identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5B7E87FDFFFF0640FF76E0B2FD7AF9F0.text	5B7E87FDFFFF0640FF76E0B2FD7AF9F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) longipilus Tot, Vujic et Radenkovic 2020	<div><p>Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) longipilus Tot, Vujić et Radenković sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2, 3, 4, 7A</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5E86C49D-C8B0-4C86-8DC4-7830D68739A5</p><p>Type material. HOLOTYPE. Republic of South Africa, ♂, pinned. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.319767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.22283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.319767/lat -33.22283)">Original</a> label: “ RSA, Western Cape Province, Ceres District, Gydo Pass, 33°13’22.1988”S, 19°19’11.1606”E, 1071 m a.s.l., 08.xii.2016, leg. Vujić (ZA3_197, FSUNS)” . PARATYPE: Republic of South Africa: Eastern Cape Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.21703&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.748402" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.21703/lat -30.748402)">Naude’s Neck Pass</a>, ♂, 30°44’54.2436”S, 28°13’1.308”E, 1899 m a.s.l., 30.xi.2017, leg. Vujić, Radenković, Veličković (ZA4_131, FSUNS) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Eyes uniformly pilose (typical of subgenus Pandasyopthalmus), covered with dense, white pile as long as pedicel, and narrowly separated by a length of about two ommatidia (Fig. 7A). Face with distinct tubercle. Spurious vein extending beyond the meeting point of vein M with the discal cross-vein (Fig. 2A). Medial longitu- dinal protuberance at the boundary between sterna 2 and 3 present (Figs 2 C–D: pr); posterior margin of sternum 4 medially protruded, with two tufts of black pile medially (Figs 2 C–D: t). Surstylus squared with apical protuberance and inner spine (marked with arrow on Fig. 3B); hypandrium as in Figs 3 C–D; paramere broad basally and tapering towards the rounded apex, with a lateral spine (marked with arrow on Figs 3 C–D).</p><p>Based on its external morphological characters, Paragus longipilus sp. nov. belongs to the subgenus Pandasyopthalmus . Paragus longipilus sp. nov. differs from other described species of the genus by having much lon- ger and denser body pile. Additionally, the medial longitudinal protuberance at the boundary between sterna 2 and 3 is present (Figs 2 C–D: pr), as well as the posterior margin of sternum 4 medially protruded with two tufts of black pile medially (Figs 2 C–D: t). The aedeagus complex (Figs 4 A–C) is similar to that of the species Paragus jozanus Matsumura in Matsumura &amp; Adachi 1916 (see Fig. 66 in Vujić et al. 2008).</p><p>Description. MALE. Body length 5.1 mm, wing length 3.7 mm. Head (Figs 2 A–B, 7A). Eyes with dense, white, uniformly distributed pile, as long as pedicel, and narrowly separated by a length of about two ommatidia; antenna dark brown to blackish; basoflagellomere 1.75 times longer than wide, with rounded apex; arista dark brown; face yellow except black medial vitta extending from the oral margin to the tubercle, densely covered with long white pile and with distinct tubercle; frontal triangle yellow with yellow pile, except for a few black pile around the lunule; vertical triangle black, with golden sheen, covered with black pile anterior to anterior ocellus and yellow pile on the area posterior to the ocellar triangle; ocellar triangle equilateral, with black pile; occiput narrow, whitish pollinose, covered with dense yellow pile. Thorax (Figs 2 A–B). Scutum black, with golden sheen, covered with yellow pile; pleuron black, whitish pollinose, except ventral part of katepisternum; anepisternum, anepimeron and dorsal part of katepisternum with patch of long white pile; calypter whitish; pedicel of halter dark brown, capitu- lum yellow; wing hyaline, covered with microtrichia except bare costal cell (C), basal part of subcostal cell (SC), first basal cell (R) and second basal cell (BM); spurious vein extending beyond the meeting point of vein M with discal cross-vein; stigma brownish-yellow; coxae and trochanters black; pro- and mesofemora black on basal 1/2, metafemur black on basal 3/4; tibiae and tarsi yellow; metatibia yellow with slightly darker ring in the submedial part (Fig. 2A); scutellum black with golden sheen, covered with yellow pile, as long as the length of scutellum. Abdomen (Fig. 2). Terga black with golden sheen, with white erected pile on anterior half and black adpressed pile on posterior half; tergum 2 with long white pile on lateral margins (Fig. 2B); sterna 1 and 2 with long white pile, sterna 3–5 with short white pile, sterna 6–8 with black pile; boundary between sterna 2 and 3 with medial longitu- dinal protuberance (Figs 2 C–D: pr); posterior margin of sternum 4 medially protruded, with two tufts of black pile medially (Figs 2 C–D: t). Terminalia (Figs 3, 4). Surstylus squared with apical protuberance and inner spine (Figs 3 A–B: s); hypandrium as in Figs 3 C−D, paramere broad at the base and tapering to the rounded apex, with lateral spine (marked with arrow on Figs 3 C–D); posterior rim of hypandrium differentiated into a wide lingula (Fig. 3C: l); ejaculatory apodeme on Fig. 3E.</p><p>FEMALE. Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The word ʻ longipilus ʼ derives from the Latin adjective ʻ longus ʼ meaning long and ʻ pilus ʼ as nomi- native of the noun pile, referring to the long pile uniformly distributed on the eyes and other body parts.</p><p>Distribution. Paragus longipilus sp. nov. is distributed in southern parts of the Republic of South Africa, in the</p><p>Western and Eastern Cape Provinces (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B7E87FDFFFF0640FF76E0B2FD7AF9F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tot, Tamara;Radenković, Snežana;Nedeljković, Zorica;Likov, Laura;Vujić, Ante	Tot, Tamara, Radenković, Snežana, Nedeljković, Zorica, Likov, Laura, Vujić, Ante (2020): Descriptions of two new species of the genus Paragus Latreille (Diptera: Syrphidae) with a key to males of all South African species. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 341-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.7
5B7E87FDFFF8064DFF76E568FC13FBDE.text	5B7E87FDFFF8064DFF76E568FC13FBDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) megacercus Tot, Vujic et Radenkovic 2020	<div><p>Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) megacercus Tot, Vujić et Radenković sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 5, 6, 7B</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F73D88A0-75CA-4008-AA8A-4C078BB4B144</p><p>Type material. HOLOTYPE: Republic of South Africa, ♂, pinned. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.20804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.74751" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.20804/lat -29.74751)">Original</a> label: “ RSA, Kwazulu–Natal Province, Drakensberg Mountain, Gardens Castle, 29°44’51.039”S, 29°12’28.944”E, 1900 m a.s.l., 12.ii.2016, leg. Vujić (ZA2_095, FSUNS)”.</p><p>Diagnosis. Eyes uniformly pilose (typical of subgenus Pandasyopthalmus), covered with dense white pile as long as diameter of posterior ocellus and narrowly separated by a length of three ommatidia (Fig. 7B). Face with less pronounced tubercle. Spurious vein ends before the meeting point of vein M and the discal cross-vein (Fig. 5B). Tarsi dorsally black, except for yellow meso- and metabasotarsomere, ventrally yellow except for fifth tarsomere (Fig. 5A). Abdomen elongated, about 3 times longer than wide. Tergum 2 with long white pile at lateral margins. Sterna shiny black, covered with long white wavy-tipped pile. In male terminalia, the cerci are enlarged, 5.9 times longer than the narrowest medial part of the epandrium in dorsal view, covered with a short dense and yellow pubescence and very long wavy-tipped yellow pile (Figs 6 A–B). Surstylus small, tapering towards the apex (Fig. 6A). Paramere relatively small, dorsal and ventral margins sub-parallel (Fig. 6D). Ejaculatory apodeme large, umbrella-like (Fig. 6E). Based on the shape of its hypandrium, Paragus megacercus sp. nov. is most similar to Paragus haemorrhous Meigen, 1822 (Figs 10 K–L). The enlarged cerci distinguish this species from all other known members of the genus.</p><p>Description. MALE. Body length 6.1 mm, wing length 4.4 mm. Head (Figs 5 A–B, 7B). Eyes covered with white, uniformly distributed pile, as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; eyes narrowly separated by a length of about three ommatidia (Fig. 7B); antenna black; basoflagellomere 2.8 times longer than wide, with rounded apex; arista bare, dark brown; face yellow except black medial vitta extending from the oral margin to the tubercle, dense- ly covered with yellow pile; frontal triangle yellow with yellow pile except for some black pile at the base of lunule; vertical triangle mostly shiny black, but yellowish pollinose anterior to anterior ocellus, covered with predominantly black pile, except yellow pile on the area posterior to ocellar triangle; ocellar triangle equilateral with black pile; occiput narrow, whitish pollinose, covered with yellow pile. Thorax (Fig. 5). Scutum black, covered with yellow pile; pile just behind the postpronotum yellow, wavy-tipped and longer than pile on the other parts of scutum; scutel- lum covered with yellow pile; pleuron black, whitish pollinose except ventral part of katepisternum; anepisternum and dorsal part of katepisternum with patch of long, dense, white pile; anepimeron with some yellow wavy-tipped pile; wing hyaline, covered with microtrichia, except for some bare areas in cells C, SC, R, BM, CuP and alula; stigma dark brown; spurious vein ending before the meeting point of vein M with discal cross-vein; calypter whit- ish; pedicel of halter brown, capitulum yellow; coxae and trochanters black; femora predominantly yellow, pro- and mesofemora black in basal 1/4; pro- and mesotibiae yellow, metatibia with dark medial ring; tarsi dorsally black, except yellow meso- and metabasotarsomere, ventrally yellow except fifth tarsomere. Abdomen (Fig. 5). Shiny black, elongated, about 3 times longer than wide; terga black, with white pile on the anterior 1/4 and black adpressed pile on the posterior 3/4; tergum 2 with long white pile on lateral margins; terga 3 and 4 with a pair of poorly visible silver pollinose maculae; sterna shiny black, covered with long white wavy-tipped pile. Terminalia (Fig. 6). Cerci extraordinarily large, covered with short yellow pubescence and long dense, yellow, wavy-tipped pile (Figs 6 A–B); surstylus small, tapering to the apex (Fig. 6A); hypandrium on Figs 6 C–D; paramere relatively small with sub-paral- lel dorsal and ventral margins (Fig. 6D); ejaculatory apodeme distally with large umbrella-like cap (Fig. 6E).</p><p>FEMALE. Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The name ʻ megacercus ʼ (mega is derived from the ancient Greek word ʻ megas ʼ meaning ʻlargeʼ) refers to the extraordinarily large cerci of the male terminalia.</p><p>Distribution. Republic of South Africa, Drakensberg Mountains (Fig. 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B7E87FDFFF8064DFF76E568FC13FBDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tot, Tamara;Radenković, Snežana;Nedeljković, Zorica;Likov, Laura;Vujić, Ante	Tot, Tamara, Radenković, Snežana, Nedeljković, Zorica, Likov, Laura, Vujić, Ante (2020): Descriptions of two new species of the genus Paragus Latreille (Diptera: Syrphidae) with a key to males of all South African species. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 341-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.7
5B7E87FDFFF5064CFF76E444FBB1FCB6.text	5B7E87FDFFF5064CFF76E444FBB1FCB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus punctatus Hull. We 1949	<div><p>Paragus punctatus Hull, 1949: 732</p><p>Paragus chalybeatus Hull, 1964: 451 syn. n.</p><p>Type material studied. The holotype of Paragus chalybeatus was examined (MZLU). This holotype is labelled :</p><p>“ Holotypus (red label)/ Paragus chalybeatus Hull (handwritten) det. F. M. Hull/Zool. Mus. Lund Sweden Type No. 300411 Syrphidae (handwritten)/S. Afr. Cape. Prov. Cape Peninsula. Hout Bay. Skoorsteenkop. 2.ii.1951. No. 166 (white label)/ Swedish South Africa Expedition 1950–1951, Brinck-Rudebeck (white label)/Insect trap Alt ft (white label)”. The holotype of Paragus punctatus was also examined on the basis of high resolution photos of the head and thorax (dorsal and lateral views) (NHM). The holotype of Paragus punctatus is in very poor condition, lacking the abdomen and left wing, and is labelled as follows: “ Holotype Paragus punctatus Hull (red label) (handwritten)/ Cape Prov., Swellendam. Nov. 1933. (white label)/ S. Africa. R. E. Turner. Brit. Mus. 1933–646. (white label)/ NHMUK010369583 (white label)” .</p><p>Comments. Hull (1949) described Paragus punctatus based on a single female, collected in Swellendam (Cape Province, South Africa) in November 1933. Stuckenberg (1954a) found in the collections of the British Museum a male, labelled the same as holotype of Paragus punctatus . He designated this male as allotype of Paragus punctatus . Hull (1964) described a new species, Paragus chalybeatus, from Hout Bay, Skoorsteenkop, South Africa. He stated that this new species shares very similar morphological characters with the allotype of Paragus punctatus designated by Stuckenberg (1954a), but also indicated the existence of differences between them.</p><p>Examining the holotype of Paragus chalybeatus we conclude that the type specimen shares the same morphological characters with the allotype of Paragus punctatus found in Stuckenberg (1954a) and with the examined males of Paragus punctatus deposited in FSUNS. We designate here Paragus chalybeatus as synonym of Paragus punctatus . Based on diagnostic characters defined by Vujić et al. (2008) (small ejaculatory apodeme with simple apical part, lateral lobe of aedeagus protruded anteriorly more than paramere, and hypandrium without characteristic lateral protuberances) (Figs 10 I–J) Paragus punctatus belongs to the P. jozanus group.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B7E87FDFFF5064CFF76E444FBB1FCB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tot, Tamara;Radenković, Snežana;Nedeljković, Zorica;Likov, Laura;Vujić, Ante	Tot, Tamara, Radenković, Snežana, Nedeljković, Zorica, Likov, Laura, Vujić, Ante (2020): Descriptions of two new species of the genus Paragus Latreille (Diptera: Syrphidae) with a key to males of all South African species. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 341-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.7
5B7E87FDFFF4064CFF76E0B2FA72F8B4.text	5B7E87FDFFF4064CFF76E0B2FA72F8B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragus Latreille 1804	<div><p>Key to males of South African species of the genus Paragus</p><p>1 Eyes with 2 or 3 vertical vittae of pile..................................................................... 2</p><p>- Eyes with uniformly distributed pile (subgenus Pandasyopthalmus)............................................. 3</p><p>2 Posterior margin of scutellum without teeth; abdomen broad, terga laterally fused (subgenus Afroparagus); terminalia as in Figs 9 E–G: lingula absent (Fig. 9F).............................................. Paragus borbonicus Macquart, 1842</p><p>- Posterior margin of scutellum with distinct teeth (subgenus Serratoparagus); terminalia (Figs 9 A–D): epandrium (Figs 9 A–B) with bulge next to the cercus in lateral view (Fig. 9B marked with arrow); hypandrium with developed lingula (Fig. 9C)........................................................................ Paragus capricorni Stuckenberg, 1954b</p><p>3 Abdomen petiolate (Fig. 8A)............................................................................ 4</p><p>- Abdomen parallel sided, never distinctly petiolate (Fig. 8B).................................................... 7</p><p>4 Terminalia: paramere boomerang-shaped (Figs 10E: p, 10G: p)................................................. 5</p><p>- Terminalia: paramere broad in the base, tapering towards the apex (Figs 10A: p, 10C: p)............................. 6</p><p>5 Terminalia: surstylus rhomboid-shape apically (Fig. 10G: s), paramere with slender apex (Fig. 10G: p); ejaculatory apodeme as in Fig. 10H ................................................................ Paragus longiventris Loew, 1858</p><p>- Terminalia: surstylus trapezoid-shape apically (Fig. 10E: s), paramere with rounded apex (Fig. 10E: p); ejaculatory apodeme as in Fig. 10F .................................................................... Paragus minutus Hull, 1938</p><p>6 Basoflagellomere shorter (two times longer than scape and pedicel together) (Fig. 11A); terminalia: paramere broader, with pointed apex (Fig. 10A: p)...................................................... Paragus marshalli Bezzi, 1915</p><p>- Basoflagellomere more elongated (three times longer than scape and pedicel together) (Fig. 11B); terminalia (Figs 10 C–D): paramere narrower, with rounded apex (Fig. 10C: p).............................. Paragus dolichocerus Bezzi, 1915</p><p>7 Cercus enlarged (5.9 times longer than the narrowest part of epandrium in dorsal view) (Figs 6 A–B)................................................................................................ Paragus megacercus sp. nov.</p><p>- Cercus not enlarged................................................................................... 8</p><p>8 Posterior margin of sternum 4 medially protruded with two tufts of black pile medially (Figs 2 C–D: t), boundary between sterna 2 and 3 with medial longitudinal protuberance (Figs 2 C–D: pr); terminalia as in Fig. 3 ......... Paragus longipilus sp. nov.</p><p>- Posterior margin of sternum 4 simple, boundary between sterna 2 and 3 without medial longitudinal protuberance........ 9</p><p>9 Terminalia (Figs 10 I–J): surstylus narrow in the base, expanding medially, tapering towards the apex (Fig. 10I: s); abdomen completely black, terga with white erect pile on anterior half and with black adpressed pile on posterior half.......................................................................................... Paragus punctatus Hull, 1949</p><p>- Terminalia (Figs 10 K–L): surstylus same width along its length (Fig. 10K: s); abdomen black with orange markings on terga, terga only with white pile.................................................. Paragus haemorrhous Meigen, 1822</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B7E87FDFFF4064CFF76E0B2FA72F8B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tot, Tamara;Radenković, Snežana;Nedeljković, Zorica;Likov, Laura;Vujić, Ante	Tot, Tamara, Radenković, Snežana, Nedeljković, Zorica, Likov, Laura, Vujić, Ante (2020): Descriptions of two new species of the genus Paragus Latreille (Diptera: Syrphidae) with a key to males of all South African species. Zootaxa 4780 (2): 341-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.2.7
