identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
594B832FFFCAFF9676502C8EF7C7FBE2.text	594B832FFFCAFF9676502C8EF7C7FBE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrobiotus vladimiri Bertolani, Biserov, Rebecchi and Cesari 2011	<div><p>Macrobiotus vladimiri, Bertolani, Biserov, Rebecchi and Cesari, 2011</p> <p>(Tables 1–4, Figures 1–4)</p> <p>Material examined: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0002775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.168613" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0002775/lat 46.168613)">Twenty-two</a> animals (including 3 simplexes) and 2 eggs from Poland (mounted on microscope slides in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0002775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.168613" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0002775/lat 46.168613)">Hoyer’s</a> medium, slide codes: PL.103.19–25, 29, 30, 32, 35; preserved at the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0002775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.168613" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0002775/lat 46.168613)">Department of Entomology</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0002775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.168613" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0002775/lat 46.168613)">Institute of Zoology</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0002775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.168613" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0002775/lat 46.168613)">Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0002775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.168613" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0002775/lat 46.168613)">Gronostajowa</a> 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland); 3 paratypes and 3 eggs from the type population (mounted on microscopic slides in polyvinyl-lactophenol, slide codes: C475-S2, C475- SU1; collected in Andalo (Italy): 46°10′07″N, 11°00′01″E; 1050 m a.s.l.).</p> <p>Description of Polish specimens:</p> <p>Animals (measurements and statistics in Tables 1 and 2): Body white/transparent without any transversal bands of pigmentation, transparent after fixation in Hoyer’s medium (Figure 1A). Eyes present (visible also after mounting). Body cuticle smooth with small round (diameter range: 0.5–1.1 µm) and oval (diameter range: 1.0–1.7 µm) pores, situated mostly on the posterior part of the dorsum and poorly visible under a light microscope (LM) (Figure 1B, empty arrowhead). Ventral cuticle smooth. Granulation on the external surface of legs I–IV present, but not very developed (Figure 1C–D).</p> <p>Mouth anteroventral. Buccopharyngeal apparatus of the Macrobiotus type (Figure 2), with 10 small peribuccal lamellae and ventral lamina. The oral cavity armature is composed of two bands of teeth (the first band is not visible under LM; Figure 2). The second band of teeth is situated between the ring fold and the third band of teeth and comprises several rows of small, barely visible dots (Figure 2, lower insert, empty indented arrowhead). The teeth of the third band are located within the posterior portion of the oral cavity, between the second band of teeth and the buccal tube opening (Figure 2, empty arrowhead). The third band of teeth is discontinuous and divided into the dorsal and the ventral portion. It comprises three dorsal, distinctly separated, thin ridges (Figure 2, empty arrowhead) and three ventral teeth: two lateral ridges (Figure 2, lower insert) and one round or oval median tooth (Figure 2, lower insert, empty arrowhead). Pharyngeal bulb spherical, with triangular apophyses, two rod-shaped macroplacoids (2 &lt;1), and a triangular microplacoid (Figure 2). Both macroplacoids with slight central constrictions (in the second microplacoid being almost undetectable) (Figure 2, upper insert).</p> <p>Claws small and slender, of the hufelandi type (Figures 3A and 3B). Primary branches with distinct accessory points. The common tract short and wide with an evident peduncle connecting the claw to the lunula (Figures 3A and 3B). Lunulae on legs I–III smooth (Figure 3A), but on legs IV slightly crenulated and occasionally with very faint indentations (Figure 3B). Bars under claws absent.</p> CharacterNRange µmptMean µmptSD µmptBody length10403–540 39.6–43.9 30.6–34.7 5.2–6.6 3.3–4.5 26.1–29.8 9.9–14.0 6.0–9.2 2.3–3.9 16.8–24.3 19.3–26.8 10.8–12.7 8.2–10.9 10.2–12.1 7.0–11.2 10.6–12.9 9.3–10.8 10.6–12.3 7.1–10.5 11.1–13.3 9.4–12.7 10.5–12.8 6.9–10.9 13.1–15.1 10.5–11.8 12.6–16.2 10.3–13.5997–1254 – 77.0–81.9 12.8–16.0 7.9–10.3 63.2–69.1 23.1–34.0 14.2–22.4 5.7–9.9 39.3–59.0 45.2–65.1 26.8–29.4 20.0–25.3 25.2–28.5 17.6–25.9 26.6–31.1 22.1–26.5 26.2–29.8 17.8–25.1 28.0–32.3 22.0–30.7 26.5–31.1 17.4–26.5 32.5–36.7 25.4–27.5 31.1–37.6 25.5–32.345711045094Buccopharyngeal tubeBuccal tube length10Stylet support insertion point10Buccal tube external width10Buccal tube internal width10Ventral lamina length8Placoid lengthsMacroplacoid 110Macroplacoid 210Microplacoid10Macroplacoid row10Placoid row10Claw 1 lengthsExternal primary branch8External secondary branch8Internal primary branch8Internal secondary branch8Claw 2 lengthsExternal primary branch10External secondary branch10Internal primary branch10Internal secondary branch10Claw 3 lengthsExternal primary branch10External secondary branch10Internal primary branch10Internal secondary branch10Claw 4 lengthsAnterior primary branch10Anterior secondary branch10Posterior primary branch10Posterior secondary branch1041.3–1.4–32.478.41.31.65.914.30.41.03.89.10.40.827.465.61.22.111.427.51.32.97.418.01.02.43.07.30.51.219.948.22.14.923.055.82.25.011.628.20.60.99.523.10.81.911.026.80.71.18.620.91.22.411.928.90.71.710.024.30.51.511.527.80.51.29.522.91.12.312.429.90.71.410.725.81.02.511.828.60.61.29.623.31.22.814.134.10.71.110.926.40.40.714.434.91.01.811.928.70.92.0 <p>Eggs (measurements and statistics in Tables 3 and 4): Eggs laid freely, white, spherical (Figures 4A and 4B). The surface between processes of the hufelandi type, i.e. chorion covered with a reticulum with oval or round meshes, slightly larger and wider in the peribasal ring around the processes (Figures 4B and 4D). Processes of inverted goblet shape (Figures 4A and 4C), and with concave distal disks that have jagged margins (Figure 4D).</p> <p>To date, M. vladimiri has been recorded from three European countries: Italy (Andalo, the type locality), Germany (St. Ulrich), and Spain (Bertolani et al., 2011). The Spanish population was discovered only on the basis of DNA sequences (Bertolani et al., 2011; Guil and Giribet, 2012). Therefore, the Polish locality is the fourth record for this species and, at the same time, it is also a first record for the Polish tardigrade fauna. Thanks to the detailed morphological and morphometric examination of the discovered tardigrades, we were able to identify them as M. vladimiri. Thus, now the number of known tardigrade species from Poland has risen to 103.</p> CharacterNRange µmptMean µmPtSD µmptBody length3322–419 33.5–40.2 26.5–31.1 5.7–6.9 4.7–5.8 22.9–25.8 9.1–11.0 5.4–7.4 1.9–2.6 15.7–20.3 18.7–24.5 8.9–9.6 6.9–7.2 8.4–8.9 6.7–7.0 9.1–9.2 7.1–7.9 8.5–9.1 6.7–7.3 9.2–10.5 7.3–8.2 8.8–9.9 7.1–8.1 10.7–11.4 10.4 11.4–13.1 8.3805–1042 – 76.6–79.1 15.8–17.2 12.5–14.4 61.4–68.4 25.8–27.4 16.1–18.5 5.5–6.5 46.9–50.5 55.8–60.9 23.9–26.6 17.9–20.6 22.1–25.1 17.4–20.0 22.9–27.2 17.7–23.6 21.1–27.2 16.7–21.8 22.9–28.4 18.2–22.7 21.9–27.8 17.7–22.7 26.6–34.0 26.0 29.6–34.0 20.636095252129Buccopharyngeal tubeBuccal tube length3Stylet support insertion point3Buccal tube external width3Buccal tube internal width3Ventral lamina length3Placoid lengthsMacroplacoid 13Macroplacoid 23Microplacoid3Macroplacoid row3Placoid row3Claw 1 lengthsExternal primary branch2External secondary branch2Internal primary branch2Internal secondary branch2Claw 2 lengthsExternal primary branch2External secondary branch2Internal primary branch2Internal secondary branch2Claw 3 lengthsExternal primary branch3External secondary branch3Internal primary branch3Internal secondary branch3Claw 4 lengthsAnterior primary branch3Anterior secondary branch1Posterior primary branch3Posterior secondary branch137.9–3.8–29.577.82.61.26.316.60.60.85.213.70.61.024.564.81.53.510.126.81.00.96.517.21.01.22.25.90.40.518.448.52.41.922.258.33.12.69.325.20.51.97.119.30.21.98.723.60.42.16.918.70.21.89.225.00.13.07.520.60.64.28.824.20.44.37.019.20.43.69.725.80.72.87.720.40.52.39.324.80.62.97.620.20.52.511.229.70.43.910.426.0??12.132.10.92.38.320.6?? <p>By comparing Polish individuals of M. vladimiri with paratypes from Italy, we have discovered several small morphometric differences in animals and eggs between the two populations. The type population is characterized</p> <p>(N- number of eggs/structures measured; Range- the smallest and the largest structure among all measured eggs; SD- standard deviation).</p> <p>medium (N- number of eggs/structures measured; Range- the smallest and the largest structure among all measured eggs; SD- standard deviation). by shorter primary branches of external and internal claws on the first pair of legs (external primary branch length: 8.9–9.6 µm [pt = 23.9%–26.6%] in the type population vs. 10.8–12.7 µm [pt = 26.8%–29.4%] in the Polish population; internal primary branch length: 8.4–8.9 µm [pt = 22.1%– 25.1%] in the type population vs. 10.2–12.1 µm [pt = 25.2%–28.5%] in the Polish population), a slightly wider buccal tube (buccal tube external width: 5.7–6.9 µm [pt = 15.8%–17.2%] in the type population vs. 5.2–6.6 µm [pt = 12.8%–16.0%] in the Polish population; buccal tube internal width: 4.7–5.8 µm [pt = 12.5%–14.4%] in the type population vs. 3.3–4.5 µm [pt = 7.9%–10.3%] in the Polish population), and larger eggs (egg bare diameter: 96.8–99.3 µm in the type population vs. 76.6–81.2 µm in the Polish population; egg full diameter: 104.5–109.2 µm in the type population vs. 90.0–96.9 µm in the Polish population) but with shorter processes (4.6–6.9 µm in the type population vs. 7.1–8.2 µm in the Polish population) compared to the Polish population. Moreover, the processes of the eggs from the type population measured in our work are slightly shorter than the dimensions presented by Bertolani et al. (2011) (4.6–6.9 µm in the type population measured by us vs. 6.5–8.0 µm in the original description), which extends the range of the variability within this trait in M. vladimiri. The differences in the external and internal primary branch lengths of claws on the first pair of legs might be caused by low sample size, especially for the type population. Moreover, paratypes were also generally smaller than animals from the newly found population (mean body length: 360 ± 52 µm in the type population vs. 457 ± 50 µm in the Polish population). The recent study by Morek et al. (2016) showed that cover slip pressure may influence the buccal tube morphometrics, but the pressure has to be considerable to cause detectable deformation. It is, however, possible that some medium types could also affect cuticular structures by softening them and making them more prone to deformation (Morek et al., 2016). Given that the two populations were mounted in different media (polyvinyl-lactophenol and Hoyer’s), it could be hypothesized that the observed difference in buccal tube width is a preparation methodology artifact (Nelson and Bartels, 2007). In fact, the buccal tube seems to have thicker walls with distinguishable external and internal walls when mounted in Hoyer’s medium, whereas in polyvinyl-lactophenol, the walls seem thinner and with no clear external and internal boundaries. This might be the reason why pt values of internal widths of the buccal tube do not overlap in these two populations while pt values of external widths do. Specimens mounted in Hoyer’s medium have shorter internal buccal tube width than specimens mounted in polyvinyl-lactophenol, which resulted in nonoverlapping pt ranges. Unfortunately, no studies investigating the effects of these media on tardigrade morphometric traits are available (Morek et al., 2016); thus, currently it cannot be stated whether the difference in buccal tube diameter is a preparation artifact or a true difference between the two populations.</p> <p>The shell morphology of freely laid eggs is used widely for delimiting tardigrade species because it provides a number of morphological and morphometric traits that vary considerably between species, even closely related</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/594B832FFFCAFF9676502C8EF7C7FBE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nowak, Bernadeta;Stec, Daniel;Online, Published;Version, Final	Nowak, Bernadeta, Stec, Daniel, Online, Published, Version, Final (2017): The first record of Macrobiotus vladimiri Bertolani, Biserov, Rebecchi & Cesari, 2011 (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae: hufelandi group) from Poland. Turkish Journal of Zoology 41 (3): 558-567, DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1609-22, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1609-22
