taxonID	type	description	language	source
DC8D544AF0355EA0BEC9B045026F64FB.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2, 5 A, B, 8	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
DC8D544AF0355EA0BEC9B045026F64FB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is a noun in apposition and derived from the type locality, Linzhi City.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
DC8D544AF0355EA0BEC9B045026F64FB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The male of this species is closely similar to that of M. tumulicola Zhu, 1998 in having a very similar palpal structure, but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) embolic apophysis (EA) is sheet-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 1 B) vs almost bar-shaped (Zhu 1998: fig. 190 A); and (2) ventrally extending portion of the distal cymbium is about 2 / 5 the bulb width and having a blunt end in prolateral view (Fig. 1 A) vs about 4 / 5 the bulb width and having a rather pointed end (Zhu 1998: fig. 190 B). This species is also similar to that of M. oupeng Lin & Li, 2024 in having similar copulatory organs, but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) embolus (E) is arc-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 1 B) vs invisible (Lin et al. 2024 b: fig. 10 B); (2) retrolateral branch of the ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) is sclerotized distally and has a blunt tip in ventral view (Fig. 1 B) vs membranous and has a somewhat pointed tip (Lin et al. 2024 b: fig. 10 B); (3) prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) is about as long as wide (Fig. 1 A) vs obviously wider than long (Lin et al. 2024 b: fig. 10 A); (4) basal epigynal plate (BP) is far away from the atrium about the atrial length (Figs 2 A, 5 A) vs almost touched (Lin et al. 2024 b: fig. 11 A); and (5) copulatory ducts (CD) are obvious wider than long (Figs 2 B, 5 B) vs almost as wide as long (Lin et al. 2024 b: fig. 11 B).	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
DC8D544AF0355EA0BEC9B045026F64FB.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype; Figs 1, 2 C). Total length 2.65. Carapace 1.10 long, 1.00 wide. Abdomen 1.61 long, 1.03 wide. Carapace oval, yellow except surrounding dark brown, with irregular dark patch behind PMEs. Radial grooves indistinct. Clypeus projecting, 0.13 high. AER slightly recurved and PER straight. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.11, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME – AME 0.17, AME – ALE 0.17, PME – PME 0.17, PME – PLE 0.21, ALE – PLE 0.17. Chelicerae saffron yellow, base black grey. Endites beige. Labium pale grey, base black grey. Sternum pale yellow and edge black grey. Legs beige, with black grey stripes on side. Measurements of legs: I 5.86 (2.08, 1.75, 1.75, 0.28), II 4.11 (1.28, 1.50, 1.13, 0.20), III 2.22 (0.73, 0.63, 0.63, 0.23), IV 4.33 (1.50, 1.25, 1.25, 0.33). Dorsum of abdomen mainly dark except central portion pale, covered with off-white spots, with central furcella, and pair of longitudinal yellow sigilla lateral to furcella; venter off-white, anterior black grey. Palp (Fig. 1 A – C): femur c. 4.5 times longer than wide, yellow except base and terminus dark prolaterally; patella c. 2 times longer than wide, yellow except terminal dark; tibia c. 1.4 times longer than wide, gradually widened from base to distal end; cymbium almost 1.5 times longer than wide; prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) irregular, large, mainly sheet-shaped in prolateral view; ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) divided into slender, distally curved prolateral branch and wider, distally sclerotized retrolateral branch; conductor (C) almost triangular, membranous; embolus (E) strongly curved medially, originates from anterior 1 / 3 portion of retrolateral side of bulb, rather pointed apically; embolic apophysis (EA) sheet-shaped, almost parallel to emblolus, with pointed tip. Female (TRU - XZ-THR- 0002, Fig. 2 A, B, D, E; TRU - XZ-THR- 0003, Fig. 5 A, B). Total length 2.39. Carapace 1.01 long, 0.95 wide. Abdomen 1.34 long, 1.00 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.06, PLE 0.07, AME – AME 0.15, AME – ALE 0.16, PME – PME 0.16, PME – PLE 0.21, ALE – PLE 0.12. Measurements of legs: I 4.99 (1.73, 1.55, 1.48, 0.23), II 3.61 (1.13, 1.15, 1.15, 0.18), III 2.06 (0.65, 0.68, 0.55, 0.18), IV 4.11 (1.38, 1.23, 1.25, 0.25). Habitus (Fig. 2 D, E) similar to that of male. Epigyne (Figs 2 A, B, 5 A, B): slightly longer than wide, with base plate slightly beyond epigastric groove; atrium oval, centrally located; copulatory openings (CO) beneath antero-lateral portions of atrium; copulatory ducts (CD) oval; spermathecae (S) oblong, slightly less than 2 times wider than long, slightly separated from each other; fertilization ducts (FD) posterior to spermathecae.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
DC8D544AF0355EA0BEC9B045026F64FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 8).	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
4FFC7B6136FF55858A77D3A7C4D4DA47.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Moneta spinigera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
4CCFBC70A53D533B9AF7834318EC8FCF.taxon	description	Figs 3, 4, 8	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
4CCFBC70A53D533B9AF7834318EC8FCF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet is a patronym in honor of Prof. Changming Yin (late), who contributed to the taxonomy of Chinese spiders; noun in genitive case.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
4CCFBC70A53D533B9AF7834318EC8FCF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is similar to that of M. mirabilis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906), but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) is about triangular in ventral view (Fig. 3 B) vs crescent-shaped (Zhu 1998: fig. 189 C); (2) posterior portion of the ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) is almost triangular in ventral view (Fig. 3 B) vs hooked (Zhu 1998: fig. 189 C); (3) embolic apophysis (EA) is almost straight in ventral view (Fig. 3 B) vs obvious arc-shaped (Zhu 1998: fig. 189 C); and (4) epigynal hood is distinct, posteriorly located (Fig. 4 A) vs invisible (Zhu 1998: fig. 189 B).	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
4CCFBC70A53D533B9AF7834318EC8FCF.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype; Figs 3, 4 C). Total length 3.91. Carapace 1.46 long, 1.24 wide. Abdomen 2.57 long, 1.50 wide. Carapace ovoid, beige and edge grey, radial grooves indistinct. Clypeus projecting, 0.18 high. AER slightly recurved and PER straight. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.12, PME 0.10, PLE 0.13, AME – AME 0.18, AME – ALE 0.19, PME – PME 0.18, PME – PLE 0.22, ALE – PLE 0.13. Chelicerae pale yellow. Endite and sternum beige. Labium fulvous, base black grey. Legs pale yellow, without spots. Measurements of legs: I 10.97 (3.80, 3.43, 3.37, 0.37), II 6.96 (2.23, 2.33, 2.17, 0.23), III 3.77 (1.20, 1.17, 1.13, 0.27), IV 8.46 (2.80, 2.43, 2.83, 0.40). Abdomen rhomboid, dorsum grey, with ecru irregular spots, and pair of median sigilla running parallel to abdomen; venter creamy yellow. Palp (Fig. 3 A – C): femur, patella and tibia yellow, femur c. 5.5 times longer than wide, patella and tibia about 2 times longer than wide; cymbium almost 2 times longer than wide; prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) sub-triangular in ventral view; ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) flat, wider than embolus, base wide and terminal sharp in ventral view; conductor (C) membranous, fusiform in ventral view; embolus (E) slightly curved into wave-shape, originates from retrolateral side of bulb, with base, knife-shaped apophysis extends along embolus, and wider than embolus. Female (TRU - XZ-THR- 0022; Fig. 4 A, B, D, E). Total length 4.36. Carapace 1.43 long, 1.19 wide. Abdomen 2.93 long, 2.05 wide. Clypeus 0.21 high. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.09, PME 0.08, PLE 0.09, AME – AME 0.18, AME – ALE 0.20, PME – PME 0.18, PME – PLE 0.23, ALE – PLE 0.12. Measurements of legs: I 9.48 (3.17, 2.87, 3.07, 0.37), II 6.19 (2.00, 2.03, 1.93, 0.23), III 3.49 (1.13, 1.13, 1.00, 0.23), IV 7.94 (2.57, 2.17, 2.77, 0.43). Habitus (Fig. 4 D, E) similar to that of male, except darker. Epigyne (Fig. 4 A, B): almost 1.5 times longer than wide, posteriorly with hood (H) opened upward; atrium large, nearly heart-shaped, with pair of anterolateral arc-shaped ridges; copulatory openings (CO) invisible, located anterolaterally on atrium; copulatory ducts (CD) anteriorly extending at origin and then turn back and forming bowling ball-like portions; spermathecae (S) almost spherical, touched; fertilization ducts (FD) posterior to spermathecae.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
4CCFBC70A53D533B9AF7834318EC8FCF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 8).	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
84012E73EF65518C9FB3E9E4B3D5F7F2.taxon	description	Figs 5 C, D, 6, 7, 8	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
84012E73EF65518C9FB3E9E4B3D5F7F2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition and refers to the type of locality, Cibagou National Nature Reserve.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
84012E73EF65518C9FB3E9E4B3D5F7F2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is similar to that of P. septemaculeata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873 in having similar copulatory organs, but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) origin of the embolus (E) after the embolic base is directed towards about 1 o’clock in retrolateral view (Fig. 6 C) vs towards the 4 o’clock (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 3 A); (2) end of the prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) is blunt and flat (Fig. 6 A) vs sharp and slender (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 4 B); (3) copulatory ducts (CD) are forming a circle on proximal 1 / 3, and extending beyond the anterior-most level of the spermathecae (Figs 5 C, D, 7 B) vs not forming similar circle, and just extending to the median level of the spermathecae (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 4 F); and (4) female abdomen is about trapeziform (Fig. 7 D) vs quadrate (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 2 A).	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
84012E73EF65518C9FB3E9E4B3D5F7F2.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype; Figs 6, 7 C, E). Total length 2.75. Carapace 1.07 long, 1.03 wide. Abdomen 2.00 long, 1.95 wide. Carapace yellow brown except edge brown; ocular area protrudes more than female and extends forward to upper part of forehead. Chelicerae, endites and sternum yellowish-brown, labium brown, fused with sternum, endites, sternum and labium covered with brown setae. Legs overall yellow except femora, patellae, tibiae I and tibiae IV dark brown, and metatarsi I yellow brown, tibiae I with 5 short spines. Measurements of legs: I 4.37 (1.63, 1.18, 0.88, 0.68), II 2.86 (1.05, 0.88, 0.40, 0.53), III 2.32 (0.75, 0.73, 0.36, 0.48), IV 3.66 (1.40, 1.16, 0.49, 0.61). Abdomen sclerotized, dorsum yellow, covered with circular impressed dots, with eleven symmetrically arranged, circular orange-brown spots, four small and seven larger and edge with seven short and stout spines; later sub-triangular, with five circular orange-brown spots, and brown sclerotized ring encircled spinnarets; venter colored as dorsum. Palp (Fig. 6 A – C): femur yellow, c. 6 times longer than wide; patella and tibia almost equal in length; tibia gradually widened from base to distal end, with several dorso-distal setae; cymbium ~ 2 times longer than wide, with tapered antero-retrolateral hook with blunt tip; embolus (E) slender, originates from upper of retrolateral side of bulb, curved into C-shape at origin, and then extending along edge of bulb to top of conductor; embolic base (EB) sub-oval, with short, spiny, baso-prolateral apophysis; conductor (C) membranous and transparent; prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) flat and elongated, about one-third cymbial length, end truncated. Female (TRU - XZ-THR- 0066; Figs 5 C, D, 7 A, B, D, F). Total length 3.52. Carapace 1.41 long, 1.16 wide. Abdomen 3.03 long, 5.42 wide. Measurements of legs: I 5.10 (2.00, 1.45, 0.81, 0.84), II 3.24 (1.24, 1.00, 0.40, 0.60), III 3.03 (1.08, 1.00, 0.40, 0.55), IV 4.97 (1.86, 1.68, 0.65, 0.78). Habitus (Fig. 7 D, F) generally similar to that of male except bulge and protrusion of head region smaller, femora, patellae I dark brown, tibiae I without spines, abdomen sliver, and more swollen. Epigyne (Figs 5 C, D, 7 A, B): highly sclerotized, except part of anteromedian portion transparent, with sheet-shaped basal plate (BP) beyond epigastric groove; copulatory openings (CO) small, anterior to basal epigynal plate; copulatory ducts (CD) long, anteroprolaterally extending at origin until forming circle at proximal 1 / 3, then extending into invert U-shape, and distal end connected to bottom of spermathecae; spermathecae (S) pear-shaped, separated from each other ~ 1 / 4 their width; fertilization ducts (FD) tilted upwards.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
84012E73EF65518C9FB3E9E4B3D5F7F2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 8).	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
30F54C34F67B5C31A69E90786AFA354D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Phoroncidia aculeata Westwood, 1835.	en	Gan, Jiahui, Mi, Xiaoqi, Wang, Cheng, Fan, Liqing (2025): Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1-15, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
