identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5562879BFFD6FFD5EAA4FA13B1B6F9C4.text	5562879BFFD6FFD5EAA4FA13B1B6F9C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria Richards 1961	<div><p>Frutillaria Richards, 1961: 63</p><p>Type species: Frutillaria kuscheli Richards 1961, by original designation</p><p>Small flies, 1.5–2.7 mm long.</p><p>Head yellowish orange to reddish brown, mostly covered with microtomentum; often with bare shiny patches lateral to ocellar triangle. Face evenly sclerotized, weakly carinate medially, lunule small. Gena about ¼ maximum height of eye. Occiput narrow below occipital foramen. Clypeus narrow, slightly produced. Palpus broadest distally, with tiny setae throughout and larger setae along lateral margin. Prementum well-developed, circular, about ¾ height of eye. Labellum with 12 pseudotracheae. Scape very short, with 1–2 dorsomedial setulae; pedicel subtriangular, often somewhat darker than frons, medial bristles about 4 times longer than outer, upper apical upcurved, with a downcurved bristle posterior to it; first flagellomere round, slightly pointed dorsoapically, covered with tiny hairs that, when dark, make the flagellomere appear bicoloured; arista dorsolateral, preapical, 2-segmented, about as long as head width, short-plumose. Chaetotaxy: orbital bristles in two lateroclinate pairs; irregular orbital setulae along orbital plate; interfrontals in about 6 medioclinate pairs; preocellars lateroproclinate, about 1 ocellus width anterior of median ocellus; irregular, very short ocellar setulae; inner vertical bristles inclinate; outer vertical bristles lateroreclinate; postocellar bristles slightly proclinate; postvertical bristles small, cruciate; setae on median occipital sclerite small, medioclinate; postocular setae in a complete row with an incomplete row of occipital setae behind; vibrissa strong, as long as head; subvibrissal bristle short but usually distinct, about ¼ length of vibrissa; upturned anterior genal bristle about ¼ – ½ length of vibrissa; genal setae in 2 rows.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus and scutellum sometimes reddish; extent of microtomentum variable between species. Halter absent. Chaetotaxy: postpronotum with a single enlarged bristle; notopleuron with two bristles, anterior very long, about 2x length of posterior; one presutural and one postsutural intra-alar bristles (postsutural may be difficult to distinguish from surrounding setae); one large postalar bristle in line with intra-alars, a smaller postalar between this and scutellum; three dorsocentrals bristles (one presutural and two postsutural), posterior pair longer than scutellum, anterior pair slightly shorter to ½ the length of posterior pair; acrostichal setae in 6–8 irregular rows; scutellum with 2 pairs of long scutellar bristles; proepisternum with 1–4 small setulae; katepisternum with a single large dorsal bristle and long, thin setae ventrally.</p><p>Legs mostly black, usually with orange to yellowish joints and tarsi; fore coxa and femur paler in some species. Usually covered with microtomentum except fore coxa, with a shiny patch on fore femur in some species. Fore tibia with a preapical dorsal bristle. Fore basotarsomere without an apical spur in males. Mid femur with 2–3 anterior bristles. Mid tibia with preapical anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral bristles and a ring of 4–5 apical bristles. Hind femur with a few small anterodorsal and anteroventral bristles. Hind tibia with a long preapical dorsal bristle and 1 ventroapical bristle.</p><p>Abdomen black, extent of microtomentum variable between species. Both tergites and sternites well sclerotized. Sternites particularly wide, nearly meeting tergites laterally; pleural membrane narrow, occasionally with a few setae.</p><p>Male terminalia: Sternite 5 wide, with a posteromedial indentation. Synsternite 6+7 asymmetrical, complex, a portion often detached and forming an accessory sclerite flanking distiphallus in genital pouch; dorsal corner fused to sternite 8. Sternite 8 broadly fused to epandrium along right side. Genital pouch often with a thin ring-shaped sclerite on right side; a similar structure is found in some Limosininae, and it is possibly a modified campaniform sensillum. Epandrium symmetrical, with a cleft above anterior edge of surstylus. Cerci small and medially fused. Subepandrial sclerite Y or X-shaped, articulated with cerci and surstyli. Surstylus shape variable between species, articulated with epandrium and subepandrial sclerite. Hypandrial arms weakly fused with ventral edge of epandrium; hypandrial apodeme well-developed, rod-like, weakly fused with arms. Phallapodeme well-developed, curved and broadest distally. Postgonites long and usually bilobed, articulated with phallapodeme, hypandrium, and basiphallus. Ejaculatory apodeme small and easily lost in dissections. Basiphallus usually short, with both epiphallus and preepiphallus. Distiphallus complex, often bearing paired lateral arms on either side of a central projecting sclerite; sometimes with paired ventroapical discs and/or paired membranous to sclerotized ventral sacs.</p><p>Female terminalia: Sclerites of segments 6 and 7 unusually broad and strongly sclerotized for Archiborborinae, resembling many Limosininae, but abdomen telescoping, usually retracted in preserved specimens. Tergite 8 strongly sclerotized, sometimes divided medially. Sternite 8 always divided medially, weakly to moderately sclerotized. Tergite 10 always distinct if weakly sclerotized, hypoproct sometimes entirely unsclerotized. Cerci simple, not fused with tergite 10 or each other. Three more or less spherical spermathecae; one pair sharing a duct and the other on a separate duct; base and apex may be invaginated.</p><p>Immature stages: Larvae and pupae unknown. Eggs (1–5 per specimen) dissected from females of F. calida sp. n., F. chepuensis Richards, F. edenensis Richards, and F. transversa sp. n.: ovoid, about ⅔ length of retracted female abdomen and about 3x as long as wide, sculptured with about 20 longitudinal furrows, micropylar end ovoid and slightly indented.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFD6FFD5EAA4FA13B1B6F9C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFD7FFD7EAA4F946B416FCEC.text	5562879BFFD7FFD7EAA4F946B416FCEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria abdita	<div><p>Frutillaria abdita sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 2–6, 59, 60, 65, 108)</p><p>Description. Length 1.5–1.9 mm (head + thorax 0.8–1.0 mm)</p><p>Occiput brown, face and gena yellow, frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Antenna yellow. Clypeus and prementum yellow.</p><p>view, (9) phallus and postgonite, lateral view.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus and scutellum reddish. Wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum extensively shiny, some microtomentum near margins. Anepisternum entirely shiny. Katepisternum with a large shiny patch behind fore coxa extending posteriorly as a triangle to near bristle, narrowly separated from posterior shiny patch by a band of microtomentum. Meron and metapleuron shiny with the exception of a strip of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs dark brown, fore coxa, fore femur, trochanters, diffuse area near joints, and tarsi yellow. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles, mid tibia without posteroventral bristle.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 3–6): Syntergite 1+2 with some microtomentum in a patch behind scutellum, tergites 3– 5 entirely shiny. Sternites 2–5 entirely shiny. Surstylus with broad basal section and fairly long inner arm, outer corner rounded, not produced. Postgonite bilobed, anterior lobe about ½ length of posterior. Epiphallus barely produced, broadened laterally; preepipallus well-developed, long and thin. Distiphallus with lateral arm produced from ventral sclerite, pointed apically with 2 medial teeth; a large complex, translucent sclerite apically of uncertain homology; ventral sacs clear, not projecting and barely visible.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 59, 60, 65): Syntergite 1+2 with a patch of microtomentum behind scutellum, tergites 3–5 with a band of microtomentum near base. Tergite 6 covered with microtomentum, tergites 7–8 mostly shiny with very little microtomentum apically. Sternites 2–5 shiny, sternite 6 covered with microtomentum, tergite 7 mostly shiny with some microtomentum apically. Tergite 8 complete, epiproct broadly triangular with distinct anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 teardrop-shaped, hypoproct not sclerotized. Spermathecae with basal invagination short, annulated; apical invagination short, subconical, smooth</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Maule: Putú, ~ 15 km N Constitución, along stream, 26 Nov 2006, S.A. Marshall (MNNC). Paratypes: same data as holotype (2 3, 8 Ƥ, DEBU).</p><p>Comments. This species was found in a small wooded ravine on the heavily agricultural coastal plain north of Constitución. The habitat patch was extremely small and completely isolated by a large area of pasture from any other intact forest; it was apparently preserved only by virtue of the steep sides which prevented cattle from entering to browse. The species name refers to the hidden and unexpected collection locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFD7FFD7EAA4F946B416FCEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFD5FFD8EAA4FC2EB2CDFE37.text	5562879BFFD5FFD8EAA4FC2EB2CDFE37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria anticura	<div><p>Frutillaria anticura sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 7–9, 61, 62, 66, 109)</p><p>Description. Length N/A (head + thorax 0.8–1.0 mm)</p><p>Occiput black, face orange, gena and frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Antenna orange. Clypeus mostly orange, prementum brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, anterior and posterior margins and part of dorsal margin with microtomentum. Katepisternum with a shiny spot behind coxa, not extending toward bristle; posterior part of katepisternum, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, joints narrowly orange, tarsi and trochanters orange, fore coxa dark reddish brown; fore femur very sparsely microtomentose posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 7–9): Syntergite 1+2 covered with microtomentum, posterior margin shiny. Surstylus with inner arm knobbed at tip, outer corner not projecting. Postgonite bilobed, anterior lobe rounded at tip, posterior lobe pointed. Epiphallus and preepiphallus thin, of similar length. Distiphallus with lateral arm rounded at tip and bearing a preapical medial tooth, not projecting dorsally above central projecting sclerite; central projecting sclerite complex, frilled and ridged, connected to lateral arms dorsally by a translucent membrane, not apparently attached ventrally; ventral sacs not strongly sclerotized.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 61, 62, 66): Syntergite 1+2 covered with microtomentum. Sternites 2–4 shiny. Tergite 8 complete, with about 12 setae along posterior margin; mostly shiny, with some microtomentum along posterior margin. Epiproct with parallel sides, very short anterior arms. Cerci without microtrichia dorsally. Spermathecae with basal invagination consisting of a basal sheath of several rings and apical rounded cap; no apical invagination, but variably pointed apically.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Los Lagos: Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, tr. to Mirador El Puma, stream, 40°40.35’S 72°10.18’W, 400 m, dung pans, 4–5 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (MNNC). Paratypes: same data as holotype (1 3, 2 Ƥ, DEBU); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, 40°39'42"S 72°08'06"W, 460 m, Valdivian rainforest w/large Saxegothaea, FMHD #96-252, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 31 Dec 1996, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (1 3, FMNH); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Ruta 215, vic. Laguna Las Mellizas, 40°40'48"S 71°59'24"W, 1000 m, Nothofagus pumilio w/dense bamboo understory, FMHD #2002-089, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 19 Dec 2002, A. F. Newton et al. (1 3, 2 Ƥ, FMNH); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Ruta 215, km 4.5 E of Aduana station, 40°40'14"S 72°05'13"W, 580 m, Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #2002-090, M.K. Thayer et al. (1 3, 2 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE: Los Lagos: Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., SW slope Volcán Osorno, ca. km 11 to La Burbuja, 41°07'54"S 072°32'00"W, 1090 m, low Nothofagus dombeyi w/bamboo &amp; shrub understory, FMHD #2002-080, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 15 Dec 2002, A. Y. Solodovnikov (1 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. This species is named after the type locality, the Anticura sector of Puyehue National Park. The name should be treated as a noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFD5FFD8EAA4FC2EB2CDFE37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFDAFFD9EAA4FE5DB174FE45.text	5562879BFFDAFFD9EAA4FE5DB174FE45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria calceata Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria calceata Richards</p><p>(Figs. 10–12, 63, 64, 67, 110)</p><p>Frutillaria calceata Richards, 1961: 67</p><p>Description. Length 1.7–2.5 mm (head + thorax 0.8–1.2 mm)</p><p>Occiput dark brown, face orange, frons and gena intermediately coloured. Shiny spots on frons lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel brown. Clypeus orange, prementum brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar calli reddish. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Wing rudiment light brown. Anepisternum mostly shiny, anterior, posterior, and dorsal margin with microtomenum. Katepisternum with a shiny spot behind coxa, not extending toward bristle; posterior part of katepisternum, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, trochanters, joints, and tarsi orange, fore coxa dark reddish brown. Fore femur covered with microtomentum. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 10–12): Tergites 1–5 covered with microtomentum, shiny along the posterior margins. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–4 mostly shiny with microtomentum medially, sternite 5 extensively covered with microtomentum. Ring-shaped sclerite present. Synsternite 6+7 connected by a narrow band to the accessory sclerite flanking the distiphallus. Surstylus with a long inner arm, subequal to length of basal part; outer corner strongly produced and broadly rounded. Postgonite bilobed, anterior lobe very short and thin, posterior lobe strongly angled anteriorly. Basiphallus with both epiphallus and preepiphallus well-developed. Distiphallus with ventroapical discs very large, extending beyond central projecting sclerite; central projecting sclerite rectangular, extending both dorsally and ventrally to lateral arm; lateral arm slightly longer than central projecting sclerite, pointed at tip; ventral sac strongly sclerotized, projecting perpendicularly.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 63, 64, 67): Tergites 1–6 covered with microtomentum, shiny along the posterior margins. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–4 mostly shiny with microtomentum medially, sternites 5–6 mostly covered with microtomentum, shiny along posterior margins. Tergite 7 distinctly convex posteriorly, with a medially interrupted band of microtomentum along posterior margin. Sternite 7 somewhat pointed medially, mostly shiny with a medial patch of microtomentum. Tergite 8 divided medially, epiproct triangular with fairly long anterior arms. Cerci without microtrichia dorsally. Sclerites of sternite 8 subrectangular, hypoproct with lateral sclerotized spots and a medial sclerotized bar. Spermathecae with long, mushroom-shaped apical invagination, short basal invagination, both annulated.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Los Lagos:] Los Riscos, 450 m, 14 Sep 1954, [G. Kuschel] (MEUC, apparently lost). Paratype: Llanquihue Prov., Frutillar, 41º 12' S, 25 Sep 1954, G. Kuschel (1 3, BMNH, examined).</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE: Aisén: Queulat Pass, 40 km N Puerto Cisnes, mossy beech forest, carrion trap, 500 m, 30 Dec 1984 – 28 Jan 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 Ƥ, DEBU); Los Lagos: Puaucho (15.1 km W), 40°35'00"S 73°37'42"W, 50 m, Valdivian rainforest remnant in sm. ravine, w/large ferns, FMHD #96-248, 30 Dec 1996, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 3, 2 Ƥ, FMNH); as above but FMHD #96-249, berlese, litter under large ferns, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (1 3, 1 Ƥ, FMNH); Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., N slope Volcán Osorno, road to Ref. La Picada, 41°03'15"S 72°30'11"W, 660 m, Nothofagus dombeyi w/conifers, dense Chusquea bamboo understory, FMHD #2002-082, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 16 Dec 2002, Solodovnikov, Thayer &amp; Newton (4 3, FMNH); Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., N slope Volcán Osorno, road to Ref. La Picada, 41°01'03"S 72°32'54"W, 430 m, Nothofagus dombeyi w/conifers, FMHD #2002-083, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, Newton, Solodovnikov, &amp; Chani-Posse (2 3, 1 Ƥ, FMNH); Bahia Mansa, 3 km S Maicolpue, 200 m, 21 Dec 1984 – 3 Feb 1985, carrion trap, mixed forest, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 3, DEBU); as above but FMHD #85-933, Berlese, litter, 21 Dec 1984, S. &amp; J. Peck (3 3, 1 Ƥ, FMNH); as above but FMHD #85-994, Berlese, litter, 3 Feb 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (2 3, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. The paratype is in poor condition, and the aedeagal and hypandrial complexes are apparently lost. However, based on the surstylus of this specimen and Richards’ figure of the species, it is clear that the more recently collected material belongs to the same species. There is a female (species undetermined) enclosed in a separate glass tube in the vial containing the male paratype, but it is not mentioned specifically by Richards, and is not a paratype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFDAFFD9EAA4FE5DB174FE45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFD8FFDAEAA4FF16B29CF8B8.text	5562879BFFD8FFDAEAA4FF16B29CF8B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria calida	<div><p>Frutillaria calida sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 13–15, 68, 69, 74, 111)</p><p>Description. Length 1.8–2.3 mm (head + thorax 0.8–1.1 mm)</p><p>Occiput black, face orange, gena and frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel brown. Clypeus mostly yellow, prementum dark brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus often reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, posterior margin and part of dorsal margin with microtomentum. Katepisternum with a large shiny patch behind fore coxa extending posteriorly as a triangle, almost reaching bristle, narrowly separated from shiny posterior patch. Meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, joints narrowly orange, tarsi and trochanters orange, fore coxa dark reddish brown. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 13–15): Tergites 1–5 mostly covered with microtomentum, margins shiny. Sternites 2–5 shiny. Surstylus with basal and distal parts of similar width; outer corner broadly produced, inner arm broad. Postgonite bilobed, anterior lobe very short and rounded, posterior lobe long and pointed. Basiphallus with very weakly developed epiphallus and preepiphallus, both present as a slight bump on the ventral surface. Distiphallus with lateral arms projecting above central projecting sclerite, narrow, forked at tip with upper fork recurved medially; central projecting sclerite ovoid with paired clear wings dorsally at tip; ventroapical discs subtriangular in side view, appearing pointed apically; ventral sacs not developed.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 68, 69, 74): Tergites 1–6 covered with microtomentum, margins narrowly shiny. Tergites 7–8 mostly shiny with some microtomentum posteriorly. Sternites 2–3 shiny, sternite 4 with some microtomentum medially, sternites 5–6 mostly microtomentose, sternite 7 shiny anteriorly, posterior 2/5 microtomentose. Tergite 8 divided longitudinally. Epiproct parallel-sided, moderately developed anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 round; hypoproct not developed. Spermathecae with long, mushroom-shaped apical invagination, short basal invagination, both annulated.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Los Lagos: Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., Volcán Osorno rd., 41°10’S 72°31'W, 300m, dung pans, 2 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (MNNC). Paratypes: same data as holotype (14 3, 15 Ƥ, DEBU); same data as holotype but carrion pans (16 3, 12 Ƥ, DEBU); Río San Pedro, 24 km NE of Los Lagos, river bank slope forest, yellow pans, 13–18 Nov 2000, L. Packer (1 Ƥ, DEBU); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, tr. to Mirador El Puma, stream, 40°40.35’S 72°10.18’W, 400 m, dung pans, 4–5 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (2 3, 1 Ƥ, DEBU); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, above guard station, 40°39'53"S 72°10'07"W, 400 m, carrion pans, 3–4 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (1 Ƥ, DEBU); Chiloé I., Terao, nr. Chonchi, 50 m, 2nd growth forest, Chile Exp., 19–21 Feb 1988, L. Masner (2 Ƥ, DEBU); Chiloé I., Terao, 10 km S Chonchi, 42°43'01"S, 073°38'47"W, 45 m, high meadow, yellow pans, 13–15 Feb 2005 (1 3, DEBU); Chiloé I., 11 km NW Castro, 200 m, ravine second growth forest, FMHD #85-948, carrion trap, 27 Dec 1984 – 1 Feb 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (7 3, 3 Ƥ, FMNH); Chiloé I., Lago Huillinco, S side, road to Bellavista, 1.3 km S road to Cucao, 42°41'49"S 73°55'53"W, 45 m, Valdivian rainforest w/emergent Saxegothaea conspicua, FMHD #2002-074, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 12 Dec 2002, M.K. Thayer &amp; A.F. Newton (1 Ψ, FMNH); Araucanía: Temuco, Cerro Ñielol Natur. Mon., 38°43'S 72°35'W, 250 m, native forest remnants with Nothofagus, FMHD #82-824, dung trap (human), 14–30 Dec 1982, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (6 3, 3 Ƥ, FMNH); Contulmo Natur. Mon., Sendero Lemu Mau, 38°00'44"S, 073°11'08"W, 410 m, Nothofagus obliqua -Eucryphia cordifolia ++ with fern &amp; bamboo understory, FMHD #2002- 0 63, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 8 Dec 2002, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (1 Ƥ, FMNH); as above but FMHD #2002- 0 64, flood debris, small stream, A.F. Newton &amp; A. Y. Solodovnikov (1 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. The name of this species refers to the type locality on the slopes of an active volcano. The shape of the postgonite in this species is unique in the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFD8FFDAEAA4FF16B29CF8B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFD8FFDBEAA4F8DBB4CAF9BA.text	5562879BFFD8FFDBEAA4F8DBB4CAF9BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria chepuensis Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria chepuensis Richards</p><p>(Figs. 16–19, 72, 73, 76, 109)</p><p>Frutillaria chepuensis Richards, 1961: 66 –67 Description. Length 1.9–2.6 mm (head + thorax 0.8–1.1 mm)</p><p>Occiput brown, face and gena orange, frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel brown. Clypeus orange, prementum brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus and scutellum reddish, wing rudiment pale brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, posterior margin and part of dorsal margin with microtomentum, sometimes anterior margin with some microtomentum below spiracle. Katepisternum with a large shiny patch behind fore coxa extending posteriorly as a triangle to near bristle, narrowly separated from posterior shiny patch by a band of microtomentum. Meron and metapleuron shiny with the exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, fore coxa dark reddish brown, trochanters, joints, and tarsi orange-yellow. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 16–19): Tergites 1–5 with microtomentum. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–4 mostly shiny with some microtomentum medially, sternite 5 mostly covered with microtomentum. Surstylus with broad basal part, clubbed inner arm, outer corner appearing broadly rounded to somewhat pointed, depending on angle of view. Postgonite bilobed, anterior arm short and itself bilobed. Epiphallus short, broadened laterally at tip; preepiphallus long, nearly parallel-sided. Distiphallus with lateral arms extending narrowly from ventral sclerite, projecting past central projecting sclerite and fan-shaped at tip; central projecting sclerite with apical portion strongly ridged; apicoventral discs present, elongate; ventral sacs clear, projecting perpendicularly.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 72, 73, 76): Tergites 1–5 covered with microtomentum, with posterior margins shiny, tergite 6 shiny on basal half, covered with microtomentum on apical half. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–5 mostly shiny with microtomentum medially, sternite 6 shiny on basal half, covered with microtomentum on apical half. Tergites 7 and 8 mostly shiny with some microtomentum along posterior margins, tergite 8 divided medially. Epiproct triangular with fairly long anterior arms. Cerci without microtrichia dorsally, but some apically. Sternite 7 mostly shiny, with some microtomentum along posterior margin. Sclerites of sternite 8 round to comma-shaped. Hypoproct with sclerotized lateral spots connected by a weakly sclerotized bar. Spermathecae with long, mushroom-shaped apical invagination, short basal invagination, both annulated.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Los Lagos:] Chiloé I., Chepu, 42ºS, 3 Oct 1958, [G. Kuschel] (MEUC, apparently lost). Paratypes: same locality as holotype but dates from 2–17 Oct 1958 (28 3, BMNH, not examined).</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE: Los Lagos: Chiloé I., Terao, nr. Chonchi, 50 m, 2nd growth forest, Chile Exp., 19–21 Feb 1988, L. Masner (3 3, 1 Ƥ, CNC); Chiloé I., Terao, 10 km S Chonchi, 42°43'01"S 73°38'47"W, 45 m, high meadow, yellow pans, 13–15 Feb 2005 (13 3, 20 Ƥ, DEBU); Chiloé I., 11 km NW Castro, 200 m, ravine, second growth forest, FMHD #85-948, carrion trap, 27 Dec 1984 – 1 Feb 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (2 3, 2 Ƥ, FMNH); Chiloé I., Lago Tepuhueico, SE edge, 42°48'06"S 73°55'24"W, 50 m, Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #97-22, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 15 Jan 1997, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 3, FMNH); Chiloé I., Colonia Yungay, road to (3.6 km W Hwy 5), 42°59'00"S 73°41'00"W, 90 m, grazed secondary Valdivian rainforest remnants, FMHD #97-24, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 17 Jan 1997, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (4 3, 9 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. This species is only known from Chiloé Island. Although we did not examine any paratypes, its identity is unambiguous based on Richards’ illustration and description. Most of the paratypes are apparently lost, with only 13 specimens currently present in the BMNH (Pitkin 1989; N. Wyatt, pers. comm.)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFD8FFDBEAA4F8DBB4CAF9BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFD9FFDDEAA4F9DFB4D5FF47.text	5562879BFFD9FFDDEAA4F9DFB4D5FF47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria chiloensis	<div><p>Frutillaria chiloensis sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 20–22, 110)</p><p>Description. Length: N/A (head + thorax 0.7–1.0 mm)</p><p>Occiput brown, face orange, frons and gena intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel brown. Clypeus and prementum orange.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, anterior, posterior, and dorsal. Katepisternum with shiny spot behind coxa not extending posteriorly toward bristle; posterior part of katepisternum, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, joints narrowly orange, tarsi and trochanters orange; fore femur mostly microtomentose posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 20–22): Inner arm of surstylus broadened at apex, outer corner not strongly projecting. Postgonite with lobes barely separated, both lobes thin, posterior lobe about 2x length of anterior. Epiphallus and preepiphallus both well-developed. Distiphallus with lateral arms thin apically, pointed at tip. central projecting sclerite with a ventral disc-like sclerite, and a medial bearing ridges near apex. Ventral sacs well-developed, sclerotized.</p><p>Female unknown.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Los Lagos: Chiloé Is., Lago Tepuhueico, SE edge, 42°48'06"S 73°55'24"W, 50 m, Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #97-22, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 15 Jan 1997, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (MNNC). Paratypes: Chiloé Is., Miraflores, road to, 0.6 km W Hwy 5, 42 °46'42"S 73°47'42"W, 130 m, secondary Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #97-25, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 17 Jan 1997, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 3, FMNH); Chiloé Is., Miraflores, road to, 0.6 km W Ruta 5, 42 °46'44"S 73°47'42"W, 130 m, secondary Valdivian rainforest w/few conifers, FMHD #2002-077, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 12 Dec 2002 A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (3 3, FMNH); Chiloé Is., Colonia Yungay, road to, ca. 4 km NW Ruta 5, 42 °59'07"S 73°42'01"W, 100–115 m, disturbed Valdivian rainforest w/recent selective cutting, FMHD #2002-078, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 13 Dec 2002, A. Y. Solodovnikov &amp; M.K. Thayer (1 3, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. The species name refers to this species’ apparent restriction to Chiloé Island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFD9FFDDEAA4F9DFB4D5FF47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFDFFFDEEAA4FECAB3BAFC14.text	5562879BFFDFFFDEEAA4FECAB3BAFC14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria contulmo	<div><p>Frutillaria contulmo sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 23–25, 70, 71, 75, 110)</p><p>Description. Length: N/A (head + thorax 0.8–1.0 mm)</p><p>Occiput black, face and gena orange, frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel brown. Clypeus and prementum orange.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, posterior margin and part of dorsal margin with microtomentum; anterior margin with microtomentum in male from Nahuelbuta, shiny in specimens from Contulmo . Katepisternum with shiny spot behind coxa extending posteriorly toward bristle; posterior part of katepisternum, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, joints narrowly orange, tarsi and trochanters orange, fore coxa deep reddish brown; fore femur mostly microtomentose posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 23–25): Inner arm of surstylus broadened at apex, outer corner projecting, fairly narrow. Postgonite with lobes separated, both lobes long and thin. Epiphallus not developed, preepiphallus barely developed. Distiphallus with thin, parallel-sided lateral arm, bearing a large tooth at apex. central projecting sclerite with a large curved sclerite extensive covered with fine ridges. Ventral sclerite not connected to central projecting sclerite.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 70, 71, 75): Tergite 7 with a subapical band of microtomentum, tergite 8 and sternite 7 mostly shiny with some microtomentum along posterior margin. Tergite 8 complete, epiproct triangular with short anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 round, comma-shaped. Hypoproct appearing as a pair of lateral spots with a weakly sclerotized medial bar. Spermathecae with basal invagination long, mushroom-shaped, annulated; apical invagination short, subconical, smooth.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Araucanía: Contulmo Natur. Mon., Sendero Lemu Mau, 38°00'44"S 073°11'08"W, 410 m, Nothofagus obliqua -Eucryphia cordifolia ++ w/ fern &amp; bamboo understory, FMHD #2002- 0 63, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 8 Dec 2002, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (MNNC). Paratype: Nahuelbuta Natl. Pk., 37°48'58"S 73°0'36"W, mature Nothofagus forest, yellow pans, 9–10 Feb 2005, L. Masner (1 3, DEBU).</p><p>Other material examined. Same data as holotype (1 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. The species name is a noun in apposition referring to the type locality of the species. The female associated with this species is somewhat rubbed and faded; although it seems most likely to belong with the male types, this is difficult to verify on the basis of the few available specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFDFFFDEEAA4FECAB3BAFC14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFDCFFDFEAA4FC76B520F9AB.text	5562879BFFDCFFDFEAA4FC76B520F9AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria edenensis Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria edenensis Richards</p><p>(Figs. 26–28, 77, 78, 83, 112)</p><p>Frutillaria edenensis Richards, 1961: 67</p><p>Description. Length 2.0–2.4 mm (head + thorax 1.0–1.1 mm).</p><p>Occiput black, face orange, gena and frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel blackish dorsally, orange ventrally. Clypeus mostly yellow, prementum brown to dark brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus sometimes reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum with microtomentum along anterior and posterior margins and covering dorsal third. Katepisternum with a shiny spot behind coxa, not extending toward bristle; posterior part below bristle, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite with a very small ventral shiny spot.</p><p>Legs black, tarsi, trochanters, and joints orange, fore coxa black; hind tarsomeres may be dark brown dorsally. Fore femur covered with microtomentum. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 26–68): Tergites 1–5 covered with microtomentum, narrowly shiny along margins. Sternites 2–4 shiny, sternite 5 with sparse microtomentum. Ring-shaped sclerite present. Accessory sclerite of synsternite 6+7 attached with a thin band. Surstylus with a broad basal section and thin inner arm, outer corner sharply angled but not produced. Postgonite bilobed, both lobes long and thin. Epiphallus and preepiphallus well-developed, epiphallus laterally expanded. Distiphallus with lateral arm narrow and pointed at tip; central projecting sclerite subtended on a thin band from base of distiphallus, complex, frilled and ridged, with a pair of incurved prongs dorsally at tip.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 77, 78, 83): Tergites 1–6 covered with microtomentum, narrowly shiny along margins. Tergite 7 shiny on anterior half with microtomentum on posterior half. Tergite 8 shiny with some microtomentum along posterior margin. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–4 with sparse microtomentum, sternites 5–6 mostly covered with microtomentum with margins shiny, sternite 7 mostly shiny with microtomentum along posterior margin. Tergite 8 complete, epiproct with parallel sides and poorly developed anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 round, hypoproct with a pair of sclerotized discs. Spermathecae with basal invagination consisting of a basal sheath of several rings and apical rounded cap; no apical invagination, but variably pointed apically.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Los Lagos:] Chiloé Is., San Pedro, 42ºS, Oct 1958, [G. Kuschel] (MEUC, apparently lost). Paratypes: no data, thought by Richards (1961) to be Chiloé Is., Oct 1958, G. Kuschel (4 3, BMNH, 2 examined); Magallanes: Wellington Is., Puerto Edén, 49°S, 850 m, 8 Dec 1958, [G. Kuschel] (1 3, BMNH, not examined).</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE: Aisén: Queulat Pass, 40 km N Puerto Cisnes, mossy beech forest, carrion trap, 500 m, 30 Dec 1984 – 28 Jan 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 3, DEBU); Río Grande, 16 km NW Cisne Medio, mature beech forest, carrion trap, 200 m, 30 Dec 1984 – 28 Jan 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 3, 1 Ƥ, DEBU); Los Lagos: Chiloé Is., Ancud, Aug 1958, L. Peña (1 Ƥ, DEBU); Chiloé Is., Miraflores, road to, 0.6 km W Hwy 5, 42 °46'42"S 73°47'42"W, 130 m, secondary Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #97-25, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 17 Jan 1997, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 3, FMNH); Chiloé Is., Miraflores, road to, 0.6 km W Ruta 5, 42 °46'44"S 73°47'42"W, 130 m, secondary Valdivian rainforest w/few conifers, FMHD #2002-076, carrion trap (octopus), 12–21 Dec 2002, M.K. Thayer &amp; A.F. Newton (2 3, FMNH); as above but FMHD #2002-077, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 12 Dec 2002, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (1 3, FMNH); Chiloé Is., Lago Huillinco, S side, road to Bellavista, 1.3 km S road to Cucao, 42°41'49"S 73°55'53"W, 45 m, Valdivian rainforest w/emergent Saxegothaea conspicua, FMHD #2002- 0 74, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 12 Dec 2002, M.K. Thayer &amp; A.F. Newton (1 3, FMNH); Alerce Andino Natl. Pk., tr. to Laguna Fria, 41°30’S 72°37’W, dung &amp; carrion pans, 400 m, 1 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (2 3, DEBU); Lago Chapo, 34 km E Puerto Montt, 2nd growth Nothofagus, FIT, 24 Dec 1984 – 2 Feb 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 3 1 Ƥ, DEBU); Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., Mirador El Bosque, 41°08.31'S 72°32.20'W, dung pans, 900 m, 2.xii, J. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (2 3, DEBU); Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., SW slope Volcán Osorno, ca. km 11 to La Burbuja, 41°07'54"S 72°32'00"W, 1090 m, low Nothofagus dombeyi w/bamboo &amp; shrub understory, FMHD #2002-080, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 15 Dec 2002, A. Y. Solodovnikov (1 Ƥ, FMNH); Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., SW slope Volcán Osorno, km 10 to La Burbuja, 41°08'20"S 72°32'10"W, 910 m, Nothofagus dombeyi w/ mixed understory, FMHD #2002-081, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, A. Y. Solodovnikov &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 Ƥ, FMNH); Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., N slope Volcán Osorno, road to Ref. La Picada, 41°03'15"S 72°30'11"W, 660 m, Nothofagus dombeyi w/conifers, dense Chusquea bamboo understory, FMHD #2002-082, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 16 Dec 2002, Solodovnikov, Thayer, &amp; Newton (3 3, 2 Ƥ, FMNH); Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., N slope Volcán Osorno, road to Ref. La Picada, 41°01'03"S 72°32'54"W, 430 m, Nothofagus dombeyi w/conifers, FMHD #2002-083, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 16 Dec 2002, Newton, Solodovnikov, &amp; Chani-Posse (3 3, FMNH); Puyehue Natl. Pk., W side Paso Cardenal Samoré, 40°42'39"S 71°56'40"W, 1305 m, timberline Nothofagus pumilio forest with snow patches, FMHD #2002-087, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 17 Dec 2002, Newton, Thayer &amp; Solodovnikov (1 Ƥ, FMNH); Los Ríos: Las Trancas, 30 km W La Unión, Chile Exp., Nothofagus, 7–11 Feb 1988, L. Masner (1 Ƥ, CNC)</p><p>Comments. Two females are in the same tube as the paratype males from Chiloé; they are not mentioned by Richards and are not paratypes, but appear to be of the same species. One male was dissected, perhaps by Richards, but the terminalia are missing; we dissected the other male. Based on current records, this is the most widespread species in the genus, stretching from the northern Magallanes region (paratype 3) to southern Los Ríos region; the record from Puerto Edén is further south than any other for the genus. However, we have seen little material from this region (see also F. propinqua), and other species may occur further south than current records indicate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFDCFFDFEAA4FC76B520F9AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFDDFFC0EAA4F9E2B516FDEF.text	5562879BFFDDFFC0EAA4F9E2B516FDEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria furcata	<div><p>Frutillaria furcata sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 29–31, 108)</p><p>Description. Length: N/A (head + thorax 1.0 mm)</p><p>Occiput dark brown, face, gena brown, frons brown with some orange anteriorly. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape orange, pedicel and first flagellomere brown. Clypeus and prementum brown.</p><p>Thorax black, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, anterior, posterior, and dorsal margins with microtomentum. Katepisternum with a large shiny patch behind fore coxa extending posteriorly to near bristle. Meron and metapleuron shiny with the exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, joints narrowly orange, tarsi and trochanters orange, fore coxa black; fore femur shiny posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 29–31): Surstylus nearly linear, apical portion thinner. Postgonite with anterior lobe very wide and broadly rounded, posterior lobe thinner and acutely pointed. Epiphallus weakly developed, preepiphallus well-developed, clear apically. Distiphallus with lateral arms forked, lower fork frilled, upper fork acutely pointed. central projecting sclerite with a strongly dorsal longitudinal ridge, ventrally with a broad sclerite with ridges on medial surface. Lateral arms thin and long, ventral sclerite ending just before reaching ventral part of central projecting sclerite.</p><p>Female unknown.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Araucanía: Contulmo Natur. Mon., Sendero Lemu Mau, 38°00'44"S 073°11'08"W, 410 m, Nothofagus obliqua -Eucryphia cordifolia ++ w/ fern &amp; bamboo understory, FMHD #2002- 0 64, flood debris, small stream, 8 Dec 2002, A.F. Newton &amp; A. Y. Solodovnikov (MNNC).</p><p>Comments. The species name refers to the distinctive forked lateral arm of the distiphallus in this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFDDFFC0EAA4F9E2B516FDEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC3FFC1EAA4FF16B090FABA.text	5562879BFFC3FFC1EAA4FF16B090FABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria glabra	<div><p>Frutillaria glabra sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 32–34, 79, 80, 84, 109)</p><p>Description. Length 1.9–2.6 mm (head + thorax 0.7–1.1 mm)</p><p>Head entirely orange-yellow. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus and scutellum reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum with some microtomentum anteriorly, bare posteriorly, scutellum mostly bare with some microtomentum around margins. Anepisternum mostly shiny, some microtomentum around spiracle and along posterior crease. Katepisternum with a large shiny patch behind fore coxa extending posteriorly as a triangle to near bristle, narrowly separated from posterior shiny patch by a band of microtomentum. Meron and metapleuron shiny with the exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, fore coxa dark reddish brown, trochanters, joints, and tarsi orange-yellow. Fore femur mostly shiny posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 32–34): Tergites 1–5 with some microtomentum on basal 1/3. Tergites 2–4 shiny, tergite 5 mostly shiny with some microtomentum along posterior margin. Surstylus with a broad basal part, short inner arm, outer corner not produced. Postgonite bilobed, both lobes long. Epiphallus short, laterally broadened at tip; preepiphallus long, bulbous distally. Distiphallus with lateral arms short, angled and strongly narrowed just before tip; central projecting sclerite complex, heavily ridged and frilled, with a transverse ridge across dorsal tip bearing small teeth on either side; ventral sacs present, not sclerotized.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 79, 80, 84): Tergites 1–4 with some microtomentum on basal 1/3, tergite 5 mostly covered with microtomentum, microtomentum sparse apically, tergite 6 with shiny basal band, covered with microtomentum apically, tergite 7 mostly shiny with some microtomentum apically, tergite 8 shiny. Sternites 2–4 shiny, sternite 5 with some scattered microtomentum, sternite 6 mostly covered with tomentum, shiny on basal ½, sternite 7 mostly shiny with some microtomentum apically. Tergite 8 complete, epiproct long-triangular without anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 comma-shaped, hypoproct with a U-shaped sclerite. Spermathecae with basal invagination long, mushroom-shaped, annulated; apical invagination short, subconical, smooth.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Araucanía: Temuco, Cerro Ñielol Natur. Mon., 13 Dec 1984 – 12 Feb 1985, carrion trap, 300 m, mixed evergreen forest, S.&amp;J. Peck (MNNC). Paratypes: same data as holotype (8 3, 4 Ƥ, DEBU); Temuco, Cerro Ñielol Natur. Mon., 38°43'S 72°35'W, 250 m, native forest remnants with Nothofagus, FMHD #82-824, dung trap (human), 14–30 Dec 1982, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (27 3, 12 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. This species is currently only known from the type locality, a nature reserve within the city of Temuco.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC3FFC1EAA4FF16B090FABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC3FFC3EAA4FAD5B233FED5.text	5562879BFFC3FFC3EAA4FAD5B233FED5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria kuscheli Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria kuscheli Richards</p><p>(Figs. 35–37, 81, 82, 85, 113)</p><p>Frutillaria kuscheli Richards, 1961: 66</p><p>Description. Length 1.7–2.7 mm (head + thorax 0.8–1.2 mm)</p><p>Occiput dark brown, face orange, frons and gena intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel dark brown. Clypeus orange, prementum brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, anterior, posterior, and margins with microtomentum. Katepisternum with shiny patch behind fore coxa barely extending toward bristle. Meron and metapleuron shiny with the exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, fore coxa black, trochanters, joints, and tarsi orange. Fore femur mostly shiny posteriorly. Mid femur with 2–3 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 35–37): Ring-shaped sclerite present. Surstylus with long, thin inner arm, in posterior view arms parallel, extending ventrally. Postgonite with lobes clearly separated, anterior lobe with an anterior concavity but not appearing double-pointed, posterior lobe thin and pointed. Epiphallus and preepiphallus well developed. Distiphallus with lateral arms thin, curved medially near apex. Ventral disc large, ventral sacs long, sclerotized. Central projecting sclerite small, with ridges distally.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 81, 82, 85): Tergites 1–5 covered with microtomentum, with thin shiny bands along posterior margins, tergite 6 mostly covered with microtomentum, shiny basally. Tergite 7 mostly shiny, with a small amount of microtomentum along lateral edges, posterior margin indented medially. Tergite 8 divided medially, shiny with a little microtomentum along posterior margin. Epiproct triangular, anterior arms fairly long. No microtrichia dorsally on cerci. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3 – 4 mostly shiny with some microtomentum medially, sternite 5 extensively covered with microtomentum, sternite 6 mostly covered with microtomentum, shiny basally. Sternite 7 with extensive microtomentum on posterior half, posterior margin distinctly convex. Sclerites of sternite 8 long, subrectangular. Hypoproct with sclerotized lateral spots, weakly sclerotized medial bar. Spermathecae with long, mushroom-shaped apical invagination, short basal invagination, both annulated.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Los Lagos:] Chiloé I., lat 42° S, Chepu, 3 Oct 1958, [G. Kuschel] (MEUC, apparently lost). Paratypes: same data as holotype but 9 Oct 1958 (4 3, BMNH, 2 examined).</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE: Los Lagos: Chiloé Is., Quemchi (11 km W, 11 km E of Hwy 5), 42°10'24"S 73°35'48"W, 170 m, secondary Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #97-23, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 16 Jan 1997, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 3, 3 Ƥ, FMNH); Chiloé Is., Quemchi (11 km W, 11 km E of Hwy 5), 42°10'24"S 73°35'44"W, 140 m, Valdivian rainforest remnant w/thick bamboo understory, FMHD #2002-068, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 10 Dec 2002, A.F. Newton &amp; A. Y. Solodovnikov (1 3, 3 Ψ, FMNH); Chiloé Is., Miraflores, road to, 0.6 km W Hwy 5, 42 °46'42"S 73°47'42"W, 130 m, secondary Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #97-25, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 17 Jan 1997, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 3, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. The description is based primarily on the recent material, as the paratypes we examined were in poor condition. This species appears to be restricted to Chiloé Island, and is less commonly collected than F. chepuensis, as observed by Richards (1961).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC3FFC3EAA4FAD5B233FED5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC1FFC3EAA4FE38B37FFB2A.text	5562879BFFC1FFC3EAA4FE38B37FFB2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria propinqua Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria propinqua Richards</p><p>(Figs. 38, 39, 110)</p><p>Frutillaria propinqua Richards, 1964: 44</p><p>Only the paratype male of this species was available for examination. It is preserved in alcohol and is in poor condition. The antennae and all legs except the right hind leg are missing. The specimen is partially debristled and the colour is generally faded. Little can be said about external characters other than the patterns of microtomentum noted:</p><p>Head with shiny patches lateral to ocellar triangle. Mesoscutum and scutellum covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum with microtomentum along anterior, dorsal and posterior margins, shiny medially. Katepisternum with anterior shiny patch with a triangle extending posteriorly. Laterotergite mostly shiny. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–5 with some apparent microtomentum medially. Tergites 1–5 extensively covered with microtomentum.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 38, 39): Surstylus with outer corner angular, slightly produced, inner arm long, curved, knobbed and toothed at tip. Postgonite bilobed, both lobes long. Basiphallus with well-developed epiphallus, preepiphallus very short, about ½ length of epiphallus. Distiphallus extremely complex, with a dorsal pair of flat, anteriorly curved horns at apex; components difficult to homologize.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Aisén:] Lago de Bueno Aires, Rio Murta, about 46° S, 15 Jan 1956, [G. Kuschel] (BMNH, apparently lost). Paratype: same data as holotype (1 m #, BMNH, examined).</p><p>Comments. The original description states that the paratype specimen is female, but this is incorrect. We have not seen any recently collected specimens of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC1FFC3EAA4FE38B37FFB2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC1FFC4EAA4FB6FB425FEAC.text	5562879BFFC1FFC4EAA4FB6FB425FEAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria richardsi	<div><p>Frutillaria richardsi sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 40–42, 113)</p><p>Description. Length N/A (head + thorax 1.0–1.2 mm)</p><p>Occiput brown, face and gena orange, frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel dark brown. Clypeus and prementum orange.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus and scutellum reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, dorsal and posterior margins with microtomentum. Katepisternum with a large shiny patch behind fore coxa extending posteriorly as a triangle to near bristle, narrowly separated from posterior shiny patch by a band of microtomentum. Meron and metapleuron shiny with the exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, fore coxa dark reddish brown, trochanters, joints, and tarsi orange. Fore femur with a shiny spot posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 40–42): Syntergite 1+2 covered with microtomentum. Surstylus with fairly broad inner arm bearing a jagged ridge along apical part, outer corner broadly produced. Postgonite bilobed, both lobes long and pointed. Epiphallus not clearly developed, preepiphallus long and narrow. Distiphallus with lateral arms developed, bifid apically. Ventrals discs triangular in side view with a clear flap apically; ventral sacs not apparent.</p><p>Fe</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Los Lagos: Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, Salto Los Novios, 40° 39.74’S 72° 08.81’ W, 450 m, 3–4 Dec 2008, flood debris, dung pans, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (MNNC). Paratypes: Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, 4.1 km W, 270 m, Valdivian rainforest, 19–25 Dec 1982, A. Newton &amp; M. Thayer (1 3, DEBU); Los Ríos: Las Trancas, 30 km W La Unión, Nothofagus, 7–11 Feb 1988, L. Masner (1 3, CNCI).</p><p>Comments. This species is named in honour of O.W. Richards, who published prolifically on Sphaeroceridae, and particularly contributed to our knowledge of the flightless species of the family.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC1FFC4EAA4FB6FB425FEAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC6FFC5EAA4F9CBB280F8C0.text	5562879BFFC6FFC5EAA4F9CBB280F8C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria stenoptera Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria stenoptera Richards</p><p>(Figs. 43–46, 86, 87, 92, 114)</p><p>Frutillaria stenoptera Richards, 1961: 67</p><p>Description. Length 1.8–2.3 mm (head + thorax 0.8–1.0 mm)</p><p>Occiput black, face orange to brown, gena and frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel dark brown. Clypeus mostly yellow, prementum dark brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus may be slightly reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, anterior and posterior margins and part of dorsal margin with microtomentum. Katepisternum with a shiny spot behind coxa, not extending toward bristle; posterior part below bristle, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, joints narrowly orange, tarsi and trochanters orange, fore coxa black; fore femur with a bare patch posteriorly. Mid femur with 2–3 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 43–46): Tergites 1–5 covered with microtomentum, shiny along margins. Sternites 2–5 shiny. A ring-shaped sclerite present on right side between segment 5 and the epandrium. Surstylus with a broad basal part and narrow inner arm; outer corner broadly produced, inner arm somewhat clubbed at tip; in posterior view, inner arm appears to be projecting ventrally and clearly separate from lateral edge of surstylus. Postgonite bilobed, anterior lobe short and feebly bilobed again, posterior lobe long. Epiphallus moderately developed, laterally broadened; preepiphallus well-developed. Distiphallus with lateral arms extending broadly from ventral sclerite, narrow at tip and barely projecting past central projecting sclerite; apicoventral discs present, slightly asymmetrical; central projecting sclerite with dorsally-oriented teeth; ventral sacs rigid, somewhat sclerotized, extending perpendicularly.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 86, 87, 92): Tergites 1–5 mostly covered with microtomentum, margins shiny. Sternites 2–4 shiny, sternite 5 mostly shiny with some sparse microtomentum. Tergite 6 and sternite 6 mostly microtomentose. Tergite 8 complete, with about 8 setae along posterior margin; mostly shiny, some microtomentum along posterior margin. Epiproct parallel-sided with long anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 long and rectangular; hypoproct with 2 weakly sclerotized lateral disks. Spermathecae with long, mushroom-shaped apical invagination, short basal invagination, both annulated.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Los Lagos:] Llanquihue Prov., Frutillar, 41º12’ S, 12 Sep 1954, [G. Kuschel] (MEUC, apparently lost).</p><p>Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Neuquén: Lanín Natl. Pk., rd. between Pucara and Lago Venados, 24–25 Jan, 1972, L. Herman (1 3, 1 Ƥ, AMNH). CHILE: Los Lagos: Vicente Pérez Rosales Natl. Pk., Volcán Osorno rd., 41°10’S 72°31'W, 300m, dung pans, 2 Dec 2008, Kits &amp; Marshall (11 3, 10 Ƥ, DEBU), same data but carrion pans (9 3, 3 Ƥ, DEBU); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, tr. to Mirador El Puma, 40°40.35’S 72°10.18’W, 400 m, carrion pans, 3–5 Dec 2008, Kits &amp; Marshall (2 3, DEBU), same data but stream, dung pans, 4–5 Dec 2008 (3 3, DEBU); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Ruta 215, km 4.5 E of Aduana station, 40°40'14"S 72°05'13"W, 580 m, Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #2002-090, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 19 Dec 2002, Thayer et al. (1 3, FMNH); Puaucho (15.1 km W), 40°35'00"S 73°37'42"W, 50 m, Valdivian rainforest remnant in sm. ravine, w/large ferns, FMHD #96-249, berlese, litter under large ferns, 30 Dec 1996, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 Ƥ, FMNH); Araucanía: Chacamo, NW Nueva Imperial, 600–700 m, 17–23 Feb 1981, L. Peña (1 3, USNM); Purén, Contulmo Natur. Mon., 350 m, mixed forest litter, FMHD #85-1001, Berlese, 13 Feb 1985, S. &amp; J. Peck (10 3, 3 Ƥ, FMNH); Contulmo Natur. Mon., Sendero Lemu Mau, 38°00'44"S 073°11'08"W, 410 m, Nothofagus obliqua -Eucryphia cordifolia ++ w/ fern &amp; bamboo understory, FMHD #2002-064, flood debris, small stream, 8 Dec 2002, A.F. Newton &amp; A. Y. Solodovnikov (3 3, 2 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. Although there are no extant type specimens of this species, the species we treat here as F. stenoptera is a good match to the original description and illustration, and we are confident it is correctly identified. The following points support our identification of this species as F. stenoptera: the illustration shows a species with 3 distal lobes on the distiphallus, all projecting to a similar degree: these presumably correspond to the pointed lateral arms (Richards’ “paraphalli”), the central projecting sclerite, and the ventroapical discs. The sclerotized and projecting ventral sacs of this species correspond to Richards’ “lateral wings of the aedeagus”, which are stated to be long and illustrated as projecting perpendicularly. The surstylus is stated to have the outer corner “angularly produced” and inner arm short and knobbed at tip; our specimens do not have the outer corner particularly angular, but this is influenced by viewing angle, and they match the illustration fairly well. The anterior lobe of the postgonites (Richards’ “anterior gonapophyses”) are not shown in the original illustration but Richards states they are “apparently reduced”; as this lobe is fairly short in this species, he may not have been able to see the shape in any detail in a partial dissection.</p><p>This is the only species of Frutillaria known to occur in Argentina, although additional species may occur in that country in moist forests near the Chilean border.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC6FFC5EAA4F9CBB280F8C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC4FFC6EAA4FF16B1C9FA6D.text	5562879BFFC4FFC6EAA4FF16B1C9FA6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria tenuiforceps Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria tenuiforceps Richards</p><p>(Figs. 1, 47–49, 88, 89, 93, 108)</p><p>Frutillaria tenuiforceps Richards, 1964: 44 –45</p><p>Description. Length 1.8–2.3 mm (head + thorax 0.9–1.1 mm)</p><p>Occiput brown, face and gena yellow, frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Antennae orange. Clypeus and prementum mostly yellow.</p><p>Thorax black, wing rudiment blackish. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, posterior and dorsal margin with microtomentum. Katepisternum mostly microtomentose, with shiny spot behind coxa and often a separate spot between this and bristle. Posterior katepisternum, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite with a large ventral shiny spot.</p><p>Legs dark brown to black, fore coxa, trochanters, and joints orange, tarsi brown. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 47–49): Tergites 1–5 covered with microtomentum. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–5 covered with microtomentum. A ring-shaped sclerite present on right side between segment 5 and the epandrium. Surstylus with wide basal part and narrow inner arm, outer corner angularly produced, with a ridge running along inner arm. Postgonite bilobed, both lobes long and pointed. Epiphallus and preepiphallus well-developed, epiphallus broadened laterally. Distiphallus very strongly sclerotized; lateral arms broad, flared and finely frilled at tip; central projecting sclerite very broad in lateral view, frilled and ridged but detail difficult to discern due to strong sclerotization, weakly attached to base of distiphallus; a distinct curved sclerite ventrally attached to base of lateral arms.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 88, 89, 93): Tergites 1–6 covered with microtomentum. Tergite 7 mostly shiny, with some microtomentum on posterior corners, tergite 8 mostly shiny, with some microtomentum apically. Sternite 2 shiny, sternites 3–6 covered with microtomentum, sternite 7 shiny on basal half, with microtomentum apically. Tergite 8 complete, epiproct narrowed anteriorly, with small divergent anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 round, hypoproct not developed. Spermathecae with long, mushroom-shaped apical invagination, short basal invagination, both annulated.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Valparaíso:] Aconcagua, Zapallar, about 33ºS, 24 Mar 1957, [G. Kuschel] (BMNH, apparently lost). Paratypes: same data as holotype (2 m, BMNH, examined).</p><p>Other material examined. CHILE: Valparaíso: Zapallar, Quebrada el Tigre, above tennis club, dung pans, 32°33.12'S 71°26.99'W, 100 m, 9 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (5 3 6 Ƥ, DEBU); Zapallar, Quebrada el Tigre, upper trail, 32°33.67'S 71°26.70'W, 250m, 9 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (4 Ƥ, DEBU); Zapallar, 24 Mar 1957, G. Kuschel (3 Ƥ, BMNH).</p><p>Comments. This species occurs further north than any known congener. The locality for the recently collected material, Quebrada el Tigre, is a relict forest with botanical affiliation to the temperate rainforest from much further south (Pérez and Villagrán 1985). Other relict forests in Chile’s mediterranean zone may yet prove to hold this or other Frutillaria species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC4FFC6EAA4FF16B1C9FA6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC4FFC8EAA4F9A7B18BFDEF.text	5562879BFFC4FFC8EAA4F9A7B18BFDEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria transversa	<div><p>Frutillaria transversa sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 50–52, 90, 91, 94, 115)</p><p>Description. Length 1.7–2.3 mm (head + thorax 0.8–1.0 mm)</p><p>Occiput black, face orange, gena and frons intermediately coloured. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Antennae orange. Clypeus mostly orange, prementum dark brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus occasionally reddish, wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, anterior and posterior margins and part of dorsal margin with microtomentum. Katepisternum with a shiny spot behind coxa, not extending toward bristle; posterior part of katepisternum, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, joints narrowly orange, tarsi and trochanters orange, fore coxa black; fore femur shiny or very sparsely microtomentose posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 50–52): Tergites 1–5 mostly covered in microtomentum, shiny along margins. Sternites 1–5 shiny. Surstylus with a broad basal part and a thin inner arm, outer corner sharply angular, with a ridge running between outer corner to tip of inner arm; in posterior view, inner arm forms a continuous curve with lateral edge of surstylus, projecting medially. Postgonite bilobed, both lobes long and thin. Epiphallus and preepiphallus welldeveloped, epiphallus laterally broadened at tip. Distiphallus with central projecting sclerite very wide in dorsal view, projecting well beyond lateral arms, complex and with multiple fringes and projections. Lateral arms slightly narrower apically, upturned at tip, with a distinct curved projection below lateral arms.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 90, 91, 94): Syntergite 1+2 with irregular patches of microtomentum, tergites 3–6 mostly covered with microtomentum. Sternites 2–3 mostly shiny, sternite 4 with a medial patch of microtomentum, sternites 5–6 mostly covered with microtomentum, margins shiny. Tergites 7 and 8 and sternite 7 mostly shiny with some microtomentum along posterior margin. Tergite 8 complete, with about 8 setae along posterior margin, epiproct triangular with distinct anterior arms. Sclerites of sternite 8 strongly sclerotized, teardrop-shaped. Hypoproct strongly sclerotized, U-shaped with arms anterior. Spermathecae with basal invagination consisting of a basal sheath of several rings and apical rounded cap; no apical invagination, but variably pointed apically.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: Los Lagos: Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, trail to Mirador El Puma, 40°40.35’S 72°10.18’W, 400 m, carrion pans, 3–5 Dec 2008, J.H. Kits &amp; S.A. Marshall (MNNC). Paratypes: same data as holotype (2 3, 2 Ƥ, DEBU); same data as holotype but dung pans (4 3, 3 Ƥ, DEBU); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, Sendero Repucura, 40°39'53"S 72°10'02"W, 447 m, Nothofagus / Chusquea forest, yellow pans, 17–18 Feb 2005 (2 3, DEBU); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Aguas Calientes, Pionero Forest Trail, 500 m, sifted forest litter, FMHD #85-928, Berlese, 20 Dec 1984, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 Ƥ, FMNH); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Anticura, 40°39'42"S 72°08'06"W, 460 m, Valdivian rainforest w/large Saxegothaea, FMHD #96-252, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 31 Dec 1996, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 Ƥ, FMNH); Puyehue Natl. Pk., Ruta 215, km 4.5 E of Aduana station, 40°40'14"S 72°05'13"W, 580 m, Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #2002-090, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 19 Dec 2002, Thayer et al. (2 3, 3 Ƥ, FMNH); Bahia Mansa, 3 km S Maicolpue, 200 m, 21 Dec 1984 – 3 Feb 1985, carrion trap, mixed forest, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 3, DEBU); as above but FMHD #85-933, Berlese, litter, 21 Dec 1984, S. &amp; J. Peck (1 Ƥ, FMNH); Maicolpue (hills S), 40°36'36"S 073°44'54"W, 160 m, disturbed Valdivian rainforest, FMHD #96-247, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 30 Dec 1996, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (5 3, 4 Ƥ, FMNH); Los Ríos: Las Trancas, 30 km W La Unión, Nothofagus, Chile Exp., 7–11 Feb 1988, L. Masner (3 3, 1 Ƥ, CNCI)</p><p>Comments. The name refers to the very broad tip of the distiphallus, which projects beyond the lateral arms of the distiphallus in dorsal view.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC4FFC8EAA4F9A7B18BFDEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFCAFFC8EAA4FD35B1C3F8DE.text	5562879BFFCAFFC8EAA4FD35B1C3F8DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria triangularis Richards	<div><p>Frutillaria triangularis Richards</p><p>(Figs. 53–55, 95, 96, 101, 108)</p><p>Frutillaria triangularis Richards, 1964: 44</p><p>Description. Length 1.7–2.7 mm (head + thorax 0.7–1.3 mm).</p><p>Head dark to reddish brown, anterior part of frons orange, frons entirely covered with microtomentum. Scape and first flagellomere orange, pedicel brown. Clypeus mostly brown, prementum orange-brown.</p><p>Thorax black with some reddish areas, particularly postalar callus and scutellum. Wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly covered in microtomentum, with a shiny bare patch medially on ventral 1/3. Katepisternum with two shiny bare patches, one immediately behind coxa and another slightly posterior, the two patches sometimes merged. Meron with a narrow shiny band immediately behind katepisternum, metapleuron entirely covered with microtomentum, laterotergite with a small shiny spot ventrally.</p><p>Legs black; joints, trochanters, and tarsi orange, fore coxa reddish brown. Mid femur with 3 (rarely 4–5) anterior bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 53–55): Tergites 1–5 and sternites 2–5 covered in microtomentum, hind margin narrowly shiny. Surstylus triangular apically. Postgonites with sinuate margins, bilobed at tip, both lobes fairly short and blunt. Epiphallus not clearly separated from basiphallus. No ring-shaped sclerite present. Distiphallus in side view with 4 areas of sclerotization surrounding a clear central area. Dorsal sclerite with a pair of lateral ridges and a medial dorsal ridge. Lateral arms not developed. Ventral sacs present, clear.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 95, 96, 101): Tergite 1–5 and sternites 2–5 covered in microtomentum, hind margin narrowly shiny. Tergite 6 and sternite 6 shiny anteriorly, with microtomentum posteriorly. Tergites 7–8 and sternite 7 mostly shiny. Tergite 8 complete; epiproct parallel-sided with short, broad anterior arms. Cerci covered with microtomentum apically. Sternite 8 with rounded sclerites, hypoproct not sclerotized. Spermathecae with short basal and apical mushroom-shaped invaginations, basal annulated, apical smooth.</p><p>Type material. Holotype 3: CHILE: [Biobío:] Concepción, Oca de Bio-Bio, about 37ºS, 24 May 1957, [G. Kuschel] (BMNH, apparently lost).</p><p>Material examined. CHILE: Biobío: San Pedro de La Paz, ~ 6km S, Pinus sp. forest, 360 m, 12 Dec 1982 – 2 Jan 1983, A. Newton and M. Thayer (115 3, 95 Ƥ, DEBU, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. Although the type specimen is lost, the unique shape of the surstylus and Richards' (1964) illustration of the male terminalia enable recognition of this distinctive species. The type locality, recorded as “Oca de Bio-Bio” by Richards, may refer to the mouth (= boca) of the Biobío River, which is just to the north of Newton and Thayer’s collection site.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFCAFFC8EAA4FD35B1C3F8DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFCBFFCBEAA4F89AB296FF64.text	5562879BFFCBFFCBEAA4F89AB296FF64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria	<div><p>Frutillaria n. sp. A</p><p>Description. Length: 1.8 mm (head + thorax 0.9 mm)</p><p>Head entirely reddish brown, slightly darker on occiput. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Thorax black, postalar callus and apex of scutellum reddish, wing rudiment dark brown. Mesoscutum with some microtomentum anteriorly, bare posteriorly, disc of scutellum bare laterally with a medial band of microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, posterior and dorsal margin with microtomentum. Katepisternum with a shiny spot behind coxa, not extending toward bristle; posterior part below bristle, meron and metapleuron shiny with exception of a stripe of microtomentum between posterior thoracic spiracle and base of hind coxa. Laterotergite mostly shiny.</p><p>Legs black, fore coxa dark reddish brown, trochanters, joints, and tarsi orange. Fore femur mostly shiny posteriorly. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male unknown.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 97, 98, 102): Tergites 1–5 with some microtomentum basally, mostly shiny apically, tergites 6–7 covered with microtomentum on apical half, tergite 8 shiny with some microtomentum along apical margin. Sternites 2–4 shiny, sternite 5 with some scattered microtomentum, sternite 6 covered with microtomentum on apical half, sternite 7 mostly shiny with microtomentum on apical 1/3. Tergite 8 complete, epiproct long with short anterior arms, parallel-sided between arms and base of cerci. Sclerites of sternite 8 sub-rectangular, hypoproct with a U-shaped sclerite. Spermathecae with basal invagination long, mushroom-shaped, annulated; no apical invagination, but variably pointed apically.</p><p>Material examined. CHILE: Araucanía: Conguillo Natl. Pk., nr. Vista Hermosa, 38°45’8”S 71°37’24”W, 816 m, forest edge, yellow pans, 22–24 Feb 2005, [L. Masner] (2 Ƥ, DEBU).</p><p>Comments. This species shares the extensively shiny mesoscutum with F. glabra, but is clearly distinct from that species based on external and internal characters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFCBFFCBEAA4F89AB296FF64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFC9FFCCEAA4F986B2CEFE1C.text	5562879BFFC9FFCCEAA4F986B2CEFE1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frutillaria	<div><p>Frutillaria n. sp. B</p><p>Description. Length: 1.9 mm (head + thorax 1.0 mm)</p><p>Head dark brown. Frons with shiny spots lateral to ocellar triangle. Scape and pedicel brown, first flagellomere orange. Clypeus and prementum brown.</p><p>Thorax black, postalar callus and scutellum reddish. Wing rudiment brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum entirely covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly covered in microtomentum, with a shiny bare patch medially on ventral 1/3. Katepisternum with shiny patch behind coxa extending slightly toward bristle. Meron with a narrow shiny band immediately behind katepisternum, metapleuron entirely covered with microtomentum, laterotergite mostly microtomentose with a small shiny spot ventrally.</p><p>Legs black, joints, trochanters, and tarsi orange, fore coxa reddish brown. Mid femur with 3–4 anterior bristles.</p><p>Male unknown.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 99, 100, 103): Tergites 1–6 and sternites 2–6 covered in microtomentum, hind margins narrowly shiny. Tergites 7–8 and sternite 7 mostly shiny, with microtomentum along posterior margins. Tergite 8 divided medially; epiproct U-shaped with long anterior arms. Cerci covered with microtrichia dorsally. Sternite 8 with large subrectangular sclerites, hypoproct with a medial sclerotized patch. Spermathecae with short basal and apical mushroom-shaped invaginations, basal annulated, apical smooth.</p><p>Material examined. CHILE: Araucanía: Contulmo Natur. Mon., Sendero Lemu Mau, 38°00'44"S 073°11'08"W, 410 m, Nothofagus obliqua -Eucryphia cordifolia ++ w/ fern &amp; bamboo understory, FMHD #2002- 0 63, berlese, leaf &amp; log litter, 8 Dec 2002, A.F. Newton &amp; M.K. Thayer (2 Ƥ, FMNH).</p><p>Comments. This species is similar to F. triangularis both in the extent of microtomentum on the thorax and abdomen and in the shape of the spermathecae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFC9FFCCEAA4F986B2CEFE1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFCEFFCCEAA4F90EB342F880.text	5562879BFFCEFFCCEAA4F90EB342F880.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penola Richards 1941	<div><p>Penola Richards, 1941: 324</p><p>Type species: Penola eudyptidis, Richards, 1941, by monotypy</p><p>Description as for the only included species, P. eudyptidis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFCEFFCCEAA4F90EB342F880	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
5562879BFFCFFFF0EAA4FA1BB1EAFDA7.text	5562879BFFCFFFF0EAA4FA1BB1EAFDA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Penola eudyptidis Richards	<div><p>Penola eudyptidis Richards</p><p>(Figs. 56–58, 104–106, 109)</p><p>Penola eudyptidis Richards, 1941: 324 –326</p><p>Small flies, 2.4–3.2 mm long.</p><p>Head, clypeus, and prementum yellow, a medial brown patch on upper occiput extending anteriorly onto frons. Head mostly covered with very fine microtomentum, but frons with a medial shiny patch behind ocellar triangle, surrounding postocellar bristles, and a lateral patch along eye anterior to vertical bristles. Face evenly sclerotized, lunule small. Gena about ¼ maximum height of eye. Occiput narrow below occipital foramen. Clypeus narrow, slightly produced. Palpus broadest distally, with tiny setae throughout and larger setae along lateral margin. Prementum well-developed, circular, about ¾ height of eye. Labellum with 12 pseudotracheae. Scape very short, with 2 dorsal setulae; pedicel subtriangular, with a single row of apical bristles, medial bristles about 3 times the length of outer bristles, uppermost apical upcurved, with a downcurved bristle posterior to it; first flagellomere round, slightly pointed dorsoapically; arista dorsolateral, preapical, 2-segmented, about as long as head length, finely plumose. Chaetotaxy: orbital bristles in two lateroclinate pairs; orbital setulae situated irregularly along orbital plate; interfrontals in 4–5 medioclinate pairs; preocellars about 1 ocellus width anterior of central ocellus, lateroproclinate; ocellar setulae irregular; inner vertical bristles inclinate; outer vertical bristles lateroreclinate; postocellar bristles slightly proclinate; postvertical bristles small, cruciate; inner occipital setae small, medioclinate; outer occipital setae two rows, inner row incomplete; vibrissa strong, as long as head; no distinct subvibrissal bristle; upturned genal bristle about ¼ length of vibrissa; genal setae in 2 rows.</p><p>Thorax appearing somewhat dorsoventrally compressed, scutum quite flat, scutellum very short (width about 4x length); wing rudiment less than ½ length of thorax. Yellow with a brown stripe in middle of mesoscutum between dorsocentral rows, metapleuron brown, wing rudiment yellow. Mesoscutum without microtomentum but medially microsculptured with fine irregular ridges, so not appearing shiny. Scutellum covered with microtomentum. Anepisternum mostly shiny, with a patch of microtomentum along anterior margin. Proepisternum with 1–2 setulae. Katepisternum mostly covered with microtomentum, with a shiny patch posteriorly extending onto meron; metapleuron entirely covered with microtomentum. Halter absent. Chaetotaxy: postpronotum with a single enlarged bristle; notopleuron with two bristles, anterior very long, about 2x length of posterior; one postsutural intra-alar bristles; one large postalar bristle behind wing rudiment and a smaller postalar between this and scutellum; one pair of prescutellar dorsocentral bristles; scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, basal bristles about as long as scutellum, apical bristles variable, from similar length to basal bristles to as long as width of scutellum; acrostichal setae in 2 rows; katepisternum with a single large dorsal bristle and long, thin setae ventrally.</p><p>Legs yellow. Fore tibia with a preapical dorsal bristle. Fore basotarsomere with a ventral projection apically in males, unmodified in female. Mid femur with 2 anterior bristles, 1 dorsal bristle. Mid tibia with preapical anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral bristles and a ring of 4–5 apical bristles; posteroventral bristle apparently absent in some individuals. Hind femur with a long curved dorsal bristle. Hind tibia with a long preapical dorsal bristle and 2 apicoventral bristles.</p><p>Male abdomen (Figs. 56–58): Black, flattened. Syntergite 1+2 with a patch of microtomentum at base, otherwise shiny, tergites 3–5 entirely shiny. Sternites wide, strongly sclerotized, shiny. Sternite 5 with a posteromedial indentation surrounded by setae. Synsternite 6+7 asymmetrical, dorsal corner fused to sternite 8. No ring-shaped sclerite between segment 5 and epandrium. Sternite 8 broadly fused to epandrium along right side. Epandrium symmetrical, with a cleft above anterior edge of surstylus. Cerci small and medially fused. Surstylus broad and scoop-like, articulated with epandrium posterior to epandrial cleft and with subepandrial sclerite. Subepandrial sclerite Y-shaped, articulated with cerci and surstyli. Hypandrial arms weakly fused with ventral edge of epandrium; hypandrial apodeme well-developed, rodlike, weakly fused with arms. Postgonite thin, parallel-sided, without lobes; articulated with phallapodeme, hypandrium, and basiphallus. Phallapodeme well-developed, curved and broader distally. Ejaculatory apodeme very small, narrow and sinuous. Basiphallus long, epiphallus and preepiphallus distinct but fairly short. Distiphallus without developed lateral arms, but with a possibly homologous ventral sclerite not reaching level of central projecting sclerite. Tip of ventral sclerite with a round, spinose, translucent area on each side. Central projecting sclerite very thin, rod-like at tip, a spinose area just basal to tip.</p><p>Female abdomen (Figs. 104–106): Black, flattened. Sclerites of segments 6 and 7 unusually broad and strongly sclerotized for Archiborborinae, abdomen telescoping. Syntergite 1+2 with a patch of microtomentum at base, otherwise shiny. Tergites 3–5 and possibly 6 entirely shiny, tergite 7 with some microtomentum in lateral patches, shiny medially. Tergite 8 shiny, weakened medially, epiproct triangular, without anterior arms. Sternites 2–7 apparently entirely shiny. Sclerites of sternite 8 comma-shaped, hypoproct partly sclerotized, round posteriorly. Cerci yellow, simple, not fused with epiproct or each other. Spermathecae 3; one pair sharing a duct and a single on a separate duct; slightly oblong, without invaginations, extended at base, with distinct but irregular transverse ribbing.</p><p>Immature stages: Unknown.</p><p>Type material. Holotype Ƥ: FALKLAND IS: Kidney Island, from neck of the penguin Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestis Gould (Rock-hopper Penguin), 10 Apr 1936, British Graham Land Expedition (BMNH, not examined).</p><p>Material examined. FALKLAND IS: Kidney Is., in tussock/tussock grass n. coast/under floor old hut, 29–30 Nov 1961, M. Holdgate (3 3, 7 Ƥ, BMNH); Port William, among and under decayed Poa flabellata, 9 Oct 1934, A. G. Bennett (2 Ƥ, BMNH).</p><p>Comments. This species is only known from the Falkland Islands, where it appears to be associated primarily with Tussac grass ( Poa flabellata). In addition to the specimens from Kidney Island and Port William, this species has also been recorded from Beauchêne Island (Lewis Smith and Prince 1985).</p><p>The presence of a member of this flightless clade on the Falkland Islands is intriguing, as there is no evidence that the islands have ever shared a land connection with mainland South America (McDowall 2005). The species may have travelled to the islands by rafting on flotsam (Heatwole and Levins 1972) or perhaps by passive sea surface drift (Peck 1994); these dispersal methods have been invoked to explain the distribution of other flightless arthropods across oceanic barriers (eg. Peck 1990, Howden 1992, Trewick 2000). Intriguingly, another flightless archiborborine, Antrops truncipennis Enderlein, also shows evidence of such dispersal, occurring on several widely separated islands in the area, including the Cape Horn archipelago, Isla de los Estados, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia Island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5562879BFFCFFFF0EAA4FA1BB1EAFDA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.;Marshall, Stephen A.	Kits, Joel H., Marshall, Stephen A. (2011): A revision of Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae). Zootaxa 2863: 1-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.203208
