identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
59304B441B1EFFD2FD9DFE25F85FFAFB.text	59304B441B1EFFD2FD9DFE25F85FFAFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomyidae Lesson 1842	<div><p>Family CTENOMYIDAE</p><p>(TUCO-TUCOS)</p><p>• Smallto medium-sized subterranean rodents, with large heads, small eyes and ears, heavily built cylindrical bodies, short legs, and hairy thick and short tails.</p><p>• 15-65 cm. • Neotropical Region.</p><p>• Sand fields, dunes, and forests.</p><p>• 1 genus, 69 species, 83 taxa.</p><p>• 3 species Critically Endangered, 6 species Endangered, 6 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1EFFD2FD9DFE25F85FFAFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1CFFD0FF1EFDDFFBB0F869.text	59304B441B1CFFD0FF1EFDDFFBB0F869.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys andersoni Gardner, Salazar-Bravo & Cook 2014	<div><p>1.</p><p>Anderson’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys andersoni</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco dAnderson / German: Anderson-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Anderson</p><p>Other common names: Anderson's Cujuchi</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys andersoni Gardner, Salazar-Bravo &amp; Cook, 2014,</p><p>“Bolivia, Department of Santa Cruz, Cerro Itahuaticua, 19°48’S, 63°31’'W, 810 m elevation.”</p><p>Initially named C. “ita” by E. P. Lessa and J. A. Cook in 1998. It has been recently assigned to the boliviensisspecies group, based on mtDNA analysis. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46 and FN = 50, and the form of sperm is unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. CS Bolivia, known only from the type locality at Cerro Itahuaticua at 800-1800 m altitude.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 183-310 mm, tail 35-90 mm, ear 3—10 mm, hindfoot 21-41 mm; weight 83-360 g. Anderson’s Tuco-tuco is medium to large-sized. Dorsal fur is thick, buffy brown to mummy brown, with light olive brown stripe starting at head proceeding to back. Ventral pelage is pale olive buff, with basal neutral gray or deep neutral gray hairs and wash of pale olive-buff or buffy brown in superficial part, appearing clearer than dorsal fur. Skull is robust, zygomatic arches are broad, and auditory bullae are inflated. Nasal bones are broad, and mandible is robust showing a coronoid process falciform and angled strongly backward; condyloid process is also strong, bearing well-developed articulation flange. Upperincisors are large, proodont, and covered with orange enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Known only from type locality at Cerro Itahuaticua in south-central Bolivia. Vegetation is a mixture of deciduous thorny trees ( Fabaceae) and several species of cacti, primarily Opuntia spp. Limestone outcrops are common on hillsides. This locality is in the ecoregion known as Andean Dry Valleys.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Anderson’s Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The [UCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner et al. (2014), Lessa &amp; Cook (1998), Mascheretti et al. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1CFFD0FF1EFDDFFBB0F869	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1CFFD0FF05FB8FFC48F37E.text	59304B441B1CFFD0FF05FB8FFC48F37E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys bicolor Miranda-Ribeiro 1914	<div><p>2.</p><p>Bicolored Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys bicolor</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco bicolore / German: Zweifarbige Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco bicolor</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys bicolor MirandaRibeiro, 1914,</p><p>“Mato Grosso.” Restricted by C. J. Bidau and F. D. de Avila-Pires in 2009 to Rondonia State, Brazil, 12°01°’S, 60°57'W, at 335 m elevation.</p><p>Ctenomys bicolor is not included in any species group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 40 and FN = 68. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SW Amazonian Brazil (Rondonia State), known only from José Bonifacio Indian Village (12° 10" S and 60° 09’ W), where initially collected in 1914, and Pimenta Bueno (12° 12’ S and 60° 41° W).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body average 314 mm, tail ¢.89 mm, hindfoot with claw average 45 mm and without claw 39-9 mm; weight average 418 g. The Bicolored Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Two colors are known: one phenotype is totally black, and the second phenotype has brown dorsum and light venter.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils in and along borders of the southern Amazon Basin forest. The Bicolored Tuco-tuco also occurs in areas that have been deforested for manioc (cassava) culture.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information for this species, but the Bicolored Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Bicolored Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Bidau &amp; de Avila-Pires (2009), Stolz et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1CFFD0FF05FB8FFC48F37E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1CFFD0FA10FD7BF8BAF91F.text	59304B441B1CFFD0FA10FD7BF8BAF91F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys boliviensis Waterhouse 1848	<div><p>3.</p><p>Bolivian Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys boliviensis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Bolivie / German: Bolivien-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Bolivia</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys boliviensis Waterhouse, 1848,</p><p>“Plains of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.” Refined by O. Thomas in 1921 to Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 480 m, 17° 48’ S, 63° 10° W.</p><p>Based on biogeographical studies, Ctenomys boliviensis belongs to the Bolivian-Matogrossense group, but through molecular markers, it is included in the boliviensis-species group. Ctenomys boliviensis has symmetric sperm and polymorphic chromosome number of 2n = 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, and 46 with FN = 64. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. EC Bolivia (Santa Cruz Department).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢.276 mm (males) and c.221 mm (females), tail c.80 mm (males) and c.95 mm (females), ear 12 mm (males) and 9 mm (females), hindfoot 46 mm (males) and 45 mm (females); weight up to 650 g (males) and 420 g (females). The Bolivian Tuco-tuco is large-sized. It has soft fur that is very glossy and short; pelage is generally bright rufous-brown. Head and snout are blackish brown. Underparts are bright rusty yellow, exceptfor the space between hindlegs. The Bolivian Tuco-tuco has broad, poorly defined dark brown band along back of neck to front of back and large white patch covering front of abdomen. Tail is dark brown above and pale brown beneath. Upper incisors are very broad. Skull is remarkable for its narrowed middle part of rostrum.</p><p>Habitat. Dry soil in areas not frequently flooded.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Bolivian Tuco-tuco feeds on underground tuber and roots.</p><p>Breeding. Mean litter size of the Bolivian Tuco-tuco is 1-7 young (range 1-5 young).</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Bolivian Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Anderson et al. (1987), Bidau (2015), Cook et al. (1990), Gardner et al. (2014), Thomas (19211), Vitullo &amp; Cook (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1CFFD0FA10FD7BF8BAF91F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1CFFD0FA1EFB7AF797F340.text	59304B441B1CFFD0FA1EFB7AF797F340.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys erikacuellarae Gardner, Salazar-Bravo & Cook 2014	<div><p>4.</p><p>Erika’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys erikacuellarae</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco d'Erika / German: Erika-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Erika</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys erikacuellarae Gardner, Salazar-Bravo &amp; Cook, 2014,</p><p>“Bolivia, Department of Chuquisaca, 19°43’ S, 63°51’ W, elevation 1200 m.”</p><p>Ctenomys erikacuellarae was initially named C. “monte” by E. P. Lessa and J. A. Cook in 1998. It has been recently assigned to the boliviensisspecies group, based on mtDNA analysis. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 24 and FN = 40. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SC Bolivia, on the E flanks of the Andes in Santa Cruz and Chuquisaca departments.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 184-331 mm, tail 25-96 mm, ear 5-10 mm, hindfoot 28-44 mm; weight 82-390 g. Erika’s Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Pelage is dense, fine, and soft. Dorsum ranges from ocherous orange to buckthorn-brown; upper surface of head and muzzle are blackish brown, with mid-dorsal band of fuscous black hair that runs toward rump. Venter is drab brown or buffy brown, showing large white or light buff markings on inguinal, axillary, or pectoral regions. Collar of light hair extends ventrally from pinnae to gular region. Skull of Erika’s Tuco-tuco is robust, zygomatic arches are broad, and auditory bullae are inflated. Nasal bones are short and broadest anteriorly, with flat dorsal edges. Mandible is robust with coronoid process falciform. Upper incisors are large, robust, opisthodont, and covered with orange enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Andean Dry Valley ecoregion at elevations of 800-1800 m (based on only three collection localities).</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Erika’s Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red Last.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner et al. (2014), Lessa &amp; Cook (1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1CFFD0FA1EFB7AF797F340	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1DFFD1FF5CFD7BFD22F945.text	59304B441B1DFFD1FF5CFD7BFD22F945.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys goodfellowi Thomas 1921	<div><p>5.</p><p>Goodfellows’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys goodfellowi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Goodfellow / German: Goodfellow-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Goodfellow</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys goodfellowi Thomas, 1921,</p><p>“Esperanza, near Conception, Prov. Nuflo de Chaves, E. Bolivia,” 16° 15’ S and 62° 04’ W, 400 m, Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia.</p><p>Validity of Ctenomys goodfellowi isstill under discussion. Some authors considered it a “good” species, but a recent report about species of Ctenomys from Bolivia did not recognize it. Based on biogeographical studies, it belongs to the Bolivian-Matogrossense group, but using mtDNA,it has been shown as belonging to the boliviensisspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46 and FN = 68, with symmetric shape of sperm. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Bolivia (NC Santa Cruz Department), known only from two localities (Esperanza and from 10 km N of San Ramon, La Laguna).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 240 mm (males) and 186-214 mm (females), tail 93 mm (males) and 71-79 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. Goodfellows’s Tuco-tuco is large but slightly smaller than the Bolivian Tucotuco ( C. boliviensis). Colors of Goodfellows’s Tuco-tuco are also very similar to those of the Bolivian Tuco-tuco, but dark dorsal line is heavier and white undersurface is reduced to discrete axillary and inguinal patches. Skull of Goodfellows’s Tuco-tuco is generally smaller and less ridged than that of the Bolivian Tuco-tuco; zygomatic arc is less thickened, and bullae are smaller and less inflated. Incisors of Goodfellows’s Tuco-tuco are broad and heavy orange, and premolars are also very large and orange.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1DFFD1FF5CFD7BFD22F945	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1DFFD1FF56FA92FAFDF391.text	59304B441B1DFFD1FF56FA92FAFDF391.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys nattereri Wagner 1848	<div><p>6.</p><p>Natterer’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys nattereri</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Natterer / German: NattererKammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Natterer</p><p>Other common names: Mato Grosso Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys nattereri Wagner, 1848,</p><p>“Caissora,” in the State of Mato Grosso, 16°00’S and 57°45’W, Brazil.</p><p>Ctenomys nattereri belongs to the BolivianMatogrossense group, and based on mtD-NA,it is included in the boliviensisspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36 and FN = 64, and sperm form is unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SW Brazil (Rondonia and Mato Grosso states) and E Bolivia (Santa Cruz Department).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body mean ¢.245 mm, tail mean 71 mm, ear mean 11 mm, hindfoot mean (with claw) 54 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Natterer’s Tuco-tuco is moderately large. Head and muzzle are very wide and flat; it has nearly naked rhinarium, small eyes, very wide and ungrooved incisors, and very small ear openings. Claws are especially long on forefeet (medial claw c.16 mm). Hairs extend from sides of hindfeet, typical of ctenomyids. Dorsal coloris uniform shiny brown, with black dots vaguely defining dorsal stripe going from middle of head along back. Under surface is black but with light shading, interrupted by white spots, particularly in axillary and inguinal regions. Upperincisorsare faced with “living saffron-red” enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Areas with manioc (cassava) culture in Brazil.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Natterer’s Tuco-tuco feeds on underground tuber and roots.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The single excavated burrow of Natterer’s Tuco-tuco was 4:6 m long, 2:4 m deep, and 0-92 m wide. It ended in a small cavity with no nest.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (under C. boliviensis).</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson et al. (1987), Bidau (2015), Cabrera (1961), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Parada et al. (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1DFFD1FF56FA92FAFDF391	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1DFFD1FF28F0E4F7F3FAE2.text	59304B441B1DFFD1FF28F0E4F7F3FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys rondoni Miranda-Ribeiro 1914	<div><p>7.</p><p>Rondon’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys rondoni</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Rondon / German: Rondénia-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Rondonia</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys rondoni Miranda-Ribeiro, 1914,</p><p>type locality not given. Identified byJ. Moojen in 1955 as “Maria de Molina” (= Campos dos Palmares de Maria Molina), Vilhena, Rondoénia State, Brazil, 12° 07’S, 60° 28’W.</p><p>There is uncertainty regarding the proper classification of C. rondoni. It was described based on only two specimens, and exact type locality is uncertain. Moreover, the recorded type locality is near that of C. bicolor. Thus, C. rondoni and C. bicolor might be the same species. Karyotype and sperm form of C. rondoni are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SW Brazil, known only from two sites, the type locality in Rondonia and Juruena (Mato Grosso State)Descriptive notes Head-body ¢.230 mm, tail ¢.80 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Rondon’s Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsal hairs are pale at bases and sepia at tips. Head and venterare slightly rufous, and tail is uniform brown. Skull is robust and depressed. Inter-maxillaries are also robust, with lateral protruding expansion; maxillaries are narrow; and mandible is strong and wide. Supraorbital process protrudes, and traverse occipital-temporal crest is straight. Bullae are inflated.</p><p>Habitat. Forests in the southern Amazonian region.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available forthis species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Rondon’s Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red Last.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Moojen (1955), Stolz et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1DFFD1FF28F0E4F7F3FAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1DFFD1FA2BF9F6F89EF51B.text	59304B441B1DFFD1FA2BF9F6F89EF51B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys steinbachi Thomas 1907	<div><p>8.</p><p>Steinbach’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys steinbachi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Steinbach / German: Steinbach-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Steinbach</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys steinbachi Thomas, 1907,</p><p>“Campo of Province Sara, near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.” Restricted by S. Anderson and colleagues in 1987 to “6 km N of Buen Retiro, 17°13’ S., 63°38’ W.”</p><p>Based on biogeographical studies, C. steinbachi belongs to the Bolivian-Matogrossense group, but through molecular markers, it is included in the boliviensis species group. It has the lowest chromosome number of the genus, 2n = 10 and FN = 18, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C Bolivia (W Santa Cruz Department).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 248 mm (males) and 231 mm (females), both sexes having similar size. Holotype measurements from an adult male were: head—body 245 mm, tail 86 mm, hindfoot (with claw) 45 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Steinbach’s Tuco-tuco is very large. Fur is straight, fine, and glossy; back hairs are c.1-3 cm long. Pelage coloris very different from other species, a dark drab gray-brown or dark coppery. Color is uniform over entire head, upper surface, and sides; under surface is creamy white; hairs are dull slat on their basal two-thirds; arms and legs have pale colors, but narrow band runs down fronts of forelegs; and tail has dull white, sparse hairs.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson et al. (1987), Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Gardner et al. (2014), Parada et al. (2011), Vitullo &amp; Cook (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1DFFD1FA2BF9F6F89EF51B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1DFFD6FA2CF760FD9EFCAE.text	59304B441B1DFFD6FA2CF760FD9EFCAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys yatesi Gardner, Salazar-Bravo & Cook 2014	<div><p>9.</p><p>Yates’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys yatesi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Yates / German: Yates-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Yates</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys yatesi Gardner, Salazar-Bravo &amp; Cook, 2014,</p><p>“Bolivia, Department of Santa Cruz, 7 km N and 38 km W of Roboré, 18°16’ S, 60°07’ W, 550 m elevation.”</p><p>Ctenomys yatesi is classified as belonging to the boliviensisspecies group. There are no data on karyotype or sperm form. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. E Bolivia, only known from the type locality near Roboré.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 199-220 mm,tail 58-63 mm, ear 5 mm, hindfoot 30-35 mm; weight 79-105 g. Yates’s Tuco-tuco is small-sized. Pelage is thin and soft. Dorsal color is near hazel; ventral hairs are deep neutral gray at bases, washed with light color superficially. Forelimbs and hindlimbs are same color of dorsal parts. Tail is strong, darker above than below. Skull is small and robust. Zygomatic arches are strongly built, parallel, and widest toward front of skull. Auditory bullae are slightly larger than 30% of skull length. Nasal bones are broad and short. Upper incisors are orthodont and covered with orange enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Lowlands in the Cerrado (bush savanna) ecoregion in eastern Bolivia.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Yates’s Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The [UCN Red Last.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner et al. (2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1DFFD6FA2CF760FD9EFCAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1AFFD6FF19FFCBFC60F6AE.text	59304B441B1AFFD6FF19FFCBFC60F6AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys conoveri Osgood 1946	<div><p>10.</p><p>Chacoan Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys conoveri</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Conover / German: Chaco-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco del Chaco</p><p>Other common names: Conover's Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys conoveri Osgood, 1946,</p><p>“Colonia Fernheim, 16 km. west of Filadelfia, Paraguayan Chaco. Approximately Log. 60°10'W., Lat. 22°15’ S.,” Boqueron, Paraguay .</p><p>Ctenomys conoveri was initially considered a unique species and classified in the subgenus Chacomys . Nevertheless, data from electrophoresis did not support the subgenus, and it was considered as sister species to C. frater and C. lewisi . Ctenomys conover has been included in the Bolivian-Paraguayan group, but using molecular analysis, it belongs to the fraterspecies group. Karyotype is 2n = 48 in Bolivia and 2n = 50 with FN = 64 in Paraguay. Sperm morphology is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, and Tarija departments) and NW Paraguay (Boqueron Department).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body up to 558 mm,tail up to 122 mm, ear up to 15 mm, hindfoot up to 60 mm; weight up to 1-2 kg (all measurements for males). The Chacoan Tuco-tuco is the largest species of Ctenomys . Fur is long and rather coarse. Color is reasonably uniform, cinnamon-rufous, showing light mixture of dusky and scattered white hairs above and pale below. Tail is heavily haired, rufous above and pale below, with medial line of white toward tip. Skull is massive and angular, jugal has crescent excavation in front of high and broad dorsal process, and some adult specimens have open frontoparietal fenestrae.</p><p>Habitat. Northern Chaco ecoregion in Bolivia and Paraguay at elevations at ¢.2000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Anderson et al. (1987), Bidau (2015), Contreras (1996), Cook et al. (1990), Gardner &amp; Anderson (2001), Gardner et al. (2014), Ortells (1995), Woods (1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1AFFD6FF19FFCBFC60F6AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1AFFD6FF05F5CAF9E4FBEF.text	59304B441B1AFFD6FF05F5CAF9E4FBEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys frater Thomas 1902	<div><p>11.</p><p>Forest Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys frater</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco des foréts / German: \Waldkammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de bosque</p><p>Other common names: Red Tuco-tuco, Reddish Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys frater Thomas, 1902,</p><p>“Potosi,” Bolivia, 19°35" 8, 65°45" W, c.4300 m.</p><p>Ctenomys frater was initially classified in the Bolivian-Paraguayan group but is in the fraterspecies group based on mtDNA. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 52 and FN = 78 (mordosus), and sperm is simple symmetric. Five subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C. f. frater Thomas, 1902 — S Bolivia (E Potosi Department).</p><p>C. f. barbarous Thomas, 1921 — NW Argentina (S Jujuy and adjacent Salta provinces).</p><p>C. f. budini Thomas, 1913 — NW Argentina (high altitudes in Jujuy and WC Salta provinces).</p><p>C. f. mordosus Thomas, 1926 — S Bolivia (S Tarija); possibly adjacent N Argentina (Jujuy Province).</p><p>C. f. sylvanus Thomas, 1919 — NW Argentina (base of Andes in E Jujuy and W Salta provinces).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 173-196 mm, tail 55-76 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 31-36 mm (specimens of mordosus from Bolivia); total length 230-300 mm and tail 50-85 mm (specimens from Jujuy, Argentina). No specific data are available for body weight. The Forest Tuco-tuco is small to medium-sized. Color of nominotypical subspecies and mordosus is brown, with dull buffy under parts without inguinal light regions; colors of specimens from Salta province, Argentina, are dark russet to black, and specimens from Jujuy province are reddish or coppery. Skull is vaulted, incisors are larger and heavier, and upper incisors are almost orthodont.</p><p>Habitat. Mesic forests in Salta province, Argentina. The Forest Tuco-tuco inhabits flat areas with deep soil, often near creeks.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Forest Tuco-tuco does not appear to burrow as extensively as desert species of Ctenomys, and it also appears to be less vocal.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies budini and sylvanus are classified as Data Deficient (as C. budini and C. sylvanus, respectively).</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Cook &amp; Salazar-Bravo (2004), Diaz &amp; Barquez (2002), Diaz et al. (1997), Mares et al. (1981), Parada et al. (2011), Ruedas et al. (1993), Thomas (1912a, 1926a), Vitullo &amp; Cook (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1AFFD6FF05F5CAF9E4FBEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1AFFD6FA1CF80AF68AF5EF.text	59304B441B1AFFD6FA1CF80AF68AF5EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys lessai Gardner, Salazar-Bravo & Cook 2014	<div><p>12.</p><p>Lessa’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys lessai</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Lessa / German: Lessa-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Lessa</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys lessai Gardner, Salazar-Bravo &amp; Cook, 2014,</p><p>“Bolivia, Department of Cochabamba, 0.5 km south of Lluthu Pampa, 17°45’S, 64°59°W, 2,700 m elevation.”</p><p>Ctenomys lessai was initially called “C. llathu” by E. P. Lessa and J. A. Cook in 1998. Recently, it was classified in the frater species group through mtDNA analysis. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46 and FN = 64. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C Bolivia, known only from the type locality in Lluthu Pampa.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 177-265 mm, tail 44-79 mm, ear 4-8 mm, hindfoot 27-37 mm; weight 98-286 g. Lessa’s Tuco-tuco is small to medium-sized. Fur is dense but thin and soft, ¢.0.5-2 cm long over back and rump. Dorsum is olive-brown to buffy brown, venter is cinnamon-buff, and some individuals have olive-buff venter. Central diffuse dorsal stripe is clove-brown, and there is small light area of cinnamon-buff just posterior to and below pinnae, evident in most individuals. Collar is not evident in specimens examined. Undercoat is bicolored; juveniles show consistent deep neutral gray color, with no bicolored markings. Tail is short, covered with olive-brown dark hair, with lighter color at the end. Skull is relatively delicate; interorbital region has rounded edges; and zygomatic arches are wide, laterally extending almost to level of external auditory meatus. Mandible is relatively delicate. Flange of mastoid process is not visible. Upper incisors are light pale yellow-ocher to ivory-yellow.</p><p>Habitat. Grassland areas at elevations of 2500-2750 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Lessa’s Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red Last.</p><p>Bibliography. Gardner et al. (2014), Lessa &amp; Cook (1998), Mascheretti et al. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1AFFD6FA1CF80AF68AF5EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1AFFD7FA19F60DFB6EFCB0.text	59304B441B1AFFD7FA19F60DFB6EFCB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys lewisi Thomas 1926	<div><p>13.</p><p>Lewis’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys lewisi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Lewis / German: Lewis-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Lewis</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys lewisi Thomas, 1926,</p><p>“Sama, 4000 m,” 50 Km W Tarija, Bolivia, 21°3’S, 65°10°W, Bolivia.</p><p>Ctenomys lewisi was classified in the Bolivian-Paraguayan group based on biogeographical data and in the fraterspecies group due to phylogenetic molecular analysis (mtDNA). Chromosomal complement is 2n = 56 and FN = 74, and sperm form is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Bolivia, in NW Tarija Department.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 204-219 mm,tail 68-71 mm, hindfoot average 37 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Lewis’s Tuco-tuco is relatively large. It has unusual procumbent incisors, similar to the White-toothed Tuco-tuco ( C. leucodon), but more robust. Fur of upper parts is uniform, dark cinnamon-brown; muzzle is slightly washed with black; under surface is bright cinnamon, sometimes throughout but always in inguinal region. Throat has slight dark collar. Pelage oftail is thin, blackish above base but otherwise whitish. Skull is large and long but not broad or robust, and nasal is rather short and wide. About 33% of adult specimens have open frontoparietal fenestrae. Upper incisors are very large, heavy, very proodont, and flattened, with strongly orange fronts.</p><p>Habitat. Deep soils of the Tomayapo Valley and Sama at elevations of 3450-4000 m. Lewis’s Tuco-tuco is somewhat associated with wet areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Cook &amp; SalazarBravo (2004), Cook et al. (1990), Gardner &amp; Anderson (2001), Parada et al. (2011), Reig et al. (1992), Vitullo &amp; Cook (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1AFFD7FA19F60DFB6EFCB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1BFFD7FF5EFFC5FC66F72A.text	59304B441B1BFFD7FF5EFFC5FC66F72A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys fulvus Philippi 1860	<div><p>14.</p><p>Long-tailed Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys fulvus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco coloré / German: Langschwanzkammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de cola larga</p><p>Other common names: Tawny Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys fulvus Philippi, 1860,</p><p>“Reise durch die Wuste Atacama.” Restricted by W. H. Osgood in 1943 to vicinity of Pingo-Pingo, 24°00’ S and 69°00" W, Atacama Desert, Chile .</p><p>Ctenomys fulvus belongs to the opimusspecies group based on mtDNA analysis. Karyotype is 2n = 26, and sperm morphology is symmetric. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.f.fulvusPhilippi,1860—NChile(EAntofogastaRegion).</p><p>C. f. robustus Mann, 1978 — N Chile (Oasis de Pica in Tarapaca desert).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 280 -350 mm, and even exceeding 350 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Long-tailed Tuco-tuco is very large. Upper parts are slightly grizzled clay colored, and sides have paler color than back; under parts are uniformly colored in light cinnamon buff. Tail is dark brown above and has light pencil at end. Forehead and narrow line around mouth are dark or even slightly blackish. Skull is large, with many crests and large, puffy auditory bullae; nose is wedge-shaped.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils in desert flats with desert shrubs and riparian forests in gullies.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Long-tailed Tuco-tuco feeds on low vegetation and, in particular, leaves of creosote bush ( Larrea, Zygophyllaceae).</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Tuco-tuco is active primarily in the early morning, especially in the dry season.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrow systems of Long-tailed Tucotucos are more than 25 cm belowground. They apparently swim.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Cook &amp; Salazar-Bravo (2004), Cook et al. (1990), Feito &amp; Gallardo (1982), Gallardo (1991), Mann (1978), Osgood (1943), Parada et al. (2011), Reig et al. (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1BFFD7FF5EFFC5FC66F72A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1BFFD7FF53F54FF69FFCB2.text	59304B441B1BFFD7FF53F54FF69FFCB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys opimus Wagner 1848	<div><p>15.</p><p>Andean Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys opimus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de la puna / German: Anden-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de los Andes</p><p>Other common names: Highland Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys opimus Wagner, 1848,</p><p>“Bolivia.” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1900 to “Sahama,” Mont Sahama, Oruro, about 17°49’ S, 67°28” W, 3000-4000 m.</p><p>Ctenomys opimus was initially included in Chaco group, but according to mtDNA analysis, it belongs to the opimusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 26 and FN = 48, and sperm is symmetric. Three subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.o.opimusWagner,1848—NChile(AricayParinacotaRegion)andthroughoutthehighlandsofSWBoliviainLaPaz,Oruro,andPotosidepartments.</p><p>C.o.luteolusThomas,1900—NWArgentinaMts(Jujuy,Salta,andCatamarcaprovinces).</p><p>C. o. mgriceps Thomas, 1900 — S Peru (Moquegua, Tacna, and Puno regions).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 193-251 mm, tail 75-94 mm, ear 9-11 mm, hindfoot 40-45 mm (Bolivian and Peruvian specimens) and total length 275-300 mm (specimens from Salta and Jujuy provinces, Argentina). No specific data are available for body weight. The Andean Tuco-tuco is large. Pelageis long, lax, and smooth. Dorsum is uniform pale yellowish, tending to become darker, sometimes in patches, as on top of head. Most adults have open frontoparietal fenestrae.</p><p>Habitat. High grasslands up to elevations of ¢.5000 m. The Andean Tuco-tuco lives underground in burrows of loose sandy, gravelly, or cindery soils.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Andean Tuco-tuco probably forages on underground bulbs and grass roots, stems, and leaves. It is rarely observed feeding aboveground.</p><p>Breeding. Pregnant Andean Tuco-tucos were observed in Bolivia in August-December. Gestation is ¢.120 days in Peru. Mean number of embryos was 2-8 ata site in Bolivia.</p><p>Activity patterns. Burrowing activity of the Andean Tuco-tuco was observed primarily in the morning in Peru.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Andean Tuco-tuco can be locally common, reaching densities of up to 17 ind/ha. Individuals make burrows with a single main tunnel and several side branches that contain nests and stored forage. Andean Tuco-tucos are solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Diaz &amp; Barquez (2002), Cook et al. (1990), Feito &amp; Gallardo (1982), Gallardo (1979, 1991), Gardner &amp; Anderson (2001), Ipucha et al. (2008), Medina et al. (2007), Ortells (1995), Ortells &amp; Barrantes (1994), Parada et al. (2011), Pearson (1959b), Reig et al. (1992), Rossi et al. (1995), Thomas (1900b), Toloza et al. (2004), Vitullo &amp; Cook (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1BFFD7FF53F54FF69FFCB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1BFFD7FA51FFC6F734F787.text	59304B441B1BFFD7FA51FFC6F734F787.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys saltarius Thomas 1912	<div><p>16.</p><p>Salta Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys saltarius</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Salta / German: Salta-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Salta</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys saltarius Thomas, 1912, “Salta, N Argentina.”</p><p>Based on mtDNA analysis, C. saltarius is considered as belonging to the opimus species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina (Salta Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 200 mm, tail 90 mm, hindfoot 33 mm, all measurements from the holotype (adult female).</p><p>No specific data are available for body weight. The Salta Tuco-tuco is moderately large. Pelage has short hairs and dull color throughout. Upper parts are dull raw umber but browner along dorsal midline and lighter on sides. Under parts are dull buffy whitish. Area around muzzle is also whitish but shows discreet dark collar further behind. Tail is sharply bicolor, dark above and dull white below. Skull is very narrow, and unlike other species of Ctenomys, zygomatic arches are less spread than distances from front of incisors to back of tooth rows.</p><p>Habitat. Hillsides and valleys in the Yungas (montane forests) and Dry Chaco ecoregions. Salta Tuco-tucos are common in Larrea (Zygophyllaceae) flats and areas with Prosopis (Fabaceae) .</p><p>Food and Feeding. Salta Tuco-tucos feed on Larrea and other shrubs.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Mares et al. (1981), Parada et al. (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1BFFD7FA51FFC6F734F787	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B1BFFD4FA56F4D1FBC9FE0A.text	59304B441B1BFFD4FA56F4D1FBC9FE0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys scagliai Contreras 1999	<div><p>17.</p><p>Scaglia’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys scagliai</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Scaglia / German: Scaglia-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Scaglia</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys scagliai J. R. Contreras, 1999,</p><p>“Los Cardones, sobre la Ruta Nacional N° 307, Kilometro 101, entre las localidades tucumanas de El Infiernillo y Amaicha del Valle, aproximadamente a 2.500 metros sobre el nivel del mar (26°38 S-65°49° W),” Tucuman, Argentina .</p><p>Ctenomys scagliai was classified as the Chacoan group, based on biogeographical data, but as belonging to the opimus species group when considering molecular markers. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 36 and FN = 64, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina, only known around the type locality in Tucuman.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 195 mm, tail 85 mm, ear 10 mm, hindfoot (with claw) 37 mm; weight 270 g, all measurements from the holotype. Scaglia’s Tuco-tuco is mediums-sized. Coloris clear ocherous brown on back to brownish yellow on sides and venter. Hairs are long, silky, and strongly bicolored. Dorsal hairs are black from basal part to two-fifths of the length; ventral part is black extends to about one-half of the length. Top of muzzle, and head are black, extending to back as dorsal stripe. Tail is covered with short and sparsely distributed hairs, bicolored, starting as dirty white in proximal part and darkening until distal one-third, which is black. Ears are very small. Skull is robust, although more delicate than those of many other species of Ctenomys . Nasal bones are short and relatively narrow. Zygomatic arch is relatively delicate, with zygomatic process of maxilla forming moderately obtuse angle. Bullae appear inflated and evenly rounded in lateral view. Upper incisors are orthodont.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Last.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Ortells (1995), Parada et al. (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B1BFFD4FA56F4D1FBC9FE0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B18FFD4FF1BFE6FFE0BF7FB.text	59304B441B18FFD4FF1BFE6FFE0BF7FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys argentinus Contreras & Berry 1982	<div><p>18.</p><p>Argentine Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys argentinus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco dArgentine / German: Argentinien-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Argentina</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys argentinus J. R. Contreras &amp; Berry, 1982,</p><p>“Establecimiento Invernizzi, Campo Araos, legua 2, 27 km norte de General San Martin, Departamento Libertador General San Martin, Provincia del Chaco, a 26°36’ de latitud sury 59°15’ de longitud oeste,” Argentina.</p><p>Based on biogeography, C. argentinus belongs to the Chacoan group, but due to results from mtDNA analysis, it has been included in the tucumanusspecies group.</p><p>Chromosomal complement is 2n = 44 chromosomes and FN = 50, 51, and 52 due to a pericentric inversion polymorphism, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina, in Formosa, Chaco, Santiago de Estero, and Santa Fé provinces.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length average 260-5 mm (males) and 257-5 mm (females), tail average 84-3 mm (males) and 78 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Argentine Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum is brown, becoming lighter toward sides where hair becomes yellowish brown; venter is pale grayish brown. Black dorsal band begins at muzzle, passes between eyes, becomes enlarged on crown, and turns narrow again, extending along dorsal surface onto tail. The Argentine Tucotuco also has a light collar. Skull is robust and allometric in growth, with heavy ridges in adult specimens. Rostrum is notably large; tympanic bullae are small and not very inflated. Upper incisors are moderately proodont. Baculum is laminar, with convex dorsal surface and enlarged proximal end.</p><p>Habitat. Dry and Humid Chaco ecoregions. The Argentine Tuco-tuco occupies sandy soils and is distributed in patches, likely a consequence of periodic floods.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Argentine Tuco-tuco is solitary and widely but sparsely distributed.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Bidau et al. (2005), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Cook &amp; Salazar-Bravo (2004), Gimenez et al. (1997), Massoia (1970), Ortells (1995), Ortells &amp; Barrantes (1994), Ortells et al. (1990), Parada et al. (2011), Reig et al. (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B18FFD4FF1BFE6FFE0BF7FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B18FFD4FF01F41EF757FE58.text	59304B441B18FFD4FF01F41EF757FE58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys latro Thomas 1918	<div><p>19.</p><p>Mottled Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys latro</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco marbré / German: Gelbbraune Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco moteado</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys latro Thomas, 1918,</p><p>“Tapia, about 20 miles north of Tucuman City. Alt. 600 m,” Tucuman Province (26° 36’ Sand 65° 18° W), Argentina .</p><p>Ctenomys latro is considered as belonging to the Chacoan group according to biogeography, and based on mtDNA, it was included in the tucumanusspecies group. It has been considered a synonym of C. mendocinus and a subspecies, C. m. tucumanus . Based on karyotype, C. latro is now considered a valid species. Moreover, mtDNA sequence analysis revealed a phylogenetic group, including C. pilarensis, C. occultus, C. latro, and C. argentinus, and no relationship with C. mendocinus . Chromosomal complement of C. latrois 2n = 40 or 42 and FN = 44, 48, or 50, and sperm form is unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina (Tucuman Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 161-172 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Mottled Tuco-tuco is small to medium-sized. Sides of head, back, and flanks are buffy fawn; venter is pale buff, with white throat and darker chest patch. Crown and middle of face are dark brown. Upper and under surfaces are colored very differently. Tail is dark brown dorsally but is pale buff on both sides and below. Skull is low and flattened, with narrow braincase. Rostrum is unusually broadened, and nasals are broad, abruptly and squarely truncated behind. Zygomatic arches are widely expanded but noticeably shorter in anteroposterior part. Bullae are small but smooth and well inflated.</p><p>Habitat. Open forests with extremely stony soils in the Dry Chaco region.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Last.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Cabrera (1961), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Mascheretti et al. (2000), Medina et al. (2007), Parada et al. (2011), Reig &amp; Kiblisky (1968, 1969), Roig &amp; Reig (1969).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B18FFD4FF01F41EF757FE58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B18FFD4FA13FDBDF7EDF8EA.text	59304B441B18FFD4FA13FDBDF7EDF8EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys occultus Thomas 1920	<div><p>20.</p><p>Furtive Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys occultus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco furtif / German: Heimliche Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco furtivo</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys occultus Thomas, 1920,</p><p>“Monteagudo, about 80 km. S.E. of Tucuman City,” San Miguel de Tucuman, Departamento Simoca, Tucuman, Argentina, 27°31’ §, 65°17° W, 296 m.</p><p>Based on biogeography, C. occultus belongs to the Chacoan group, but based on mtDNA, it belongs to tucumanusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 20 and FN = 40, and sperm is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina, known only from the Tucuman Province.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 138-151 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Furtive Tuco-tuco is small. Pelage is generally warm brown. Upper surfaces are glossy cinnamon-brown,slightly darkening on crown. Under surfaces are washed pale and drab, and chin and throat are even paler. Skull has small bullae and sharpedged ledges projecting over orbital fossae. Incisors are proodont.</p><p>Habitat. Dry Chaco region. The Furtive Tuco-tuco is common along roads in southern Tucuman Province.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Furtive Tuco-tuco is less than 5000 km?, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in extent and quality ofits habitat. Its original distribution is under severe pressure from habitat loss and degradation to agricultural expansion, mainly to sugar cane and soy. Most habitat loss has occurred in the past six years.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006, 2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Barquez et al. (1991), Medina et al. (2007), Ortells (1995), Parada et al. (2011), Reig &amp; Kiblisky (1968), Rossi et al. (1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B18FFD4FA13FDBDF7EDF8EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B18FFD4FA18FB0FF593F395.text	59304B441B18FFD4FA18FB0FF593F395.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys tucumanus Thomas 1900	<div><p>21.</p><p>Tucuman Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys tucumanus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Tucuman / German: Tucuman-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Tucuman</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys tucumanus Thomas, 1900,</p><p>“Tucuman [San Miguel de Tucuman], Altitude 450 m,” Departamento Capital, Tucuman, Argentina, 26°49’ S, 65°13’ W.</p><p>Based on biogeography, C. tucumanus belongs to the Chacoan group, but based on mtDNA, it belongs to the tucumanusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 28 and FN = 52, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina, known only from the type locality in San Miguel de Tucuman and surroundings.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 172 mm, tail 71 mm, hindfoot (with claw) 30-5 mm (all measurements from the holotype, an old male). No specific data are available for body weight. The Tucuman Tuco-tuco is small to medium-sized. Dorsum 1s brownish fawn, with faint reddish suffusion; under parts are pale buff, with gray bases of hairs. Midline of face is blackish, but cheeks are brownish fawn. Hindlegs are almost naked, with some white hair; tail has some whitish hair forming slight ridge in tip. Skull is broad and flat, with nasal tapering evenly back and finishing behind level antorbital bridge.</p><p>Habitat. Humid soil in piedmont and borders of forests in Tucuman.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006), Ortells (1995), Parada et al. (2011), Reig &amp; Kiblisky (1968), Reig et al. (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B18FFD4FA18FB0FF593F395	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B18FFD5FA05F0E3F744FC81.text	59304B441B18FFD5FA05F0E3F744FC81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys brasiliensis de Blainville 1826	<div><p>22.</p><p>Brazilian Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys brasiliensis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Brésil / German: Brasilien-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Brasil</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys brasiliensis de Blainville, 1826,</p><p>“des parties intérieures du Brésil de la province de Las Minas.” Corrected by C. J. Bidau in 2015 to “Minas, Lavalleja, Uruguay.”</p><p>H. M. D. de Blainville thought the type locality was Minas Gerais State in southeastern Brazil, which is outside of the currently known distribution of any species of Ctenomys, but C. brasiliensis was never collected again in that State. Using geometric morphometrics to compare skull of the C. brasiliensis holotype with those of similar species, and taking into account the tag information, it was possible to rediscover the type locality of C. brasiliensis .</p><p>There is no doubt that the specimen was collected in Minas in Lavalleja Department, Uruguay. Now, there are only populations of C. pearsoni in the area along the southern coast of Uruguay. Further studies should be made to better understand taxonomic relationship between the C. pearson: complex and C. brasiliensis —the type specimen for the genus that was collected in Uruguay and never occurred in southeastern Brazil. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Uruguay, known only from the type locality in Las Minas, Lavalleja Department.</p><p>Descriptive notes. There are no specific measurements available. The Brazilian Tucotuco is relatively large, but nothing has been published regarding its external morphol-Ogy Or appearance.</p><p>Habitat. Southern coast region of Uruguay.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available forthis species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), de Blainville (1826), Fernandes et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B18FFD5FA05F0E3F744FC81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B14FFD8FF02FD7CFE15F8CA.text	59304B441B14FFD8FF02FD7CFE15F8CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys dorbignyi Contreras & Contreras 1984	<div><p>23.</p><p>D’Orbigny’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys dorbignyi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de d'Orbigny / German: D'Orbigny-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de D'Orbigny</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys dorbigny J. R. Contreras &amp; A. N. C. Contreras, 1984,</p><p>“Paraje | Mbarigtii, Departamento Beron de Astrada, Provincia de Corrientes, a 27°33’ de latitud Sur y a 57°31" de longitud oeste,” Argentina, 54 m.</p><p>Ctenomys dorbignyi is now considered as belonging to the torquatusspecies group. Regarding taxonomic information and genetic structure of populations, there is some incongruence between C. dorbignyi C. perrensi, and C. roigi, because there are many cases of hybridization among populations and species. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 70 and FN = 80 to 84, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Argentina, patchily in Esteros del Ibera and Pampa regions in Corrientes and Entre Rios provinces.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 190-224 mm (average 206 mm), tail 86-99 mm (average 91 mm), hindfoot (with claw) 38-7-43 mm (average 40-4 mm); weight 269-376 g (average 331 g). D’Orbigny’s Tuco-tuco is relatively large. Dorsum is brown and fairly uniform overall. Venter is light, and there is no evidence of a collar. Skull is robust and moderately long, and rostrum is slightly enlarged and expanded. Upper incisors are moderately proodont. Compared with species of Ctenomys from Chaco, interorbital width of constriction and zygomatic breadth of D’Orbigny’s Tuco-tuco are proportionately smaller, and tympanic bullae are more developed.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy patches distributed among forests.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Litter size of D’Orbigny’s Tuco-tuco averages 1-3 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. D’Orbigny’s Tuco-tuco is solitary, with some suggestion of semi-sociality. Densities are higher in the southern part ofits distribution. Populations are affected by cycles of annual rainfall.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Cook &amp; Salazar-Bravo (2004), Garcia et al. (2000), Gimenez et al. (2002), Mirol et al. (2010), Ortells (1995), Ortells &amp; Barrantes (1994), Ortells et al. (1990), Parada etal. (2011), Reig et al. (1992), Vitullo &amp; Cook (1991).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B14FFD8FF02FD7CFE15F8CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B14FFD8FF08FB2FFD3BF3DE.text	59304B441B14FFD8FF08FB2FFD3BF3DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys ibicuiensis Freitas, Fernandes, Fornel & Roratto 2012	<div><p>24.</p><p>Ibicui Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys ibicuiensis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de | 'lbicui / German: Ibicui-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Ibicui</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys ibicuiensis Freitas et al., 2012,</p><p>“Manoel Viana, in central-western Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, 20°923°37” §, 55°25°43” W.”</p><p>Ctenomys ibicuiensis belongs to the torquatusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50 and FN = 68, and sperm form is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Brazil, known only from six sites, four in Manoel Viana and two in Macambara municipalities, W Rio Grande do Sul State.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length average 234 mm,tail average 75 mm, hindfoot average 37 mm (with claws) and 33 mm (without claws); weight average 200 g. The Ibicui Tuco-tuco is small.</p><p>Habitat. Sand dunes and grasslands at an average elevation of ¢.200 m. Habitats of the Ibicui Tuco-tuco are now degraded by agricultural activities and desertification.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Ibicui Tuco-tuco generally feeds on grass and bushes.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding of the Ibicui Tuco-tuco occurs in June-December, and litter sizes are 1-3 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Ibicui Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Ibicui Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red List. It has a narrow geographic distribution in a small area (around 500 km?) thatis suffering from anthropogenic pressure, so it could be considered threatened.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Freitas et al. (2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B14FFD8FF08FB2FFD3BF3DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B14FFD8FF36F03AF721F946.text	59304B441B14FFD8FF36F03AF721F946.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys lami Freitas 2001	<div><p>25.</p><p>Lami Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys lami</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Lami / German: Lami-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Lami</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys lami Freitas, 2001,</p><p>“Beco dos Cegos, Lami Beach in the Guaiba river, near Porto Alegre, at 30°14" §S, 51°07’ W,” Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil .</p><p>Ctenomys lami has 2n = 54, 55a, 55b, 56a, 56b 57, and 58 and FN = 76-82. Based on mtDNA analysis,it is classified as belonging to the torquatusspecies group. Phylogeographic pattern was determined, showing a relationship with diploid number variation; 18 haplotypes were found in 166 specimens. Sperm form is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Brazil, distributed in the region known as “Coxilha da [L.ombas,” Rio Grande do Sul State.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 231-310 mm, tail 67-92 mm, hindfoot 31-42 mm; weight 170-307 g. Measurements of the holotype were: total length 257 mm, tail 79 mm, ear 8 mm, hindfoot 36 mm; weight 370 g. The Lami Tuco-tuco is medium to large-sized. Dorsum is dark brownish, with each hair dark grayish basally and brownish near tip. Ventral pelage is paler. Skull is wide, and braincase is oval-shaped, measuring one-third length ofskull. In dorsal view, nasal bones are wide anteriorly and taper posteriorly; frontal has flat surface from interorbital constriction to posterior region; and frontoparietal suture is round. Zygomatic arch is square and robust. Mandible has long and narrow coronoid process. Upperincisors are large and orthodont and have orange enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils in lowlands characterized by pastures and anthropogenic vegetation.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Lami Tuco-tuco generally feeds on grasses and bushes.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding of the Lami Tuco-tuco occurs in June-December, and litter sizes are 1-3 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Lami Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Lami Tuco-tuco is less than 20,000 km? (known from less than five locations), and extent and quality ofits habitat are declining.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Cook &amp; Salazar-Bravo (2004), El Jundi &amp; Freitas (2004), Freitas (1995a, 2001, 2006, 2007), Gava &amp; Freitas (2003), Lopes &amp; Freitas (2012), Parada et al. (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B14FFD8FF36F03AF721F946	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B14FFD9FA03FA92FED1FD9B.text	59304B441B14FFD9FA03FA92FED1FD9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys minutus Nehring 1887	<div><p>26.</p><p>Minute Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys minutus</p><p>French: Petit Tuco-tuco / German: Kleine Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco diminuto</p><p>Other common names: Tiny Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys minutus Nehring, 1887,</p><p>“stammen aus den ‘Campos’, welche sich ostlich von Mundo Novo.” Restricted by A. Langguth and A. Abella in 1970 to the oceanic coast at a resort near the mouth of the Rio Tramandahy, 98 km E of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.</p><p>Ctenomys minutus can be classified in the torquatus-species group based on mtDNA and in the Eastern group based on biogeography. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 42, 46, 48, and 50 in two systems (A and B) and FN = 68-80. It has the highest chromosomal variability, with 45 different karyotypes recorded. Twelve haplo-groups have been found, formed by 52 haplotypes. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Brazil, coastal plains from Laguna Beach, in Santa Catarina State, to Sao José do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul State.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 141 mm (males) and 157 mm (females), tail 74 mm, hindfoot 32 mm, and weight 193 g. The Minute Tuco-tuco is mediumsized. Overall color varies from medium to dark brown dorsally and light brown ventrally. Young individuals are usually paler than adults. Upper incisors are slightly proodont; auditory bullae are enlarged, but anteroposterior is constricted; interorbital region is proportionally broad; and braincase has weakly developed parasagittal ridge.</p><p>Habitat. Grasslands and dunes in areas near sea level.</p><p>Food and Feeding. In a study that used DNA meta-barcoding to compare diets of two species that are sympatric, 13 plant families were identified in diets of Minute Tucotucos, mainly Poaceae, Araliaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae . These data suggested that the Minute Tuco-tuco was a generalist, with preferences for species of Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Araliaceae .</p><p>Breeding. Mating of the Minute Tuco-tuco occurs in July—October. Births start in September and end in December—January. Gestation is ¢.90 days, and individuals reach sexual maturity in c.6 months.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Minute Tuco-tuco is solitary. Densities are 7-42 ind/ha, and adult sex ratios are biased toward females.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), da Fonseca (2003), Freitas (1995a, 1997 2005, 2006), Freygang et al. (2004), Gava &amp; Freitas (2002), Langguth &amp; Abella (1970), Lopes, De Barba et al. (2015), Lopes, Ximenes et al. (2013), Nehring (1900a), Parada et al. (2011), Rebelato (2006), Reig et al. (1966), Rocha-Barbosa et al. (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B14FFD9FA03FA92FED1FD9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B15FFD9FF2BFEE3FB07F681.text	59304B441B15FFD9FF2BFEE3FB07F681.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys pearsoni Lessa & Langguth 1983	<div><p>27.</p><p>Pearson’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys pearsoni</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Pearson / German: Pearson-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Pearson</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys pearsoni Lessa &amp; Langguth, 1983,</p><p>“Arroyo Limetas, 25 km SE de Carmelo, Dep. Colonia, Uruguay.”</p><p>Based on biogeography, Ctenomys pearsoni is classified in the Corrientes group and the torquatusspecies group based on mtD-NA. Phylogeographic pattern was determined, and there is no relationship with chromosomalvariation. Based on geometric morphometrics, no relationship was found between chromosomal rearrangements and skull shape. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 56, 58, 64, 66, and 70, and sperm type is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Uruguay (from the locality of Rocha, Rocha Department, to Colonia, Colonia Department).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 245-277 mm, tail 72-82 mm; weight 165-300 g. Pearson’s Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Body color is similar to that of the Collared Tuco-tuco ( C. torquatus), and both species have light half-collar. Skull of Pearson’s Tuco-tuco is relatively narrow, depressed, and elongated. Dorsal surfaces of frontals are almost flat from interorbital constriction level toward back. Rostrum is narrow and elongated, and incisors are markedly proodont. Bullae are elongated and project behind occipital condyles. Small but clear cranial differences distinguish Pearson’s Tuco-tuco from other tuco-tucos, such as the Collared Tuco-tuco that it strongly resembles. Penal morphology of Pearson’s Tuco-tuco is very distinct from other tuco-tucos: paddle-shaped, single-tipped baculum that is wider, shorter, and better defined than those of other tuco-tucos.</p><p>Habitat. Coastal sandy fields or near river mouths along the coast of Uruguay.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Pearson’s Tuco-tuco feeds on grasses, and it is coprophagic.</p><p>Breeding. Pearson’s Tuco-tuco is polygynous, and reproduction occurs in winter (July— September). Maternal care is highly developed. Young are weaned in ¢.2 months. Females reproduce in their birth year.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pearson’s Tuco-tuco is solitary and territorial and shows aggressive behavior.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of Pearson’s Tuco-tuco is thought to be less than 20,000 km?2, butit is adaptable and currently survives in disturbed habitats and tolerates development in beaches and agriculture. If threats continue, conservation status of Pearson’s Tucotuco could be Vulnerable.</p><p>Bibliography. Altuna &amp; Lessa (1985), Altuna, Bacigalupe &amp; Corte (1998), Altuna, Francescoli et al. (1999), Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), D’Anatro &amp; D’Elia (2011), Francescoli (2001, 2002), Garcia et al. (2000), Novello &amp; Lessa (1986), Novello et al. (1996), Parada et al. (2011), Tomasco &amp; Lessa (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B15FFD9FF2BFEE3FB07F681	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B15FFD9FF2EF5D3F9F1FE27.text	59304B441B15FFD9FF2EF5D3F9F1FE27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys perrensi Thomas 1896	<div><p>28.</p><p>Perrens’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys perrensi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Perrens / German: Corrientes-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Perrens</p><p>Other common names: Goya Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys perrensi Thomas, 1896,</p><p>“Goya, Corrientes,” Departamento Goya, Argentina .</p><p>Although based on mtDNA, C. perrensi can be classified in the torquatusspecies group; according to biogeography, it has been considered as part of the Corrientes group. Karyotype is 2n = 50, 54, 56 and 58, and sperm form is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Argentina (W Corrientes Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 230-270 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Perrens’s Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. General coloris dark buff or clay. Along medial line that extends from face down back, pelage is mixed with black. Under surfaces are rich buff from throat to belly, and upper surfaces of hands and feet have thin white hair. Skull is short skull, broad, and rounded, without many crests; interorbital region is short and wide; and postorbital process is underdeveloped. Upper incisors are opisthodont, forming circle that is smaller than in most other tuco-tucos.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Mean littersize of Perrens’s Tuco-tuco is 2-4 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Perrens’s Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Garcia et al. (2000), Lanzone et al. (2007), Medina et al. (2007), Ortells (1995), Ortells &amp; Barrantes (1994), Ortells et al. (1990), Parada et al. (2011), Reig et al. (1992), Thomas (1896).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B15FFD9FF2EF5D3F9F1FE27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B15FFD9FA2FFE33F5DFF622.text	59304B441B15FFD9FA2FFE33F5DFF622.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys roigi J. R. Contreras 1988	<div><p>29.</p><p>Roig’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys roigi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Roig / German: Roig-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Roig</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys roigi J. R. Contreras, 1988,</p><p>“Procedente de Costa Mansion, | 10km. al sur de Empedrado, Departamento Empedrado, Provincia de Corrientes, 28°02’ S, 58°49’ W, 60 m,” Argentina .</p><p>Based on biogeography, C. roigi is considered as belonging to the Corrientes group; based on molecular aspects,it is classified in the forquatusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 48 and FN = 76, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NE Argentina, known only from a region about 36 km along the Parana River in Corrientes Province.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 260-299 mm (average 277-8 mm), head-body 176 200 mm (average 198-1 mm), tail 76-99 mm (average 88-7 mm), hindfoot with claw 34-5-43-8 mm (average 38-6 mm); weight 175-5-278-8 g (average 231-1 g). Roig’s Tuco-tuco is relatively large. Head-body length of males is, on average, 105% more than that of females. Such sexual dimorphism also occurs with body weight; males are 131% heavier than females. Dorsum is brownish, tawnier on back, and clay on flanks, becoming gradually lighter from head to rump. Venter is cinnamon, with pale creamy wash and axillary and inguinal white spots on most individuals. Head has dark area stretching from nose to neck, more accentuated in worn than newly molted pelage. Legs and feet are almost white, and tail is sparsely covered with hair and moderately bicolored. Roig’s Tuco-tuco does not show typical light collar on other species of tuco-tucos. Skull is robust, solid, and strong, equipped with only moderately expanded tympanic bullae not visible in dorsal view. Zygomatic arch is strong, with large breadth across arches; rostrum is short and robust, with very broad nasal bones. Upperincisors are markedly proodont. Baculum is small and spatula-shaped, with flat and rougher ventral face and slightly convex dorsalface.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy loam soils, sometimes in areas overgrazed by cattle.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Roig’s Tuco-tuco feeds from within its burrow on tubers, roots, and basal stems of grasses. Rather than venturing out of their burrows, individuals pull surrounding vegetation into the burrow and consume it underground.</p><p>Breeding. Reproduction of Roig’s Tuco-tuco occurs during austral spring and summer, with 50% of females pregnant or lactating in October. By December, 40% of young are offspring-of-the-year. Litter size appears to be quite small, averaging slightly over one young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available forthis species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roig’s Tuco-tucos are solitary, living in adjacent burrows.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of Roig’s Tuco-tuco is less than 100 km2, and its area of occupancy is less than 10 km? All individuals are in four localities—Colonia Brougnes, Costa Mansion, Empedrado, and Estancia Yacireti—and there is continuing decline in extent and quality of its habitat.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006, 2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Giménez, Bidau &amp; Searle (2001), Giménez, Mirol et al. (2002), Ortells (1995), Ortells &amp; Barrantes (1994), Ortells et al. (1990), Parada et al. (2011), Reig et al. (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B15FFD9FA2FFE33F5DFF622	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B15FFDEFA21F637FEFEFB91.text	59304B441B15FFDEFA21F637FEFEFB91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys torquatus Lichtenstein 1830	<div><p>30.</p><p>Collared Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys torquatus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco a collier / German: Halsbandkammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de collar</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys torquatus Lichtenstein, 1830 .</p><p>“Das Vaterland dieses Thiers sind die stdlichen Provinzen Brasiliens und die Ufer des Uruguay, wo es malwurfartig unter der Erde lebt.” As summarized by C. J. Bidau in 2015, the actual type locality is still uncertain.</p><p>Ctenomys torquatus was initially classified in the Eastern group, based on biogeography; results from molecular phylogeny analysis placed it in the ftorquatusspecies group. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 40, 42, 44 and 46 and FN = 72, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Brazil (S Rio Grande do Sul State) to N &amp; C Uruguay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 167-230 mm (males) and 152-200 mm (females), tail 55— 85 mm (males) and 60-83 mm (females), hindfoot 28-35 mm (males) and 29-33 mm (females). These data for two Uruguayan samples show differences between males and females. No specific data are available for body weight. The Collared Tuco-tuco is small-sized. Dorsum is brownish orange, becoming lighter toward sides; venter is pale brownish orange, with inguinal and axillary whitish spots. Typical collar is pale brownish orange; white spots are also present below and behind ears. Melanistic individuals occur in some populations. Skull is more curved than that of the Minute Tuco-tuco (C. minutus). Dorsal surface of frontal and parietal bones show small bulges and temporal ridges that converge near midline posteriorly without forming sagittal crest. Upper incisors are more proodont than those of the Minute Tuco-tuco. Baculum of the Collared Tuco-tuco is relatively short, with mean length of 0-64 cm and rounded proximal and distal tips.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils in open fields and fields with gallery forests of the Pampas ecoregion. The Collared Tuco-tuco is common in cultivated fields, pastures, and even vacant lots in the city of Montevideo.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. Gestation of the Collared Tuco-tuco is ¢.107 days, and females give birth to 2-3 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Collared Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Freitas (1995a, 2006), Freitas &amp; Lessa (1984), Goncalves &amp; Freitas (2009), Goncalves et al. (2012), Kiblisky et al. (1977), Langguth &amp; Abella (1970), Lichtenstein (1830), Medina et al. (2007), Parada et al. (2011), Reig &amp; Kiblisky (1969), Reig et al. (1966), Rocha-Barbosa et al. (2013), Roratto et al. (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B15FFDEFA21F637FEFEFB91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B12FFDEFF02F8E4FCF9F5F9.text	59304B441B12FFDEFF02F8E4FCF9F5F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys pundti Nehring 1900	<div><p>31.</p><p>Pundt’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys pundti</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Pundt / German: Pundt-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Pundt</p><p>Other common names: Small Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys pundti Nehring, 1900,</p><p>“Alejo Ledesma im Suden der Provinz Cordoba,” Argentina, 33°38’ S, 62°37 W, 113 m.</p><p>Ctenomys pundti was initially classified in the Ancestral group based on biogeography, and based on mtDNA analysis, it was later classified in the talarum-species group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50 and FN = 84, and sperm is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NC Argentina (Cordoba and San Luis provinces).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 170 mm, tail 43 mm, hindfoot (with claw) 20 mm (measurements for the specimen used by A. Nehring in his description). Nevertheless, fully mature specimens were collected with head-body 144-157 mm (males) and 133-138 mm (females), and some weighed less than 100 g. Pundt’s Tuco-tuco is one of the smallest species of Ctenomys . Upper parts are yellowish brown, and under parts are whitish gray. Forefeet and hindfeet are whitish above. Tail is bicolored, blackish above and whitish below. Dorsal hairs have yellow-brown tips and dark blue-gray bases. Skull is small, and occipital is not sharp-edged but rounded, reflecting weak development of lambdoidal crest. Upper incisors are proodont, and bullae are greatly expanded and ventrally rounded. Many other characteristics of Pundt’s Tuco-tuco are small-sized.</p><p>Habitat. Grassland, savanna, and shrubland plains in the Pampas and Argentine Espinal ecoregions.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006, 2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Ipucha et al. (2008), Medina et al. (2007), Nehring (1900b), Parada et al. (2011), Reig et al. (1992), Tiranti et al. (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B12FFDEFF02F8E4FCF9F5F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B12FFDEFF0FF61BF5D3FA26.text	59304B441B12FFDEFF0FF61BF5D3FA26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys talarum Thomas 1898	<div><p>32.</p><p>Talas Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys talarum</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco des talas / German: La-Plata-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Las Talas</p><p>Other common names: Los Talas Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys talarum Thomas, 1898,</p><p>“Las Talas, Ensenada, La Plata,” Rio de La Plata, Estancia Fortin Chacabuco, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 34°52’ S, 57°53’ Ww .</p><p>Ctenomys talarum was initially classified in the Ancestral group based on biogeography, and based on mtDNA analysis, it was classified in the talarumspecies group.</p><p>Phylogeographic pattern was determined, and 46 haplotypes were found. Ctenomys talarum has a variable karyotype of 2n = 44 to 48, and sperm is symmetric. Three subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.t.talarumThomas,1898—coastalsanddunesfromNecocheatoPuntaAlta,SBuenosAiresProvince,Argentina.</p><p>C.t.antoniiRusconi,1928—coastalNBuenosAiresProvince,Argentina.</p><p>C. t. occidentalisJusto, 1992 — La Pampa Province, Argentina.</p><p>Sparse populations of unknown subspecific status occur inland in Buenos Aires and possibly La Pampa provinces.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 212-254 mm (average 233-4 mm), tail 56-75 mm (average 66-7 mm). No specific data are available for body weight. The Talas Tuco-tuco is small-sized; the three subspecies are similar in size and with the same degree of sexual dimorphism. Overall color is dark hazel to grayish red, with prominent axillary white spots. White spot is clearly noticeable at lower edge of ears. Distinguishing features include mastoid breadth being less than zygomatic breadth and conspicuous interpremaxillary foramen. In a sample of twelve specimens, baculum was short, narrow, and not expanded at each end, with mean length of 6-4 mm, proximal width of 1-3 mm, and distal width of 0-9 mm.</p><p>Habitat. Natural grasslands on coastalcliffs and dune formations, with loamy soils and mixed grasses and shrubs.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Talas Tuco-tuco preferentially forages on grasses, in particular Bromus unioloides ( Poaceae).</p><p>Breeding. Breeding of the Talas Tuco-tuco occurs in austral spring, and births occur in October-December, depending upon locality. Some populations appear to have bimodal reproductive cycle. Gestation lasts 95-102 days. Average litter size is 4-1 young. Some individuals reach sexual maturity in their birth year. Male home ranges are c.50% larger than those of females. New individuals quickly colonized vacant burrows, suggesting dispersing transients.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Talas Tuco-tuco is solitary, and only one individual occupies a burrow. Sex ratios are equal, but resident populations can have an excess of females. Densities can be quite high, reaching more than 200 ind/ha.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Bidau et al. (2000), Cutrera et al. (2006), Garcia et al. (2000), Justo et al. (2003), Kiblisky &amp; Reig (1966), Massarini, Barros et al. (1995), Massarini, Mizrahi et al. (2002), Medina et al. (2007), Mora et al. (2013), Ortells (1995), Rossi et al. (1995), Vidal-Rioja (1985), Vitullo et al. (1988), Zenuto et al. (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B12FFDEFF0FF61BF5D3FA26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B12FFDFFA06FA4FFAE0FE0E.text	59304B441B12FFDFFA06FA4FFAE0FE0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys flamarioni Travi 1981	<div><p>33.</p><p>Flamarion’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys flamarioni</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Flamarion / German: Flamarion-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Flamarion</p><p>Other common names: Tuco-tuco of the Dunes</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys flamarioni Travi, 1981,</p><p>“Fazenda Cacapava, Estacao Ecologica do Taim, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.”</p><p>Ctenomys flamarioni is included in the mendocinus-species group, based both on phylogenetic analysis with mtDNA and biogeography. Like C. australis, it lives in the first line of dunes on beaches. Ctenomys flamarioni is the same color as C. australis, light almost white. As with C. australis, the karyotype of C. flamarioni is 2n = 48, but FN varies from 50 to 78. Variation is due to constitutive heterochromatin in small arm chromosomes. In the north, its distribution overlaps with that of C. minutus, which occupies sand dunes to the north in Laguna, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Brazil, restricted to the coastal dunes of Rio Grande do Sul State, from Arroio do Sal (29°33°05” S and 49°52°53” W) S to Chui Beach (33°44’46” S and 53°22’ 54” W) and the Rio Chui; possibly also in coastal S Santa Catarina State and N Uruguay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 247-4 mm,tail 74 mm, hindfoot (without claw) 42 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Flamarion’s Tuco-tuco is medium to large-sized. Fur is dark gray at base and varies at upper middle from almost white in flanks and neck and clear brown on dorsum. Overall pelage is sandy, soft, dense, fine, and a little disarranged. Skin of tail and feetis visibly rose colored; they are recovered by sparse short white hairs, concentrated in upper and lower of one-third distal part of tail. Tail is compressed laterally. Fingers have sequences of white long hard hairs, distributed in comb form, increasing area of contact between foot and soil. Hand has two additional muscular appendices in opposition to fingers; one of them is capable of handling and cleaning food.</p><p>Habitat. First line of dunes in the seashore.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Flamarion’s Tuco-tuco forages primarily on grasses ( Poaceae) and sedges ( Cyperaceae).</p><p>Breeding. Female Flamarion’s Tuco-tucos can be reproductively active throughout the year but most commonly in autumn, less so in winter, and not in spring. Lactating females were most commonly found in summer. Pregnant females generally have 1-2 embryos, and gestation is ¢.120 days. Mating system has been described as polygynous.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Flamarion’s Tuco-tucos is solitary. Male territories are nearly five times larger than those of females, and adult sex ratio is slightly biased toward females. Burrow systems are quite long and longer for males than females. Average burrow depth is ¢.30 cm.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Flamarion’s Tuco-tuco is highly endemic to sand dune ecosystems. It has been included in the National List of Species of the Brazilian Endangered Fauna as vulnerable. Genetics, demographics, and ecological requirements of Flamarion’s Tuco-tuco need to be studied to establish appropriate management to counteract risk of extinction.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Cook &amp; Salazar-Bravo (2004), Fernandes et al. (2007), Fernandez-Stolz et al. (2007), Freitas (1994, 1995a, 1995b), Kubiak et al. (2015), Massarini &amp; Freitas (2005), Parada et al. (2011), Stolz (2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B12FFDFFA06FA4FFAE0FE0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B13FFDFFF54FE6AFAF0F7AD.text	59304B441B13FFDFFF54FE6AFAF0F7AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys mendocinus Philippi 1869	<div><p>34.</p><p>Mendoza Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys mendocinus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Mendoza / German: Mendoza-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Mendoza</p><p>Taxonomy. Citenomys mendocinus Philippi, 1869,</p><p>“Mendoza,” Province of Mendoza, 32°53’ §, 68°49’ W, Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomys mendocinus has always been classified in the mendocinusspecies group based on biogeography and molecular methodologies. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 48 or 50 and FN = 68-80, and sperm is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. WC Argentina, E of the Andes in Mendoza, San Luis, and La Pampa provinces.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Body length average 262-1 mm (males) and 247-3 mm (females), tail average 82-2 mm (males) and 77-4 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Mendoza Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum varies from light brown to grayish red, with transverse waves of dark hair that vanish in paler venter. Tail is whitish and has median dorsal stripe of longer hair. Feet are covered with thin and white hair. Cranialfeatures include wide rostrum, parietals prominently ridged without sagittal crest, well-developed lambdoid crest,jugals with prominent dorsally projected processes, enlarged infraorbital foramen with no canal for nerve transmission, and large bullae with flat and closely pressed paroccipital processes. Mandible has moderately developed coronoid. Upperincisors are almost orthodont and dark orange.</p><p>Habitat. Semiarid to arid grassland and shrub-woodland communities, dominated by Prosopis (Fabaceae) and Larrea (Zygophyllaceae) and with sandy and gravelly soils in the Argentine Low Monte ecoregion, at elevations of 174-3400 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Mendoza Tuco-tucos prefer to eat grasses to other low vegetation. They often forage aboveground and assume bipedal stance, apparently scanning.</p><p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Mendoza Tuco-tuco occurs in July-March. Gestation is c.95 days; mean littersize is 2-8 young. Individuals reach sexual maturity in the breeding season after their birth. Sex ratios are equal, and life expectancy is c.2 years.</p><p>Activity patterns. Mendoza Tuco-tucos are active above and below ground.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mendoza Tuco-tucos are solitary and strongly territorial. They construct linear burrows; male burrows are longer (51 cm) than female burrows (22 cm).</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Albanese et al. (2010), Bidau (2015), Busch et al. (2000), Camin (2010), Camin et al. (1995), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Mascheretti et al. (2000), Massarini et al. (1991), Medina et al. (2007), Ortells (1995), Parada et al. (2011), Rosi, Cona &amp; Roig (2002), Rosi, Cona, Roig, Massarini &amp; Verzi (2005), Vitullo et al. (1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B13FFDFFF54FE6AFAF0F7AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B13FFDFFF28F4CBF630FE5B.text	59304B441B13FFDFFF28F4CBF630FE5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys porteousi Thomas 1916	<div><p>35.</p><p>Cinnamon Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys porteousi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Porteous / German: Zimtfarbene Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco canela</p><p>Other common names: Porteous’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys porteousi Thomas, 1916,</p><p>“Bonifacio, SSW. Buenos Ayres Province, about 36°49’ S, 62° W.”</p><p>Ctenomys porteousi belongs to the mendocinus-species group based on biogeography and mtDNA phylogeny. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46-48 and FN = 71-73, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Twelve different haplotypes have been found, determining a phylogeographic pattern. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. EC Argentina (W Buenos Aires Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 174-205 mm (average 186 mm), tail 68-89 mm (average 77 mm), hindfoot 28-33 mm (average 30 mm); weight 115-240 g (average 192 g). The Cinnamon Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum is generally cinnamon-brown, lined with black. Mid-dorsum is dark, sometimes black, but not well defined. Top of muzzle and crown are black, and under parts are near grape-buff or drab, with hairs having dark slate bases. Upper surfaces of hands and feet are buffy whitish. Tail is dull whitish or pale brown, with darker terminal crest. Skull is large skull, with smooth crown; parietal ridges are imperceptible. Incisive foramina are medium-sized, and bullae are large. Upper incisors are proodont, with dark orange enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Pampa ecoregion.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Contreras &amp; Reig (1965), Mapelli et al. (2012), Massarini, Barros et al. (1991), Massarini, Dopazo et al. (1992), Parada et al. (2011), Vitullo et al. (1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B13FFDFFF28F4CBF630FE5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B13FFDFFA28FDA1F681F622.text	59304B441B13FFDFFA28FDA1F681F622.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys rionegrensis Langguth & Abella 1970	<div><p>36.</p><p>Rio Negro Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys rionegrensis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Rio Negro / German: Rio-Negro-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Rio Negro</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys rionegrensis Langguth &amp; Abella, 1970,</p><p>“Balneario Las Canas, boca del Arroyo Las Canas, 7 km al Sudoeste de Fray Bentos, Rio Negro, Uruguay,” c. 100 m, 33°06’ S, 58°20’ W.</p><p>Ctenomys rionegrensis was first classified in the Eastern group based on biogeography, and based on mtDNA, it was classified in the mendocinusspecies group. It was initially considered a subspecies of C. minutus . Its karyotype was described as 2n = b0, but there is chromosomal variation from 40 to 56 that includes species from Argentine and Uruguay. Morphometric variation was studied in C. rionegrensis in relation to geographical distribution, and no correlation between geographical and morphological distances was found. Sperm morphology is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SW Uruguay (Rio Negro Department) and NE Argentina (Entre Rios Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 178-190 mm (males) and 162-190 mm (females), tail 71-83 mm (males) and 65-83 mm (females), hindfoot 30-33 mm (males) and 29-33 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Rio Negro Tuco-tuco is relatively small. Greatest skull length is 45-9-47-9 mm (males) and 41-44-6 mm (females), and condylobasal length is 41-42-8 mm (males) and 37-1-40 mm (females). Dorsal color varies extensively: light brownish orange, darkbacked, or melanistic individuals to “agouti” individuals, with small yellow paraunicular spots and yellowish venters. There are no axillary or inguinal spots. Bases of all body hairs are dark gray. Tail is bicolored, with dorsal dark brown line along its length. From above, sides of rostrum are parallel, and temporal crests of parietal are almost parallel. Frontal and parietal have flat dorsal faces. The most external point of zygomatic arch is near its posterior end; vertex of mandibular process of zygoma 1s more rostral with respect to vertex of frontal process; longitudinal crest running along external surface of zygomatic bone is almost straight. Upper incisors are opisthodont.</p><p>Habitat. Sand dunes between Rio Negro and Rio Uruguay.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Rio Negro Tuco-tuco likely feeds on annual grasses and woody shrubs.</p><p>Breeding. Reproduction of the Rio Negro Tuco-tuco is seasonal, with mating in austral autumn. First litters are born in early spring.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although the Rio Negro Tuco-tuco is not social like the Colonial Tuco-tuco (C. sociabilis), many individuals were captured in the same burrow. Telemetry studies suggest solitary behavior, but the Rio Negro Tuco-tuco might have an intermediary social pattern. Densities are quite high, reaching 40 ind/ha.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered species on The [UCN Red List. Populations of Rio Negro Tuco-tucos from Argentina and Uruguay are separated by the Uruguay River.</p><p>Bibliography. Altuna &amp; Lessa (1985), Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), D'Elia et al. (1998), D’Anatro &amp; Lessa (2006), Garcia et al. (2000), Kiblisky et al. (1977), Lacey (2000), Lacey et al. (1997), Parada et al. (2011), Reig et al. (1992), Rossi et al. (1995), Tassino et al. (2011), Wlasiuk et al. (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B13FFDFFA28FDA1F681F622	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B13FFDCFA22F632FAD2FB0C.text	59304B441B13FFDCFA22F632FAD2FB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys australis Rusconi 1934	<div><p>37.</p><p>Dune Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys australis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco austral / German: Dinenkammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco austral</p><p>Other common names: Southern Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys australis Rusconi, 1934,</p><p>“Necochea (F.C.S.), Provincia de Buenos Aires,” 38°33’ §, 58°45’ W, 10 m.</p><p>Chromosomal complement of Ctenomys australis is 2n = 46-48 and FN = 76 and 80, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Ctenomys australis belongs to the mendocinus-species group based both on biogeography and molecular phylogeny, and it is also very similar to C. flamarioni, with the same diploid number, sperm form, and pattern of G, Cand NOR-chromosome bands. Phylogeographic pattern was determined for C. australis using mtDNA control region (D-loop) sequences, showing 24 haplotypes. These data suggests recent population expansion. Ctenomys australis is sympatric with C. talarum recessus, but both species occupy different types of soil and vegetation. Clenomys australis lives in areas with sparse vegetation in sandy and deep soils, while C. talarum inhabits areas with dense vegetation in compact and shallow soils. Thus, these species are segregated relative to selection of microhabitats, differing in relation to soil and vegetation characteristics. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. CE Argentina, along the Atlantic coast in S Buenos Aires Province.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 212-215 mm, tail 96-103 mm, hindfoot 41-43 mm; weight 349-366 g. The Dune Tuco-tuco is light-colored and medium to large-sized. Skull is longer and broader than that of the Brazilian Tuco-tuco ( C. brasiliensis), but zygomatic arch and interorbital width are smaller. Rostrum and mandible are robust, and incisors are very narrow.</p><p>Habitat. First dunes of beaches but also second-line of dunes, in areas with rare vegetation, along the Atlantic coast of southern Argentina in the Pampa ecoregion. Where the Dune Tuco-tuco is sympatric with the Talas Tuco-tuco (C. talarum), it appears to exclude the Talas Tuco-tuco from these dune areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Dune Tuco-tucos primarily forages on aerial vegetation, particularly grasses (up to 97% of diets).</p><p>Breeding. Meanlitter size of the Dune Tuco-tuco is 2-9 young. Adult sex ratio is female biased.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Dune Tuco-tuco is solitary. Up to 75% of population might be adults, and older individuals appear to be less likely to disperse.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Apfelbaum et al. (1991), Bidau (2015), Busch et al. (2000), Comparatore et al. (1992), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Cutrera et al. (2010), Freitas (1994, 1995a), Malizia et al. (1991), Massarini &amp; Freitas (2005), Massarini et al. (1991), Mora, Lessa et al. (2006), Mora, Mapelli et al. (2010), Parada et al. (2011), Vitullo et al. (1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B13FFDCFA22F632FAD2FB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B10FFDCFF06F968FE29F5D1.text	59304B441B10FFDCFF06F968FE29F5D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys colburni J. A. Allen 1903	<div><p>38.</p><p>White-bellied Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys colburni</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Colburn / German: Colburn-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de vientre blanco</p><p>Other common names: Colburn’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys colburni J. A. Allen, 1903,</p><p>“Arroyo Ayke, in the basaly canyons, 50 miles southeast of Lake Buenos Ayres, Patagonia,” (46°40’S, 70°30°W, ¢.500 m high), Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomys colburni belongs to the Patagonian group relative to its biogeography and to the magellanicusspecies group by molecular phylogeny. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50 and FN = 70, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patagonian Argentina, known only from a few localities in W Rio Negro and N Santa Cruz provinces.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body average 161 mm (males) and 146 mm (females), tail average 71 mm (males) and 63 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The White-bellied Tuco-tuco is medium to small-sized. Dorsum is yellowish gray, strongly suffused with fulvous vs. black. Color varies among individuals, mainly due to presence or absence of dorsaltail stripe. When present,it can be only mild trace or strongly developed black stripe.</p><p>Habitat. Dry Chaco ecoregion of Cordoba at elevations of ¢.1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The White-bellied Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data deficient on The IUCN Red Last.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Gallardo (1991), Gardner et al. (2014), Kelt &amp; Gallardo (1994), Parada et al. (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B10FFDCFF06F968FE29F5D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B10FFDCFF03F625FA60FB29.text	59304B441B10FFDCFF03F625FA60FB29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys coyhaiquensis Kelt & Gallardo 1994	<div><p>39.</p><p>Coyhaique Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys coyhaiquensis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Coyhaique / German: Coyhaique-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Coyhaique</p><p>Other common names: Coyahique Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys coyhaiquensis Kelt &amp; Gallardo, 1994,</p><p>“2 km S from Chile Chico and 1 km W Chile Chico aerédromo, Provincia General Carrera, XI Region de Aisen [= Aysén], Chile. 46°33’S, 71°46’W, 330 m.”</p><p>Ctenomys coyhaiquensis belongs to the Chilean group relative to its biogeography but to the magellanicusspecies group based on mtDNA. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 28 and FN = 44, and sperm form is asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Chilean Patagonia (Aysén Region), where it is known only from the type locality and from 4-5 km south-east of Coyhaique; it may also occur in nearby Argentina.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 195-264 mm, tail 60-81 mm, hindfoot 28-34 mm; weight 72-182 g. The Coyhaique Tuco-tuco is small. Fur is tawny brown, washed with yellow and black. Dorsal fur has two types of hair: long and black, scattered throughout back or tricolored with dark gray base, buff medial band, and black tips. In central portion, color is cinnamon buff, and tips are black. Mid-dorsal region is darker, as in many species of tuco-tucos. Dorsal color fades toward ventral region where hairs are bicolored dark gray proximally and pale buff or ocherous buff distally. Tail is bicolored, with darker dorsal color extending ventrally toward end. Skull of the Coyhaique Tucotuco, as in most species of Ctenomys, has four kidney-shaped molariform teeth, large orange proodont incisors, and slightly resistant zygomatic arches, hearing capacity, and auditory canal extending laterally slightly beyond zygomatic arches. Mandible is characterized by heavy condyloid process, short coronoid process, but large and wideangle process extending laterally.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy or rocky soils with sparse shrub and herbaceous communities. At high elevations, the Coyhaique Tuco-tuco transitions into gravelly soils with bunchgrasses.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Coyhaique Tuco-tuco was first reported by M. H. Gallardo and colleagues in 1996 to be an example of loss of genetic variation after the eruption of Hudson Volcano in southern Chile in 1991. Mean heterozygosity pre-eruption was 7-2% and decreased after eruption to 1-:3%, as well as the polymorphism and the number ofalleles.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Kelt &amp; Gallardo (1994), Gallardo et al. (1996), Parada et al. (2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B10FFDCFF03F625FA60FB29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B10FFDCFA19F94DF8D2F57A.text	59304B441B10FFDCFA19F94DF8D2F57A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys fodax Thomas 1910	<div><p>40.</p><p>Lago Blanco Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys fodax</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Lago Blanco / German: Lago-Blanco-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco del Lago Blanco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys fodax Thomas, 1910,</p><p>“Valle del Lago Blanco, Cordillera region of Southern Chubut, Patagonia (about 46° S., 71° W.).” Restricted by U. F. J. Pardinas and colleagues in 2007 to “Estancia Valle Huemules, Departamento Rio Senguer, Chubut, Argentina (46°57" S, 71°31 W, 575:m).”</p><p>Based on biogeography, C. fodax was initially classified in the Patagonian group and later in the magellanicusspecies group, based on mtDNA. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 28 and FN = 38, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patagonian Argentina (SW Chubut Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 260 mm, tail 98 mm, hindfoot (without claw) 40 mm (all measurements from the adult male holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. The Lago Blanco Tuco-tuco is one of the largest species of tuco-tucos. Pelage is soft; dorsum is usually cinnamon. Skull is large and bowed; nasals are wide in front, resulting in large rostral appearance, extending posteriorly to fronto-premaxillary processes. Auditory bullae are visible from above; interparietal is longer than wide, commonly divided by median suture.</p><p>Habitat. Restricted to the Patagonian steppe. The Lago Blanco Tuco-tuco is recorded only in the type locality and surroundings and in Estancia Valle Huemules, Rio Senguer Department, Chubut (45°57" S, 71°32’ W) at elevations of 575 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation: Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Montes et al. (2001), Ortells (1995), Parada et al. (2011), Pardinas et al. (2007), Reig et al. (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B10FFDCFA19F94DF8D2F57A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B10FFDDFA05F69FFE2CFBDF.text	59304B441B10FFDDFA05F69FFE2CFBDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys haigi Thomas 1919	<div><p>41.</p><p>Patagonian Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys haigi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Haig / German: Patagonien-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Patagonia</p><p>Other common names: Haig's Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys haigi Thomas, 1919,</p><p>“Maiten, W. Chubut. 700 m,” Argentina .</p><p>Based on geographical distribution, C. haigi was considered in the Mendocinus group, but using mtDNA, it was classified in the magellanicusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50 and FN = 66, and sperm form is asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patagonian Argentina (Neuquén, Rio Negro, and W Chubut provinces).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body average 194 mm (males) and 172 mm (females), tail average 88 mm (males) and 81 mm (females), hindfoot average 36 mm (males) and 34 mm (females); weight average 229 g (males) and 152 g (females). All measurements from five specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (Berkeley, USA). The Patagonian Tuco-tuco is mediumspecies, with short tail. Dorsum is grayish brown without medial line on crown or rump; sides are lighter gray, and venteris light but washed buffy. Top of nose is dark brown. Mandible lacks deep channel. About 56% of adults have open frontoparietal fenestrae.</p><p>Habitat. Treeless Patagonian steppe in the Argentine Low Monte ecoregion.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but Patagonian Tuco-tucos appear to prefer aerial plant parts surrounding their burrows.</p><p>Breeding. Litter sizes of the Patagonian Tuco-tuco are 2—4 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Patagonian Tuco-tuco is active during day or night and rarely occurs aboveground.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Patagonian Tuco-tuco is solitary. It also is highly vocal, giving up to 30 shortcalls in a single calling bout. Only males make aboveground calls.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006, 2015), Busch et al. (2000), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Gallardo (1991), Gallardo et al. (2002), Gardner &amp; Anderson (2001), Lacey et al. (1997), Parada etal. (2011), Pearson &amp; Christie (1985), Reig (1989), Thomas (1912a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B10FFDDFA05F69FFE2CFBDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B11FFDDFF28F83FF6B9FC4D.text	59304B441B11FFDDFF28F83FF6B9FC4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys magellanicus Bennett 1836	<div><p>42.</p><p>Magellanic Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys magellanicus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Magellan / German: Magellan-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Magallanes</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys magellanicus Bennett, 1836,</p><p>“Port Gregory [= Bahia San Gre-| gorio], near eastern end of north side of Straits of Magellan, Chile.</p><p>Based on the biogeography, C. magellanicus was considered in the Patagonian group, but based on mtDNA,it belongs to the magellanicusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 34 and 36 and FN = 64, and sperm is simple asymmetric. Five subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.m.magellanicusBennett,1836—SChile(MagallanesRegion)andSArgentina(SantaCruzProvince).</p><p>C.m.dickiOsgood,1943—RiescoI,MagallanesRegion,Chile.</p><p>C.m.fueginusPhilippi,1880—N,C&amp;ETierradelFuego.</p><p>C.m.obscurusTexera,1975—SWTierradelFuegoinSofChileandArgentina.</p><p>C. m. osgoodiJ. A. Allen, 1903 — SW Argentina (Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces) to S Chile (Aysén Region).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 267 mm (nominate magellanicus) and 304 cm (fueginus). No specific data are available for body weight. The Magellanic Tuco-tucois relatively large. It is mostly pale, upper parts are pale grizzled grayish buff, and under parts are light cinnamon buff in the nominate magellanicus and subspecies fueginus. Populations of osgoodi are much darker, brownish ocherous instead of grayish buff. Pelage of dicks is mixed blackish and buffy smoke gray on dorsal and ventral parts. Subspecies obscurus is homogeneously darker than other subspecies. Skull is particularly angular, with many sharp ridges and processes, especially in nominotypical specimens. Skulls offueginus, magellanicus, and osgoodi are similar; fueginus has slightly more swollen and bulbous auditory bullae, broader interorbital region, and broader rostral or antemolar part, while osgoodi has narrower auditory bullae that are compressed laterally. Skull of dicki is essentially as fueginus, except that auditory bullae are slightly smaller and shorter, and interorbital region is wide, as in the nominate magellanicus .</p><p>Habitat. Dense grass cover of the Patagonian steppe and sparsely wooded areas.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Diet of the Magellanic Tuco-tuco consists of roots of grasses and shrubs.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows of Magellanic Tuco-tucos are constructed 30 cm or more belowground.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List due to loss of habitat.</p><p>Bibliography. Cabrera (1961), Feito &amp; Gallardo (1976), Gallardo (1979, 1991), Kiblisky &amp; Reig (1965), Lizarralde et al. (2003), Ortells (1995), Osgood (1943), Reig &amp; Kiblisky (1969), Texera (1975).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B11FFDDFF28F83FF6B9FC4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B11FFDDFA23FFABF9CEF72F.text	59304B441B11FFDDFA23FFABF9CEF72F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys sericeus J. A. Allen 1903	<div><p>43.</p><p>Silky Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys sericeus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco soyeux / German: Seidenkammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco sedoso</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys sericeus |. A. Allen, 1903,</p><p>“Cordilleras, upper Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, Patagonia.” Restricted by U. FJ. Pardinas in 2013 to “confluencia de los rios Belgrano y Chico (~48°26" S, 71°20” W), departamento Rio Chico, Santa Cruz, Argentina.”</p><p>Based on biogeography, C. sericeus was classified in the Patagonian group but based on molecular markers in the magellanicusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 28-30, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Patagonian Argentina (W Santa Cruz Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length of males 195-208 mm (average 200 mm), tail 51-62 mm (average 56-6 mm), hindfoot 25-28 mm (average 26-2 mm). No specific data are available for body weight. The Silky Tuco-tuco is small-sized. Pelage short, soft, and glossy. Dorsum is generally yellowish gray, strongly varied with black; fur is plumbeous on basal three-fourths, showing narrow bands of pale yellowish brown and black tips. Ventral and lateral surfaces are buff. Tail is pale yellowish, with medial dusky stripe along apical one-half of upper surface. Interparietal of skull is either lacking or greatly reduced in size.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available forthis species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available forthis species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006, 2015), Medina et al. (2007), Montes et al. (2001), Ortells &amp; Barrantes (1994), Pardinas (2013).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B11FFDDFA23FFABF9CEF72F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0CFFC0FAE8FB57F93EF3B1.text	59304B441B0CFFC0FAE8FB57F93EF3B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys dorsalis Thomas 1900	<div><p>47.</p><p>Black-backed Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys dorsalis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco a dos noir / German: Streifenkammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de dorso negro</p><p>Other common names: Chacoan Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys dorsalis Thomas, 1900,</p><p>“Northern Chaco of Paraguay.”</p><p>Geographical distribution of C. dorsalis is ambiguous, mainly because there is only one specimen known, and the specific type locality is uncertain. It is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Not known, but presumably NW Paraguay and perhaps adjacent Bolivia and Brazil.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 156 mm, tail 46 mm, hindfoot 30 mm, all measurements from the holotype (a female). No specific data are available for body weight. The Black-backed Tuco-tuco is small. Fur is soft and fine. Dorsum is buffy fawn, with marbled black dorsal line extending from nose to rump and well-defined line on head, c.10 mm wide, but appearing as more diffuse band on back. Dark markings around eyes or ears are missing, but well-marked light collar is present behind cheeks and chin, extending to each side of ears. Throat, chest, outer edges of venter, and narrow midline stripe are pale buff, with gray basal hairs. Remaining ventral hairs are white; tail shows mixed black and white hairs. Incisors are orange above and below, and other craniodental characteristics have not been described.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0CFFC0FAE8FB57F93EF3B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0CFFC0FF16FB5FF7F1FE8B.text	59304B441B0CFFC0FF16FB5FF7F1FE8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys leucodon Waterhouse 1848	<div><p>45.</p><p>White-toothed Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys leucodon</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco a dents blanches / German: \WeiRzahnkammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de dientes blancos</p><p>Other common names: Titicaca Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys leucodon Waterhouse, 1848,</p><p>“San Andrés de Machaca, ... south of the Lake Titicaca, Department of La Paz, Bolivia.” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1927 to “ca. 4,000 m, 16°44’ S 69°01’ W.”</p><p>Ctenomys leucodon is not classified in any species group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 36 and FN = 68, and sperm form is unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. Andean altiplano, in S Peru (Puno Region) and W Bolivia (La Paz Department).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 115-172 mm, tail 79-85 mm, ear 3-8, hindfoot 27-34 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The White-toothed Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum is clay colored, with hairs of slate-gray at bases, clay-colored bands in middle, and ending in black tips. Tail is dark brown above and slightly paler below. Venter is near tawny-olive, and chest is reddish. Head and sides of muzzle are darker, and cheeks are buckthorn brown. Upper incisors of the White-toothed Tucotuco are quite different from other species of tuco-tucos, strongly procumbent and covered with white or pale yellowish white enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Altiplano open grasslands in primary habitat and areas disturbed by grazing. The White-toothed Tuco-tuco is fossorial and herbivorous; it eats underground tubers and roots. Colonies are found in areas with friable soils.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. A single pregnant White-toothed Tuco-tuco with one embryo was observed in August in Bolivia.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. White-toothed Tuco-tucos seems to be particularly non-vocal. They make large earthen mounds.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Anderson (1997), Anderson et al. (1987), Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Parada et al. (2011), Pearson (1959b), Sanborn &amp; Pearson (1947), Thomas (1927a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0CFFC0FF16FB5FF7F1FE8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0CFFC0FAECFDEEF8CDF93E.text	59304B441B0CFFC0FAECFDEEF8CDF93E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys Azurduy 2005	<div><p>46.</p><p>Maria Farell’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys “mariafarelli’</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Farrell / German: Maria-Farell-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Maria Farell</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys mariafarelli Azurduy, 2005,</p><p>“5.5 km al noreste de la localidad de Vallegrande (18°28’S, 64°08’0O; 1800 m), provincia Florida, del Departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia.”</p><p>Ctenomys “mariafarelli’ is not classified in any species group. Sperm form and karyotype are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C Bolivia, known only from the type locality in NE Vallegrande.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 291-205 mm (males) and 254-273 mm (females), tail 74-85 mm (males) and 73-81 mm (females), hindfoot 39-41 mm (males) and 33-38 mm (females); weight 307-364 g (males) and 173-227 g (females). Maria Farell’s Tuco-tuco is relatively large; females are smaller than males. Dorsum is brownish, showing poorly defined medial stripe, also brownish. It is supposedly closest to the Bolivian Tucotuco ( C. boliviensis) but does not have its typical collar. Flanks are light or ocherous, and venter is yellowish, with white inguinal and axillary spots. Skull of Maria Farell’s Tuco-tuco is narrow and elongated; zygomatic arches are slightly square, and tympanic bullae are moderately large and inflated. Nasal bones are wide posteriorly and taper anteriorly. Frontal region is narrow, and upper incisors are visibly proodont, large, and faced with orange enamel.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Maria Farell’s Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Azurduy (2005), Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0CFFC0FAECFDEEF8CDF93E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0CFFC0FFE8FD77FC7EF93A.text	59304B441B0CFFC0FFE8FD77FC7EF93A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys peruanus Sanborn & Pearson 1947	<div><p>44.</p><p>Peruvian Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys peruanus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Pérou / German: Peru-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Peru</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys peruanus Sanborn &amp; Pearson, 1947,</p><p>“Pisacoma, alt. 14,000 ft., Department of Puno, southern Peru.”</p><p>There are no karyotype or sperm form described for C. peruanus, and it is not classified in any known group of species of Ctenomys . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. S Peru (Puno Region).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body average 220 mm, tail average 88 mm, hindfoot average 41 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Peruvian Tuco-tucois large-sized. Dorsum,sides, and venter are creamy buff; legs are dark pale. Back and sides are creamy buff, heavily lined in black resulting in general brown tone. Nose,lips, ears, and surrounding fur are dark brown. Hindfeet are brown above; forefeet share the body color, and tail is tawny. Skull has enlarged zygoma, with zygomatic width greater than distance between outer edges of auditory meatus. Skull also has widely expanded zygomatic arches and sagittal crest and reduced last molar.</p><p>Habitat. Open shrub-steppe in southern Peru. The Peruvian Tuco-tuco occurs in sandy areas in which it constructs burrows. It occurs in areas used for grazing, often heavily overgrazed.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Peruvian Tuco-tucos feed on coarse vegetation, likely a mix of grasses and thorny shrubs typical of their habitat.</p><p>Breeding. Breeding of the Peruvian Tuco-tuco begins in November, and gestation is c.4 months. Each female produces onelitter per year of highly precocial young; average litter size is 3-5 young.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Peruvian Tuco-tucos are diurnal and will sit with their heads emerging from their burrow openings. They also emerge to forage near their bur-TOWS.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Peruvian Tuco-tuco vocalizes conspicuously—the only Peruvian species of tuco-tucos to do so. Primary call is an alarm call. It lives in small colonies of a few individuals. Sex ratios are slightly to strongly female biased.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Medina et al. (2007), Pearson (1959b), Sanborn &amp; Pearson (1947).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0CFFC0FFE8FD77FC7EF93A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0DFFC1FA58F86AF595F6EA.text	59304B441B0DFFC1FA58F86AF595F6EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys bonettoi Contreras & Berry 1982	<div><p>51.</p><p>Bonetto’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys bonettoi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Bonetto / German: Bonetto-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Bonetto</p><p>Taxonomy. Cienomys bonettoi J. R. Contreras &amp; Berry, 1982,</p><p>“7.5 kilometros al sudeste de Capitan Solari, Departamento Sargento Cabral, Provincia del Chaco a 26°48’de latitud sur y a 59°33’de longitud oeste,” Colonia Elisa, Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomys bonettoi is not classified in any group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50 and FN = 70, very similar to C. “yolandae.” Sperm is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina (SE Chaco Province), it was described from an area of 90 m? and is only found in a few sites around the type locality.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body up to 183 mm (males) and 171 mm (females), tail up to 77 mm (males) and 61 mm (females), hindfoot up to 37 mm (males) and 33 mm (females); weight up to 220 g (males) and 185 g (females). Bonetto’s Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum is uniform brown, marbled with dark hairs and with median black band on head and on specimens with worn pelage. Flanks are yellowish brown, becoming more yellowish on venter. Tail is yellowish but shows slightly darker dorsal stripe. Skull is moderately robust, but rostrum is gracile. Bullae are large and easily visible from above. Orbit is relatively well developed, with blunt and poorly defined frontal postorbital process. Upper incisors are almost opisthodont.</p><p>Habitat. Humid Chaco region of Cordoba at elevations of ¢.1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bonetto’s Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Bidau et al. (2005), Contreras &amp; Berry (1982), Mascheretti et al. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0DFFC1FA58F86AF595F6EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0DFFC1FA5CF50AF962F25F.text	59304B441B0DFFC1FA5CF50AF962F25F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys coludo Thomas 1920	<div><p>52.</p><p>Puntlla Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys coludo</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de La Puntilla / German: Puntilla-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de La Puntilla</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys coludo Thomas, 1920);</p><p>“La Puntilla, near Tinogasta, Catamarca,” 28°04’ S, 67°34’ W, at ¢.1000 m, Argentina .</p><p>Ctenomys coludo is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina, known only from the type locality near Tinogasta.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 302 mm, tail 97 mm, all measurements from the type specimen (a male). No specific data are available for body weight. The Puntilla Tuco-tuco is relatively large. It is easily identified by uniform pale color, long tail, narrow skull, and large bullae. It is also easily differentiated from the two geographically closest species: the smaller Foch’s Tuco-tuco ( C. fochi) and the Catamarca Tuco-tuco ( C. knighti) that is much darker and has shorter tail, larger teeth, and broader frontal region.</p><p>Habitat. Humid Chaco region at elevations of ¢.1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Puntilla Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0DFFC1FA5CF50AF962F25F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0DFFC1FF58F616F8FCFC0E.text	59304B441B0DFFC1FF58F616F8FCFC0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys maulinus Philippi 1872	<div><p>50.</p><p>Maule Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys maulinus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Maule / German: Maule-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Maule</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys maulinus Philippi, 1872,</p><p>“D. Toribio Medina.” Restricted by W. H. Osgood in 1943 to “Laguna de Maule, Talca province, Chile, ca. 36°00’ S, 70°30’ W.”</p><p>Based on biogeography, C . maulinus belongs in the Chilean group, being completely isolated in mtDNA analysis. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 26 and FN = 48, and sperm is asymmetrical. Two subspecies recognized.</p><p>Subspecies and Distribution.</p><p>C.m.maulinusPhilippi,1872—CChile(TalcaProvince,MauleRegion).</p><p>C. m. brunneus Osgood, 1943 — C Chile (Cautin and Malleco provinces, La Araucania Region), at 1000-2000 m altitude.</p><p>Also recorded in Nuble Province (Bio Bio Region, Chile) and in Neuquén and Rio Negro provinces (Argentina), but subspecies involved not known.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length ranges from 275 mm (nominate maulinus) to 305 mm (brunneus). No specific data are available for body weight. The Maule Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum of the nominate maulinus is light brown, and tail shows short white pencil at tip. Subspecies brunneusis richer and darker brown;tail is brown above and pale buffy below, with buffy white pencil at tip. Skull has a persistent frontoparietal fontanelle and large flat interorbital space. Postorbital processes are imperceptible, and auditory bullae are short and swollen in the nominate form but more elongate and narrower in brunneus.</p><p>Habitat. Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) and Araucaria (Araucariaceae) woodlands and open areas with volcanic sands at elevations of 900-2000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. The Maule Tuco-tuco breeds in only one season.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Maule Tuco-tuco is solitary and aggressive. Density averages 65 ind/ha.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Feito &amp; Gallardo (1976, 1982), Gallardo (1979, 1991), Gallardo &amp; Anrique (1991), Mann (1978), Osgood (1943).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0DFFC1FF58F616F8FCFC0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0DFFC1FF47FD73FD53F9C1.text	59304B441B0DFFC1FF47FD73FD53F9C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys paraguayensis Contreras 2000	<div><p>48.</p><p>Paraguayan Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys paraguayensis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Paraguay / German: Paraguay-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Paraguay</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys paraguayensis J. R. Contreras, 2000,</p><p>“Corate-i, 12 kilometros al oeste de la ciudad de Ayolas, departamento de Misiones, Republica del Paraguay, aproximadamente en las coordenadas: 27°24’S-57°01’'W.”</p><p>Ctenomys paraguayensis is not classified in any species group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 52, and form of sperm is unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Paraguay, known only from the type locality at Corate-i.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 166-174 mm, tail 73-80 mm, hindfoot (with claw) 34-8— 37 mm; weight 146-187 g, all measurements from three specimens. The Paraguayan Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. It has prominent, pale semi-collar, passing obliquely from below ears, around back of head, reaching base of neck. Cheeks are lighter; face lacks any blackish color. Venter is creamy gray, showing no inguinal or axillary white spots. Tail is slightly bicolored. Skull is gracile. Zygomatic arches have widths across them greater than across external auditory tubes; rim of zygomatic arch lacks foramen. Another notable feature shared with species in north-eastern Argentina and Uruguay is superior placement of auditory meatus in relation to cheekteeth.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. The Paraguayan Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0DFFC1FF47FD73FD53F9C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0DFFC1FF5BFA17FB9BF5C2.text	59304B441B0DFFC1FF5BFA17FB9BF5C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys pilarensis Contreras 1993	<div><p>49.</p><p>Pilar Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys pilarensis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Pilar / German: Pila-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Pilar</p><p>Taxonomy. Clenomys pilarensis J. R. Contreras, 1993,</p><p>“Pilar, [Neembucu], Paraguay.”</p><p>Using mtDNA, C. pilarensis was classified in the Chacoan and tucumanusspecies groups. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 48 or 50 and FN = 50, and sperm is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. SE Paraguay (SW Neembuct Department).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 189-209 mm (males) and 169-177 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Pilar Tuco-tuco is mediumsized, but no other details have been published.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils usually with manioc (cassava) culture.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The [UCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Giménez et al. (1997), Mascheretti et al. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0DFFC1FF5BFA17FB9BF5C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0AFFC6FFEDFD61FC81FA69.text	59304B441B0AFFC6FFEDFD61FC81FA69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys famosus Thomas 1920	<div><p>53.</p><p>Famatina Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys famosus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de la Famatina / German: Famatina-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Famatina</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys famosus Thomas, 1920,</p><p>“Protrerillo, at about 2600 m,” Sierra de Famatina, Departamento de Famatina, La Rioja, 25°50’ S, 67°27’ W, Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomys famosus is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. C. famosus was considered a subspecies of C. coludo and also was suggested as a subspecies of C. fulvus . Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina (La Rioja Province), occurs at the type locality and probably nearby areas, in Sierra de Famatina, reaching elevations up to 3800 m.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 160 mm, tail 74 mm, hindfoot 31-5 mm (all measurements from the female holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. Famatina Tuco-tuco is relatively small. Color is uniformly pale, similar to the Puntilla Tuco-tuco ( C. coludo), but tail considerably shorter. Skull is also similar to that of the Puntilla Tuco-tuco but generally smaller; bullae are smaller with less widely expanded zygomatic arches; and supraorbital region has small ledges.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Cabrera (1961), Thomas (1921b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0AFFC6FFEDFD61FC81FA69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0AFFC6FFEEF98FFE38F5F0.text	59304B441B0AFFC6FFEEF98FFE38F5F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys fochi Thomas 1919	<div><p>54.</p><p>Foch’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys fochi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Foch / German: Foch-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Foch</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys fochi Thomas, 1919,</p><p>“Chumbicha, Catamarca,” Departamento Capayan, Catamarca Province, 28°52’ S, 66°14’ W, 415 m, Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomys fochi is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina (SW Catamarca Province), known only from the vicinity ofthe type locality.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 162 mm, tail 76 mm, hindfoot 30 mm,all measurements from the holotype (young adult male). No specific data are available for body weight. Foch’s Tuco-tuco is small-sized. General color is drab buffy brown, with ventral hairs washed with paler tones; hairs are slate at bases. Muzzle and crown are nearly black. Skull is similar to the Cordoba Tuco-tuco (C. bergr) but shows bullae evenly inflated.</p><p>Habitat. Very dry red earth, according to the collector.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0AFFC6FFEEF98FFE38F5F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0AFFC6FFEFF604F842FCCA.text	59304B441B0AFFC6FFEFF604F842FCCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys juris Thomas 1920	<div><p>55.</p><p>Jujuy Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys juris</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Jujuy / German: Jujuy-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Jujuy</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys juris Thomas, 1920,</p><p>“El Chaguardal, between San Pedro and Villa: Carolina. Alt. 500 m,” 24°16" 8S, 64°48’ W, Jujuy Province, Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomysjuris is not classified in any species group. Karyotype is 2n = 26, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina (SE Jujuy Province), known only from the type locality.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 177 mm, tail 72 mm, hindfoot 29 mm, all measurements from the holotype (young adult male). No specific data are available for body weight. The Jujuy Tuco-tuco is small, as Foch’s Tuco-tuco ( C. fochi), but with much smaller bullae. General color is uniform pale brown with buffy or whitish half-collar that extends to ears at each side of neck. Inner sides of forelimbs are whitish, paler than venter. Top of muzzle is markedly darkened, as on Foch’s Tuco-tuco, and tail is dull buffy white, with dark brown terminal crest. Skull has broad nasals, slightly narrowed posteriorly; bullae are small and narrow, but smoothly contoured, uncompressed, and markedly smaller than those of Foch’s Tucotuco. Zygomatic arches are expanded, and anterior breadth is greater than posterior. Upper incisors are more proodont than in the Cordoba Tuco-tuco (C. bergi) or Foch’s Tuco-tuco.</p><p>Habitat. Dry Chaco region.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006, 2015), Medina et al. (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0AFFC6FFEFF604F842FCCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0AFFC6FAE1FF2EF808F7F7.text	59304B441B0AFFC6FAE1FF2EF808F7F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys knighti Thomas 1919	<div><p>56.</p><p>Catamarca Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys knighti</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Knight / German: Catamarca-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Catamarca</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys knighti Thomas, 1919,</p><p>“Otro Cerro, North-eastern Rioja.” Restricted by U. F. J. Pardinas and colleagues in 2007 to an abandoned ranch at the southern end of Sierra de Ambato, NE Chumbicha, Departamento Capayan, Catamarca, Argentina, 28°45’ S, 66°17’ W, 2023 m.</p><p>Ctenomys knighti is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina (Catamarca and La Rioja provinces).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 203 mm, tail 82 mm, hindfoot 36 mm, all measurements from the holotype (an adult male). No specific data are available for body weight. The Catamarca Tuco-tuco is small to medium-sized. Dorsum is dark brown; flanks are buffy, mainly over thighs. Venter is uniformly ocherous, with cinnamonbuff hair tips. There is no collar around throat, and muzzle is markedly blackish on top and sides of mouth and tip of chin. Skull is elongated, nasal is narrow, and bullae are large.</p><p>Habitat. High grasslands in Dry Chaco and Argentine Northwest Monte and Thistle of the Prepuna ecoregions at elevations of 770-2025 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Pardinas et al. (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0AFFC6FAE1FF2EF808F7F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0AFFC6FAE2F401F741F251.text	59304B441B0AFFC6FAE2F401F741F251.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys tuconax Thomas 1925	<div><p>57.</p><p>Robust Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys tuconax</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco robuste / German: Robuste Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco robusto</p><p>Taxonomy. Cienomys tuconax Thomas, 1925,</p><p>“Concepcion, 500 m,” Departamento Concepcion, Tucuman, Argentina, 27°20’ S, 63° 35° W.</p><p>Ctenomys tuconaxis not classified in any species group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 58-61 and FN = 80, and sperm is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina (Tucuman Province), two disjunct populations in the Nevados de Aconquija.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length up to 330 mm; weight c¢.600 g. The Robust Tucotuco is among the largest and most robust species of Ctenomys . Dorsum is uniformly dark chestnut, lacking darkened median line. Under parts are paler, but in some individuals, color approaches cinnamon. Head has similar color, with no special markings, although top of head can be slightly darker and chin paler. Tail is pale brown. Skull is very large, similar in size to individuals of the Andean Tuco-tuco (C. optimus). Shape of the Robust Tuco-tuco resembles that of the Andean Tuco-tuco. Nasals are medium-sized, not markedly narrowed posteriorly. Zygomatic arches are robust but not much expanded laterally. Bullae are not particularly developed, less inflated than in the Andean Tuco-tuco. Upper incisors are broad, heavy, and slightly proodont.</p><p>Habitat. Yungas ecoregion at elevations of 262-3000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2006, 2015), Medina et al. (2007), Reig &amp; Kiblisky (1969).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0AFFC6FAE2F401F741F251	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0BFFC7FF40F698F868FC07.text	59304B441B0BFFC7FF40F698F868FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys azarae Thomas 1903	<div><p>60.</p><p>Azara’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys azarae</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de d/Azara / German: Azara-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Azara</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys azarae Thomas, 1903,</p><p>“Sapucay, Paraguay.” Corrected by O. Thomas in 1903 to “Province of Buenos Ayres, on the central Pampas, lat. 37° 45" S., long. 65° 00° W., 780 kilometres south-west of the capital” (= General Acha, Departamento Utracan, La Pampa, Argentina, 216 m).</p><p>Ctenomys azarae belongs to the mendocinusspecies group and was previously considered a subspecies of C. mendocinus . Chromosomal complement is 2n = 46, 47 and 48 and FN = 68 to 74, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C Argentina (Mendoza, San Luis, and La Pampa provinces).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 158 mm, tail 77 mm, hindfoot (with claw) 35 mm (all measurements from the holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. The Azara’s Tuco-tuco is small-sized. Dorsum is uniform brown; venter is pale buff, with darker markings on upper surface or white patches on under parts. Skull is similar in shape to that of the Mendoza Tuco-tuco ( C. mendocinus), but it is narrower, longer, and not flattened and squared. Nasals are short and narrow, and bullae are more swollen than those of the Mendoza Tuco-tuco.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils on hills and areas with low and open forests in the Argentine Espinal, Argentine Low Monte, and Pampas ecoregions.</p><p>Food and Feeding. Azara’s Tuco-tuco forages primarily on aboveground vegetation.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. Azara’s Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Populations of Azara’s Tuco-tucos are decreasing.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Contreras &amp; Bidau (1999), Freitas (1994), Gallardo (1979), Kin &amp; Justo (1995), Malizia et al. (1991), Massarini &amp; Freitas (2005), Massarini, Barros et al. (1991), Massarini, Dyzenchauz &amp; Tiranti (1998), Thomas (1903a, 1903d), Vitullo et al. (1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0BFFC7FF40F698F868FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0BFFC7FA5BF855F69DF714.text	59304B441B0BFFC7FA5BF855F69DF714.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys bergi Thomas 1902	<div><p>61.</p><p>Cordoba Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys bergi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Cordoba / German: Cérdoba-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Cérdoba</p><p>Other common names: Berg's Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys bergi Thomas, 1902,</p><p>“Cruz del Eje [= Departamento Cruz de Eje],” Cordoba, Argentina, 30°44" S, 64°48" W, 449 m .</p><p>Ctenomys berg: is not classified in any species group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50 and FN = 90, and sperm form is simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NC Argentina (NW Cordoba Province), in a small area comprising 500 m*along the course of Rio Cruz del Eje.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 157-163 mm (males) and 132-144 mm (females), tail 74 mm (holotype, a male). No specific data are available for body weight. The Cordoba Tuco-tuco is small to medium-sized. Color is generally uniform sandy fawn above; sides and ventral surfaces are pale fawn. Center of face from muzzle to between ears is dark brown, visibly different from rest of body. Skull is small and narrow, with lateral profiles not flattened but slightly and evenly convex. Nasals are parallel-sided or narrow posteriorly. Posterior width across auditory meatus is larger than zygomatic width, and bullae are large and inflated.</p><p>Habitat. Dry Chaco region of Cordoba up to elevations of ¢.1000 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Cordoba Tuco-tuco is solitary.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Giménez et al. (1999), Mascheretti et al. (2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0BFFC7FA5BF855F69DF714	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0BFFC7FF46FD7EFD90FA6F.text	59304B441B0BFFC7FF46FD7EFD90FA6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys viperinus Thomas 1926	<div><p>58.</p><p>Monte Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys viperinus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Vipos / German: Trancas-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Vipos</p><p>Other common names: \ Vipos Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys viperinus Thomas, 1926,</p><p>“Norco, near Vipos, 2500 m,” Departamento Trancas, Tucuman, Argentina, 26°29'8, 65° 22'W, 2500 m .</p><p>Ctenomys viperinus is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NW Argentina (N Tucuman Province), known only from the type locality and neighboring areas.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 213 mm, tail 76 mm, hindfoot 36 mm (all measurements from the adult male holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. The Monte Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Overall color is warm brown above, paler and more drab below. Many individuals have blackened muzzles and crowns. White axillary patches are present in most individuals, while white inguinal spots are less common. Skull is rather small, with zygomatic arc markedly expanded and antorbital foramen widely open. Bullae are rather narrow. Upper incisors are broad and covered with rather dark orange enamel.</p><p>Habitat. Yungas ecoregion at elevations of 320-2500 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0BFFC7FF46FD7EFD90FA6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0BFFC7FF46F98CFCB0F57D.text	59304B441B0BFFC7FF46F98CFCB0F57D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys J. R. Contreras & Berry 1984	<div><p>59.</p><p>Santa Fe Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys "yolandae"</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Yolanda / German: Santa-Fe-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Yolanda</p><p>Other common names: Yolanda's Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys yolandae J. R. Contreras &amp; Berry, 1984,</p><p>“Las Palmas, Departamento General Obligado, Provincia de Santa Fe,” Argentina, 29°25’ S, 59°40’ W, 50 m .</p><p>Ctenomys “yolandae” has not been classified in any species group and is reported as a distinct entity regarding karyotype and at molecular levels. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 50 and FN = 78 at the type locality and FN = 67 and 70 at other localities. Sperm form is complex asymmetric, which occurs only in this species. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. N Argentina (E Santa Fe Province), along Parana and San Javier rivers. The distribution is disjunct, separated by low and floodable lands.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length ¢.230 mm. The Santa Fe Tuco-tuco is relatively small. It shares morphological characteristics with the Cordoba Tuco-tuco (C. bergi) and Bonetto’s Tuco-tuco (C. bonettor). Phyletic proximity between these species and the Santa Fe Tuco-tuco was determined by mtDNA.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Ortells et al. (1990), Vitullo et al. (1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0BFFC7FF46F98CFCB0F57D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B0BFFC4FA5BF560FE38FEB7.text	59304B441B0BFFC4FA5BF560FE38FEB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys johannis Thomas 1921	<div><p>62.</p><p>San Juan Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys johannis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du San Juan / German: San-Juan-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de San Juan</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys johannis Thomas, 1921,</p><p>“Department of San Juan. Type from Canada Honda. Alt. 500 m,” (31°39 §, 68°33" W), San Juan Province, Argentina.</p><p>There are no data for classifying C. johannas in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form have not been described. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Argentina (S San Juan Province), recorded only from the type locality.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 199 mm, tail 97 mm, hindfoot 36 mm, all measurements from the holotype. No specific data are available for body weight. Body length of the San Juan Tuco-tuco is very similar to the Puntilla Tuco-tuco ( C. coludo) from the Province of Catamarca, Argentina; however, color of the San Juan Tuco-tuco is drab gray, less strongly buffy. Nape, fore back, and sides of head are gray; ventral hair has whitish tips,slightly buffy. Caudal crest is blackened at terminal region. Skull of the San Juan Tuco-tuco is similar to the Puntilla Tucotuco, but its nasal patch is more strongly marked. Zygomatic arches have breadths across arches substantially smaller than across openings of auditory tubes.</p><p>Habitat. Argentine Low Monte ecoregion of San Juan. According to the collector, the species was found undertrees, holes made in nacked soil.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B0BFFC4FA5BF560FE38FEB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B08FFC4FFEFFDC3FB15F8C0.text	59304B441B08FFC4FFEFFDC3FB15F8C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys osvaldoreigi Contreras 1995	<div><p>63.</p><p>Osvaldo Reig’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys osvaldoreigi</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco d'Osvaldo Reig / German: Osvaldo-Reig-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Osvaldo Reig</p><p>Other common names: Reig's Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys osvaldoreigi J. R. Contreras, 1995,</p><p>“Estancia San Luis, Ruta Provincial 20, 10 kilometros al oeste del Rio Yuspe, en el extremo sudeste del Departamento Cruz del Eje, Provincia de Cordoba, 31°24’ S, 64°48’ W, aproximadamente a 2000 metros,” Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomys osvaldoreigi is not classified in any species group. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 52 and FN = 56, and sperm 1s simple asymmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. NC Argentina (Cordoba Province), only known from its type locality.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total body length 275 mm and weight 244 g (male holotype),, total body length 254 mm and weight 203-2 g (female paratype); and for female topotypic series: head-body 235-254 mm and weight 176-279 g. Osvaldo Reig’s Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum is uniform ocherous brown, with tawny tips to hairs. Venter is ocherous and lacks common inguinal and axillary white spots. Typical white collaris also lacking. Tail is bicolored, brown above, and cream below. Skull is gracile; elongated rostrum is slightly widened laterally. Temporal crests are weakly developed, and zygomatic arches are slender, with breaths across them noticeably greater than across external auditory tubes. Auditory bullae are small and not inflated.</p><p>Habitat. Highland grasslands.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Giménez et al. (1999), Ipucha et al. (2008), Medina et al. (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B08FFC4FFEFFDC3FB15F8C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B08FFC4FF15FB14FD46F3A3.text	59304B441B08FFC4FF15FB14FD46F3A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys pontifex Thomas 1918	<div><p>64.</p><p>Brown Tuco-tuco</p><p>Citenomys pontifex</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco marron / German: Mittlere Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco marron</p><p>Other common names: San Luis Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys pontifex Thomas, 1918,</p><p>“East side of the Andes near Fort San Rafael, Province of Mendoza.” Restricted by O. P. Pearson and H. A. Lagiglia in 1992 to “Volcan Peteroa, Malargtie department, ca. 35°26’S, 70°20°'W.”</p><p>Ctenomys pontifex is not classified in any species group. Karyotype is 2n = 50, and sperm form remains unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. CW Argentina (Mendoza Province), E of the Andes.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 183 mm, tail 77 mm, hindfoot 34 mm (all measurements from the adult female holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. The Brown Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. It is uniform drab brown above without dark spots, and under parts are pale and buffy. Tail is brown above and whitish below. Skull is rather narrow, and braincase lacks strong ridges. Zygomatic arches are not widely expanded and have medially ascending process placed posteriorly, which results in orbits larger than temporal fossa. Nasals are long and nearly parallel-sided. Bullae are long and narrow, quite different from the Mendoza Tucotuco ( C. mendocinus).</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Pearson &amp; Lagiglia (1992).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B08FFC4FF15FB14FD46F3A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B08FFC4FF13F0B6FA71FBA7.text	59304B441B08FFC4FF13F0B6FA71FBA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys rosendopascuali J. R. Contreras 1995	<div><p>65.</p><p>Rosendo Pascual’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys rosendopascuali</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco de Pascual / German: Pascual-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Rosendo Pascual</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys rosendopascuali J. R. Contreras, 1995,</p><p>“Mar Chiquita, Departamento San Justo, provincia de Cordoba, Argentina, 30°48’ S, 62°53’ W, 65 m.”</p><p>According to mtDNA analysis with cytochrome-b, C. rosendopascuali is in the mendocinusspecies group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 52 and FN = 62, 64, or 66, and sperm is simple asymmetric.</p><p>Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. C Argentina (N Cordoba Province).</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 160-177 mm (males) and 159-166 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. Rosendo Pascual’s Tuco-tuco is relatively small.</p><p>Habitat. Dry Chaco region.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Rosendo Pascual’s Tuco-tuco has not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red Lust.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Giménez et al. (1999), Ipucha et al. (2008), Mascheretti et al. (2000), Medina et al. (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B08FFC4FF13F0B6FA71FBA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B08FFC4FAEEF8B3F93BF6B4.text	59304B441B08FFC4FAEEF8B3F93BF6B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys tulduco Thomas 1921	<div><p>66.</p><p>Sierra Tontal Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys tulduco</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Tontal / German: Sierra-Tontal-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Tontal</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys tulduco Thomas, 1921,</p><p>“Los Sombreros, Sierra Tontal, Alt. 2700 m,” Departamento Calinagasta, San Juan Province, Argentina, 31°33" S, 69°11’ W.</p><p>Ctenomys tulduco is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Argentina (S San Juan Province), known only from its type locality.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 190 mm, tail 69 mm, hindfoot 32-6 mm (all measurements from the adult male holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. The Sierra Tontal Tuco-tuco is moderately sized. Dorsum is drab gray, similar to the San Juan Tuco-tuco ( C. johannis). Venter color is very drab as in the Puntilla Tuco-tuco ( C. coludo). Tail of the Sierra Tontal Tuco-tuco is short, with black or blackish line along upper side, varying in definition but always more pronounced in related species. Skull is similar to but smaller than that of the San Juan Tucotuco. Bullae are small but still much larger than that of the Mendoza Tuco-tuco ( C. mendocinus).</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B08FFC4FAEEF8B3F93BF6B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B08FFC5FAEAF5C1FE67FD40.text	59304B441B08FFC5FAEAF5C1FE67FD40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys validus Contreras, Roig & Suzarte 1977	<div><p>67.</p><p>Guaymallen Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys validus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco du Guaymallen / German: Guaymallén-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Guaymallén</p><p>Other common names: Guanacache Tuco-tuco, Strong Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys validus J. R. Contreras, Roig &amp; Suzarte, 1977, “El Algarrobal, Médanos del Borbollon, Departamento Guaymallén, Provincia de Mendoza,” Argentina, 32°49’ S, 68°46’ W, 775 m.</p><p>Ctenomys validus has been placed in the arc of pre-cordilleran, intermountain, and Andean species that is formed by C. johannis, C. coludo, C. famosus, C. tulduque, and C. fulvus . The group extends from Mendoza in Argentina to Atacama in Chile.</p><p>Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. W Argentina (NW Mendoza Province), known only from around the type locality.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Total length 281-314 mm (males) and 260-278 mm (females); weight 187-341 g (males) and 176-218 g (females). The Guaymallen Tuco-tuco is relatively large. Pelage is grayish brown to yellowish brown, turning to yellowish on venter. Clear band occurs between ears and through throat. Tail is bicolored, yellowish ventrally, and black longitudinal stripe dorsally. Large and robust skull with welldeveloped ridgesis similar to that of the San Juan Tuco-tuco ( C. johannis). Bullae are large and moderately inflated. Zygomatic arches are strong, and auditory meatus is conspicuous. Nasals are broader in tips and narrow posteriorly. Baculum is relatively large (c.9 mm long), well ossified, ventrally flat, and slightly concave.</p><p>Habitat. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B08FFC5FAEAF5C1FE67FD40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B09FFC5FF5EFE97FE62F86C.text	59304B441B09FFC5FF5EFE97FE62F86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys emilianus Thomas & St. Leger 1926	<div><p>68.</p><p>Emilio’s Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys emilianus</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco d'Emilio / German: Emilio-Budin-Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco de Budin</p><p>Other common names: Emily's Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys emilianus Thomas &amp; St. Leger, 1926,</p><p>“Chos Malal, Prov. Neuquén. Altitude 805 m,” 37°23’ S, 70°16’ W, Argentina.</p><p>Ctenomys emilianus is not classified in any species group. Karyotype and sperm form are unknown. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. CW Argentina (N Neuquén Province), known only from the type locality and neighboring areas in the Chos Malal Department.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head-body 211 mm, tail 91 mm, hindfoot 39 mm (all measurements from the holotype). No specific data are available for body weight. Emilio’s Tuco-tuco is large-sized. Color is generally pale glossy fawn above, uniform on head and dorsal region; sides and venter, including chin and throat, are buffy white. This color extends to hips and thighs more than in most other species of tuco-tucos, differing noticeably from brown rump. Tail is also buffy whitish, lacking any darkening of terminal tuft. Skull is slight and flat, with low braincase and well-defined masseteric and lambdoidal ridges, and bullae are large and well inflated.</p><p>Habitat. Sandy soils and dunes at elevations up to ¢.800 m.</p><p>Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Breeding. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B09FFC5FF5EFE97FE62F86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
59304B441B09FFC5FA5CFD63F5E1F864.text	59304B441B09FFC5FA5CFD63F5E1F864.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenomys sociabilis Pearson & Christie 1985	<div><p>69.</p><p>Colonial Tuco-tuco</p><p>Ctenomys sociabilis</p><p>French: Tuco-tuco sociable / German: Gesellige Kammratte / Spanish: Tuco tuco colonial</p><p>Other common names: Social Tuco-tuco</p><p>Taxonomy. Ctenomys sociabilis Pearson &amp; Christie, 1985,</p><p>“Estancia Fortin Chacabuco, 1075 m, 3 km Sy 2 km W Centro Puntudo, 71°11°40” W, 40°58°00” S.”</p><p>Ctenomys sociabilis is not classified in any species group. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 56 and FN = 72, and sperm form is symmetric. Monotypic.</p><p>Distribution. CW Argentina (S Neuquén Province), in a narrow area between the Rio Traful and Nahuel Huapi Lake, W of the Rio Limay.</p><p>Descriptive notes. Head—body 168-247 mm (average 192 mm), tail 67-80 mm (average 68 mm), hindfoot 32-36 mm (average 34 mm); weight 180-234 g (average 182 g). The Colonial Tuco-tuco is medium-sized. Dorsum is tawny ocher, with areas of black hairs, especially in frontal region of head. Venter is also tawny ocher, but there are no black areas. Nose has ocherous orange mark on both sides. The Colonial Tuco-tuco also has conspicuous black and white mustache. Rostrum is elongated, and auditory bullae are very narrow and not inflated.</p><p>Habitat. Andean-Patagonian steppe. Colonial Tuco-tucos build aggregations of collective burrows in rich, wet, and fine soils.</p><p>Food and Feeding. The Colonial Tuco-tuco feeds primarily on grasses of the genus Poa (Poaceae) .</p><p>Breeding. Mating of the Colonial Tuco-tuco occurs in winter, and births occur in November.</p><p>Activity patterns. The Colonial Tuco-tuco is highly active aboveground. It is the only species of tuco-tuco that does not maintain a permanently closed burrow opening.</p><p>Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Colonial Tuco-tuco is social. Several individuals have been reported in the same burrow entrance, and individuals at different burrow entrances have been observed calling to one another. Alloparental care and a tendency of a female to stay near her birthplace have also been observed. Individuals appear to discriminate gender with olfactory cues.</p><p>Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Colonial Tuco-tuco is less than 100 km?, with all known individuals in one location (Nahuel Huapi National Park). There is continued decline in extent and quality of habitat due to sheep grazing.</p><p>Bibliography. Bidau (2015), Busch et al. (2000), Gallardo (1991), Gallardo et al. (2002), Hambuch &amp; Lacey (2002), Lacey (2004), Lacey &amp; Wieczorek (2004), Lacey et al. (1997), Reig et al. (1992), Schwanz &amp; Lacey (2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59304B441B09FFC5FA5CFD63F5E1F864	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Don E. Wilson;Thomas E. Lacher, Jr;Russell A. Mittermeier	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Ctenomyidae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 498-534, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6588177
