taxonID	type	description	language	source
57098782EC4C61209BDCA3EFFEF7F874.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Elathous buyssoni Reitter, 1890: 247 (designated by Hyslop 1921: 644).	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC4C61209BDCA3EFFEF7F874.taxon	synonymic_list	Nearctic species (7). Elathous bicolor (LeConte, 1853): 428 (Athous). Limonius kondratieffi Al Dhafer, 2009: 299 new synonymy. Elathous brevicornis Fall, 1934: 30. Elathous brunellus Fall, 1934: 31. Elathous californicus Van Dyke, 1932: 359. Elathous discalceatus (Say, 1839): 169 (Elater). Elathous oberndorfferi Schwarz, 1903: 207 (syn. by Van Dyke, 1932) Elathous huguenini (Van Dyke, 1932): 346 (Limonius) new combination. Elathous nebulosus (Van Dyke, 1932): 345 (Limonius). Palearctic species (37). Elathous brucki (Candèze, 1878): clxviii (Athous). Melanathous sequensi Reitter, 1905: 25. Elathous brunneus (Lewis, 1894): 195 (Limonius). Elathous buyssoni Reitter, 1890: 248. Elathous candezei Reitter, 1890: 248. Elathous chiarae Guglielmi and Platia, 1985: 192. Elathous crovatoi Platia and Schimmel, 1992: 52. Elathous cyprius Baudi di Selve, 1871: 54 (Athous). Elathous depressus Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 131. Elathous ekaterinae Preiss, 2003: 55. Elathous emgei (Schwarz, 1893): 191 (Leptoschema). Elathous emrei Platia, 2011: 208. Elathous graecus Platia, 2008: 143. Elathous impressifrons (Hampe, 1866): 373 (Athous). Elathous lizleri Mertlik, 2005: 170. Elathous lizlerwerneri Mertlik and Dusanek, 2006: 152. Elathous maestrei Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz, 2012: 108. Elathous malatyanus Etzler new replacement name Elathous bicolor Platia, 2010: 27, not Athous bicolor LeConte, 1853. [HN] Elathous melanarius Platia and Kakiopoulos, 2014: 102. Elathous mertliki Platia and Schimmel, 1992: 93. Elathous murzovi Platia, 2010: 27. Elathous niger Schwarz, 1897: 130. Elathous nigricans Platia and Schimmel, 1991: 132. Elathous nurayae Platia, 2011: 207. Elathous pavesii Platia and Schimmel, 1992: 94. Elathous perrisii (Desbroches des Loges, 1873): 366 (Athous). Athous amicus Perris, 1874: 4. Athous revelierei Mulsant and Rey, 1875: 81. Elathous platiai Zapata and Sánchez-Ruiz, 2007: 221. Elathous rufobasalis Wurst, 1994: 62. Elathous rufus (Candèze, 1860): 384 (Limonius). Elathous schwarzi Reitter, 1898: 346. Elathous serti Kabalak, Avcý, and Platia, 2013: 86. Elathous smyrnensis Schwarz, 1903: 207. Elathous syriacus Schwarz, 1903: 208. Elathous talassemtani Németh and Platia, 2015: 92. Elathous tezcani Platia, 2014: 44. Elathous turcicus Platia and Gudenzi, 2005: 114. Elathous vasquezi (Cobos, 1969): 11 (Leptoschema). Elathous yamamotoi Ôhira, 1995: 189.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC4C61209BDCA3EFFEF7F874.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. S pecies in this genus share the following unique combination of characters: the frontal margin is well developed with a triangular depression on the frons; prosternal sutures are excavate and grooved anteriorly; hypomeron with posterior edge nearly straight, not emarginate; tarsi lacking membraneous lobes; male genitalia variable, but usually wedge-like with parameres lacking apical hooks (type species genitalia) (e. g. Fig. 3); female internal genitalia have a pear-shaped uterus and an inverted pear-shaped bursa copulatrix bearing three apical accessary glands and subtle sclerotizations (Fig. 2). The colleterial glands may be incorporated into the uterus, but are not distinct. The type species of the genus was examined through photographs only, so no genus description is provided.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC4C61209BDCA3EFFEF7F874.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Species in this genus recall characteristics of Limonius and Athous Eschscholtz, 1829, but are clearly distinct. However, the identification of this genus is impossible using the current North American generic key (Johnson 2002), which probably led to misidentification of species in this genus by Al Dhafer (2009). In order to get to the correct couplet for this genus in Johnson (2002, couplet 29), one needs to choose that the specimen has lobed tarsomeres (Johnson 2002, couplet 23), despite the lack of lobed tarsomeres in these species, leading inevitably to misidentification. Two species, E. huguenini and E. nebulosus, treated by Al Dhafer (2009) as Limonius are better placed in this genus based on male genitalia and other morphological characteristics. In fact, Lane (1971) placed L. nebulosus in Elathous. It appears that Al Dhafer (2009) was unaware of this, despite citing that work. Lane also moved the single L. huguenini specimen in the BMNH to Elathous when he visited in 1965, but this transfer was never published (C. M. F. von Hayek, unpublished BMNH collection notes). The types of L. kondratieffi were not located in the FSCA, where they were reportedly deposited (Al Dhafer 2009). It is unclear at this time where these specimens are actually located, even after contact with the describer. The description and depicted male genitalia of L. kondratieffi is identical to that of Elathous bicolor, a species common in the type locality of the former, so I consider L. kondratieffi a synonym of Elathous bicolor (LeConte). In the Palearctic region there are 37 recognized species, two from Japan, and the rest from the Mediterranean region (Cate 2007, Kabalak et al. 2013). There are currently seven species in North America, mostly in the eastern regions. The last Nearctic key to this group is Van Dyke (1932). Glen (1950) described the larvae of E. bicolor, the only Nearctic species with associated larvae. Elathous needs a revision to determine the relationships of the approximately 40 species. Based on male genitalia, there appear to be two groups of species. During this review it was discovered that the species Elathous bicolor Platia, 2010 is a secondary junior homonym of Elathous bicolor (LeConte, 1853), so I propose Elathous malatyanus as a replacement name, after the type locality of the Turkish Province Malatya.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC41612A9BDCA2B9FDDAF919.taxon	discussion	Type species: Elater armus Say, 1839: 171 (= Elater stigma Herbst, 1806 )), by monotypy; Nakane and Kishii 1955: 205; Lane 1971 (as subgenus of Limonius): 21; Kishii 1987: 82; Ôhira 1990: 108; Han et al. 2012: 58 (and references therein).	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC41612A9BDCA2B9FDDAF919.taxon	synonymic_list	The following are suggested species groups. I have included generic names in parentheses near the species groups when a type species is included in the group. Nearctic species (29). Stigma species-group (Gambrinus): Gambrinus confusus (LeConte, 1853): 430 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus crotchii (Horn, 1872): 148 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus flavomarginatus (Knull, 1938): 20 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus humidus (Lane, 1941): 137 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus lanchesteri (Lane, 1941): 135 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus meridianus (Knull, 1947): 177 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus mirus (LeConte, 1853): 429 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus norahae (Al Dhafer, 2009): 312 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus olentangyi (Knull, 1947): 179 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus rufihumeralis (Lane, 1941): 133 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus stigma (Herbst, 1806): 86 (Elater) new combination. Gambrinus shircki (Lane, 1965): 183 (Limonius) new combination, removed from synonymy. Gambrinus snakensis (Lane, 1965): 185 (Limonius) new combination, removed from synonymy. Gambrinus pictus (Van Dyke, 1932): 343 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus ulkei (Horn, 1871): 314 (Limonius) new combination, removed from synonymy. Gambrinus venablesi (Wickham, 1913): 27 (Limonius) new combination Griseus species-group: Gambrinus angulatus (Motschulsky, 1859): 370 (Limonius) new combination Gambrinus bicolor (Van Dyke, 1932): 344 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus clypeatus (Motschulsky, 1859): 369 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus cribriceps (Van Dyke, 1943): 44 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus fulvipilis (Candèze, 1860): 383 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus griseus (Beauvois, 1805): 1805 (Elater) new combination. Elater cylindriformis Say, 1823: 176. Limonius hirticollis Melsheimer, 1846: 215. Gambrinus interstitialis (Melsheimer, 1846): 215 (Limonius) new combination, removed from synonymy. Gambrinus plebejus (Say, 1825): 263 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus propexus (Candèze, 1860): 386 new combination, removed from synonymy. Gambrinus rudis (Brown, 1933): 175 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus seminudus (Van Dyke, 1932): 348 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus sinuifrons (Fall, 1907): 227 (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus ursinus (Van Dyke, 1932): 349 (Limonius) new combination. Palearctic species (31). Stigma species-group (Limoniscus, Sichuanelater): Gambrinus ainu Ôhira, 1968: 9. Gambrinus amamiensis Ôhira, 1966: 10. Gambrinus atricolor (Lewis, 1879): 157 (Limonius). Gambrinus elegans (Buysson, 1891): cxxxvii (Limonius) new combination. Gambrinus gibbosus (Platia and Gudenzi, 2006): 139 (Sichuanelater) new combination. Gambrinus henanensis (Schimmel, 2006): 252 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus hinakurai (Kishii, 1998): 2 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus hiramatsui Ôhira, 1976: 48. Gambrinus hosodai Kishii, 1989: 65. Gambrinus imitans (Lewis, 1894): 196 (Limonius). Gambrinus katoi (Kishii, 2002): 129 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus kawaharai (Kishii, 2002): 129 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus kraatzi kraatzi (Candèze, 1879): 281 (Limonius). Gambrinus kraatzi nihonicus Kishii, 1966: 46. Gambrinus kucerai (Schimmel, 2006): 253 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus limbatipennis Nakane and Kishii, 1955: 43. Gambrinus naomii (Kishii, 1997): 4 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus nanshanensis (Arimoto and Hiramatsu, 2013): 85 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus niponensis (Lewis, 1894): 194 (Limonius). Gambrinus ogatai Kishii, 1985: 8. Gambrinus rufipennis (Lewis, 1894): 197 (Limonius). Gambrinus rufovittatus Ôhira, 1963: 15. Gambrinus shaanxiensis (Schimmel, 2006): 253 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus suturalis (Gebler, 1844): 99 (Ampedus) new combination. Gambrinus takabai (Kishii, 1997): 1 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus violaceus (Müller, 1821): 184 (Elater) new combination. Gambrinus vittatus (Candèze, 1873): 22 (Limonius) Gambrinus wittmeri (Chassain, 1998): 120 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus yamato (Kishii, 1998): 5 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus yujii (Arimoto, 2013): 79 (Limoniscus) new combination. Gambrinus zhejiangensis (Schimmel, 2015): 290 (Limoniscus) new combination.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC41612A9BDCA2B9FDDAF919.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of the genus Gambrinus are readily separated from other genera of the Limonius genus-group by the emarginate posterior margin of the hypomeron (Fig. 4). They are also united by similar female internal genitalia, with colleterial glands incorporated into uterus, bursa copulatrix bearing a narrow expansion, and a basal accessory gland on the bursa copulatrix (Figs. 5 and 6). Generally, species in this genus are larger than the other genera in the Limonius genus group, but exceptions are common. Other characters are quite variable within the genus, and are shared with species in Limonius. Generic Description. Medium sized, mostly longer than 8 mm, sub-cylindrical to cylindrical, lustrous or dull, quite variable in color. Head with simple or umbilicate punctures; frons depressed or rather flattened; frontal margin entire, straight or undulate anterad. Antennae with 2 nd and 3 rd antennomeres variable, often small, usually sub-equal in size, ratio of length of 2 + 3 to 4 th variable, often sub-equal, 4 th to 10 th antennomere serrate, 11 th ovoid, sometimes noticeably longer than others. Pronotum usually longer than wide, sometimes with anterior angles expanded; hind angles broad at base, often with single carina, rarely with carina weak or absent, with a nail-like projection on inner side; posterior margin lacking basal incisures and a basal notch; prosternal sutures double, often distinctly grooved anteriorly; posterior margin of hypomeron emarginate near apex; prosternal process expanded laterally; procoxal cavities narrowly opened. Scutellum subpentagonal, with or without longitudinal elevation. Abdomen with lateral microserrations on each ventrite. Legs slender; tarsomeres simple, often with dense setose pads ventrally; claws simple, lacking setae. Male aedeagus narrow with narrow sinuate parameres with membraneous apical end (Fig. 11, Stigma speciesgroup), or moderate with parameres more sclerotized with apical ends sinuate with distinct lateral expansions (Fig. 10, griseus species-group). Female internal genitalia with uterus bearing moderate sclerotization, colleterial glands incorporated into uterus, bursa copulatrix weakly sclerotized basally with long narrow expansion ending in finger-like glands and long tubular extension to spermatheca (Fig. 5, Stigma species-group), or completely weakly sclerotized, with short narrow expansion (Fig. 6, Griseus species-group); both types with basal accessory gland on bursa copulatrix.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC41612A9BDCA2B9FDDAF919.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This definition encompases the species traditionally used with the generic name Limoniscus. While Limoniscus has been used consistently since it was described in 1905, its synonymy with Gambrinus requires a change in names. A reversal of precedence under Art. 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomeclature (ICZN 1999) is precluded by the use of Gambrinus as a valid genus by Ôhira (1990), Han et al. (2012), and others within the last 50 years. The relationship between these two names has been recognized since the 1950 s (Ôhira 1954), with a direct comparison of type species done by Ôhira (1990). Ôhira moved the Japanese species to Limoniscus based on the lack of a carina on the posterior pronotal angles and the less serrated antennomeres present in G. stigma, stating that they were a better match to Limoniscus violaceus. However, close examination of many specimens of many species from both regions show that the strength of the hind angle carina is variable within the group, and the strength of serration of the antennomeres is species specific. I also disagree with Ôhira (1990) when he states that the antennae of G. stigma are weakly serrate (see Fig. 7) and there is a carina, although weaker than in G. violaceus, present on the hind angle (Fig. 8). Due to the variability of both characters, I can only recognize one genus. The monotypic Sichuanelater is a highly derived member of this genus. While it has many unique characters, which led to the type species being described in its own genus, the male genitalia are typical for Gambrinus (Platia 1998, see his Fig. 11). Gambrinus gibbosus, from mainland China and type species of Sichuanelater, also appears similar to the Taiwanese G. nanshanensis further strengthening this synonymy. This genus is defined by the emargination of the posterior edge of the hypomeron. In addition, these species share characters of both the male and female internal genitalia. All species can be linked by the female internal genitalia, a character that Becker (1956) noted was a strong character to discover natural groups of species. Within Gambrinus, there appear to be two species groups, here designated the Stigma species-group and the Griseus species-group. Despite the differences in bursa copulatrix shape (Figs. 5 and 6), both species groups have colleterial glands as subtle expansions of the uterus, and bear accessory glands near the junction of the uterus and bursa copulatrix. Additionally, the male genitalia were used here to form species groups, matching those of the female internal genitalia. The Stigma species-group has aedeagi that possess narrow parameres (Fig. 11) and includes all Palearctic species and part of the Nearctic species. The Griseus species-group has relatively wide parameres (Fig. 10), and is limited to the remaining Nearctic species. Other general trends in the species groups are that the Stigma species-group contains species with completely piceous pronota, and elytra bearing orange humeral markings, while the Griseus species-group contains species with bicolored pronota and unicolorous brown elytra. Exceptions to these color patterns are not uncommon, so these can only be used as general trends and not definitions of the groups. Larvae are only confidently associated for a few Palearctic species. Important works are Dolin (1978) and Whitehead (2003) for Western Eurasian species, and Ôhira (1962) for Japanese species. Known larvae are very close in appearance to Limonius, but the outer urogomphal prong is usually quite long relative to Limonius species (Fig. 9 in Whitehead 2003, cf. Fig. 72 here). While never specifically mentioned in keys, known species lack stemmata (Paul F. Whitehead, in litt.). In the Nearctic, only G. confusus has tentatively associated larvae (Glen 1950). These larvae possess stemmata, differing from known Palearctic species, but were found in decayed wood and in well decayed leaf-litter (Glen 1950), similar to the habitat of G. violaceus (Whitehead 2003). However, the examined larvae in Glen (1950) lack associated adults, so these observations should be used with caution. This reorganization exposes a need for considerable work to be done at the species level, particularly in the Nearctic. Notable examples include the previously excluded G. angulatus (Al Dhafer 2009), the G. crotchi complex, and the G. griseus complex of species.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC4561349BDCA4CDFEF9F877.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Elater minutus Linneaeus, 1758, designated by Curtis 1838. LeConte 1853: 428; Candèze 1860: 377; Reitter 1905: 16; Schwarz 1907: 193; Leng 1920: 168; Lane 1971: 21; Leseigneur 1972: 180; Sánchez-Ruiz 1996: 108; Johnson 2002: 169; Leseigneur and Mertlik 2007; Cate 2007: 165; Al Dhafer 2009; Han et al 2012: 53.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC4561349BDCA4CDFEF9F877.taxon	synonymic_list	The following are suggested species groups. I have included generic names in parentheses near the species groups when a type species is included in the group. For this genus, I have grouped both Nearctic and Palearctic species together under each species-group. This will make it easier for future revisionary work. No consistent character was discovered to be able to separate these groups at the generic-level, with groups blurring together. Species-level synonyms for Palearctic species are not provided, but can be found in Cate (2007). For the Nearctic region, species level synonyms follow Al Dhafer (2009) unless noted. Minutus species-group (Limonius, Kibunea) Nearctic species (4) Limonius aurifer LeConte, 1853: 429. Limonius basilaris (Say, 1823): 172 (Elater). Limonius lanei Van Dyke, 1932: 350. Limonis semianeus LeConte, 1853: 432 removed from synonymy. Palearctic species (7) Limonius approximans Lewis, 1894: 198. Limonius eximia Lewis, 1894: 318. Limonius ignicollis Lewis, 1894: 197. Limonius kouichiana (Kishii, 1989): 63 (Kibunea). Limonius minutus (Linnaeus, 1758): 406 (Elater). Limonius narukawai (Kishii, 1993): 151 (Kibunea). Limonius scutellaris (Dolin, 2003): 36 (Cidnopus). Parvulus species-group (Micrathous) Nearctic species (4) Limonius aeger LeConte, 1853: 431. Limonius brevis (Van Dyke, 1932): 379 (Athous) new combination. Limonius quercinus (Say, 1825): 262 (Elater). Limonius sordidus (Van Dyke, 1932): 380 (Athous) new combination. Palearctic species (3) Limonius marginicollis Lewis, 1894: 196 Limonius parallelus Motschulsky, 1860: 111. Limonius parvulus (Panzer, 1799): 7 (Elater). Consimilis species-group (Solskyana) Nearctic species (5) Limonius beutenmuelleri Van Dyke, 1932: 351. Limonius consimilis Walker, 1866: 325. [see note below] Limonius nitidulus Horn, 1871: 315. Limonius jonesi Lane, 1965: 182. Limonius seibertae Etzler, 2018: 863 Limonius pappi Becker, 1976: 689. Palearctic species (6) Limonius crassipes Schwarz, 1900: 105. Limonius hirtus (Dolin, 1978): 48 (Solskyana) new combination. Limonius koltzei Reitter, 1895: 256. Limonius montivagus Lewis, 1894: 194. [see notes below] Limonius nigronitidus (Han and Lee, 2012): 50 (Cidnopus) new combination. Limonius villiger Solsky, 1881: 237. Pilosus species-group (Cidnopus) Nearctic species (3) Limonius auripilis (Say, 1823): 172. (Elater) Limonius kuschei Van Dyke, 1932: 349. Limonius pectoralis LeConte, 1853: 391. Palearctic species (6) Limonius marginellus brusteli (Leseigneur, 2004): 231 (Cidnopus) new combination. Limonius marginellus marginellus Perris, 1864: 284. Limonius pilosus (Leske, 1785): 11 (Elater). Limonius pseudopilosus (Platia and Gudenzi 1985): 21 (Cidnopus) new combination. Limonius schurmanni (Platia and Gudenzi, 1998): 53. (Cidnopus) new combination. Limonius turcicus (Platia, 2004): 40. (Cidnopus) new combination. Canus species-group (Nothodes, Neoathousius) Nearctic species (13) Limonius agonus (Say, 1839): 171 (Elater). Limonius anceps LeConte, 1853: 433 removed from synonymy. Limonius californicus (Mannerheim, 1843): 238 (Cardiophorus). Limonius canus LeConte, 1853: 433. Limonius dubitans LeConte, 1853: 433 removed from synonymy. Limonius ectypus (Say, 1839): 167 (Elater). Limonius infuscatus Motschulsky, 1859: 371 removed from synonymy. Limonius longulus Champion, 1896: 455. Limonius mandibularis Motschulsky, 1859: 370. Limonius pilosulus Candèze, 1891: 149 removed from synonymy. Limonius quadraticollis Candèze, 1860: 412. Limonius rectangularis Fall, 1934: 30. Limonius subauratus LeConte, 1853: 433. Palearctic species (26) Limonius aeruginosus (Olivier, 1790): 33 (Elater). Limonius baconi Candèze, 1860: 412. Limonius brancuccii (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 884 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius decorus (Gurjeva, 1975): 169 (Athousius) new combination. Limonius exiguus (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 885 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius hartmanni (Schimmel, 1998): 151 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius hiermeieri (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 888 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius hubeiensis (Kishii and Jiang, 1996): 131. (Cidnopus) new combination. Limonius kubani (Schimmel, 1996): 172 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius loebli (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 890 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius longicornis (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 890 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius macedonicus (Cate and Platia, 1989): 185 (Cidnopus) new combination. Limonius manaliensis (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 892 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius marginipennis Lewis, 1894: 195. [see note below] Limonius miandamensis (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 892 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius minusculus (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 101 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius nigrinus Candèze, 1900: 94. Limonius platiai Mertlik, 1996: 203 (Cidnopus) new combination. Limonius recticornis (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 893 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius riesei Platia, 1988: 9 (Athousius) new combination. Limonius rusticus (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 894 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius ruzenae Laibner, 1977: 388. Limonius schimmeli new replacement name. Neoathousius ferrugineus Schimmel and Platia, 1991: 88 [HN], not Limonius ferrugineus Buysson, 1902. Limonius sinensis (Schimmel and Platia, 1994): 233 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius singularis (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 894 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius stapfi (Schimmel, 2007): 183 (Neoathousius) new combination. Limonius wittmeri (Schimmel and Platia, 1991): 895 (Neoathousius) new combination. Species incertae sedis Limonius obienesis Cherepanov, 1966: 23, Western Siberia. Limonius substriatus (Gebler, 1833): 279 (Elater) “ Siberia ”. Nomina dubia in Cate 2007 Limonius araratensis Faldermann, 1835: 168.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC4561349BDCA4CDFEF9F877.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This genus can be distinguished from other genera in the Limonius genera-group by the non-emarginate posterior edge of the hypomeron and the procoxal cavity narrowly open posteriorly. Other characters are quite variable among species. Generic Description. Small to medium sized, 5.5 mm to 13 mm in length, sub-cylindrical. Head with simple or umbilicate punctures; frons weakly depressed or rather flattened; frontal margin variable, entirely carinate to absent medially, straight to strongly undulate in speciemens with margin present. Antennae variable and sexually dimorphic, usually longer in males, extending past posterior edge of pronotum by one or two antennomeres, and reaching posterior edge in females, although exceptions are common; 2 nd and 3 rd antennomeres usually subcylindrical, ratio of 2 nd and 3 rd variable, ratio of 2 nd and 3 rd to 4 th variable, usually serrated from 4 th to 10 th antennomeres, although some species have a weakly serrate 3 rd antennomere, 11 th ovoid. Pronotum variable and sexually dimorphic, usually appearing longer than wide but actually as wide as long, although some species clearly longer than wide or wider than long; anterior angles variable, sometimes expanded; hind angles short, broad at base, often with short single carina; posterior margin lacking incisures at base of hind angles and usually lacking notches anterior of scutellum; prosternal sutures double, anterior end variable, distinctly grooved and strongly excavate anteriorly to nearly closed with barest hint of groove; posterior edge of hypomeron not emarginate posteriorly, straight and “ ear-like ” or slightly sinuate; prosternal process expanded laterally; procoxal cavities narrowly opened. Scutellum variable, simple, smoothly convex, or with medial longitudinal ridge, often an oblong oval shape (Fig. 14) or a broad sub-quadrate shape (Fig. 15). Mesepisternum sometimes not reaching mesocoxal cavity (Fig. 24). Legs slender, moderately long; tarsomeres simple, often with dense setal pads ventrally; claws simple, lacking basal setae. Male genitlia variable, but always with apical expansions on the parameres (Figs. 17 – 23). Female internal genitalia variable, but all bearing two distinct colleterial glands off of weakly sclerotized uterus; uterus never with distinct sclerotizations (Figs. 25 – 34).	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC4561349BDCA4CDFEF9F877.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This concept of Limonius returns to the older, broader concept of the genus. The biggest issue with the concept of this genus was the confusion about the type species during the mid- 20 th century (Sánchez-Ruiz 1996). Due to this confusion, many authors tried to move some species to other genera without looking at broader patterns, leaving this group essentially unworkable. Species that are listed as incertae sedis were treated as Limonius by Cate (2007), but I have not been able to examine specimens of these names, nor have I been able to look at the original descriptions. As Cate spent considerable time on the Palearctic Catalogue, I accept his placement, but am unable to place these species into a speciesgroup. The nomina dubia is a name that Cate (2007) did not place in any genus. I have included the name here to have a full catalog of species names for the genus. The order of species groups above is important, as the order is a hypothesis of which species groups have closer relationships, which are discussed below. No attempt at a phylogeny has been attempted for species groups or species within each species group. Unlike the other genera presented here, there is quite a bit of variation in the internal female genital tracts. Based on my observations, there are at least six types present within the genus. These genitalic groups likely represent true species-groups, however, I am unable to find consistent external morphological characters to readily distinguish genera. In many instances, there is more variation within a species group than between species groups, increasing the difficulties in choosing informative characters. I have chosen the conservative approach and recognized a large, variable genus until all species can be examined in detail and a phylogenetic analysis conducted. Despite the variation, all female internal genitalia do appear to follow a similar pattern. All examined species bear two distinct colleterial glands off the uterus. The uterus is also often slightly more sclerotized that the bursa copulatrix, which is indicated on the drawings by brown lines. Unlike the genera Pheletes and Tetralimonius, there are no distinct sclerotized sections of the uterus. The Minutus species-group is equivalent to Limonius sensu stricto. It is based on members sharing the characters of flared anterior margins of the pronotum, and a narrow aedeagus (all similar to Fig. 17). The female internal genitalia belong to what I call Type A (Fig. 25). The bursa copulatrix is often weakly sclerotized basally, bears at least two accessory glands, a smaller one basally and a moderate one medially, and a tubular extension at the end. Some species (not figured) also bear another gland near the tubular extension (diverticulum of Becker 1956). Some authors (e. g. Platia 1994) have used the flared anterior margins to separate this group at the genus level. However, this character also repeatedly appears in the genus Gambrinus. An unreported character is that L. minutus, the type species of Limonius, possesses a mesocoxal cavity where the mesepisternum does not reach the mesocoxal cavity (Fig. 24). This character is shared by all North American species in this species group. The modern concept of L. minutus was established by Leseigneur and Mertlik (2007). Larvae have only been associated with a few Palearctic species (e. g. Dolin 1978), and are of the typical Limonius type, with the ninth abdominal segment similar to Fig. 72, but with urogomphal prongs reduced to tubercles. The Parvulus species-group is equivalent of Nothodes auct. The misuse of the generic name for this group stems from confusion of the Japanese species L. marginicollis and L. marginipennis, both described by Lewis (1894) (C. M. F. von Hayek, unpublished BMNH collection notes). I have examined both types at the BMNH and only the later species is closely related to the type species of Nothodes. Members of this group are intermediate between the preceding group and the following group (Consimilis species-group). Members also share characters with the other two species groups (Pilosus species-group and the Canus species-group). Species in both regions look very similar to species in the Minutus species-group, but lack the flaired anterior margins of the pronotum. The male genitalia of species in this group are also intermediate, combining characteristics of both groups (e. g. Figs. 18 and 19). For the mesocoxal cavity, the mesepisternum just reaches the cavity in L. parvulus, and narrowly reaches to appearing closed in L. aeger, suggesting this character is variable within the species group. Larvae are associated with species from both regions, with the larva of L. aeger described for the Nearctic (Glen 1950), and L. parvulus for the Palearctic (Dolin 1978). These larvae belong to the same group as the known larvae in the Minutus species-group. I fully expect this group to be artificial when a phylogenetic study of the genus is conducted. To the Parvulus species-group, I also add two species from California formerly placed in the genus Micrathous. This genus was defined by small, setose lobes on the tarsi, and grooved prosternal sutures, which separated these species from Athous, the genus the two included species were described in. However, careful examination revealed that the setose lobes are better classified as dense setose pads, a common character in Limonius species. No other characters were discovered to recognize these two species as belonging to a distinct genus. The female internal genitalia of species I place into the Parvulus species-group are quite variable relative to other groups. There are four main genitalia types known, all possessing a curved bursa copulatrix. Type B (Fig. 26), found in L. aeger, is similar to Type A, but lacks the small accessory gland, a more curved bursa copulatrix and a corkscrew-shaped tubular extension. It appears similar to the drawing of the genitalia for L. pseudopilosus in Fig. 6 d of Han et al. (2012). Type C (Fig. 27), found in L. quercinus, is strongly modified, possess a tubular bursa copulatrix without a clear separation from the uterus and lacking distinct accessory glands or a tubular extension. The bursa copulatrix also bears a heavily sclerotized area at the inner curve. However, the aedeagus of L. quercinus is very similar to that of L. aeger (Fig. 18). While the male genitalia of L. parvulus appear similar to those found in the Consimilis species-group (Fig. 19), the female internal genitalia link this species to others within the speciesgroup (Fig. 28). The female internal genitalia of L. parvulus share many characteristics with other groups. It shares the basal accessory gland and basal sclerotization of the bursa copulatrix with Type A genitalia. It also has the inner heavy sclerotization of the bursa copulatrix as in Type C (insert, Fig. 28). Finally, it has a medial accessory gland and general bursa copulatrix shape as in Type F (below). Due to this combination of many characters, I consider this a Type C / F combination. Finally, L. brevis (formerly in Micrathous) has Type D genitalia (Fig. 30), with a long, curved bursa copulatrix, lacking basal or medial accessory glands. This shares some characteristics with species in the Pilosus species-group (see below). The Consimilis species-group contains species previously placed in Cidnopus and Solskyana and may also be an artificial grouping. These species are grouped together by the slightly sinuate posterior edge of the hypomeron (Fig. 13), and the widened parameres of the aedeagus (Fig. 20). The majority of specimens have the prosternal sutures strongly excavate anteriorly, with the antennae able to fit in a short groove between the hypomeron and the prosternum. In all examined specimens the mesepisternum does not reach the mesocoxal cavity, similar to the Minutus species-group. The female internal genitalia are also quite distinctive (Fig. 29), bearing a cork-screw shaped, elongate bursa copulatrix ending in many accessory glands and a long tubular extension. I consider this as Type E genitalia. Figure 29 should be compared to Figs. 3 b and 3 c in Han et al. (2012). Some of the species in the Consimilis species-group require explanation. Until recently, considerable confusion existed about L. consimilis. These issues are discussed in detail in Etzler (2018), where a key to the North American species of this species group is also provided. Limonius montivagus is also an interesting case. Many authors treat this species as a Gambrinus (i. e. Cate 2007). However, I have examined the type and it seems better placed in the Consimilis species-group. The slightly sinuate posterior edge of the hypomeron may have led to this placement in Gambrinus. Finally, the two species formerly in Solskyana (L. hirtu s and L. villiger) deserve comment. The genus was described by Dolin (1978) based on larval characters. He stated that they had a double pointed mandible (Fig. 67) compared to typical Limonius (Figs. 65, 69). I examined two specimens identified as L. villiger, one from the NMPC and one at the BMNH. I am unable to find any characters to distinguish this species at the genus level. While Dolin’s (1978) larval key is a foundational work, he doesn’t state how he made the associations or numbers of individuals he examined. Due to this, I have taken the conservative approach and included these species here until a larger phylogenetic study can be conducted to determine their relationship and the strength of the mandibular character in the larvae. The Pilosus species-group encompasses species that are apparently closely related to the type species of Cidnopus. These species all share excavated anterior ends of the prosternal suture, and strongly hooked parameres of the aedeagus (Fig. 21). Species are intermediate between the previous group and the following (Canus species-group). The mesepisternum does not reach the mesocoxal cavity in L. auripilis, barely reaches it in L. pectoralis, and clearly reaches it in L. pilosus, again showing variability of this character within a species group. The understanding of internal female genitalic characters for this group is hindered by a lack of availability of specimens for dissection. Illustrations of L. pseudopilosus (Han et al. 2012, Fig. 6 d) share a general shape with that of L. aeger (Fig. 26). I also studied the internal genitalia of L. auripilis, and they are quite similar to L. brevis (Fig. 30), lending additional support in synonymizing Micrathous with Limonius. Of the approximately 20 specimens of L. pilosus I have been able to examine in detail, all have been males, leaving the female internal genitalia of that species unknown. Of the species group, only L. pilosus has an associated larva, which is unique for the genus. While the adults are typical Limonius, the questionably associated larvae are not. The larvae possess stemmata and have a singlepointed nasale (Fig. 64), neither of which is known in other Limonius species (Glen 1950, Dolin 1978). Additionally, the mandible (Fig. 66) is subtly different than typical Limonius (Fig. 65), bearing tubercles on the main tooth. This association needs to be re-confirmed, since I predict that the original match is based on miss-associated specimens and the error has been simply repeated in subsequent literature. It is unclear what these unknown larvae are, but it is likely a common northern European species. The final group is the Canus species-group that encompasses species formerly in the genus Neoathousius, includes the type species of Nothodes, and part of Cidnopus. The group name was first suggested by Lanchester (1946) for some North American species, and I have broadened the definition here. The Canus species-group encompasses a wide variety of characters, with some species having excavated anterior ends of the prosternal suture, while others are nearly closed anteriorly. The variability of characters is best demonstrated with the Nearctic species of the Canus species-group. There is a wide range of variation between species with frontal margins (Figs. 35 and 36), antennomere ratios, the anterior ends of prosternal sutures (Figs. 37 and 38), types of ovipositors (Figs. 39 – 42), and two main types of male genitalia (Figs. 22 and 23). However, they all share similar internal female internal genitalia (Figs. 31 – 34, all considered Type F). It also appears that the mesepisternum reaches the mesocoxal cavity for species in this group. This group contains the species of Limonius traditionally considered agricultural pests and requires a tremendous amount of study to understand the diversity. Additionally, L. mandibularis is returned to the species list in this group, after it has been absent from most Nearctic catalogs for nearly 100 years (e. g. Woodworth 1913, Leng 1920). The examined internal female internal genitalia of this group show some variation, but all share common characteristics. The majority of North American species in the group are similar to Fig. 33 (this is the genitalia type depicted in Becker 1956, for his third group). This type has a large sclerotized area in the bursa copulatrix near the junction of the bursa copulatrix and the uterus. The bursa copulatrix also has a medial offshoot bearing two accessory glands and a terminal tubular extension, shared by all variations (Figs. 31 – 34). This type is heavily modified in L. infuscatus (Fig. 34) where the accessory glands appear to be expanded into a large sac. The genitalia of L. aeruginosus (Fig. 31) has a small sclerotized area at the base of the bursa copulatrix near the junction with the uterus. The genitalia of L. longicornis (formerly in Neoathousius) (Fig. 32) are very similar to that of L. aeruginosus, but apparently lack any sclerotized sections of the bursa copulatrix. It should be noted that the genitalia depicted in Fig. 32 are shrunken compared to the inflated genitalia in Fig. 31. In many collections, species in Sylvanelater Johnson, 2008 (formerly part of Ctenicera) are misidentified as Nothodes dubitans (= Limonius dubitans here). These specimens can be readily differentiated by their long pronotal hind angles and posteriorly widely open procoxal cavities (similar to Fig. 43). This confusion resulted in the overemphasis on the weak frontal margin in Limonius dubitans, which often led to this species being placed in other tribes, such as the Steatoderini (= modern Elaterini and Agriotini) (Schwarz 1906). The synonymy of Neoathousius may seem controversial, but the relationship of these species to Limonius has been noted since its description (Schimmel and Platia 1991, Schimmel and Platia 1994). There is no character that reliably separates these species at the generic level, and they are remarkably close to species from Northern Mexico and Texas. Additionally, as stated above, associated females share similar genitalia to Limonius species, confirming the synonymy. A species level revision is needed, as L. baconi and L. nigrinus are related to the species formerly in Neoathousius. The Palearctic Limonius baconi is also removed from the Nearctic species list, first appearing there without comment in Schwarz 1907. With the synonymy of Neoathousius with Limonius, Neoathousius ferrugineus Schimmel and Platia becomes a secondary homynym of Limonius ferrugineus Buysson (= L. pilosus). I have renamed this species Limonius schimmeli in honor of one of the original describers, the late Rainier Schimmel. The species L. rectangularis from west Texas is similar to the two Mexican species L. longulus and L. quadraticollis. This species is known from a single male holotype which I have recently (2017) examined (MCZC), and it was undissected. The genitalia figured in Al Dhafer (2009, Fig. 56) belongs to a different species, as the photograph is identical to that of a specimen of L. auripilis also at the MCZC. The actual genitalia of L. rectangularis remain unknown. As stated above, these three species are quite close to Palearctic species formerly in Neoathousius, and there are likely more species to be discovered in Northern Mexico. Larvae have been associated with many species in the Canus species-group from all regions (Lanchester 1946, Ôhira 1962, Dolin 1978, Etzler et al. 2014). Species in this group are considered to be economically important in the Nearctic, particularly the Pacific Northwest (Lanchester 1946, Milosavljević et al. 2017, among many others). The larvae can be diagnosed by the frontal clypeal area with a tridentate nasale (Figs. 62, 71) and lacking setemata on the head (Fig. 69). The ninth abdominal segment is also characteristic (e. g. Fig. 72), with all species possessing urogomphi forming a caudal notch. The dorsal tubercles (Fig. 72, arrow) are helpful for species-level diagnoses (Lanchester 1946).	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC51613C9BDCA2B9FA89FEC1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Elater bructeri Panzer, 1795 (= Elater aeneoniger DeGeer, 1774) by monotypy; Reitter 1905: 18; Leng 1920: 168;	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC51613C9BDCA2B9FA89FEC1.taxon	synonymic_list	Nearctic species (1) Pheletes lecontei (Lane, 1971): 24 (Limonius) new combination. Limonius consimilis auct. not Walker, 1866: 325. Limonius nitidicollis LeConte, 1869: 378 [HN], not Limonius nitidicollis Laporte 1840. Palearctic species (1) Pheletes aeneoniger (DeGeer, 1774): 328 (Elater). Elater bructeri Panzer, 1795: 243. Elater minutus Paykull, 1800: 40 [HN], not Elater minutus Linnaeus, 1758. Elater nitidus Gmelin, 1790: 1915. Limonius pusillus Sahlberg, 1900: 17.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC51613C9BDCA2B9FA89FEC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. From small black, true Limonius, this genus can be distinguished by the prosternal sutures never grooved anteriorly and the posteriorly pointed scutellum (similar to Fig. 47). The male genitalia (Fig. 46) is unique for the genus-group, bearing a broad median lobe and broad, flat parameres with a short sharp hook apically. The female internal genitalia (Fig. 45) distinguish this genus with a broad area with small sclerotized tubercles on the uterus, and a long and narrow bursa copulatrix with a coiled apical end. This genus is very closely related to the new genus Tetralimonius, whose members were previously placed here. In addition to the genitalic characters, Pheletes can be distinguished from Tetralimonius by the carinate hind angles, simple pronotal punctation, and the narrowly open procoxal cavities (Fig. 44). The larvae of Pheletes possess unique mandibles, bearing three cusps anterad the retinaculum (Fig. 68), which readily separates them from Limonius which has a mandible with a single point anterad the retinaculum (Fig. 65). Larvae have a tridentate nasale on the frontal clypeal area (Fig. 63) similar to true Limonius (Fig. 62). Generic Description. Piceous, relatively small, 3.5 – 7 mm in length, shining. Head with simple, well-spaced, punctures; frons with center bulbous and surrounded by faint triangular impression; frontal margin entire, narrowly carinate, broadly arcuate when viewed anteriorly. Antennae with 2 nd antennomere subcylindrical, slightly wider than 3 rd and subequal to or shorter than 3 rd, 3 rd subcylindrical, slightly shorter than or subequal to 4 th, 4 th to 10 th antennomeres weakly serrate, almost filiform in P. lecontei, 11 th ovoid. Pronotum as wide as long or wider than long, anterior angles not expanded; hind angles moderately wide at base, with single carina, acute at tip and weakly divergent at most; posterior margin lacking basal incisures and basal notch; prosternal sutures double, not grooved anteriorly; posterior margin of hypomeron slightly sinuate at most; prosternal process weakly expanded laterally; procoxal cavities narrowly opened (Fig. 44). Scutellum sub-pentagonal, sometimes appearing sub-triangular, medially convex (P. aeneoniger) or relativey flat (P. lecontei). Mesepisternum not reaching mesocoxal cavity. Abdomen with lateral micro-serrations on each ventrite. Legs slender, tarsomeres simple, with dense setal pads ventrally; claws simple, lacking setae. Male genitalia with medial lobe wide, parameres relatively wide, well sclerotized, with apical expansion, not membraneous near apex (Fig. 46). Female internal genitalia with uterus bearing two distinct colleterial glands and a band of distinct sclerotization; bursa copulatrix long, ending in bulbous area, with tubular extenstion (duct to spermatheca of Becker 1956) arising from end with accessory gland or diverticulum at base, base of glands surroun	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC51613C9BDCA2B9FA89FEC1.taxon	discussion	Discussion. These two species have been compared several times. Becker (1956) compared the female internal genitalia, finding them to be very similar (Fig. 45), and suggested they formed a natural group. Male genitalia are also similar between these two species (Fig. 46). Lanchester (1941) and Glen (1950) compared the larvae, also stating that these two species likely represent a distinct group, based on the unique larval mandibles and the presence of stemmata. With the characters of the female internal genitalia, and the characteristic larvae (Figs. 55 and 60), the recognition of Pheletes as a distinct genus is well supported. Larvae have been collected from moss (Glen 1950). The disjunct distribution of these species, one found across Europe and the other limited to the Pacific Northwest of North America, should be explored. It could be a product of misidentification of a related species as a member of another genus in the Limonius genus-group, or a lack of collecting in the areas between (Northern Asia). It may also be that these two species are relict populations of a group that had a much broader distribution in the past. With this recognition of the similarity between these two species, these questions can now be explored.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC53613D9BDCA3B5FA98FEC1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Limonius ornatulus LeConte, 1857: 46.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC53613D9BDCA3B5FA98FEC1.taxon	synonymic_list	Nearctic species (5) Tetralimonius definitus (Ziegler, 1845): 268 (Limonius) new combination. Tetralimonius humeralis (Candèze, 1860): 402 (Limonius) new combination, removed from synonymy. Tetralimonius maculicollis (Motschulsky, 1860): 372 (Limonius) new combination, removed from synonymy. Limonius discicollis Candèze, 1865: 49. Tetralimonius nimbatus (Say, 1825): 265 (Elater) new combination. Limonius infernus LeConte, 1853: 434. Tetralimonius ornatulus (LeConte, 1857): 46 (Limonius) new combination. Palearctic species (2) Tetralimonius quercus (Olivier, 1790): 51 (Elater) new combination. Pheletes candezei Buysson, 1888: ccxii. Elater lythrodes Germar, 1813: 129. Limonius nigricollis Schilsky, 1888: 187. Pheletes soldrii Buysson, 1902: 284. Corymbites testaceus Schilsky, 1888: 187. Tetralimonius reitteri (Gurjeva, 1976): 195 (Pheletes) new combination.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC53613D9BDCA3B5FA98FEC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This genus can be readily differentiated from the other Limonius genus-group members by the short, truncate pronotal hind angles, posteriorly pointed scutellum (Fig. 47), nearly closed pronotal coxal cavities (Fig. 48), female uterus bearing two spinose sclerotizations (Fig. 50, inset), and the parameres of the male adeagus lacking apical expansions (Figs. 51 – 53). Tetralimonius is most similar to Pheletes, which shares a sub-pentagonal scutellum, but differs in all other characters that diagnose Tetralimonius. Pheletes species also have simple and sparse pronotal punctation laterally, whereas all Tetralimonius species have umbilicate and close lateral pronotal punctation. Tetralimonius species possess a partially closed mesocoxal cavity (Fig. 49), similar to genera in the tribe Hypnoidini. This character is also shared by some species in Limonius, including the type species (Fig. 25), and species in Pheletes. This character should be reevaluated as to its usefulness in defining genera or tribes (e. g. Kishii 1987).	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC53613D9BDCA3B5FA98FEC1.taxon	description	Description. Testaceous to piceous, pronotum and elytra often distinctly bicolored, relatively small, around 3.5 – 7 mm in length, dull to shining. Head with umbilicate and close punctures; frons flat to subtly impressed; frontal margin entire, narrowly carinate, straight and weakly projecting. Antennae with 2 nd antennomere subcylindrical, noticably wider than 3 rd and subequal to or slightly longer than 3 rd, 3 rd subcylindrical, shorter than 4 th, sometimes just slightly shorter, ratio of length of 2 nd + 3 rd to 4 th variable, 4 th to 10 th antennomeres weakly serrate, sometimes almost filiform, 11 th ovoid. Pronotum as wide as long, anterior angles not expanded; hind angles wide at base not extending past posterior edge of pronotum, a faint single carina is visible in some species but is parallel and close to lateral pronotal carina as to appear absent at first glance, tip truncate; posterior margin lacking basal incisures and basal notch; prosternal sutures double, weakly grooved anteriorly, but not excavated to receive antennae; posterior margin earlike, not emarginate; prosternal process expanded laterally; procoxal cavities closed posteriorly by expandions of hypomeron and prosternal process so only a line is visible (Fig. 48). Scutellum sub-pentagonal, posteriorly pointed (Fig. 47), relativey flat. Mesepisternum not reaching mesocoxal cavity (Fig. 49). Abdomen with lateral micro-serrations on each ventrite. Legs slender, tarsomeres simple, with dense setal pads ventrally; claws simple, lacking setae. Male genitalia with a narrow aedeagus and parameres lacking apical expansions (Figs. 51 – 55). Female internal genitalia with uterus bearing two colleterial glands and two spinose sclerotized sections (Fig. 50), bursa copulatrix with narrow tube attaching to uterus, expanding apically, with medial accessory gland, and terminating into long tubular extension with basal accessory gland or diverticulum.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
57098782EC53613D9BDCA3B5FA98FEC1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name Tetralimonius is derived from the combination of Tetra - due to the nearly quadrate pronotum possessed by the species in this genus and Limonius to recognize the historic ties to this genus.	en	Etzler, Frank E. (2019): Generic Reclassification of Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 (Elateridae: Dendrometrinae) sensu Candèze 1860 of the World. Zootaxa 4683 (3): 301-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.1
