identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
551B87A1B87F3152B88DFB5E3D1CFE73.text	551B87A1B87F3152B88DFB5E3D1CFE73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triconia pacifica Cho & Kim & Böttger-Schnack & Lee 2013	<div><p>Triconia pacifica sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 2–5)</p> <p>Type locality</p> <p>Northeast equatorial Pacific (10 ◦ 30 ′ N, 131 ◦ 20 ′ W, 0–100 m).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Holotype. One female (NIBRIV0000244998) dissected and mounted on 10 slides, collected from the type locality on 21 August 2009 by D.J. Ham.</p> <p>Paratypes. Three females (NIBRIV0000244999, NIBRIV0000245000-1), each dissected and mounted on nine slides, respectively. Four males (NIBRIV0000245002-5), each dissected and mounted on eight or nine slides. All from the type locality.</p> <p>Other material examined</p> <p>Two females (NIBRIV0000245019, NIBRIV0000245022) each dissected and mounted on nine slides; collected from the Korea Strait, 33 ◦ 44 ′ 50.50 ′′ N, 128 ◦ 15 ′ 39.02 ′′ E on 7 October 2008 by K.H. Cho.</p> <p>Description of female</p> <p>Body length: 613 µm [traditional method: 582 µm] [traditional method, range: 553–582 µm, n = 4 individuals, based on specimens from the type locality].</p> <p>Exoskeleton well chitinized, surface covered with numerous small pits, similar to the skin of an orange (not figured). Prosome 1.7 times length of urosome excluding caudal rami, about 1.5 times urosome length including caudal rami. P2-bearing somite without conspicuous dorso-posterior projection in lateral aspect (Figure 2B). Integumental pores on prosome as indicated in Figure 2A, B. Pleural areas of P4-bearing somite with posterolateral corners elongated and pointed (Figure 2A, B).</p> <p>Urosome five-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital double-somite and three free abdominal (= postgenital) somites. P5-bearing somite with pair of middorsal secretory pores (Figure 2A, C), other integumental pores on urosomites and CR as figured (Figure 2C, D).</p> <p>Genital double-somite 1.8 times as long as maximum width at anterior half (measured in dorsal aspect) and 1.9 times as long as postgenital somites combined, flask-like shape; lateral margins distinctly rounded, largest width at anterior half, posterior third tapering distinctly. Paired genital apertures located at about half distance from dorsal anterior margin; armed with one spine and two minute spinous processes (arrowed in Figure 13B). Surface with paired secretory pores at one quarter distance from posterior margin.</p> <p>Anal somite about as wide as long; slightly longer than caudal rami (Figure 2C, D).</p> <p>Caudal ramus (Figure 2C) about 1.6 times as long as wide, inner margin unornamented; with six setae, which are numbered using Roman numerals in Figure 2C: seta I and II spiniform, unipinnate along medial margin, others setiform and plumose; length data of setae II–VII of holotype and three paratype females as shown in Table 1; range of variation of setal lengths relative to longest seta V as follows: II: 10–11%, III: 16–17%, IV: 51–61%, VI: 16–22%, VII: 33–40%.</p> <p>Antennule six-segmented (Figure 3A). Armature formula: 1-[3], 2-[8], 3-[5], 4-[3+ae], 5-[2+ae], 6-[6+(1+ae)].</p> <p>Antenna three-segmented, distinctly reflexed (Figure 3B). Relative lengths (%) of segments approx. 39: 33: 28. Coxobasis with row of long, fine spinules along outer and inner margins and with few additional denticles on proximal and distal part of outer margin. Proximal endopod segment subtriangular forming outer lobate outgrowth bearing patch of spinules and single row of denticles along inner posterior margin. Distal endopod segment with two rows of short spinules along outer margin of posterior surface and additional row of minute spinules at distal part of anterior surface. Lateral armature consisting of one spiniform seta (III), pectinate at distal half, and three naked setae, seta I shortest (Figure 3B); distal armature consisting of five curved setae (A–E) and two slender naked setae (F, G): setae A–D unipinnate, setae A–C similar in length, seta D slightly shorter; seta E longest and naked; seta G shorter than seta F, both setae shorter than seta D.</p> <p>Notes: holo: holotype, para: paratype, OSDS: outer subdistal spine, ODS: outer distal spine, DS: distal spine, spec: specimen.</p> <p>Labrum (Figure 3G, H) distinctly bilobed, with six to seven large dentiform processes of graduated length medially on distal margin of each lobe and row of minute spinules along outer margins. Medial concavity covered anteriorly with single hyaline lamella (Figure 3G), anterior surface with short spinular row either side of median swelling, integumental pockets absent. Posterior wall of medial concavity with four strong dentiform processes (“teeth”) and paired sclerotized indented elements either side of teeth (Figure 3H); posterior surface with group of three secretory pores on proximal part of each lobe.</p> <p>Mandible (Figure 3C) without surface ornamentation; gnathobase with five elements numbered using capital letters in Figure 3C: element A at subdistal ventral corner about as long as ventral blade B, with long, fine setules along dorsal margin, tip of element not reaching as far as tip of blade B; ventral blade B strong and broad, with row of setules on posterior surface; dorsal blade C with dentiform processes along entire dorsal and distal margins; dorsal element D setiform and bipinnate, shorter than multipinnate element E.</p> <p>Maxillule (Figure 3D) weakly bilobed, surface ornamented with few spinules as figured. Inner lobe with three elements: innermost one pinnate, located at some distance from others, middle element naked, about same length as outermost element, which is strong and spiniform, fringed with few strong spinules at midregion and spinulose at distal part. Outer lobe with four elements: two outer elements setiform and bipinnate, outermost element longest, element next to innermost spiniform and strong, with double row of short spinules, similar in length to innermost element, which is setiform and naked.</p> <p>Maxilla (Figure 3E) two-segmented, comprising syncoxa and allobasis. Syncoxa unarmed, surface ornamented with few curved spinular rows and one large secretory pore; allobasis produced distally into slightly curved spinous process (claw) bearing two rows of strong spinules along inner (= medial) margin; stout seta on outer margin reaching as far as tip of allobasal claw, ornamented with few spinules distally (arrowed in Figure 3E); medial margin with slender spinulose seta and strong spinous seta ornamented with two large spinular rows along medial margin and few spinules at outer (= lateral) margin.</p> <p>Maxilliped (Figure 3F) four-segmented; syncoxa unarmed, posterior surface ornamented with two short rows of spinules. Basis robust, with two spiniform spinulose elements on inner (= palmar) margin, distal element stronger and 1.4 times longer than proximal one; fringe of long pinnules between distal seta and articulation with endopod, row of spinules between proximal and distal seta and short transverse row on anterior surface (Figure 3F); other ornamentation on outer margin of anterior surface absent or not discernable. Proximal endopodal segment unarmed. Distal endopodal segment (claw) with row of fine pinnules along proximal three-quarters of concave margin; with minute naked seta on outer proximal margin and unipectinate spine fused basally to inner proximal corner of claw.</p> <p>Swimming legs 1–4 biramous (Figure 4 A–D), with three-segmented rami. Intercoxal sclerites well developed, with paired row of few minute spinules or denticles on posterior surfaces (not figured). Coxae and bases of P1–P4 with sparse surface ornamentation as shown in Figure 4 A–D, coxa of P4 with tuft of very long setules on posterior surface (Figure 4D). Basis with relatively short (P1, P2) or longer (P3, P4) outer seta. Insertion of spiniform inner basal seta on P1 ornamented with minute denticles anteriorly (Figure 4A, a). Endopod of P1 about same length as exopod, those of P2–P4 longer than exopod (particularly in P4). Surface of all segments unornamented, except for few secretory pores on posterior surface of distal exopodal and endopodal segments as figured.</p> <p>Swimming leg armature formula (Roman numerals indicate spines, Arabic numeral indicate setae):</p> <p>Exopods. Outer margin of segments with small serrated hyaline lamellae. Hyaline lamellae on outer spines moderately developed (P1–P3) or narrow (P4). Outer and distal spines of P1 exopod with subapical tubular extension, lacking on proximalmost spine of distal segment, outer spines on distal segment increasing in length distally (Figure 4A). Distal spine, similar in length to (P1, P3), slightly shorter than (P2) or longer than (P4) distal segment.</p> <p>Endopods. Distal margin of P1 with small pointed protrusion close to distalmost outer seta (Figure 4A); distal margin of P2–P4 produced into long, unornamented conical process with apical pore (Figure 4 B–D). Length data of endopodal spines of holotype and three female paratypes as shown in Table 1; length ranges of outer subdistal spine (OSDS) and outer distal spine (ODS) relative to distal spine are as follows: P2 enp-3, OSDS: 86–111%, ODS: 67–79%; P3 enp-3, OSDS: 44–59%, ODS: 42–56%, P4 enp-3, OSDS: 41–56%, ODS: 34–41%. Distal endopodal spine reaching far beyond tip of distal conical process in P2–P4; outer distal spine on enp-3 not reaching (P2, P3) or almost reaching (P4) as far as tip of conical process; outer subdistal spine reaching as far as (P2) or almost as far as (P4) insertion point of outer distal spine, or not reaching (P3) that point. Hyaline lamellae on outer endopodal spines narrow (P2–P3) or almost lacking (P4).</p> <p>P5 (Figure 2C, D) with small free exopodal segment and very long plumose outer basal (= protopodal) seta, more than three times longer than outer exopodal seta and extending as far as four-fifths from anterior margin of genital double-somite, reaching beyond genital apertures as far as paired pores on dorsal surface (Figure 2D, seta probably not shown in full length in Figure 13A). Exopod a little longer than wide, with two setae, which are spiniform and unornamented, the outer one slightly longer than the inner one.</p> <p>P6 (Figures 2C, 13B) represented by operculum closing off each genital aperture; armed with one long spine and two minute blunt processes (arrowed in Figure 13B).</p> <p>Description of male</p> <p>Body length (traditional method): 472 µm. Sexual dimorphism in antennule, maxilliped, endopodal spine lengths on P2, P5, P6, genital segmentation and CR.</p> <p>Urosome six-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital somite and four free abdominal somites. Genital somite about twice as long as postgenital somites combined. Dorsal surface of genital somite with five secretory pores (Figure 5C). Surface ornamentation on genital flaps and on ventral surface of anal segment as indicated in Figure 5D.</p> <p>Caudal rami with length to width ratio about 2: 1, larger than in female; length data of setae II–VII of three paratype males as shown in Table 1, range of variation of setal lengths relative to longest seta V as follows: II: 8–11%, III: 12–16%, IV: 49–54%, VI: 14–17%, VII: 37–40%, slightly different from female in proportional lengths of setae III and IV.</p> <p>Antennule (Figure 5B) four-segmented, distal segment corresponding to fused segments 4–6 of female; armature formula: 1-[3], 2-[8], 3-[4], 4-[11+2ae+(1+ae)].</p> <p>Maxilliped (Figure 5F, G) three-segmented, comprising syncoxa, basis and onesegmented endopod. Syncoxa unarmed, ornamented with single secretory pore at inner distal margin and few spinules on surface. Basis robust and expanded, armed with two small naked setae of equal length within longitudinal cleft; anterior surface with one to three transverse spinular rows and row of short flat spinules along inner margin (Figure 5G), without expanded flap; posterior margin with two to three longitudinal rows of spatulated setules of graduated length (Figure 5G).</p> <p>Swimming legs with armature and ornamentation as in female, length data of endopodal spines of three male paratypes as shown in Table 1; length ranges of outer subdistal spine (OSDS) and outer distal spine (ODS) relative to distal spine as follows: P2 enp-3, OSDS: 106–145%, ODS: 88–92%; P3 enp-3, OSDS: 52–65%, ODS: 39–57%, P4 enp-3, OSDS: 40–47%, ODS: 34–38%, slight sexual dimorphism in proportional spine lengths on P2, with OSDS and ODS being relatively longer than in female.</p> <p>P5 (Figure 5C, E) exopod fused to somite, slightly shorter than in female, armature as in female; outer basal seta about 2.7 times as long as outer exopodal seta, relatively shorter than in female.</p> <p>P6 (Figure 5D) represented by posterolateral flap closing off genital aperture on either side; surface ornamentation as indicated in Figure 5D. Posterolateral corners protruding laterally, clearly visible in dorsal aspect (Figure 5A, C).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The specific name refers to the type locality, the Pacific Ocean.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Triconia pacifica sp. nov. is closely related to T. dentipes (Giesbrecht, 1891) with a striking similarity to its sibling in general habitus and in the form of the female genital double-somite. Triconia dentipes was originally described by Giesbrecht (1891) based on females collected at a single station in the equatorial Pacific (03 ◦ S, 99 ◦ W), not very far from the type locality of the new species (10 ◦ 30 ′ N, 131 ◦ 20 ′ W), but he gave only a short Latin diagnosis. Subsequently, he found a few females of the same species also in the Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea, and described it in some more detail in his comprehensive monograph, mentioning also its occurrence in the Pacific (Giesbrecht 1893 [“1892”], p. 744). It remains uncertain, however, whether or not he compared the morphology of specimens from both regions in detail, as he did not specify the source of specimens examined, but gave only a short footnote stating that one to three females had been available for the study (Footnote on p. 593: “Material:... von den 3 kleineren Arten lagen mir 1-3 weibliche Tiere vor,...”). Böttger-Schnack (1999) redescribed both sexes of T. dentipes in great detail based on copepod material from the Red Sea in comparison with specimens from the Adriatic Sea in the Mediterranean, and summarized the taxonomic history of the species since Giesbrecht’s original account. For comparison with the new Pacific sibling species the taxonomic data provided by Böttger-Schnack (1999) were used as long as not otherwise noted, because Giesbrecht’s original description is insufficient for a detailed comparison and the type material deposited in the Zoological Statione Napoli is no longer available for distribution (cf. Böttger-Schnack 1999).</p> <p>The morphometric differences between T. pacifica and T. dentipes are expressed for both sexes in (1) the proportional spine lengths on the endopod of P4, with (1a) the outer distal spine only reaching as far as the tip of the distal conical process in T. pacifica, whereas this spine is much longer, reaching far beyond the tip of the cone in T. dentipes [the legs of male T. dentipes had not been figured by Böttger-Schnack (1999), but re-examination of Red Sea material from RBS collection during the present study verified that proportional endopodal spine lengths are similar to that of the female]; and (1b) the outer subdistal spine on P4 enp-3 reaching as far as the insertion of the outer distal spine in T. pacifica, while the spine does not reach (Red Sea) or almost reaches (Adriatic Sea) that point in T. dentipes (cf. Böttger-Schnack 1999, figs. 11D and 13E, respectively); (2) the relative length of the outer basal seta on P5, reaching as far as four-fifths of the distance from the anterior margin of the female genital double-somite in T. pacifica, but less than half this distance in T. dentipes [cf. Böttger-Schnack, 1999, fig. 9C (Red Sea), fig. 13A (Adriatic); see also Di Capua and Boxshall 2008, scanning electron micrograph, fig. 2D], and about half the length of the genital somite in male T. pacifica, but less than one-third the distance from the anterior margin in male T. dentipes (cf. Böttger-Schnack, 1999, fig. 12D–F). Further slight morphometric differences between the two species may be found in the proportional spine lengths on P2 enp-3, with the outer subdistal spine always being longer than the outer distal spine in T. pacifica (cf. Table 1) and reaching as far as the insertion of the outer distal spine (Figure 4B), but this is not, or is only just, the case in T. dentipes; however, due to the length variation displayed by this spine in the latter species, being similar in length to the outer spine in some cases (cf. Böttger-Schnack 1999, fig. 11a,b), the difference is of restricted use for separating the two sibling species. Another slight morphometric difference is apparent in the proportional length of antennary setae D, being relatively shorter in T. pacifica compared with T. dentipes, but the actual length of this seta is difficult to discern and not directly comparable, because it may be curved to varying degrees.</p> <p>A number of differences in micro-structures have been found separating female T. pacifica from T. dentipes, which are summarized in Table 2: (1) the additional ornamentation of the antennary coxobasis and setae C+D, (2) the spinular patch either side of the median swelling on the anterior surface of the labrum, (3) the bipinnate ornamentation of the element next to the outermost one on the outer lobe of the maxillule (arrowed in Figure 3D), (4) the ornamentation of the seta on the outer allobasal margin of the maxilla (arrowed in Figure 3E), and (5) the plumose ornamentation of the outer basal seta on P5.</p> <p>(Continued)</p> <p>Mx1, outer Orn. of element Sparse spinules Sparse spinules Sparse spinules Naked Sparse Naked Naked</p> <p>lobe next to spinules</p> <p>outermost one</p> <p>Mx2, Orn. of seta on Few spinules Few spinules Few spinules Hyaline lamella Naked Few spinules Naked</p> <p>allobasis outer margin distally distally distally distally</p> <p>P2 enp-3 OSDS reaching Yes, beyond No / Almost No / Almost No / almost Yes, beyond Yes, beyond No</p> <p>insertion of (Red Sea);</p> <p>ODS yes</p> <p>(Med.Sea)</p> <p>P4 enp-3 L of ODS: CP About equal Shorter Shorter Longer About equal Shorter Shorter</p> <p>OSDS reaching Yes No No No Yes No Yes</p> <p>insertion of</p> <p>ODS</p> <p>P5, outer L, reaching Far beyond Reaching Far beyond Not reaching Reaching Beyond Far beyond</p> <p>basal seta genital</p> <p>apertures or</p> <p>(far) beyond</p> <p>ornamentation Plumose Plumose Plumose Spinulose Plumose Naked Naked</p> <p>distally</p> <p>References Present study Present study Present study Böttger- Böttger- Böttger- Wi et al. (2012) Schnack Schnack Schnack</p> <p>(1999) (1999) (1999)</p> <p>Notes: Med.Sea: Mediterranean Sea, Orn.: ornamentation, L: Length, W: Width, Mx1: Maxillule, Mx2: Maxilla, OSDS: outer subdistal spine, ODS:</p> <p>outer distal spine, CP: distal conical process, A2: Antenna.</p> <p>∗ Pacific Ocean near Galapagos Islands (3 ◦ S, 99 ◦ W).</p> <p>The body length of female T. pacifica is similar to that of T. dentipes from the Mediterranean Sea, which measure 510–520 µm according to Giesbrecht (1893 [“1892”]), and 500–580 µm according to unpublished data by RBS based on copepods from the western Mediterranean Sea (cf. Table 2), but they are distinctly larger than specimens from the Red Sea, which measure only between 440 and 490 µm (Böttger- Schnack 1999). A reduced body length of oncaeid copepod species is a common phenomenon in the Red Sea and has been discussed as being a result of the extreme environmental conditions (temperature, food shortage) in that area (Böttger-Schnack et al. 1989).</p> <p>The identity of T. dentipes sensu H. Itoh, which was described from the adjacent waters of Japan (Itoh 1997), is discussed below under T. elongata.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/551B87A1B87F3152B88DFB5E3D1CFE73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cho, Kyuhee;Kim, Woong-Seo;Böttger-Schnack, Ruth;Lee, Wonchoel	Cho, Kyuhee, Kim, Woong-Seo, Böttger-Schnack, Ruth, Lee, Wonchoel (2013): A new species of the dentipes-subgroup of Triconia and a redescription of T. giesbrechti and T. elongata (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Oncaeidae) from the tropical Pacific and the Korea Strait. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (25 - 28): 1707-1743, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.771757, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.771757
551B87A1B86B3158B82EFDFD3CB5FED2.text	551B87A1B86B3158B82EFDFD3CB5FED2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triconia elongata Bottger-Schnack 1999	<div><p>Triconia elongata Böttger-Schnack, 1999 Pacific form</p> <p>(Figures 6–8)</p> <p>Sampling locality</p> <p>Northeast equatorial Pacific (10 ◦ 30 ′ N, 131 ◦ 20 ′ W, sampling depth 0–100 m).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>One female (NIBRIV 0000245006) dissected and mounted on 10 slides.</p> <p>Three females (NIBRIV0000245007–9) dissected and mounted on 7 (one female) or 10 (two females) slides, respectively. All from Sampling locality collected on 21 August 2009 by D.J. Ham.</p> <p>Other material examined</p> <p>Two females (NIBRIV0000245020, -23) dissected and mounted on seven and nine slides, respectively. All from the Korea Strait (33 ◦ 44 ′ 50.50 ′′ N, 128 ◦ 15 ′ 39.02 ′′ E, sampling depth 0–110 m), collected on 7 October 2008 by K.H. Cho.</p> <p>Description of female</p> <p>Body length: 544 µm [traditional method: 504 µm] [traditional method, range: 476–504 µm, n = 5 individuals, based on specimens from the type locality; specimens from Korean waters fall into this size range].</p> <p>Exoskeleton moderately chitinized, surface covered with numerous small pits (not figured), similar to T. pacifica. Prosome 1.6 times length of urosome, excluding caudal rami, about 1.5 times urosome length including caudal rami. P2-bearing somite without dorsoposterior projection in lateral aspect (Figure 6B). Integumental pores on prosome as indicated in Figure 6A, B. Pleural areas of P4-bearing somite with small pointed posterolateral corners. Integumental pores on urosomites (Figure 6D) similar to T. pacifica.</p> <p>Genital double-somite about twice as long as maximum width and 1.6 times as long as postgenital somites combined, with elongate flask-like form; largest width measured at anterior third, lateral margins slightly rounded, posterior two-thirds tapering gradually. Dorsal surface paired genital apertures located at about two-fifths of distance from anterior margin of genital double-somite and paired secretory pores posterior to genital apertures (Figure 6C).</p> <p>Anal somite slightly longer than wide; 1.5 times longer than caudal rami (Figure 6C, D).</p> <p>Caudal ramus (Figure 6C) about 1.5 times as long as wide; length data of setae II– VII of holotype and two paratype females as shown in Table 1; range of variation of setal lengths relative to longest seta V as follows: II: 10–13%, III: 15–17%, IV: 47–52%, VI: 18–19%, VII: 35–42%, similar to T. pacifica, except for proportional length of seta IV smaller than in T. pacifica.</p> <p>Antennule six-segmented (Figure 7A). Armature formula as for T. pacifica.</p> <p>Antenna three-segmented (Figure 7B), relative lengths (%) of segments 40: 34: 26, similar to T. pacifica. Proximal endopodal segment ornamented with two or three rows of denticles along posterior inner margin. Distal endopodal segment with curved setae A–D similar in length, slender seta G about two-thirds as long as seta F, both setae shorter than seta D.</p> <p>Labrum (Figure 7G, H) with five to six large dentiform processes medially along distal margin of each lobe, processes differing in size and shape. Anterior surface (Figure 7G) with spinular patch on either side of median swelling, lacking integumental pockets. Posterior surface (Figure 7H) with group of three secretory pores on proximal part of each lobe and additional pair on midregion.</p> <p>Mandible (Figure 7C) similar to that of T. pacifica, except for dorsal blade (C) with large dentiform processes along half dorsal and entire distal margins.</p> <p>Maxillule (Figure 7D) similar to T. pacifica, even with respect to minor ornamentation details, such as spinulose ornamentation of element next to outermost one on outer lobe (arrowed in Figure 7D).</p> <p>Maxilla (Figure 7E) similar to that of T. pacifica.</p> <p>Maxilliped (Figure 7F) similar to T. pacifica, except for spiniform element on maxillipedal basis stout and stronger than in T. pacifica.</p> <p>Swimming legs 1–4 (Figure 8 A–D) with armature as in T. pacifica. Intercoxal sclerites well developed (P1–P3) or narrow (P4), unornamented. Surface ornamentation on coxae and bases of P1–P4 as shown in Figure 8 A–D. Coxa of P4 without tuft of setules on posterior surface. Bases with short (P1–P3) or long (P4) outer seta. Respective length differences between exopods and endopods similar to T. pacifica. Surface of exopodal and endopodal segments sparsely ornamented with secretory pores on posterior surface.</p> <p>Exopods. Similar to T. pacifica, except for distal spine about equal in length to (P1, P2) or longer than (P3, P4) distal exopodal segment. Outer spine on P2 exp-2 shorter than in T. pacifica, not reaching beyond insertion of proximalmost spine on distal segment.</p> <p>Endopods. Similar to T. pacifica, except for differences in length ratios of spines; length data of spines of holotype and two paratype females as shown in Table 1; length ranges of outer subdistal spine (OSDS) and outer distal spine (ODS) relative to distal spine are as follows: P2 enp-3, OSDS: 63–97%, ODS: 50–64%; P3 enp-3, OSDS: 41–63%, ODS: 33–41%, P4 enp-3, OSDS: 42–50%, ODS: 30–36%; outer distal spines relatively shorter than in T. pacifica, not reaching as far as tip of conical process in P2–P4, and outer subdistal spines not reaching as far as insertion point of outer distal spine in P2–P4.</p> <p>P5 (Figure 6C, D) with outer basal seta slightly shorter than in T. pacifica, reaching as far as genital apertures, about half the length of genital double-somite (Figure 6D). Small free exopodal segment about as long as wide, outer exopodal seta about twice the length of inner one.</p> <p>P6 (Figure 6C) armed with one long spine and a minute spinule, which is discernible under the light microscope.</p> <p>Male. Not found.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The form variant from the Pacific strongly resembles the typical form of T. elongata Böttger-Schnack, 1999 from the Red Sea most morphometric characters, notably the elongate flask-like form of the female genital double-somite, and the length of the outer basal seta on P5, which is reaching as far as the genital apertures. Also, no significant morphometric differences between the two forms in the proportional spine lengths on the endopods of P2–P4 could be figured out, because the (single) values reported for the typical Red Sea T. elongata by Böttger-Schnack (1999) fell into the range of values observed for the three specimens of new form variant from the Pacific (cf. Table 1) and the range of variation of the typical form is not known so far. It may be noted, however, that some slight morphometric differences between the two forms were apparent, such as (1) the relative length of the outer distal spine on P4 enp-3, which does not reach as far as the tip of the conical process in the Pacific form, whereas this spine reaches as far as the tip of the cone in Red Sea T. elongata (cf. Böttger-Schnack 1999, fig. 29D), (2) the relative length of the outer spine on P2 exp-2 being relatively short in the Pacific form variant and not reaching beyond the insertion of the proximalmost spine on P2 exp-3, whereas this is the case in the typical form of T. elongata (Böttger- Schnack 1999, fig. 29B), and (3) the length ratio of antennary setae F and G, with seta G being about four-fifths the length of seta F in the Pacific T. elongata, whereas this seta is only three-fifths the length of seta F in T. elongata from the Red Sea.</p> <p>The two form variants were furthermore separated by very few micro-structures, including (1) the spinular row either side of the median swelling on the anterior surface of the labrum being present in the Pacific form variant, but not in the typical form, and (2) the spinulose ornamentation of the seta on the outer allobasal margin of the maxilla, which is naked in the typical form. All other micro-characters, including those on the antennary coxobasis, the elements on the maxillule, and the outer basal seta on P5, were similar in both forms.</p> <p>Triconia elongata is distributed in the entire Red Sea, including its northernmost extension, the Gulf of Aqaba (Böttger-Schnack 1999; Böttger-Schnack et al. 2008). It has also been reported from the Mediterranean (Böttger-Schnack and Schnack 2009) and in ecological studies from the north-east Indian Ocean (McKinnon et al. 2008, 2013) and from Tosa Bay, southern Japan (Nishibe et al. 2009). It remains to be determined, however, which of the two form variants were found in these areas, as the minor morphological differences separating the two forms had not been examined and / or might not have been detected in these studies, which did not provide detailed taxonomic information. Itoh (1997) described T. dentipes from the adjacent waters of Japan, however, the female genital double-somite of his specimen was figured as being quite elongate (Itoh 1997, fig. 363, p. 987), which is more similar to T. elongata. Also, additional unpublished data (figures) of the swimming legs of T. dentipes sensu H. Itoh, kindly made available by H. Itoh to RBS, clearly show that the proportional endopodal spine lengths on P2–P4 are more similar to T. elongata than to T. dentipes, in particular with regard to the outer distal spine on P4 enp-3, which does not reach beyond the distal conical process in his specimens.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/551B87A1B86B3158B82EFDFD3CB5FED2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cho, Kyuhee;Kim, Woong-Seo;Böttger-Schnack, Ruth;Lee, Wonchoel	Cho, Kyuhee, Kim, Woong-Seo, Böttger-Schnack, Ruth, Lee, Wonchoel (2013): A new species of the dentipes-subgroup of Triconia and a redescription of T. giesbrechti and T. elongata (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Oncaeidae) from the tropical Pacific and the Korea Strait. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (25 - 28): 1707-1743, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.771757, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.771757
551B87A1B8613160B853FE5D3D75F917.text	551B87A1B8613160B853FE5D3D75F917.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Triconia giesbrechti Bottger-Schnack 1999	<div><p>Triconia giesbrechti Böttger-Schnack, 1999 Pacific form</p> <p>(Figures 9–12)</p> <p>Sampling locality</p> <p>North-east equatorial Pacific (10 ◦ 30 ′ N, 131 ◦ 20 ′ W, 0–100 m).</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>One female (NIBRIV0000245010) dissected and mounted on 10 slides, collected on 21 August 2009 by D.J. Ham.</p> <p>Three females (NIBRIV 0000245011–13), each dissected and mounted on nine slides. Two males (NIBRIV 0000245014–15), each dissected and mounted on eight or nine slides. All from the sampling locality.</p> <p>Other material examined</p> <p>Three females (NIBRIV0000245021, 24, 25), each dissected and mounted on eight or nine slides. All from the Korea Strait (33 ◦ 44 ′ 50.50 ′′ N, 128 ◦ 15 ′ 39.02 ′′ E), collected on 7 October 2008 by K.H. Cho.</p> <p>Description of female</p> <p>Body length: 519 µm [traditional method: 444 µm] [range: 440–490 µm, n = 7 individuals, based on specimens from the northeast equatorial Pacific; specimens from Korean waters fall into this size range].</p> <p>Exoskeleton heavily chitinized, entire surface covered with numerous deep pits as exemplified for genital double-somite in Figure 13D, E. Prosome 1.6 times length of urosome, excluding caudal rami, about 1.5 times urosome length including caudal rami (Figure 9A). P2-bearing somite without dorsoposterior projection in lateral aspect (Figure 9B). Integumental pores on prosome as indicated in Figure 9A, B. Pleural areas of P4-bearing somite with small pointed posterolateral corners.</p> <p>Genital double-somite 1.7 times as long as maximum width (measured in dorsal aspect) and 1.9 times as long as postgenital somites combined, with oval-rounded form; exoskeleton heavily chitinized (Figure 13D, E), largest width measured at about two-fifths distance from anterior margin, lateral margins rounded, posterior part tapering gradually (Figure 9C). Paired genital apertures located at about two-fifths distance from anterior margin of genital double-somite; armed with one spine and a minute spinule (Figures 9E, arrowed in 13C). Secretory pores on dorsal surface as in Figure 9C.</p> <p>Anal somite slightly wider than long, about 1.5 times longer than caudal rami (Figure 9C, D).</p> <p>Caudal ramus (Figure 9C) about 1.4 times as long as wide; length data of setae II–VII of holotype and two paratype females as shown in Table 1; range of variation of setal lengths relative to longest seta V calculated for two undamaged specimens as follows: II: 6 / 11%, III: 14%, IV: 51 / 52%, VI: 16 / 22%, VII: 31 / 41%.</p> <p>Antennule six-segmented (Figure 10A). Armature formula as for T. pacifica.</p> <p>Antenna three-segmented (Figure 10B), relative lengths (%) of segments approximately 41: 34: 25. Surface of coxobasis covered with numerous deep pits (not illustrated), as on entire exoskeleton. Proximal endopodal segment with double row of denticles on posterior inner margin. Distal endopodal segment with armature and ornamentation as in T. pacifica, except for absence of spinular patch on anterior face of distal endopodal segment.</p> <p>Labrum (Figure 10G, H) similar to that of T. pacifica, except for number of five stout and three small dentiform processes medially along distal margin of each lobe. Anterior surface (Figure 10G) unornamented (lacking integumental pockets and spinular patch). Posterior surface (Figure 10H) with group of three secretory pores located on proximal part of each lobe and additional one on midregion.</p> <p>Mandible (Figure 10C) similar to that of T. pacifica.</p> <p>Maxillule (Figure 10D) similar to T. pacifica, except for slight differences in proportional lengths of elements, with middle element on inner lobe shorter than outermost element and innermost element on outer lobe shorter than the strong element next to the innermost.</p> <p>Maxilla (Figure 10E) similar to that of T. pacifica, except for seta on outer margin of allobasis not reaching as far as tip of allobasal claw.</p> <p>Maxilliped (Figure 10F), with surface of syncoxa sparsely ornamented with spinules. Basis with armature and ornamentation as in T. pacifica, except for fewer spinules between proximal and distal setae (Figure 10F).</p> <p>Swimming legs 1–4 (Figure 11 A–D) with armature and ornamentation as in T. pacifica. Intercoxal sclerites well developed (P1–P3) or narrow (P4) and unornamented. Surface ornamentation on coxae and bases of P1–P4 difficult to discern, possibly as shown in Figure 11 A–D. Coxa of P4 without tuft of setules at outer margin of posterior surface. Surface of distal exopodal and endopodal segments with few secretory pores, as figured.</p> <p>Exopods. Hyaline lamellae on outer spines moderately developed (P1, P2) or narrow (P3, P4). Distal spine about equal in length to (P2) or longer than (P1, P3–P4) distal segment.</p> <p>Endopods. Distal segments of P2–P4 with long, unornamented conical processes at distal margin (Figure 11 B–D). Length data of spines of holotype and three female paratypes as shown in Table 1; length ranges of outer subdistal spine (OSDS) and outer distal spine (ODS) relative to distal spine are as follows: P2 enp-3, OSDS: 88–136%, ODS: 59–91%; P3 enp-3, OSDS: 56–87%, ODS: 44–50%, P4 enp-3, OSDS: 55–59%, ODS: 35–48%. Proportional lengths of outer subdistal spines on P3 and P4 enp-3 different from T. pacifica, being relatively longer. Distal spine much longer than conical process in P2–P4; outer distal spine not reaching as far as tip of conical process in P2–P4; outer subdistal spine not reaching as far as insertion of outer distal spine in P2–P4. Hyaline lamellae on outer spines as in T. pacifica.</p> <p>P5 (Figure 9C, D) with long plumose outer basal seta, about two times longer than outer exopodal seta, reaching far beyond genital apertures and extending as far as four-fifths the length of genital double-somite (Figures 9D, 13E). Exopod a free segment, about as long as wide, bearing short spiniform seta and much longer slender seta, reaching as far as genital apertures; both setae unornamented (Figure 9C, D).</p> <p>P6 (Figures 9E, 13C) armed with one long spine and a minute spinule.</p> <p>Description of male</p> <p>Body length (traditional method): range: 360–414 µm, x = 390 µm, n = 2 individuals. Sexual dimorphism in antennule, maxilliped, endopodal spine lengths on P3 and P4, P5, P6 and in genital segmentation.</p> <p>Caudal rami with length to width ratio as in female; length data of setae II–VII of two male paratypes as shown in Table 1, range of variation of setal lengths relative to longest seta V as follows: II: 9%, III: 13 / 14%, IV: 52 / 58%, VI:14 / 15%, VII: 46–53%, similar to female except for slight difference in proportional lengths of setae VII, being relatively longer than in female.</p> <p>Surface of genital somite covered with numerous deep pits. Secretory pores on dorsal surface as in Figure 12D. Surface ornamentation on genital flaps and on ventral surface of anal segment not fully discerned, probably as indicated in Figure 12E.</p> <p>Antennule (Figure 12B) four-segmented; armature formula as for T. pacifica.</p> <p>Maxilliped (Figure 12G, H) three-segmented. Syncoxa unarmed, single secretory pore on inner distal margin, other surface ornamentation not discernible. Basis robust, with two small naked setae within longitudinal cleft, proximal seta slightly longer than distal one; anterior surface with one to two transverse spinular rows in addition to row of short flat spinules along inner margin, without small expanded flap; posterior face with two to three longitudinal rows of spatulated setules of graduated length (Figure 12H).</p> <p>Swimming legs with armature and ornamentation as in female, length data of endopodal spines of two male paratypes as shown in Table 1; length ranges of outer subdistal spine (OSDS) and outer distal spine (ODS) relative to distal spine as follows: P2 enp-3, OSDS: 93 / 127%, ODS: 67 / 73%; P3 enp-3, OSDS: 54%, ODS: 33 / 35%, P4 enp-3, OSDS: 44 / 50%, ODS: 26 / 32%, slight sexual dimorphism in proportional spine lengths on P3 and P4 enp-3, with OSDS and ODS being relatively shorter than in female.</p> <p>P5 (Figure 12C, D) small exopod not delimited from somite, armature and proportional lengths of exopodal setae as in female; outer basal seta ∼1.4 times longer than outer exopodal seta, relatively shorter than corresponding seta in female.</p> <p>P6 (Figure 12E) represented by posterolateral flap closing off genital aperture on either side; spinular pattern on surface as indicated in Figure 12E. Posterolateral corners distinctly pointed and protruding laterally so that they are discernible in dorsal aspect (Figure 12A, D), occasionally with bifid tip (Figure 12F, arrowed).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Females of Triconia giesbrechti from the Pacific are similar to the typical T. giesbrechti Böttger-Schnack, 1999, originally described from the Red Sea, with regard to almost all morphometric characters including the endopodal spine lengths on P4, which have been found to be of relevance for separating sibling species within this subgroup of Triconia (see above). Slight morphometric differences between the two forms appear to be present in (1) the proportional spine length of the outer subdistal spine on P2 enp-3 not reaching as far as the insertion of the outer distal spine in Pacific specimens, but reaching this point in those from the Red Sea, and (2) the relative length of antennary seta F, being somewhat shorter than seta D and about one-third longer than seta G in the Pacific specimens, whereas seta F is about as long as seta D and twice the length of G in the typical form. However, these small morphometric differences were not regarded as sufficient for establishing a new species for Pacific T. giesbrechti, because (1) the proportional spine lengths of endopodal spine(s) on P2 were found to display considerable variation in Pacific specimens (cf. Table 1), but no corresponding systematic information about the variability of these spines had been gathered for the typical form by Böttger-Schnack (1999), though it was occasionally noted for other species of the dentipes -subgroup by this author, and (2) in the case of proportional lengths of distal antennary setae also the difficulties establishing the correct lengths of these setae due to their curved appearance has to be kept in mind.</p> <p>The ornamentation of the entire exoskeleton with numerous deep pits is likewise found in both form variants of T. giesbrechti, but quite a number of differences in micro-structures of appendages can be found (cf. Table 2), including (1) the additional ornamentation of the antennary coxobasis, (2) the spinular patch either side of the median swelling on the anterior surface of the labrum, (3) the bipinnate ornamentation of the element next to the outermost one on the outer lobe of the maxillule (arrowed in Figure 10D), (4) the ornamentation of the seta on the outer allobasal margin of the maxilla (arrowed in Figure 10E), (5) the spinulose ornamentation of the proximal element on the basis of the maxilliped, which is unornamented in the typical form, and (6) the plumose ornamentation of the outer basal seta on P5, being naked in the typical form.</p> <p>Males of T. giesbrechti have not been recorded before and are described from the equatorial Pacific for the first time. They were identified on the basis of the conspicuous surface ornamentation of the exoskeleton, showing numerous deep pits as in the female, as well as on the proportional spine lengths of the outer basal setae and the two exopodal setae on P5. The sexual dimorphism in the proportional spine lengths on the endopods of P3 and P4, being relatively shorter in the male, is noteworthy. Males of the dentipes -subgroup are difficult to identify because of their great similarity (cf. Böttger-Schnack 1999; Wi et al. 2012), but the distinct surface ornamentation of the entire exoskeleton may be used to separate males of T. giesbrechti from those of the co-occurring T. pacifica and from males of the newly described T. constricta from the Korea Strait (Wi et al. 2012), which otherwise is very similar in morphology. The latter species also differs from the Pacific T. giesbrechti in proportional lengths of the two exopodal setae on P5, in the relative length and the ornamentation of the outer basal seta on P5, being much shorter and unornamented in T. constricta, as well as in proportional spine lengths on P2 enp-3, showing a relatively short outer subdistal spine, which is only about three-quarters the length of the distal spine, while this spine is similar in length or even longer in the Pacific T. giesbrechti (Table 1).</p> <p>Knowledge about the zoogeographical distribution of T. giesbrechti is very limited. In ecological studies, females of this species have been recorded as solitary finds from the north-west subarctic Pacific, Oyashio region, during periods of influence of the Kuroshio current (Nishibe and Ikeda 2004) and they were also identified in the northeast Indian Ocean, at the shelf break of Australia’s North-west Cape (McKinnon et al. 2008) and adjacent to Scott Reef (McKinnon et al. 2013). During a comprehensive study on the species diversity of oncaeid copepods in the Mediterranean Sea, however, T. giesbrechti was not found (Böttger-Schnack and Schnack 2009), which may indicate that the distribution is confined to Indo-Pacific regions. The present record of the species from the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean greatly extends the range of zoogeographical distribution in these areas. The distribution of the form variants, however, is unresolved and still needs to be investigated.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/551B87A1B8613160B853FE5D3D75F917	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cho, Kyuhee;Kim, Woong-Seo;Böttger-Schnack, Ruth;Lee, Wonchoel	Cho, Kyuhee, Kim, Woong-Seo, Böttger-Schnack, Ruth, Lee, Wonchoel (2013): A new species of the dentipes-subgroup of Triconia and a redescription of T. giesbrechti and T. elongata (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Oncaeidae) from the tropical Pacific and the Korea Strait. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (25 - 28): 1707-1743, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.771757, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.771757
