taxonID	type	description	language	source
5A389A24FFACFFC7FEE853F7FE9727D6.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Kosempo [= Jiasian, Kaohsiung, Taiwan] (Schumacher 1915). Description: Measurements: body length, male (n = 8) 27.1 mm (24.4 – 29.8 mm), female (n = 5) 30.2 mm (25.9 – 33 mm); tegmen length, male (n = 8) 22.5 mm (19.8 – 24.3 mm), female (n = 5) 25.1 mm (22.6 – 27.6 mm). Head: general color yellowish brown to pale green (Fig. 1 A, B, C); cephalic process short, protruding upward, with 1 black longitudinal band on dorsal side and each lateral side (Fig. 1 A, C); vertex as long as broad, with 1 black hollow-arrowheaded marking on disc, disconnected at each lateral side, lateral margins strongly carinate (Fig. 1 A, C); frons longer than broad, with 3 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process, stongly protruding (Fig. 1 B); genae with 1 black transverse band passing through eye, connected with lateral band extending from cephalic process (Fig. 1 C); occiput with 2 black spots along each postocular flange (Fig. 1 A); antennae brown (Fig. 1 C); clypeus longer than frons (Fig. 1 B); labium elongate, not reaching apex of abdomen, terminal of each segment dark brown (Fig. 1 B). Thorax: (Fig. 1 A, C) general color yellowish brown to pale green; pronotum with 1 black marking like reverse “ V ” on anterior angle, 1 dark brown marking like reverse parentheses on disc, and 1 dark brown reticulated marking on each lateral area; mesonotum with 1 pair of black semicircular patch between 1 pair of black reverse-subtriangular patch along anterior margin, 1 black marking like Greek letter “ Ω ” between lateral carinae, surrounding 1 pair of brown semioval patch connected with 1 pair of brown obtuse-triangular patch posteriorly, and 1 black marking like arrowhead bending outward on each lateral area outside lateral carinae. Tegmina: (Fig. 1 A) general color hyaline, divided into basal area and apical area by a distinct serrate nodal line with venation of apical area reticulate; basal area with several brown patches along anterior margin, 1 weak brown spot in front of disc, 1 dark brown spot connected with 1 weak brown spot anteriorly behind disc; apical area with 1 yellowish brown to pale green pterostigma, 1 gradient brown band along nodal line, 1 big dark brown hollow-subtriangular marking along end of anterior margin, and several weak brown spot along apical margin. Hindwings: (Fig. 1 A) general color hyaline, apical angle dark brown, anal area without cross-veins. Legs: (Fig. 1 A, B) general color yellowish brown to pale green; femora with several brown irregular patches; fore- and mesotibiae with 1 dark brown ring on apex and middle; metatibiae with 7 lateral spines; 3 rd fore- and mesotarsomeres dark brown. Abdomen: general color reddish brown to yellowish brown (Fig. 1 A, B); 1 st, 7 th and 8 th tergites black, 2 nd – 6 th tergites with 1 pair of big black suboval patch on disc of each tergite (Fig. 1 A); laterosternites sometimes with black spots (Fig. 1 B); 5 th and 6 th sternites with 1 black transverse band along both ends of anterior margin, 7 th sternite black anteriorly, 8 th sternite black (Fig. 1 B). Male genitalia: 9 th abdominal segment, in lateral view, with anterior margin concave, dorso-anterior margin acute and strongly protrudent, dorso-posterior margin angulate, ventro-posterior margin slightly protrudent (Fig. 2 A); 10 th abdominal segment with ventral margin strongly concave at 4 / 5 from apex in lateral view (Fig. 2 A), apical margin nearly as broad as basal margin, strongly concave as “ U ” shape dorsally but weakly concave ventrally in dorsal view (Fig. 2 B); 11 th abdominal sternite about 3 times longer than 11 th abdominal tergite (Fig. 2 B); genital styles shorter than 10 th abdominal segment in lateral view (Fig. 2 A), subtrapezoid with a hook on each lateral margin at 2 / 3 from base in ventral view (Fig. 2 C); ventral pair of lateral phallobasal lobes sclerotized, dorsal pair of lateral phallobasal lobes membranous (Fig. 2 D, E); phallobasal conjunctival processes exposed, with middle sinuate, apexes and basal 2 / 3 sclerotized, about 6 times longer than sheath, apexes acute (Fig. 2 D, E). Materials examined: Syntype: male of Dichoptera similis Schumacher, 1915 (examined from photographs, Fig. 3 A, B) [Kosempo, Formosa, H. Sauter, VII. 1911] [Dichoptera similis Schum., F. Schumacher det.] [Syntypus] (SDEI); female of Dichoptera similis Schumacher, 1915 (examined from photographs, Fig. 3 C, D) [Kosempo, Formosa, H. Sauter, VII. 1911] [Dichoptera similis Schum., F. Schumacher det.] [Syntypus] (SDEI); male of Dichoptera similis Schumacher, 1915 (examined from photographs, Fig. 3 E, F) [Kosempo, Formosa, H. Sauter, 1911] [7. VII.] [Dichoptera similis Schmidt] [Schumacher det.] [Syntypus] [Dtsch. Entomol. Institut Berlin] (SDEI). Other materials: 1 male, Huisun Experimental Forest Station, Nantou, IV- 28 - 1991, leg. N. T. Keng (NCHU); 1 male, same locality, VIII- 25 - 2020, leg. J. A. Liao (NMNS); 1 male, Lanren River, Pingdong, IX- 15 - 2011, leg. Y. C. Lan & Y. H. Peng (NMNS); 1 female, Provincial Rd. No. 20 (166.5 km), Haituan, Taitung, VI- 18 - 2005, leg. J. H. Chen (NMNS); 1 female, Shanping, Liouguei, Kaoshiung, V- 25 - 2002, leg. C. W. Chen (NMNS); 1 male, 1 female, Yima Forest-Road, Taitung, XII- 16 - 2020, leg. L. C. Shih (NMNS); 1 female, Dahan Shan (19 km), Pingtung, VII- 05 - 2015, leg. B. H. Ho (NTU); 1 male, Fusan Botanical Garden, Ilan, V- 08 - 2021, leg. Y. H. Lin (NTU); 1 male, same locality, V- 08 - 2004, leg. C. F. Lee (NTU); 1 male, same locality, V- 08 - 2003, leg. S. S. Lu (TFRI); 1 female, same locality, IV- 27 - 1995, leg. J. J. Hsiao (TFRI); 1 male, Nanzixianxi, Chiayi, X- 16 - 2007, leg. W. C. Yeh (TFRI); 1 female, same locality, IX- 01 - 2008, leg. Y. M. Chen (TFRI); 1 male, Taimali, Taitung, V- 21 - 2009, leg. Y. M. Lai (TFRI); 1 male, same locality, VI- 06 - 2013, leg. Y. C. Lin (TFRI); 1 male, same locality, VII- 11 - 2013, leg. Y. C. Lin (TFRI). Host plant: unknown. Distribution: Taiwan. Remarks: This species was once classified under the family Dictyopharidae by Metcalf (1946) and has complex characters including body size as Fulgoridae, male genitalia as Dictyopharidae and venation as some species of Tropiduchidae, suggesting that the taxonomic status of this species and related species requires further confirmation.	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFADFFCDFEE950F6FEA725B6.taxon	description	(Figs. 4, 5)	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFADFFCDFEE950F6FEA725B6.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Manchuria [= Northeast China] (Metcalf 1947). Description: Measurements: body length, male (n = 1) 17.1 mm; tegmen length, male (n = 1) 14.1 mm. Head: general color reddish brown (Fig. 4 A, B, C, D); cephalic process short, protruding upward, ventral margin yellowish green (Fig. 4 A, C, D); vertex broader than long, with 1 pair of brown spot on disc and 1 pair of brown subtrapezoid patch along posterior margin, lateral margins medially carinate (Fig. 4 A, C); frons longer than broad, with 1 orange patch on each latero-posterior angle, 1 orange patch along middle of posterior margin, and 3 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process, median carina sometimes indistinct terminally (Fig. 4 B, D); antennae brown (Fig. 4 C, D); clypeus longer than frons, with 3 orange patches along anterior margin, and 2 orange patches on median carina, 1 near anterior margin and 1 near posterior margin (Fig. 4 B); labium elongate, reaching apex of abdomen (Fig. 4 B). Thorax: (Fig. 4 A, C) pronotum reddish brown, with 1 pair of brown subquadrangular patch along anterior margin, followed by 1 pair of small brown spot posteriorly and 1 dark brown spot on each lateral area; mesonotum yellowish brown, with 2 pairs of dark brown subquadrangular patch and 1 pair of dark brown spot along anterior margin, 2 big dark brown patches on each lateral side of median carina between lateral carinae, 1 brown subtriangular patch on each lateral area ouside lateral carinae, and 1 pair of dark brown suboval patch on posterior angle. Tegmina: (Fig. 4 A) basal 1 / 3 with 1 brown oblique irregular band, dividing tegmen into basal colored area and apical hyaline area; basal colored area coral pink, with 1 big brown patch near anterior margin, 2 moderate brown spots along claval suture and numerous small brown spots throughout; apical hyaline area with several brown spots varying in size along anterior margin, 2 moderate brown spots near middle of anterior margin, several brown spots varying in size along apical margin, 1 big brown patch along apico-posterior margin, and numerous small brown spots throughout. Hindwings: (Fig. 4 A, B) basal 1 / 2 red with 1 big and 1 small brown spot on A 1 vein; apical 1 / 2 hyaline. Legs: (Fig. 4 B, C) general color brown; femora with several yellowish white irregular patches; tibiae with 2 yellowish white rings, metatibiae with 5 lateral spines. Abdomen: (Fig. 4 A, B) general color black, posterior margin of tergites yellow. Male genitalia: 9 th abdominal segment, in lateral view, with anterior margin slightly convex near ventroanterior margin, dorso-anterior margin obtuse, dorso-posterior margin angulate, ventro-posterior margin slightly protrudent (Fig. 5 A); 10 th abdominal segment with ventral margin moderately convex at 1 / 3 from apex in lateral view (Fig. 5 A), apical margin about 1.5 times broader than basal margin, medially concave as “ U ” shape dorsally and ventrally in dorsal view (Fig. 5 B); 11 th abdominal sternite about 2 times longer than 11 th abdominal tergite (Fig. 5 B); genital styles longer than 10 th abdominal segment in lateral view (Fig. 5 A), suboval with a hook on each lateral margin between 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 from base in ventral view (Fig. 5 C); lateral phallobasal lobes membranous (Fig. 5 D, E); phallobasal conjunctival processes exposed, straight and sclerotized except for apexes, about 6 times longer than sheath, apexes inflated and fin-like (Fig. 5 D, E). Materials examined: 1 male, Ritozan [= Litungshan, Hsinchu], VII- 31 - 1928, leg. S. Issiki (NTU). Host plant: unknown. Distribution: Taiwan, China, Korea (Wang et al. 2020). Remarks: This species is similar to Limois westwoodii (Hope, 1843). Wang et al. (2020) argued that the number of longitudinal carinae on frons can be used for distinguishing these two species. However, this character sometimes can be equivocal. Here three new diagnostic characters were proposed based on morphology of male genitalia: (1) L. kikuchii has 9 th abdominal segment with dorso-posterior margin angulate in lateral view (Fig. 6 A), while L. westwoodii has 9 th abdominal segment with dorso-posterior margin rounded in lateral view (Fig. 6 B); (2) L. kikuchii has 10 th abdominal segment with apical margin medially concave as “ U ” shape dorsally and ventrally in dorsal view (Fig. 6 C), while L. westwoodii has 10 th abdominal segment with apical margin medially concave as “ V ” shape dorsally but slightly concave as “ U ” shape ventrally in dorsal view (Fig. 6 D); (3) L. kikuchii has suboval genital styles in ventral view (Fig. 6 E), while L. westwoodii has subtriangular genital styles in ventral view (Fig. 6 F).	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFA4FFC8FC575556FEF62675.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Nankin, China (White 1845). Materials examined: No specimen was examined in this study. Distribution: Taiwan (?), Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Korea, USA, Vietnam (Bourgoin 2022). Remarks: This species was recorded from Taiwan by Chou et al. (1985). However, no voucher specimen of Chou et al. (1985) could be examined. In addition, no specimen of this species was found in comprehensive survey and collections of all Taiwanese museums. The record of this species could be considered problematic and was possibly due to misidentification of Lycorma meliae Kato, 1929.	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFBFFFD0FC9453F7FE1F2136.taxon	description	14. Penthicodes wachsi Schmidt, 1930: 115. Type locality: Java (Metcalf 1947). Description: Measurements: body length, male (n = 5) 20.5 mm (18.2 – 22.5 mm), female (n = 6) 21.9 mm (20.4 – 24.6 mm); tegmen length, male (n = 5) 17.2 mm (15.8 – 18.7 mm), female (n = 6) 18.9 mm (17.6 – 21 mm). Head: general color brown to dark brown (Fig. 14 A, B, C); vertex bumpy, broader than long, with numerous tiny white granules, lateral margins slightly carinate (Fig. 14 A, C); frons wrinkled, longer than broad, with 2 weak longitudinal carinae (Fig. 14 B); antennae dark brown (Fig. 14 B, C); clypeus longer than frons, with numerous tiny pits and tiny white granules (Fig. 14 B); labium elongate, reaching apex of abdomen (Fig. 14 B). Thorax: (Fig. 14 A, C) general color brown to dark brown; pronotum wrinkled, with several tiny pits near each lateral margin and numerous tiny white granules throughout; mesonotum with numerous small black irregular patches between lateral carinae and numerous tiny white granules throughout. Tegmina: (Fig. 14 A) basal 5 / 6 brown, with several black spots along anterior margin, numerous black transverse-heart-shaped patches varying in size on longitudinal veins, and numerous tiny dark brown spots throughout; apical 1 / 6 nearly white, with several small brown spots along apical margin and several dark brown irregular patches varying in size near apical margin, biggest one on apico-posterior angle. Hindwings: (Fig. 14 A) basal 2 / 3 marigold yellow, with 1 dark brown spot near base, 6 – 7 dark brown spots on CuP vein, 5 – 6 dark brown spots on A 1 vein, 2 – 4 dark brown spots between A 2 and A 3 vein, and 4 – 6 white spots near apical brown area, basal margin red, posterior margin pale brown; apical 1 / 3 dark brown, sometimes with white powder on disc. Legs: (Fig. 14 A, B, C) general color dark brown to black; femora with several pale yellowish brown irregular patches; fore- and mesotibiae with 2 pale yellowish brown rings; metatibiae with 4 – 5 lateral spines. Abdomen: (Fig. 14 A, B) general color black; tergites sometimes red. Male genitalia: 9 th abdominal segment, in lateral view, with anterior margin flat, dorso-anterior margin obtuse, dorso-posterior margin rounded, ventro-posterior margin with a small obtuse projection (Fig. 15 A); 10 th abdominal segment with ventral margin flat in lateral view (Fig. 15 A), apical margin nearly as broad as basal margin, medially concave as “ V ” shape dorsally but weakly concave ventrally in dorsal view (Fig. 15 B); 11 th abdominal sternite about 2 times longer than 11 th abdominal tergite (Fig. 15 B); genital styles as long as 10 th abdominal segment in lateral view (Fig. 15 A), suboval with a hook on each lateral margin at 1 / 3 from base in ventral view (Fig. 15 C); lateral phallobasal lobes membranous (Fig. 15 D, E); phallobasal conjunctival processes exposed, straight and sclerotized in basal 2 / 3, about 7 times longer than sheath, apexes obtuse (Fig. 15 D, E). Materials examined: 1 male, Gandaushi, Nantou, VI- 08 - 1964, leg. S. L. C. (NCHU); 1 male, Kuraru, Formosa [= Kueitzuchiao, Hengchun, Pingtung], VIII- 22 - 1935, leg. Y. Miwa (NTU); 2 males, same locality, III- (12 - 15) - 1931, leg. T. Shiraki (NTU); 1 male, same locality, VII- 31 - 1931, leg. T. Shiraki (NTU); 2 females, Takesaki, Formosa [= Zhuqi, Chiayi], IX- 30 - 1922, leg. M. Kato (NTU); 1 female, Rikiriki [= Lichi, Taitung], XI- 20 - 1930, leg. R. Takahashi (NTU); 1 female, Koshun [= Hengchun, Pingtung], II- 08 - 1921, collector unknown (NTU); 1 female, Horisha [= Puli, Nantou], collecting date unknown, leg. T. Shiraki (NTU); 1 female, Baoli Forest Garden, Pingtung, I- 29 - 2021, leg. K. W. Chan & Y. H. Lin (NTU). Host plant: Acacia confusa Merr. (Fabaceae) (Kato 1931). Distribution: Taiwan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Constant 2010). Remarks: This species has only been recorded in southern Taiwan, while its major host (i. e., Acacia confusa) is widely distributed through Taiwan. It seems that this species is more adapted to tropics or has certain habitat requirements.	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFBAFFD3FF1C5696FD6E25D6.taxon	description	Wang et al., 2018: 298. Hotinus candelaria Amyot & Serville, 1843: 491. Pyrops candelarius Jacobi, 1905: 435; Liang, 1998: 42. Type locality: China (Linnaeus 1758). Description: Measurements: body length, male (n = 6) 35.9 mm (31.3 – 37.7 mm), female (n = 3) 40.8 mm (39.6 – 41.9 mm); tegmen length, male (n = 6) 30.9 mm (26.9 – 32.4 mm), female (n = 3) 35.5 mm (33.8 – 36.9 mm); cephalic process length, male (n = 6) 14.2 mm (12.7 – 15.8 mm), female (n = 3) 14.6 mm (13.3 – 15.9 mm). Head: cephalic process long, protruding forward and upward, narrowing gradually beyond eyes, dorsal and lateral sides orange to cardinal red with numerous small white powdery spots, ventral side yellowish brown, sometimes with 2 rows of white powdery spots side by side between 2 longitudinal carinae, apex narrowing and compressed laterally (Fig. 16 A, B, C); vertex orange to cardinal red, broader than long, sometimes with numerous small white powdery spots, lateral margins slightly carinate (Fig. 16 A, C); frons yellowish brown, longer than broad, with 2 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process (Fig. 16 B); genae with 1 black transverse band passing through eye (Fig. 16 C); postocular flange black (Fig. 16 A); antennae dark brown (Fig. 16 B, C); clypeus yellowish brown, longer than frons (Fig. 16 B); labium black and elongate, not reaching apex of abdomen (Fig. 16 B). Thorax: (Fig. 16 A, C) pronotum chrome yellow to red, with several tiny pits on each lateral area and sometimes small white powdery spots near anterior margin; propleuron and prosternum yellow to red, with 1 black band along anterior margin; mesonotum orange to red, with 2 pairs of dark brown reverse-subtriangular patch along anterior margin, 1 dark brown teardrop-shaped patch on each lateral area outside lateral carinae, and sometimes several small white powdery spots between lateral carinae. Tegmina: (Fig. 16 A) general color black with veins green; basal 1 / 2 with 4 chrome yellow subquadrangular patches with white border along anterior margin, 1 chrome yellow transverse band with white border behind 1 st marginal patch, 6 – 7 chrome yellow suboval patches with white border behind 2 nd and 3 rd marginal patch, often connected with each other, and 2 chrome yellow spots behind 4 th marginal patch; apical 1 / 2 with 4 – 6 chrome yellow spots with white border in a transverse row near disc of tegmen and 4 – 8 chrome yellow spots varying in size near apical margin, apical spots sometimes with white border. Hindwings: (Fig. 16 A) basal 2 / 3 chrome yellow; apical 1 / 3 dark brown. Legs: (Fig. 16 A, B, C) general color orange to red with tibiae and tarsi of forelegs and mesolegs black; metatibiae with 5 lateral spines. Abdomen: 1 st – 8 th tergites chrome yellow (Fig. 16 A); 4 th – 8 th laterosternites and sternites gray with posterior margin chrome yellow (Fig. 16 B). Male genitalia: 9 th abdominal segment, in lateral view, with anterior margin flat, dorso-anterior margin obtuse, dorso-posterior margin rounded, ventro-posterior margin with a small obtuse projection (Fig. 17 A); 10 th abdominal segment with ventral margin flat in lateral view (Fig. 17 A), apical margin about 1.5 times broader than basal margin, medially concave as “ U ” shape dorsally and ventrally in dorsal view (Fig. 17 B); 11 th abdominal sternite about 4 times longer than 11 th abdominal tergite (Fig. 17 B); genital styles as long as 10 th abdominal segment in lateral view (Fig. 17 A), suboval with a hook on each lateral margin at 1 / 3 from base in ventral view (Fig. 17 C); lateral phallobasal lobes membranous (Fig. 17 D, E); phallobasal conjunctival processes exposed, straight and sclerotized except for apexes, about 7 times longer than sheath, apexes obtuse (Fig. 17 D, E). Materials examined: 1 male, 2 females, Bali (25 ° 8 ' 29.14 " N, 121 ° 24 ' 4.03 " E), New Taipei City, Dimocarpus longan Lour., III- 15 - 2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 male, same locality, same host, IV- 08 - 2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 male, 2 females, same locality, same host, VIII- 29 - 2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 3 males, same locality, same host, IX- 04 - 2019, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 female, Linkou (25 ° 7 ' 36.19 " N, 121 ° 21 ' 4.54 " E), New Taipei City, Dimocarpus longan Lour., VIII- 12 - 2021, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 2 males, Kinmen, II- 11 - 2015, leg. C. Chang (TFRI). Host plant: Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae), Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. (Rutaceae), Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae) (Wang et al. 2000). Distribution: Taiwan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Lin et al. 2021). Remarks: This species is similar to Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842) but can be distinguished by the following characters: (1) P. candelaria has vertex and cephalic process with dorsal side orange to cardinal red (Fig. 18 A), while P. spinolae has vertex and cephalic process with dorsal side black (Fig. 18 B); (2) P. candelaria has pronotum and mesonotum without 1 black longitudinal band on the median carina (Fig. 18 A), while P. spinolae has pronotum and mesonotum with 1 black longitudinal band on the median carina (Fig. 18 B). This species was recorded from Taiwan as an invasive species by Lin et al. (2021). To date, the invasive population is still restricted to northern Taiwan.	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFB9FFD3FF3E52D6FBF02676.taxon	description	1905: 351; Chou et al., 1985: 117. Pyrops spinolae Schaum, 1850: 64; Jacobi, 1905: 435; Nagai & Porion, 1996: 25; Liang, 1998: 45. Hotinus spinolae Walker, 1851: 266. Hotinus nigrirostris Walker, 1858 a: 28. Fulgora nigrirostris Butler, 1874: 98. Laternaria spinolae Metcalf, 1947: 205. Laternaria nigrirostris Metcalf, 1947: 201. Type locality: Mysore and Assam (Westwood 1842). Materials examined: No specimen was examined in this study. Distribution: Taiwan (?), Cambodia, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam (Constant et al. 2016). Remarks: This species is similar to Pyrops candelaria but can be distinguished by the coloration and markings on the head, pronotum and mesonotum. See remarks of P. candelaria for diagnostic characters. This species was recorded from Taiwan by Kato (1929 1933). However, no voucher specimen collected from Taiwan was found in this study.	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFB4FFDBFC2957F7FD8226D6.taxon	description	(Figs. 22, 23, 24, 25)	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFB4FFDBFC2957F7FD8226D6.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Kuraru, Formosa [= Kueitzuchiao, Hengchun, Pingtung, Taiwan]. Description of adult: Measurements: body length, male (n = 7) 23.6 mm (22.3 – 25.9 mm), female (n = 7) 28.1 mm (26.3 – 29.3 mm); tegmen length, male (n = 7) 20.0 mm (19.1 – 21.8 mm), female (n = 7) 23.8 mm (22.3 – 25.3 mm); cephalic process length, male (n = 7) 6.0 mm (4.6 – 7.1 mm), female (n = 7) 8.0 mm (6.5 – 9.1 mm). Head: general color reddish brown; cephalic process very slender and long, protruding forward and upward, narrowing suddenly beyond eyes, lateral sides black, dorsal and ventral sides yellowish brown and concave (Fig. 22 A – D); vertex broader than long, lateral margins slightly carinate (Fig. 22 A, C, D); frons longer than broad, with 2 rows of white powdery spots side by side between 2 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process (Fig. 22 B); genae with 1 black transverse band passing through eye (Fig. 22 C); antennae black (Fig. 22 C); clypeus longer than frons (Fig. 22 B); labium dark brown, elongate, not reaching apex of abdomen (Fig. 22 B). Thorax: (Fig. 22 A, C, D) general color reddish brown; pronotum with a transverse series of 4 black spots on disc; propleuron with 1 black spot along anterior margin; prosternum with 1 black spot along anterior margin and ventral margin, respectively; mesonotum with 1 pair of black reverse-subtriangular patch between 1 pair of black semicircular patch along anterior margin, 1 black teardrop-shaped patch and 1 small black spot along each lateral side, and 1 black suboval patch on posterior angle. Tegmina: (Fig. 22 A, D) basal 3 / 4 yellowish green to salmon pink, with several yellow spots with black border and numerous small black spots; apical 1 / 4 dark brown, with veins and several spots colored as basal 3 / 4 of tegmen. Hindwings: (Fig. 22 A, D) general color dark brown, with 3 bluish white long bands arising from base, middle one bifurcate at apex, sometimes not connected. Legs: (Fig. 22 A – D) general color yellowish brown to reddish brown; mesotibiae with black rings at apex and base; metatibiae with 6 lateral spines; fore- and mesotarsomeres black; metatarsomeres yellowish brown, sometimes black. Abdomen: tergites black (Fig. 22 A, D); sternites black in disc and yellowish brown in each lateral area with black spots, posterior margins yellowish brown (Fig. 22 B). Male genitalia: 9 th abdominal segment, in lateral view, with anterior margin flat, dorso-anterior margin obtuse, dorso-posterior margin rounded, ventro-posterior margin with a small obtuse projection (Fig. 23 A); 10 th abdominal segment with ventral margin slightly concave at 1 / 3 from apex in lateral view (Fig. 23 A), apical margin about 2 times broader than basal margin, medially concave as “ U ” shape dorsally and ventrally in dorsal view (Fig. 23 B); 11 th abdominal sternite about 2 times longer than 11 th abdominal tergite (Fig. 23 B); genital styles as long as 10 th abdominal segment in lateral view (Fig. 23 A), subtriangular or suboval, with a hook on each lateral margin between 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 from base in ventral view (Fig. 23 C); ventral pair of lateral phallobasal lobes slightly sclerotized, dorsal pair of lateral phallobasal lobes membranous (Fig. 23 D, E); phallobasal conjunctival processes not exposed (Fig. 23 D, E). Description of fifth-instar nymph: Measurements: body length (n = 1) 18.4 mm; cephalic process length (n = 1) 7.0 mm. Head: cephalic process long, broad and flat, protruding forward, dorsal side greenish brown, with concave on disc, lateral sides greenish brown, ventral side reddish white with numerous small brown spots, apex arrowheaded, with several small white granules along lateral margin (Fig. 24 A – C); vertex reddish white, longer than broad, with black band along each lateral side and numerous small brown spots on disc (Fig. 24 A); frons reddish white, longer than broad, with 2 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process and numerous small brown spots (Fig. 24 B); genae with 2 black transverse bands passing through eye and 1 orange patch behind eye (Fig. 24 C); antennae yellowish brown (Fig. 24 A, C); clypeus black, longer than frons (Fig. 24 B); labium elongate, basal 2 / 3 dark brown, apical 1 / 3 yellowish brown, apex dark brown, not reaching apex of abdomen (Fig. 24 B). Thorax: (Fig. 24 A, C) general color olive green, with numerous small brown spots; anterior wing pads olive green, with several yellow spots and numerous small brown spots, extending to 3 rd abdominal segment; posterior wing pads white, with small brown spots on apex. Legs: (Fig. 24 A – C) forecoxae and foretrochanters black, other coxae and trochanters dark brown; tibiae and femora reddish white, with numerous small brown spots, fore- and mesotibiae with 2 white rings; hindtarsus with 3 tarsomeres; tarsomeres black, 2 nd segments of fore- and mesotarsomeres white. Abdomen: tergites greenish brown, with numerous small brown spots (Fig. 24 A, C); sternites dark brown in disc and yellowish white in each lateral area (Fig. 24 B). Materials examined: Holotype: female of Saiva formosana Kato, 1929 (examined from photographs, Fig. 25) [Kuraru, Formosa (Apr. 1925) Col. M. Kato] [Saiva formosana n. sp. det. M. Kato] [Type No. 168, M. Kato coll.] (UMUT). Other materials: 1 male, Huisun Experimental Forest Station, Nantou, IV- 20 - 2021, leg. C. A. Liao & J. F. Tsai (NMNS); 1 male, 1 female, Erbazi Botanical Garden (24 ° 56 ' 17.52 " N, 121 ° 30 ' 3.34 " E), Xindian, New Taipei City, Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsl. ex F. B. Forbes & Hemsl., IV- 29 - 2020, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 3 males, 1 female, 1 nymph, same locality, same host, V- 13 - 2020, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 3 males, 5 females, same locality, same host, VI- 03 - 2020, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 male, 1 female, same locality, same host, V- 12 - 2021, leg. Y. S. Lin (NTU); 1 male, Northern Cross-Island Highway 64 K, Ilan, VI- 02 - 1992, leg. C. C. Chen (NTU); 1 male, Mt. Dongmao Trail 3 K (( 24 ° 10 ' 52.17 " N, 120 ° 56 ' 46.59 " E )), Kukuan, Taichung, V- 01 - 2022, leg. M. C. Chiu (NTU). Host plant: Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsl. ex F. B. Forbes & Hemsl. (Elaeocarpaceae). Distribution: Taiwan. Remarks: This species is similar to Saiva gemmata (Westwood, 1848) but can be distinguished by the following characters: (1) S. formosana has vertex without a longitudinal black stripe on the median carina (Fig. 26 A), while S. gemmata has vertex with a longitudinal black stripe on the median carina (Fig. 26 B); (2) S. formosana has 4 black patches along the anterior margin of mesonotum (Fig. 26 A), while S. gemmata has 2 black patches along the anterior margin of mesonotum (Fig. 26 B); (3) S. formosana has tegmina with general color yellowish green to salmon pink (some individuals with transitional color) (Fig. 26 C, D), while S. gemmata has tegmina with three brilliant color, blue, green and red (Fig. 26 E); (4) S. formosana has ventral pair of lateral phallobasal lobes of male genitalia without apexes distinctly inflated (Fig. 26 F), while S. gemmata has ventral pair of lateral phallobasal lobes of male genitalia with apexes distinctly inflated (Fig. 26 G). The fifth-instar nymphs of this species are similar to those of Pyrops species but can be distinguished by the concave on disc of cephalic process.	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
5A389A24FFB1FFE5FC755216FF472536.taxon	description	Porion, 1996: 27; Chou et al., 1985: 113. Zanna distanti Metcalf, 1947: 250. Type locality: China (Distant 1893). Materials examined: No specimen was examined in this study. Distribution: Taiwan (?), China, India, Vietnam (Bourgoin 2022). Remarks: This species was recorded from Taiwan (Hengchun) by Kato (1929 1933). However, no voucher specimen collected from Taiwan was found in this study.	en	Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Ko, Chiun-Cheng (2023): Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7): 1-37, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827880
