H)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC0FF9AFF13F8C389FDFB37.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture, Kagoshima, Lake Unagiike, holotype male, 22. x. 1993, M. Sasa (NMST Type No. 261: 24). Diagnostic characters. The species is characterized by having numerous macrotrichia on the wing, banded abdomen, foretibial scale sharply pointed, but without spur, and base of superior volsella covered with microtrichia and with 4 inner setae. It resembles P. (Pe.) furudosecundum which, however, lacks seta on the projection of the superior volsella and often has 2 apical setae on the inferior volsella. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing length 2.05 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.23. Ground color yellow; thorax brown at postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum, and scutum or almost completely brown; abdominal segments banded, anterior 3 / 4 brown with yellow posterior apices; femur, tibia, and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.89. Ultimate flagellomere 800 µm long. Temporal setae 12 including 6 inner verticals, 6 outer verticals, and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 30 setae. Tentorium 165 µm long. Stipes 189 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 58, 49, 165, 154, 231. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.39. Thorax. Acrostichals 16, dorsocentrals 29, prealars 9. Scutellum with 19 setae. Wing. Anal lobe developed. VR 1.05. Brachiolum with 6 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM, cu plus an with dense macrotrichia, obscuring veins. Squama with 15 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 47 µm long, with 16 µm long spur. Spurs on midtibia 55 µm long, on hind tibia 62 µm long. Comb on midtibia 26 µm long, combs on hind tibia 26 µm and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 68 µm, of midtibia 75 µm, of hind tibia 78 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 52. Hypopygium (Fig. 38 G). Tergite IX with 14 median setae, laterosternite IX with 5 setae. Anal point 117 µm long, slender, 20 µm wide at base, tapering to 5 µm at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 72 µm long; phallapodeme 89 µm long. Gonocoxite 191 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 38 H) 100 µm long, base with microtrichia and 4 inner setae, projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella 119 µm long, nearly parallelsided, slightly broader subapically, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus very broad, 178 µm long. HR 1.07.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC0FF9AFF13F8C389FDFB37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The hypopygium is inaccurately illustrated by Sasa (1985).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC0FF9AFF13F8C389FDFB37.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC3FF90FF13F986887EFC71.taxon	description	(Figs 39 – 41)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC3FF90FF13F986887EFC71.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BELGIUM: Vinderhaute, holotype male, 17. vi. 1920, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN No. 18.073); Vinderhaute, 3 males, 1 female, 17. vi. 1920, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN No. 611); Melle, 3 males, 30. iv. 1931, 1 female, 04. v. 1931, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN No. 18.073); Meirelbeke, 1 male, 1 female, 30. iv. 1931, M. Goetghebuer (IRSN No. 18.073). SWEDEN: Ängerån, 3 males, 10 – 20. vii. 1981, K. Müller (ZSM No. 20). GERMANY: Oberbayern, Dietramzell, Zellar Wald, 1 male, 27. vii. 1997, sweep net, W. Schacht (ZSM); Oberbayern Ldkr. FFB, Eichenau Municipal, Starzelbach, Höhe Kirch, 2 pupae, 4. vii. 1998, F. Reiss (ZSM); Munich, Isar River, km 53, drift, 2 pupae, 16. v. 1984, F. Reiss (ZSM); Oberbayern, Murnauer Moos, 1 male, 3 pupae, 06. viii. 1979, 21. v. 1989, F. Reiss (ZSM No. 3); Ostholstein, Plön, 1 male, 17. v. 1973, F. Reiss (ZSM No. 906). THE NETHERLANDS: Goirle, 1 male with larva and pupa, 25. iv. 1980, mass rearing, Müller-Pillot (ZSM No. 20121). GREECE: locality and date not stated, 2 pupae, M. Baehr (ZSM No. 28). Diagnostic characters. Among species with numerous setae on the wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, foretibial scale without spur, base of superior volsella with microtrichia, tergite IX with less than 15 median setae, and cell m basal of RM with more than 10 setae, the species is characterized by having a parallel-sided anal point, cell m basal of RM with 13 – 61 setae, squama with 5 – 9 setae, and projection of superior volsella normally with a lateral seta. The species is close to P. (Pe.) nubens, which, however, has a shorter, spatulate anal point and normally lacks a lateral seta on the projection of the superior volsella. The females may be distinguished by the shape of the lobes of gonapophysis VIII, especially as the ventrolateral lobe of P. (Pe.) uncinatum is broad and brush-like while that of P. (Pe.) tritum is slightly curved and slender. The pupa has median shagreen on tergite II and some shagreen on tergite VII, conjunctive III / IV with spinules, and relatively well developed pedes spurii B. The larva has a mandible with dorsal tooth, median teeth of mentum slightly longer than or subequal to second lateral teeth, third antennal segment subequal to or slightly shorter than fourth, and combined length of third and fourth antennal segment longer than second segment. Male (n = 10 – 12, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.63 – 3.90, 3.13 (4) mm. Wing length 1.68 – 2.47, 2.08 mm. Total length / wing length 1.49 – 2.23, 1.73 (4). Wing length / length of profemur 2.11 – 2.62, 2.34 (9). Thorax pale brown to dark brown; abdominal segments brown to dark brown; femur, tibia and tarsi brown to dark brown. Head. AR 1.40 – 1.62, 1.53 (9). Ultimate flagellomere 562 – 758, 679 µm long. Temporal setae 9 – 13, 11 including 2 – 5, 4 inner verticals, 3 – 6, 4 outer verticals, and 2 – 4, 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 17 – 23, 19 setae. Tentorium 114 – 137, 125 µm long, 2 – 7, 5 (9) µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 115 – 177, 136 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 26 – 49, 40; 40 – 63, 53; 136 – 179, 159 (9); 117 – 167, 136 (8); 199 – 265, 228 (5). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.22 – 1.60, 1.43 (5). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 8 – 18, 14; dorsocentrals 15 – 28, 19, 20; prealars 4 – 7, 5. Scutellum with 8 – 18, 10 (8) setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.03 – 1.15, 1.11. Brachiolum with 1 – 3, 2 setae; R with 30 – 73, 49; R 1 with 24 – 39, 32; R 4 + 5 with 66 – 100, 80; Sc with 16 – 37, 25; RM with 2 – 3, 2; M with 9 – 18, 12; M 1 + 2 with 37 – 79, 60; M 3 + 4 with 34 – 67, 46; Cu with 27 – 55, 34; Cu 1 with 16 – 32, 21; PCu with 31 – 70, 52; An with 24 – 39, 34 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cu plus an each with more than 100 macrotrichia, cell m basal of RM with 13 – 61, 30 (9) macrotrichia. Squama with 5 – 9, 6 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Figs 39 A – B) 30 – 58, 50 µm long, rounded or tapering, without subapical spur. Spurs on midtibia 42 – 62, 53 µm long; on hind tibia 55 – 71, 64 µm long. Comb on midtibia 17 – 30, 23 µm long; combs on hind tibia 20 – 35, 25 µm and 17 – 33, 21 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 40 – 58, 50 µm; of midtibia 43 – 70, 54 µm; of hind tibia 41 – 70, 58 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 53. Hypopygium (Fig. 39 C). Tergite IX with 7 – 13, 10 median setae, laterosternite IX with 1 – 2, 2 setae. Anal point (Fig. 39 D) 50 – 62, 59 (9) µm long, 8 – 21, 12 (9) µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 4 – 9, 6 (9) µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 39 – 70, 56 µm long; phallapodeme 66 – 114, 88 µm long. Gonocoxite 112 – 214, 162 µm long. Superior volsella (Figs 39 E – G) 45 – 76, 62 µm long; base with sparse microtrichia and 3 – 5, 4 inner setae; projection with 1 lateral seta close to base. Inferior volsella 81 – 140, 113 µm long, parallelsided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus (Fig. 39 H) 105 – 171, 146 µm long. HR 0.97 – 1.26, 1.11; HV 1.85 – 2.87, 214 (4). Female (n = 2 – 3) Total length not measurable. Wing length 1.97 – 2.35 mm. Coloration as in male. Head. AR 0.35 – 0.39. Length of flagellomeres (in µm): 136 – 149, 94 – 99, 90 – 102, 57 – 60, 138 – 155. Tentorium 121 – 171 µm long, 5 – 7 µm wide at sieve pore. Temporal setae 8 – 12 including 4 – 5 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 2 – 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 – 23 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 43 – 48, 43 – 48, 145 – 176, 162, fifth palpomere lost. Thorax. Acrostichals 13 – 22, dorsocentrals 30 – 38, prealars 6 – 8. Scutellum with 9 – 11 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.06 – 1.10. Brachiolum with 2 – 3 setae, R with 42 – 55, R 1 with 53, RM with 3 – 4, M with 11 – 16, M 3 + 4 with 52 – 79, PCu with 40 – 103, Cu with 38, Cu 1 with 17 – 38, and An with 30 – 59 setae. Cells r, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM; and cu plus an densely covered with macrotrichia. Squama with 8 – 9 setae. 4 + 5 Legs. Scale on foretibia 39 – 52 µm long, rounded or tapering, without subapical spur. Spurs on midtibia 57 – 60 µm long, on hind tibia 59 – 67 µm long. Comb on midtibia 24 – 29 µm long, combs on hind tibia 23 – 33 µm and 22 – 26 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 50 – 60 µm, of midtibia 52 – 60 µm, of hind tibia 51 – 67 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 54. Genitalia (Fig. 39 I). Gonocoxite IX with 5 – 7 setae, tergite IX with 16 – 33 setae, segment X with 3 – 6 setae. Cercus 82 – 86 µm long, 5 – 8 µm wide at tip. Seminal capsule almost spherical, 52 – 69 µm long, 40 – 57 µm wide, with sclerotized, 7 – 17 µm long neck. Notum 178 – 214 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 39 K) 74 – 105 µm long, 33 – 48 µm wide. Ventrolateral lobe as in Figure 39 L. Apodeme lobe as in Figure 39 J. Postgenital plate small, triangular. Pupa (n = 10, unless otherwise stated) Total length 3.45 – 5.19, 4.63 (8) mm. Exuviae with cephalothorax, margins of segments and caudolateral spur brown. Cephalothorax (Figs 41 A, 40 A). Frontal apotome as in Figure 40 A, cephalic tubercules absent. Frontal seta 26 – 71, 43 (7) µm long. Prealar tubercle apparently absent. Wing sheath 1.01 – 1.58, 1.33 (7) mm long. Abdomen (Figs 41 B – G). Tergite I bare; tergites II – VI each with strong, prominent anterior row of spines. Tergite II – III with weak spinules in sparse median shagreen; tergite IV with extensive anterior to posterior shagreen; tergites V – VI with extensive shagreen in two median patches and two distinct posterior patches of shagreen; tergite VII with paired anterolateral spots of fine spinules; tergite VIII bare or with very weak anterolateral spinules. Tergites VII – VIII without shagreen. Conjunctives III / IV and IV / V each with bi- to multiserial band of anteriorly directed spinules or spinules pointed in both directions. Tergite II with single row of 33 – 86, 54 strong caudal hooks. Pedes spurii A present on segment IV. Pedes spurii B weakly developed on segment II. Caudolateral spur (Figs 41 H – I) 74 – 169, 112 µm long, with strong apical tooth or bifid tooth, 1 – 3, 2 lateral teeth and several accessory points. Segments I – IV without L taeniae; V – VI each with 3 taeniae; VII with 4; VIII with 4 – 5, 4 taeniae. Anal lobe fringe with 20 – 46, 30 taeniae. Length of genital sac overreach 186 – 450, 284 µm. Larva (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Head segments brown with postoccipital margin, teeth of mentum and mandible brownish black. Frontoclypeal apotome anteriorly broadened, anterior margin straight (Fig. 41 B). Head. AR 1.11. Antennal segment (Figs 41 C – D) lengths (in µm): 71, 27, 14, 20, 6. Base of antennal segment 17 µm wide, ring organ 13 µm from base. Blade at apex of 1 st segment 53 µm long, shorter than segments 2 – 5. Apical style of second segment 10 µm long. Lauterborn organs minute. Pecten epipharyngis (Fig. 41 E) consisting of 3 platelets, each with 4 unequal teeth. Premandible (Fig. 41 G) 90 µm long, bifid with prominent premandibular brush. Mandible (Fig. 41 F) 144 µm long, with 1 apical, 1 dorsal, and 3 inner teeth; seta subdentalis slender and well developed, distally straight; seta interna prominent. Mentum (Fig. 41 H) 101 µm wide, with 8 pairs of teeth. Pair of median teeth 21 µm wide, second lateral tooth as large as median, first lateral tooth smaller, third to sixth lateral teeth decrease progressively to a minute seventh tooth. Ventromental plate 106 µm wide, distance between plates 50 µm; median apices of plates pointing anteriorly. Ratio of ventromental plate / mentum 1.04.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC3FF90FF13F986887EFC71.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type material of P. (Pe.) uncinatum and P. (Pe.) tritum from the Belgium Museum confirms the differences observed in the shapes of the superior volsella of the male and the lobes of gonapophysis VIII of the female. However, the lateral seta is inserted about halfway on the projection of the superior volsella in both species. Also, the shape of the anal point varies within the species and these characters could not be used to separate the species as shown in Goetghebuer (1921; 1937 – 1954). However, most P. (Pe.) tritum have a slightly and smoothly curved gonostylus, while in P. (Pe.) uncinatum basal 2 / 3 of the gonostylus is very broad before sharply narrowing towards apex. Most important, P. (Pe.) tritum has a conspicuous subapical spur on foretibia, while P. (Pe.) uncinatum lacks spur.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC3FF90FF13F986887EFC71.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in the Holarctic region.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC9FF6CFF13FC14889CFB41.taxon	description	(Figs 42 – 43)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC9FF6CFF13FC14889CFB41.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZIMBABWE: Harare, holotype male, v. 1956, E. T. M. Reid (B. M. 1956 - 317); Harare, paratypes male, v. 1956, 2 females, iv. 1956, E. T. M. Reid (B. M. 1956 - 288; 1956 - 317; 1956 - 288). UGANDA: Kasese District, Kilembe, Ruwenzori Mountains, 4500 ft. a. s. l., paratypes male, female, xii. 1934 – i. 1935, B. M. E. Afr. Exp., F. W. Edwards (B. M. 1935 - 203, 1956 - 203). KENYA: Rift Valley Province, Naivasha, 2 males, G. R. C. von Someren (BMNH). ETHIOPIA: Addis Ababa, 1 male, x. 1983, A. Harrison (ZSM) Diagnostic characters. The species is characterized by having numerous macrotrichia on the wing membrane, dark-banded abdominal segments, foretibial scale without spur or occasionally with minute spur, and base of superior volsella bare with 3 inner setae and projection with medially placed seta. The female genitalia is distinguished by having the dorsomesal lobe caudally narrow and ventrolateral lobe broad with brush-like bristles. The female is comparatively large with a wing length of 2.2 – 2.7 mm. Male (n = 6, unless otherwise stated) Total length 3.25 – 4.43, 3.82 (5) mm. Wing length 1.18 – 2.67, 2.13 mm. Total length / wing length 1.61 – 2.19, 1.79. Wing length / length of profemur 2.11 – 2.39, 2.30. Thorax almost completely brown; abdominal segments with broad dark bands (Fig. 53 G); femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 1.58 – 2.22, 2.01 (5). Ultimate flagellomere 746 – 909, 793 (5) µm. Temporal setae 13 including 3 – 7, 5 inner verticals; 3 – 5, 4 outer verticals; 2 – 3, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 – 27, 23 setae. Tentorium 155 – 190, 157 µm long, 5 – 10, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 125 – 183, 155 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 26 – 53, 40; 42 – 60, 54; 165 – 179, 172 (5); 131 – 170, 151 (5); 231 – 316, 263 (3). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.35 – 1.86, 1.52 (3). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 42 B). Acrostichals 13 – 20, 15; dorsocentrals 10 – 23, 15; prealars 4 – 6, 5. Scutellum with 10 – 13, 10 setae. Wing (Fig. 42 A). Wing lobe moderately developed. VR 1.14 – 1.18, 1.16. Brachiolum with 1 – 3, 1 seta; R with 33 – 37, 35; R 1 with 27 – 32, 30; R 4 + 5 with 51 – 74, 63; Sc with 0 – 17, 8; RM with 1; M with 0 – 11, 5; M 1 + 2 with 44 – 63, 53; M 3 + 4 with 27 – 40, 34; Cu with 2 – 35, 20; Cu 1 with 14 – 25, 20; PCu with 4 – 38, 25; An with 22 – 39, 31 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, and m 1 + 2, each with over 100; m 3 + 4 with 70 – 100; cell m basal of RM with 3 – 13, 8; an plus cu with about 70 to more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 11 – 14, 12 (5) setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Figs 42 D – F) 29 – 57, 39 (5) µm long; rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia (Fig. 42 G) 67 – 76, 64 µm long; on hind tibia (Fig. 42 H) 67 – 76, 72 (5) µm long. Comb on midtibia 20 – 29, 22 (5) µm long; combs on hind tibia 24 – 36, 30 (5) µm and 17 – 24, 22 (5) µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 48 – 67, 53 (5) µm; of midtibia 54 – 60, 56 µm; of hind tibia 57 – 71, 62 (5) µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 55. Hypopygium (Fig. 43 A). Tergite IX with 9 – 16, 13 (5) median setae; laterosternite IX with 2 – 3, 2 (5) setae. Anal point 48 – 74, 60 (5) µm long, 6 – 12, 9 (5) µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 4 – 12, 7 (5) µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 28 – 53, 49 (5) µm long; phallapodeme 95 – 121, 108 (5) µm long. Gonocoxite 123 – 186, 176 (5) µm long. Superior volsella (Figs 43 B – C) 74 – 93, 85 (5) µm long, base bare with 3 – 4, 3 (5) inner basal setae; projection with 1 dorsolateral seta. Inferior volsella (Figs 43 D – E) 131 – 149, 140 (5) µm long, nearly parallel-sided with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 155 – 193 µm long. HR 1.01 – 1.15, 1.08 (5); HV 1.90 – 2.55 (5). Female (n = 3, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.85 – 348 (2) mm. Wing length 2.23 – 2.67 mm. Total length / wing length 2.15 – 2.68. Wing length / length of profemur 1.28 – 1.38 (2). Thorax brown to dark brown; abdominal segments brown without bands; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. AR 0.38 – 0.48. Temporal setae 9 – 14, including 4 – 5 inner verticals; 3 – 4 outer verticals, and 2 – 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 – 34 setae. Tentorium 159 – 190 µm long, 5 – 11 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 140 – 200 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 33 – 55, 42 – 68, 131 – 170, 131 – 178, 225 – 363 (2). Thorax. Acrostichals 24 – 34, dorsocentrals 15 – 23, prealars 5 – 6. Scutellum with 11 – 13 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.12 – 1.18. Brachiolum with 1 – 2 setae, R with 42 – 43, R 1 with 39 – 56, R 4 + 5 with 74 – 120, Sc with 18 – 36, RM with 3, M with 7 – 17, M 1 + 2 with 63 – 74, M 3 + 4 with 50 – 59, Cu with 34 – 57, Cu 1 with 26 – 30, PCu with 48 – 78, and An with 38 – 48 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, m 1 + 2, m 3 + 4, cell m basal of RM, cu plus an each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 8 – 11 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 31 – 50 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 69 – 81 µm long, on hind tibia 67 – 76 µm long. Comb on midtibia 21 – 26 µm long; combs on hind tibia 30 – 36 µm and 26 – 30 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 55 – 70 µm; of midtibia 57 – 69 µm; of hind tibia 67 – 80 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 56. Genitalia (Fig. 43 F). Gonocoxite IX with 5 – 8 setae, tergite IX with 25 – 35 setae, segment X with 4 – 10 setae. Cercus 102 – 136 µm long, 5 (1) µm wide at apex, with 1 apical seta. Seminal capsule ovoid, 86 – 100 µm long, 44 – 54 µm wide, neck sclerotized, 19 – 24 µm long. Notum 157 – 214 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 43 I) 170 – 200 µm long, caudally narrow, 38 – 50 (2) µm wide; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 43 H) with straight brush; apodeme lobe (Fig. 43 G) almost C-shaped. Postgenital plate triangular.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC9FF6CFF13FC14889CFB41.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The foretibial scale is rounded. However, one paratype from Ruwenzori Mountains, Kilembe, Uganda, bears a minute subapical spur (the foretibia of the holotype is lacking). Freeman (1958) recorded a rounded scale with a small inconspicuous spine. The abdominal segments of the female are apparently not banded; Freeman (1958) described the female abdomen as indistinctly banded. The species is very similar to P. (Pe.) sordens, differing primarily in having fewer setae on the wing membrane and the wing veins.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FFC9FF6CFF13FC14889CFB41.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF35FF68FF13FAC489DDFD4F.taxon	description	(Figs 44 – 45)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF35FF68FF13FAC489DDFD4F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BURKINA FASO: Cercle de Tougan, White Volta, 2 male paratypes, 15. xi. 1954, J. Hamon (BMNH; ZSM No. 14). SOUTH AFRICA: Natal National Park, 1 female, iii. 1932, J. Ogilvie (BMNH). EGYPT: Sohag, El-Shewash, 6 males, 10. ix. 1992, light trap, M. Fat’hi Ghonaim (ZMB). KENYA: Baringo District, Lake Baringo, 2 males, 24. i. 1978, J. Reichholf (ZSM Nos. 12, 13). GREECE: Crete, Filipi, 4 males, 26. ix. 1972, 24. i. 1978, H. Malicky (ZSM Nos. 1, 2 - 3, 8, 10). Diagnostic characters. Among species with strongly haired wing membrane, uniformly colored abdomen, no spur on foretibial scale, and base of superior volsella without microtrichia, the species can be distinguished by having the projection of the superior volsella almost straight with a basally placed lateral setae, abdominal tergites brown with narrow darker posterior bands, AR 1.8 – 2.0, and squama with 7 - 11 setae. The species is similar to P. (Pe.) nodosum which, however, lacks the dark posterior bands on the abdominal tergites, has an AR of 0.5 – 0.9, and squama with only 2 – 3 setae. The characteristic postgenital plate of the female is triangular, very steep sided to a nearly pointed apex. Male (n = 12 – 14, unless otherwise stated) Total length 2.64 – 2.95, 2.86 (6) mm. Wing length 1.43 – 1.79, 1.58 mm. Total length / wing length 1.81 – 1.96, 1.87 (6). Wing length / length of profemur 2.01 – 2.19, 2.16 (11). Thorax pale brown to brown; abdominal segments brown with narrow dark bands at apices (Fig. 55 F); femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown to brown. Head (Fig. 44 A). AR 1.91 – 2.23, 2.04 (8). Ultimate flagellomere 590 – 758, 668 µm long. Temporal setae 7 – 15 including 3 – 6, 4 inner verticals; 3 – 6, 4 outer verticals; and 1 – 3, 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 12 – 21, 17 setae. Tentorium 100 – 140, 125 (11) µm long; 2 – 10, 6 (9) µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 88 – 152, 126 (11) µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 26 – 38, 31; 29 – 52, 39; 115 – 152, 134; 102 – 145, 120 (11); 198 – 219, 211 (7). Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.41 – 1.71, 1.52 (7). Third palpomere with 2 – 3 sensilla clavata. Thorax (Fig. 44 B). Acrostichals 10 – 17, 13 (8); dorsocentrals 18 – 29, 22 (8); prealars 5 – 6, 6 (7). Scutellum with 9 – 13, 11 (8) setae. Wing. Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.11 – 1.20, 1.15. Brachiolum with 2 – 3, 2 setae; R with 29 – 41, 35; R 1 with 18 – 42, 33; R 4 + 5 with 45 – 92, 65; Sc with 9 – 30, 18; RM with 0 – 1, M with 3 – 14, 9; M 1 + 2 with 33 – 67, 51; M 3 + 4 with 19 – 56, 37; Cu with 14 – 34, 26; Cu 1 with 11 – 22, 17; PCu with 17 – 55, 40; and An with 8 – 40, 30 setae. Cells r 4 + 5, and m 1 + 2 each with more than 100 macrotrichia, m 3 + 4, with about 45 to more than 100, cell m basal of RM with about 9 – 30, 18; an plus cu with about 55 to more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 7 – 11, 9 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 44 C) 21 – 45, 29 (11) µm long; nearly rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 36 – 52, 46 µm long; on hind tibia 43 – 69, 56 µm long. Comb on midtibia (Fig. 44 D) 10 – 21, 17 µm long; combs on hind tibia (Fig. 44 E) 19 – 26, 23 µm and 12 – 24, 18 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 26 – 45, 41 (11) µm; of midtibia 44 – 50, 45 µm; of hind tibia 48 – 55, 51 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 57. Hypopygium (Fig. 44 G). Tergite IX with 10 – 16, 13 (9) median setae; laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 48 – 69, 56 µm long, 6 – 12, 9 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to nearly parallel-sided towards 2 – 5, 4 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 21 – 81, 41 µm long; phallapodeme 26 – 107, 77 µm long. Gonocoxite 140 – 169, 158 µm long. Superior volsella (Figs 45 A – C) 60 – 83, 76 µm long, with 2 – 3 inner basal setae and 1 seta on or just before projection; microtrichia absent. Inferior volsella (Fig. 44 I) 100 – 131, 111 µm long; nearly parallel-sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 142 – 174, 158 µm long. HR 0.91 – 1.12, 1.00; HV 1.69 – 2.01, 1.84 (6). Female (n = 1) Total length 2.58 mm. Wing length 2.24 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.61. Ground color pale brown; thorax brown at postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum and scutum; abdominal segments brown without dark bands; femur, tibia and tarsi brown. Head. Antennae lost. Temporal setae 13 including 5 inner verticals, 5 outer verticals, and 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 30 setae. Tentorium 167 µm long, 8 – 10 µm wide at sieve pore, 7 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 179 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 26, 50, 164, fourth and fifth palpomere lacking. Thorax. Acrostichals 15, dorsocentrals 28, prealars 6. Scutellum with 12 setae. Wing. Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.20. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 55, R 1 with 53, R 4 + 5 with 91, Sc with 28, RM with 4, M with 9, M 1 + 2 with 81, M 3 + 4 with 57, Cu with 6, Cu 1 with 25, PCu with 58 and An with 49 setae. Cell m basal of RM with 32, all other cells each with more than 100 macrotrichia. Squama with 10 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 38 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 68 µm long; on hind tibia 71 µm long. Comb on midtibia 30 µm long; combs on hind tibia 31 µm and 24 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 60 µm; of midtibia 64 µm; of hind tibia 69 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 58. Genitalia (Fig. 45 D). Gonocoxite IX with 4 setae; tergite IX with 45 setae; segment X with 8 setae. Cercus 112 µm long, 2 µm wide at apex with 1 apical seta. Seminal capsule almost ovoid, 69 µm long, 49 µm wide; neck sclerotized, 10 µm long. Notum 186 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 45 F) 104 µm long, 50 µm wide; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 45 E) with slightly curved brush; apodeme lobe (Fig. 45 G) nearly L-shaped. Postgenital plate a steeply tapering triangle.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF35FF68FF13FAC489DDFD4F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The two examined specimens from Burkina Faso (paratypes) have less than 60 macrotrichia in wing cell m 3 + 4 and an plus cu.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF35FF68FF13FAC489DDFD4F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Nigeria, Sudan, Egypt, Ghana, Zimbabwe and Greece (Crete).	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF31FF68FF13FB8E8ABAF801.taxon	description	(Fig. 46 A – E)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF31FF68FF13FB8E8ABAF801.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. UKRAINE: Kiev Province, Korostyshev, 100 km west of Kiev, 1 female, 20. vii. 1905, Yu Wagner (ZMB). Diagnostic characters. This taxon is characterized by having very densely hairy wings; the ventrolateral lobe is strongly curved and shaped very differently from all known Pentapedilum females. Female (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing length 2.82 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.43. Brown. Head. AR 0.37. Temporal setae 10 including 3 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 20 setae. Tentorium 163 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 60, 45, 50, 42, 72. Wing. Anal lobe moderately reduced. Brachiolum with 3 setae, RM with 5 or 6, M with 33 setae. Wing membrane densely covered with macrotrichia. Squama with 9 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia (Fig. 46 A) 49 µm long, with 45 µm long apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 46 µm long; on hind tibia 50 µm long. Comb on midtibia 24 µm long; combs on hind tibia 25 µm and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 57 µm; of midtibia 69 µm; of hind tibia 71 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 59. Genitalia (Fig. 46 B). Gonocoxite IX with 8 setae; tergite IX with 35 setae; segment X with 4 setae. Cercus 105 µm long. Seminal capsule spherical, 104 µm long, 87 µm wide, with 18 µm long sclerotized neck. Notum 149 µm long. Dorsomesal lobe (Fig. 46 D) 87 µm long, 41 µm wide; ventrolateral lobe (Fig. 46 E) brush-like, strongly curved; apodeme lobe as in Figure 46 C. Postgenital plate U-shaped.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF31FF68FF13FB8E8ABAF801.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although the female differs from all other examined females, it could belong to one of the described males. We thus refrain from naming the species.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF31FF68FF13FB8E8ABAF801.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ukraine.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF33FF6AFF13FF2989FDFA8E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro, shore of Lake Inawashiro, holotype male, 20. ix. 2001, light trap, K. Kitami (NMST no 397: 62, # 13 - 2). Diagnostic characters. The male differs from all other known members within the subgenus by having one large and one minute inner basal seta on the superior volsella. The superior volsella has a broad microtrichiose base and a small strongly curved, sickle-shaped, apical projection. The gonostylus and the inferior volsella are long and slender, while the anal point is short. Male (n = 1) Wing length 1.77 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 2.21. Thorax brown; abdomen yellowish brown; femur, tibia, and tarsi yellowish brown. Head. AR 1.74. Ultimate flagellomere 969 µm long. Temporal setae 10 including 5 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 19 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 35, 51, 105, 110, 189. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.80. Thorax. Acrostichals 13, dorsocentrals 13, prealars 5. Scutellum with 22 setae. Wing. Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.19. Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 22, R 1 with 14, R 4 + 5 with 31, M 3 + 4 with 14, Cu with 1, PCu with 10; other veins bare. Wing membrane bare. Squama with 8 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 47 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 58 µm long; on hind tibia 61 µm long. Comb on midtibia 28 µm long; combs on hind tibia 31 µm and 29 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 63 µm; of midtibia 58 µm; of hind tibia 72 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 61. Hypopygium. Tergite IX not discernible, laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal point 37 µm long, 12 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 5 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 35 µm long; phallapodeme 75 µm long. Gonocoxite 172 µm long. Superior volsella 68 µm long, with 1 lateral seta close to microtrichiose base and 1 large and 1 minute inner setae. Inferior volsella 124 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 143 µm long. HR 1.20.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF33FF6AFF13FF2989FDFA8E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The illustration in Sasa et al. (2001) shows only the large inner seta on the base of the superior volsella.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF33FF6AFF13FF2989FDFA8E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF33FF6BFF13FA1089FDFD67.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Iriomote Island, Funeuki, holotype male, 03. vii. 1999, light trap, H. Suzuki (NMST Type slide no. 385.62, # 5 - 3 - 2). Diagnostic characters. The species differs from all members of the subgenus by the very peculiar shape of the superior volsella, which is short and bulging with a broad protrusion medially. Male (n = 1) Wing length 1.16 mm. Wing length / length of profemur 1.99. Thorax brown at postnotum, antepronotum, preepisternum, and scutum; abdominal segments pale brown; femur, tibia, and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.06. Ultimate flagellomere 428 µm long. Temporal setae 8 including 3 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 1 postorbital. Clypeus with 18 setae. Tentorium 111 µm long, 8 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 130 µm long. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 31, 35, 89, 105, fifth palpomere lacking. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 11, dorsocentrals 16, prealars 4. Scutellum with 10 setae. Wing. Anal lobe moderately developed. VR 1.22. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 14, R 1 with 14, R 4 + 5 with 25, Cu with 2 setae. Wing membrane bare. Squama with 9 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 23 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 35 µm long; on hind tibia 41 µm long. Comb on midtibia 16 µm long; combs on hind tibia 25 µm and 14 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 41 µm; of midtibia 42 µm; of hind tibia 47 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 60. Hypopygium. Tergite IX not discernible, laterosternite IX with 4 setae. Anal point 55 µm long, 23 µm wide at base, 5 µm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 12 µm long; phallapodeme 69 µm long. Gonocoxite 133 µm long. Superior volsella 51 µm long, stout, with 42 µm long protrusion bearing several setae, covered with microtrichia. Inferior volsella 82 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with 1 prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 121 µm long. HR 1.10.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF33FF6BFF13FA1089FDFD67.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF32FF6BFF13FA498EFAF8EC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. JAPAN: Fukushima Prefecture, Inawashiro, Kurobe Joka Center, holotype male, 25. ix. 1997, T. Ogata (NMST No. 321: 49). Diagnostic characters. The superior volsella is small and differs from most species by having a broad and low base bearing 3 inner setae and a slightly curved projection bearing 1 lateral seta. The gonostylus is relatively stout, widest at about middle, with pointed apex. Male (n = 1) A detailed description is provided by Sasa and Ogata (1999), but the wing membrane lacks macrotrichia.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF32FF64FF13F8B68946FE89.taxon	description	Male (n = 4) A detailed description is given by Ree (1992). The wing membrane, however, lacks macrotrichia, thus the species cannot be a Pentapedilum.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3DFF64FF13FE1C88EEFA0F.taxon	description	(Figs 46 F – G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3DFF64FF13FE1C88EEFA0F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. A specimen labeled Pentapedilum tristis Kieffer is present in the Royal Institute of Natural Science of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium, collected by D. M. Goetghebuer, locality not given. The only species described by Kieffer under the epithet tristis appears to be Gripekovenia tristis Kieffer, 1918: 134, described from Turkey. Gripekovenia, although a nomen nudum, is, however, an orthoclad. The specimen appears to represent a new species, but since it is damaged and the locality not known it would be better not to name it. Male (n = 1) Total length not measurable. Wing incomplete, not measurable. Thorax and abdominal segments pale brown; femur, tibia, and tarsi pale brown. Head not discernible. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 43, 43, third and fourth not discernible, 119. Clypeus with 22 setae. Thorax. Acrostichals 11, dorsocentrals 12, prealars 4. Scutellum with 10 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 35 µm long, apical spur 12 µm long. Spurs on midtibia 50 µm long; on hind tibia 62 µm long. Comb on midtibia 23 µm long; combs on hind tibia 36 µm and 24 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 62 µm; of midtibia 54 µm; of hind tibia 60 µm. Length of fore femur 861 µm; of midfemur 957 µm; of hind femur 1014 µm. Length of foretibia 641 µm; of midtibia 861 µm; of hind tibia 928 µm. All tarsi lacking. Hypopygium. Tergite IX not discernible; laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 36 µm long, 10 µm wide at base, gradually tapering to 4 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 48 µm long; phallapodeme 76 µm long. Gonocoxite 167 µm long. Superior volsella (Figs 46 F – G) 58 µm long with 36 µm long apicomedian projection, 3 inner setae and 1 or 2 apical setae, microtrichia absent. Inferior volsella 140 µm long, parallel sided, with prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 164 µm long. HR 1.01.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3DFF64FF13FE1C88EEFA0F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The shape of the superior volsella differs from all other known Pentapedilum indicating that the specimen may belong to a separate subgenus or even genus.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3DFF65FF13F991889AFD67.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Pentapedilum tuberculatum Tokunaga, 1940 b: 290. Other included species: Pentapedilum yakuabeum Sasa et Suzuki, 2000 a: 56; Polypedilum (P.) yakucedeum Sasa et Suzuki, 2000 a: 57. Diagnostic characters. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Wing membrane with microtrichia, especially towards apex, squama fringed. Both mid and hind tibia with two narrow separate combs, one bearing a long spur; pulvilli well developed (Fig. 58 E), but not bifurcate as in Polypedilum. Anterior margin of the eight tergite nearly straight, not tapering as seen in Pentapedilum and Polypedilum. Gonocoxite longer than gonostylus. Gonostylus broad and short, with a short apical seta; inner margin bears short setae. Superior volsella roughly T-shaped, composed of a narrow base, narrow, parallel-sided shaft and an apical portion expanded both medially and laterally. Superior volsella may bear a lateral seta on the projection and basal inner setae. The female has 6 flagellomeres. Systematics. The immature stages are not known for Ainuyusurika. It thus is premature to attempt an exact phylogenetic placement. However, the genus appears to be close to Phaenopsectra Kieffer, sharing most features except the peculiar shape of the superior volsella. Both have abdominal segment VIII apparently straight, not basally constricted; wing membrane with macrotrichia, occurring at least in cells r 4 + 5 and m 1 + 2; simple, not bilobed, pulvilli; and setae on inner margin of gonostylus short and clumped. Asheum Sublette et Sublette has a somewhat similar superior volsella, but no macrotrichia on the wing and long setae (as in Polypedilum) on the gonostylus.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3DFF65FF13F991889AFD67.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The three included species are known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3CFF65FF13FAB28B9EF8A5.taxon	description	(Figs 47 A, E)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3CFF65FF13FAB28B9EF8A5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. The type material supposedly present in the Sasa collection is missing. Diagnostic characters. The species differs from A. yakuabeum by having the lateral seta of the superior volsella arising from the posterolateral corner and not on the shaft. The inferior volsella apparently is thumblike and with recurved setae confined to the posterior margin. Male. Described in most details by Sasa (1988 b: 80). Hypopygium and superior volsella as in Figures 47 A, E.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3FFF67FF13F92C89FDF97B.taxon	description	(Fig. 47 G)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3FFF67FF13F92C89FDF97B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture, Yakushima Island, Miyanoura, Issogawa, 24. iii. 1999, light trap, H. Suzuki (NMST Type No. 381.81; Note: Holotype number in Sasa and Suzuki (2000 b) is 384: 99. Diagnostic characters. The species differs from other species of the genus by having the lateral seta of the superior volsella arising from the apical portion of the shaft. Male (n = 1) Wing length 1.87 mm. Thorax brown, abdomen, femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.09. Ultimate flagellomere 497 µm long. Tentorium 129 µm long, 6 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Temporal setae 11 including 3 inner verticals 4 outer verticals, and 4 postorbital. Clypeus with 16 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): first palpomere not discernible, 41, 115, 143, 213. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 1.86. Third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata. Thorax. Acrostichals 16, dorsocentrals 14, prealars 5. Scutellum with 12 setae. Wing. Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.61. R with 16, R 1 with 24, R 4 + 5 with 24, M 1 + 2 with 22, M 3 + 4 with 12; other veins bare. Wing cells r 4 + 5 with about 45, m 1 + 2, with about 35, m 3 + 4 with 5 macrotrichia, other cells lack macrotrichia. Squama with 6 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 27 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 44 µm long; on hind tibia 46 µm long. Combs on midtibia 16 and 18 µm long; combs on hind tibia 16 and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 61 µm; of midtibia 63 µm; of hind tibia 57 µm. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 62. Hypopygium. Tergite IX not clear, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 55 µm long, 9 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 5 µm wide apex. Gonocoxite 137 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 47 G) 54 µm long, with 1 lateral seta close to base, no basal seta. Inferior nearly parallel-sided, with 1 short prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 128 µm long, inner margin setae short, clumped, numerous and evenly distributed. HR 1.07.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3FFF67FF13F92C89FDF97B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Tergite IX appears to have only 2 setae and the squama 6 setae as opposed to the numerous illustrated by Sasa and Suzuki (2000 b). The superior volsella of the examined specimen has no inner basal setae, while the previous description and illustration by Sasa and Suzuki (2000 b) indicated 3 inner setae. Most probably there is variation within the species. The position of the lateral seta on the projection of the volsella and the number of setae on tergite IX differ from A. tuberculatum. However, most setal numbers and ratios appear similar to those of A. tuberculatum. For now we considered them as different species, since the type material of A. tuberculatum is missing.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3FFF67FF13F92C89FDF97B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3EFF60FF13F92E89FDFB88.taxon	description	(Figs 47 B – D, F)	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3EFF60FF13F92E89FDFB88.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male, JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture, Yakushima Island, Miyanoura, 24. iii. 1999, light trap, H. Suzuki (NMST Type No. 382.97). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from the other species by having the superior volsella without setae. The gonostylus has few inner setae confined to the lower half. Male (n = 1) Wing length 1.67 mm. Thorax brown, darker at postnotum, scutum, and antepronotum; abdomen pale brown; femur, tibia and tarsi pale brown. Head. AR 1.06. Ultimate flagellomere 461 µm long. Temporal setae 9 including 2 inner verticals, 4 outer verticals, and 3 postorbital. Clypeus with 11 setae. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 1 st not measurable, 46, 115, 143, 234. Fifth palpomere / third palpomere 2.04. Thorax. Acrostichals 13, dorsocentrals 13, prealars 5. Scutellum with 13 setae. Wing. Anal lobe well developed. VR 1.29. All wing vein with setae except Sc, M, RM, PCu and An. Wing cell r 4 + 5 apically with few macrotrichia, m 1 + 2 with very few, m 3 + 4 with about 10 macrotrichia; other cells lack macrotrichia. Squama with 8 setae. Legs. Scale on foretibia 34 µm long, rounded, without apical spur. Spurs on midtibia 34 µm long; on hind tibia 39 µm long. Combs on midtibia both 16 µm long; combs on hind tibia 18 and 23 µm long. Width at apex of foretibia 54 µm; of midtibia 58 µm; of hind tibia 66 µm. Pulvilli as in Figure 47 C. Length and proportions of legs as in Table 63. Hypopygium (Fig. 47 B). Tergite IX with 8 median setae, laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal point 50 µm long, 6 µm wide at base, nearly parallel-sided towards 5 µm wide apex. Transverse sternapodeme 59 µm long. Gonocoxite 174 µm long. Superior volsella (Fig. 47 F) 44 µm long, shaft 11 µm wide, length of T-shape 46 µm, without setae and microtrichia. Inferior volsella (Fig. 47 D) 88 µm long, nearly parallel-sided, with 1 caudally directed prominent apical seta. Gonostylus 126 µm long, inner margin setae short, few, not clumped, more in lower half. HR 1.38.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3EFF60FF13F92E89FDFB88.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Wing membrane with few macrotrichia apically in cells r 4 + 5 m 1 + 2 and m 3 + 4 differs from the description and illustration in Sasa and Suzuki (2000 b). Further, LR 1 is 1.32 and not 2.10.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
57405B27FF3EFF60FF13F92E89FDFB88.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Japan.	en	Oyewo, Emmanuel Adeoye, Saether, Ole A. (2008): Revision of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) Kieffer and Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaki (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa 1953: 1-145
