taxonID	type	description	language	source
5F0687AAB361FF98FF48CEC9FA1DEC2E.taxon	description	Paralectotype. MNHN 2440 (2 of 2 specimens; tail missing), female 159 mm DW, Vanikoro, Santa Cruz Group, Solomon Islands, 1829.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB361FF98FF48CEC9FA1DEC2E.taxon	materials_examined	Other material. CSIRO H 7723 - 01, female 295 mm DW, Plaza fish market, Honiara, Solomon Islands, 7 May 2015.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB361FF98FF48CEC9FA1DEC2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A medium-sized Neotrygon of the kuhlii - complex (reaching at least 30 cm DW) with the following combination of characters: disc broader than long, width ~ 1.2 times length; pectoral apices narrowly rounded; snout rather fleshy, broadly angular, angle ~ 107 °, length 1.7 – 2.1 times interorbital width; maximum width relatively well back on disc, length from snout tip to pectoral-fin insertion 1.8 – 1.9 times and disc width 2.5 – 2.6 times horizontal distance from snout tip to maximum disc width; preoral length 2.4 – 2.8 times mouth width; internasal distance 1.5 – 1.8 in prenasal length; interspiracular distance 13 – 15 % DW; nostril length 2.8 – 4.1 % DW; nasal curtain width 8 – 8.3 % DW; small mouth, width 6.4 – 6.8 % DW; horizontal distance from cloaca to caudal sting base ~ 55 % of disc length; thornlets present in nuchal region, absent from tail in all sizes; dermal denticles absent; pectoral-fin radials 113 (based on new specimen); total vertebral centra (including synarcual) 133, trunk centra (including synarcual) 39; blue spots very small and sparse, largest spot on disc 0.3 – 0.5 times eye width; 0 – 6 (mean 3.0) blue spots on medial belt, largest ~ 2.1 % DW; mask-like marking pronounced, not covered with dark peppery spots; ventral surface of disc and pelvic fins with broad dark greyish submarginal bands; ventral tail fold and adjacent tail bluish grey when fresh.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB361FF98FF48CEC9FA1DEC2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tropical South-West Pacific, off the Solomon Islands; Santa Cruz Islands and Guadalcanal. Probably more widespread in Oceania but limits of its distribution need to be defined.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB361FF98FF48CEC9FA1DEC2E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The two former syntypes (MNHN 2440, 156 and 159 mm DW) from the eastern Solomon Islands (Vanikoro) are both females, presumably immature. The designated lectotype (156 mm DW) has strongly faded skin, almost pale brown with evidence of very small, white ocelli on both (confined to two spots on right side), with the tail intact; white central core of ocellus 1.2 – 1.7 mm diameter, surrounded by thin darker ring ~ 0.5 mm; the tail is mainly pale with two dark saddles confined to the dorsal part after caudal sting; entire tail tip is brownish on both surfaces. The designated paralectotype (159 mm DW) has ~ 29 similar-sized ocelli (some possibly missing), still evident beside orbits and irregularly dispersed over disc (diameter white core 1 – 2.6 mm); additional dark speckles are present on the orbital membrane, interorbit and over the central disc (<1.5 mm diameter). In both specimens, the posterior margins of ventral disc are probably darker than centrally; outer edge of ventral fold darker than its base (discussed by Müller & Henle, 1841). A third much smaller syntype (MNHN A 7931) collected from New Guinea by Quoy & Gaimard, is a late-term male embryo (~ 100 mm DW) with a rudiment of its umbilical cord still evident. The specimen is heavily bleached, being uniformly pale with no indication of colour (Fig. 3 a). Morphometrics of these preserved types may be slightly affected by preservation, as the lectotype in particular has very flexible skin that may alter some anterior measurements. The fourth syntype from Leiden is probably RMNH 2472, an adult male (~ 270 mm DW) which is dried and stuffed (Fig. 3 b). Identification of the primary type specimen used in the Müller & Henle’s description and excellent figure to designate a lectotype of the species has proven problematic. The number of blue spots and the presence of two caudal stings in their figure does not coincide with any of the types. Also, the illustration is of a female whereas the probable Leiden syntype is an adult male. Either their illustration is a composite image (most likely) or the dry Leiden adult male is not a syntype. The Leiden type (RMNH 2472) is listed as from Java, collected by Kuhl & van Hasselt. Müller & Henle’s description, the type location is listed as ‘ Indien’ which although often presumed to be India, was often used for East India or East Indies, present day Indonesia. Thus, this provides some support for the Javan specimen as the fourth syntype of T. kuhlii. But it should be noted that in other species descriptions, Müller & Henle refer to Java in the locations provided so there is still an element of uncertainty over the exact syntype specimen. Müller & Henle’s description also refers to a sting (rather than two): ‘ der Stachel am Ende des vordem Viertels’. Still, a discrepancy remains as to their sizes; the syntype measured appears to be about 139.5 mm DW (largest width ' 5 Zoll, 4 Linie' based on Müller & Henle) which is much smaller than the first size of maturity of any member of the kuhlii - complex. The paucity and very small sizes of blue spots appears typical of maskrays from the Solomon Islands; blue-spotted maskray populations from India (inferentially specified as the location of the fourth syntype by Eschmeyer, 2016) and Indonesia (often referred to as ‘ Indien’ in old museum labels and incorrectly accorded to India) have medium to large blue spots, usually in much higher densities. The size of spots and their distribution in Müller & Henle’s figure (Fig. 1) is very similar to that of the two Vanikoro types (Fig. 2). On that basis, the most complete MNHN specimen, a 156 mm DW female in good condition with tail and caudal sting intact, is hereby designated as the lectotype. The second Vanikoro type becomes a paralectotype. This embryonic syntype (MNHN A 7931) probably equals N. australiae sp. nov., and the dried RMNH syntype probably equals N. caeruleopunctata sp. nov. based on its size and capture location. The meristic details of the N. kuhlii types were not obtained so counts are based solely on a newly collected specimen (CSIRO H 7723 - 01): total pectoral-fin radials 113; propterygium 45, mesopterygium 19, metapterygium 49. Pelvic-fin radials: 1 + 25 – 26. Vertebral centra total (including synarcual) 133; total (excluding synarcual) 128; monospondylous (including synarcual) 44; monospondylous (excluding synarcual) 39; pre-sting diplospondylous 64; post-sting diplospondylous 25. Count of the pectoral-fin radials (i. e. 113) is high for a kuhlii - group member. This specimen resembles the Vanikoro lectotype in shape and colour. Its COI sequence indicates that this species is distinct from all other kuhlii - group members (Appendix 1). In a similar analysis for the chondrichthyan Tree of Life project using the NADH 2 gene, the specimen was basal and separate from all other forms of the kuhlii - group (G. Naylor, pers. comm.). N. kuhlii N. australiae sp. nov. Lectotype Paralect. Other Holotype Paratypes material Min. Max. Mean Disc width (mm) 156 159 295 213 171 343 Total length 189.2 – 211.2 224.6 159.1 223.5 199.5 Disc length 82.2 81.3 81.7 82.6 79.8 85.1 82.4 Snout to pectoral-fin insertion 71.4 70.0 71.9 72.0 68.1 74.9 71.7 Disc thickness 12.0 12.3 11.1 12.6 11.8 14.3 12.8 Snout (preorbital) length 17.2 16.4 16.1 14.1 13.3 14.6 13.8 Snout (preorbital) horizontal length 14.4 13.6 13.6 12.0 10.5 11.3 11.0 Pelvic-fin (embedded) length 17.3 17.0 19.9 19.3 18.4 22.3 21.0 Width across pelvic-fin base 14.5 13.8 16.4 15.4 15.6 18.4 16.7 Greatest width across pelvic fins 31.7 34.0 39.7 41.2 29.6 40.1 35.1 Cloaca origin to tail tip 120.2 – 141.1 154.1 90.2 153.7 129.9 Tail width at axil of pelvic fins 7.2 7.4 7.6 8.3 7.3 9.0 8.1 ...... continued on the next page N. kuhlii N. australiae sp. nov. Lectotype Paralect. Other Holotype Paratypes material Min. Max. Mean	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36AFF9CFF48CAABFC30EC2F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. CSIRO H 7016 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 6850), juvenile male 235 mm DW, southwest of Weipa, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 12 ° 53.96 ′ S, 141 ° 12.71 ′ E, 36 – 38 m depth, 20 Feb 2009. Paratypes. 8 specimens: CSIRO CA 3236, adult male 280 mm DW, north of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 19 ° 28.2 ′ S, 118 ° 49 ′ E, 38 – 46 m depth, 20 Aug 1982; CSIRO CA 3247, adult male 379 mm DW, north of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 19 ° 36 ′ S, 118 ° 22 ′ E, 34 – 36 m depth, 21 Aug 1982; CSIRO CA 4307, female 306 mm DW, northwest Australia; CSIRO H 3914 - 01, adult male 287 mm DW, west of Weipa, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 12 ° 26.9 ′ S, 141 ° 27.6 ′ E, 28 m depth, 8 Mar 1995; CSIRO H 6144 - 19 (tissue accession BW-A 9396), female 180 mm DW, northwest of Prince of Wales Island, Torres Strait, Queensland, 10 ° 36.68 ′ S, 141 ° 36.42 ′ E, 17 m depth, 16 Jan 2004; CSIRO H 7017 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 7794), juvenile male 180 mm DW, north of Mornington Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 16 ° 12.92 ′ S, 138 ° 58.95 ′ E, 27 – 28 m depth, 22 Feb 2009; CSIRO H 7018 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 6849), female 145 mm DW, northwest of Mornington Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, 16 ° 19.00 ′ S, 138 ° 39.53 ′ E, 23 – 24 m depth, 23 Feb 2009; CSIRO T 693, juvenile male 245 mm DW, north of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, 9 ° 47 ′ S, 136 ° 20 ′ E, 50 m depth, 22 Feb 1982. Other material. 12 specimens: CSIRO CA 712, adolescent male 255 mm DW, Mud Cod Bay, Northern Territory, 14 ° 02 ′ S, 136 ° 24 ′ E, Jun 1979; CSIRO CA 1241, female 336 mm DW, north of Admiralty Gulf, Western Australia, 12 ° 53 ′ S, 125 ° 36 ′ E, 83 – 91 m depth, 1 Apr 1981; CSIRO CA 3248, adult male 362 mm DW, northwest of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 20 ° 00.2 ′ S, 117 ° 55 ′ E, 34 – 36 m depth, 22 Aug 1982; CSIRO CA 4309, female 190 mm DW, northwest Australia; CSIRO H 959 - 3, juvenile male 191 mm DW, north of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, 10 ° S, 137 ° E, Mar 1987; CSIRO H 47 - 1, female 351 mm DW, north of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, 9 ° 47 ′ S, 136 ° 20 ′ E, 50 m depth, 22 Feb 1982; CSIRO H 960 - 02, female 363 mm DW, probably northern Australia, 22 Mar 1987; CSIRO H 5590 - 01, male 300 mm DW, north of Groote Eylandt, 13 ° 09.8 ′ S, 136 ° 45.4 ′ E, 27 m depth, 24 Sep 1998; CSIRO T 692, juvenile female 157 mm DW, north of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, 9 ° 47 ′ S, 136 ° 20 ′ E, 50 m depth, 22 Feb 1982; CSIRO H 7853 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 5960), female 255 mm DW, CSIRO H 7853 - 02 (tissue accession BW-A 5961), juvenile male 204 mm DW, Tanjung Luar fish landing site, Lombok, Indonesia, 8 ° 45 ′ S, 116 ° 35 ′ E, 25 Oct 2008; CSIRO H 7304 - 07 (tissue accession BW-A 10112), adult male 383 mm DW, CSIRO H 7304 - 08 (tissue accession BW-A 10113), 318 mm DW, CSIRO H 7304 - 09 (tissue accession BW-A 10114), 305 mm DW, Tanjung Luar fish landing site, Lombok, Indonesia, 8 ° 45 ′ S, 116 ° 35 ′ E, 4 Aug 2010; CSIRO H 7217 - 05 (tissue accession BW-A 11341), 290 mm DW, CSIRO H 7217 - 06 (tissue accession BW-A 11342), 286 mm DW, Tanjung Luar fish landing site, Lombok, Indonesia, 8 ° 45 ′ S, 116 ° 35 ′ E, 24 Jan 2011; KFRS unreg (field code 220341), adult male 301 mm DW, KFRS unreg (field code 220342), adult male 301 mm DW, Daru fish market, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, 9 ° 03.91 ′ S, 143 ° 12.59 ′ E, 22 Oct 2014; MNHN A 7931 (syntype of N. kuhlii), late-term embryo, male 99.7 mm DW, West Papua, New Guinea, 7 ° 30 ′ S, 132 ° 30 ′ E, 1827.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36AFF9CFF48CAABFC30EC2F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A large Neotrygon of the kuhlii - complex (reaching at least 45 cm DW; males maturing at ~ 28 cm DW) with the following combination of characters: disc much broader than long, width 1.2 – 1.3 times length; pectoral apices narrowly angular; snout fleshy, broadly rounded to weakly angular, angle 101 – 103 °, length 1.6 – 2.1 times interorbital width; maximum width relatively well back on disc, length from snout tip to pectoral-fin insertion 1.7 – 1.8 times and disc width 2.3 – 2.5 times horizontal distance from snout tip to maximum disc width; preoral length 1.8 – 2.3 times mouth width; internasal distance 1.3 – 1.6 in prenasal length; interspiracular distance 14 – 16 % DW; nostril length 3.4 – 4 % DW; nasal curtain width 8.4 – 9.1 % DW; small mouth, width 6.5 – 7.3 % DW; horizontal distance from cloaca to caudal sting base 42 – 52 % of disc length; thornlets present in nuchal and lumbar regions in large individuals, absent from tail in all sizes; dermal denticles entirely absent from body; pectoral-fin radials 105 – 113; total vertebral centra (including synarcual) 129 – 134, trunk centra (including synarcual) 37 – 41; blue spots large, largest spot on disc 0.7 – 1.2 times eye width; 2 – 17 (mean 9.4) blue spots on medial belt, largest 3.3 – 5.6 % DW; mask-like marking subtle, usually lightly covered with dark peppery spots (dark spots not widespread over central disc); ventral surface of disc with distinct dark greyish brown submarginal bands; ventral tail fold almost entirely dark.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36AFF9CFF48CAABFC30EC2F.taxon	description	Description. Disc quadrangular, straight to weakly convex anteriorly and not produced; much broader than long, width 1.21 times length in holotype (1.17 – 1.25 in paratypes); snout angle 103 ° (101 – 103 °); axis of greatest width of disc relatively well back on disc, almost over scapular region, its distance from snout tip 1.78 (1.67 – 1.77) times in distance from tip of snout to pectoral-fin insertion; body relatively robust, thickness 7.9 (7.0 – 8.5) times in disc width, raised slightly above cranium; apex broadly rounded, narrowly or abruptly angular, pectoral angle 87 ° (84 – 89 °); posterior margin straight to weakly convex; free rear tip narrowly angular. Pelvic fins narrowly subtriangular, anterior margin almost straight, apex narrowly rounded, posterior margin moderately convex, united with inner margin (free rear tip indiscernible); rather small, length 19.3 % (18.4 – 22.3 %) DW; 1.25 (1.14 – 1.34) times width across fin bases. Claspers of adult males large, depressed, tapering, acutely pointed apically; outer length (from axil of pelvic fin) 18.0 % DW. Tail moderately broad-based, tapering rapidly to caudal stings, with dorsal and ventral skin folds; base moderately depressed, broadly oval in cross-section, weakly convex above and below, width 1.40 (1.33 – 1.63) times depth; subcircular to rhomboidal in cross-section near origin of ventral skin fold, width 1.06 (0.95 – 1.22) times height at fold origin; tapering evenly in dorsoventral view posterior to caudal stings; moderately compressed at end of caudal stings; damaged distally beyond folds in one large paratype; both dorsal and ventral skin folds prominent; tail very compressed, narrowly suboval in cross-section above mid ventral fold, width 0.55 (0.52 – 0.66) times depth; at end of fold weakly depressed, width 1.00 (0.52 – 0.93) times height; dorsal surface of tail posterior to caudal-sting bases with a weak naked groove (partly housing ventral-most sting and extending for about half to its full length); no skin folds present along lateral margin of tail. Dorsal skin fold well developed, short-based, pronounced, length about 10 (7 – 19) times its height, 1.31 (1.03 – 1.46) in snout length, 6.34 (4.00 – 6.61) in length of ventral fold; its height 1.09 (0.74 – 1.53) in height of mid-ventral fold; origin sometimes coincident with apex of second sting, sometimes with a short low ridge before elevated portion; elevated portion slightly less than or equal to snout length. Ventral skin fold relatively long, 68.2 (50.1 – 68.3) % DW, relatively narrow, tapering, deepest forward of dorsal skin fold; much longer based and distinctly taller than dorsal skin fold; length 1.47 (1.46 – 1.99) in disc width; depth at quarter length 0.78 (0.37 – 0.67), at mid length 0.72 (0.52 – 0.63), at three quarter 0.86 (0.40 – 0.85) in adjacent tail height; originating almost below or just forward of first sting origin; horizontal distance from cloaca to sting origin 1.91 (1.61 – 1.97) in precloacal length. Snout fleshy (more so in large paratypes), short, broadly rounded; not acute at apex, but without obvious apical lobe; angle 103 ° (101 – 103 °); narrowly rounded when viewed laterally, becoming slightly more depressed towards apex; preoral snout length 1.82 (1.89 – 2.31) times mouth width, 1.77 (1.74 – 2.11) times internarial distance, 0.78 (0.79 – 0.91) times distance between first gill slits; direct preorbital snout length rather short, 1.63 (1.63 – 2.09) times interorbital length; snout to maximum disc width 2.48 (2.30 – 2.54) in DW; interorbital space narrow, weakly concave (almost straight in some paratypes); eyes large, dorsolateral, strongly protruding, ventral margin partly covered by thick skin fold; orbit greatly elevated above disc and interorbital space, diameter 0.92 (0.76 – 0.93) in spiracle length, eye length 1.19 (1.13 – 1.41) in spiracle length; inter-eye distance 2.94 (2.59 – 3.07) times eye length. Spiracles large, crescentic with dorsolateral opening; dorsal margin with a medial protuberance. Nostril narrowly oval to slit-like, directed longitudinally to slightly oblique; lateral margin fleshy; anterior nasal fold internal, very narrow, membranous; broad oronasal groove present; internarial space 1.36 (1.26 – 1.56) in prenasal length, 1.88 (1.78 – 2.28) times nostril length. Nasal curtain relatively narrow, skirt-like, short, width 1.50 (1.45 – 1.72) times length; weakly bilobed, posterior margin of each lobe moderately convex; surface crenulated, papillate, sometimes with weak medial groove and covered with minute pores; apex recessible within lateral margin of oronasal groove; lateral margin almost straight, smooth-edged, usually partly enveloped by narrow posterior fold of nostril; posterior margin strongly fringed, concave medially, vaguely following contour of lower jaw, usually overlapping lower jaw when mouth closed in holotype and most paratypes. Mouth small, jaws strongly asymmetric; lateral grooves shallow, curved slightly, extending from nostril to slightly below lower jaw, length much shorter than nasal curtain length; not projecting forward when open, not protrusible; skin on chin and margin of lower jaw very fleshy, strongly papillate; teeth uniformly close-set in both jaws, in oblique rows, not arranged in obvious quincunx, in paratype CSIRO T 693 rows in upper jaw ~ 24, lower jaw ~ 31. Upper jaw strongly arched, strongly double convex; teeth of anterior part of upper jaw concealed when mouth closed; symphysial part of jaw projecting anteroventrally. Lower jaw strongly convex with a truncate to weakly concave anterior margin, interlocking into upper jaw when mouth closed; teeth not visible when mouth closed. Upper jaw of juvenile male syntype (CSIRO T 693) with a raised row of greatly enlarged teeth with long caniniform cusps (directed lingually) near the middle of each side of jaw; teeth otherwise similar in shape, cusps more or less subequal to their base length; those at symphysis barely larger than those adjacent. Teeth in lower jaw smaller than those of upper jaw, broad based, low, with semi-truncate to slightly concave distal margins, those toward angle of lower jaw with slightly shorter cusps; no rows of enlarged teeth in jaw. Floor of mouth in paratypes with two very long, lobe-like, very closely spaced, medial oral papillae (holotype not dissected); no smaller papillae near angle of each jaw. Gill openings elongate S-shaped, forming a weakly fringed lobe laterally; length of first gill slit 1.09 (1.14 – 1.59) times length of fifth gill slit, 2.39 (1.88 – 2.40) times in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.26 (2.12 – 2.54) times internarial space, 0.45 (0.43 – 0.46) times ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.17 (1.14 – 1.35) times internasal distance, 0.23 (0.22 – 0.26) times ventral head length. Total pectoral-fin radials 112 – 113 (105 – 111); propterygium 44 (42 – 45), mesopterygium 17 (14 – 19), metapterygium 51 – 52 (46 – 49). Pelvic-fin radials: 1 (1) + 18 – 19 (18 – 19 in male paratypes, 23 in female paratype). Vertebral centra total (including synarcual) 132 (129 – 134); total (excluding synarcual) 129 (123 – 130); monospondylous (including synarcual) 37 (39 – 41); monospondylous (excluding synarcual) 34 (34 – 36); pre-sting diplospondylous 76 (66 – 71); post-sting diplospondylous 19 (17 – 25). Squamation. Disc and tail of holotype lacking dermal denticles; a single series of variable-length, narrow, spear-shaped to narrow lanceolate thornlets along mid-line of disc on nape; median row continuous on nape, with 11 (8 – 13) thornlets when developed, anteriormost thornlets smallest; row length slightly shorter than or equal to interspiracular width; two largest thornlets larger than those adjacent, angle at less than 45 ° to horizontal (appearing saw-shaped in lateral view); no thornlets on lumbar region or tail; lateral scapular thorns absent. In largest paratypes (CSIRO CA 3236, CSIRO CA 3247 and CSIRO CA 4307), row of thornlets on nape almost connected with a well-developed lumbar row; lumbar series weakly developed in CSIRO H 3914 - 01; nape and lumbar series both absent in smallest paratypes (CSIRO H 7017 - 01 and CSIRO H 7018 - 01). Two caudal stings in holotype (1 or 2 in paratypes), intact, second much longer than first; caudal stings very elongate, slender, narrow based, longest sting exceeding preorbital length; enveloping membrane absent; distance from sting base to pectoral-fin insertion 36.9 % (32.6 – 40.3 %) DW, 4.02 (1.78 – 2.44) times first sting length; distance from cloaca to sting base 0.45 (0.42 – 0.52) in disc length. Colour. Live coloration (based on holotype). Dorsal surface pale yellowish brown and blue-spotted, barely graduating to slightly paler yellowish pink along margin of disc and pelvic fins; eye dark, orbital membrane darker than disc. Blue spots large, irregularly spaced, ocellate, with pale bluish white centres and surrounded by thick, diffuse-edged darker grey blue outer rings; distributed widely over disc; well represented on medial belt; thornlets in medial row white and contrasted with skin; mask-like marking on head distinct, medium brown with whitish blotch on posterior edge; dark speckles most concentrated on mask and comparatively sparse elsewhere. Ventral surface uniformly white centrally on disc, submarginal band greyish and distinct. Tail slightly darker than disc dorsally before caudal sting, becoming even darker then with black and white bands toward its tip; sides of tail dusky; dorsal and ventral folds blackish. In preservative (based on holotype). Dorsal surface pale yellowish, darker greyish on head and across mid-disc and tail; palest around disc submargin (disc edge blackish); mask and orbital membranes dark, with a moderate peppering of small black spots; bluish spots large (in paratypes largest spots 4 – 6.2 % DW), appearing as greyish blue markings with pale centres (somewhat ocellate). Ventral surface of disc and pelvic fins almost uniformly white with narrow black edge; submarginal bands barely detectable, weak and diffuse-edged in smallest paratypes. Tail darker dorsally than ventrally; ventral surface forward of ventral fold pale to faintly dusky (slightly darker in some paratypes, but noticeably paler than dorsal surface); ventral fold dark with a very narrow pale base; dorsal fold uniformly dark; banding on post-fold tail primarily black with three narrow, pale bands (banding on paratypes variable); stings greyish white. Claspers distinctly paler than dorsal tail, similar on dorsal and ventral surfaces.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36AFF9CFF48CAABFC30EC2F.taxon	materials_examined	Size. Type specimens consisted of three adult males of 280 – 379 mm DW, three juvenile males of 180 – 245 mm DW, and three females of 145 – 306 mm DW. Other material examined includes and adult male of 383 mm DW, an adolescent male of 255 mm DW and a female of 351 mm DW. Specimens observed at the Tanjung Luar fishing port in Lombok (from local catches) included females of up to 452 mm DW and adult males up to 410 mm DW.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36AFF9CFF48CAABFC30EC2F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Type specimens were collected from northern Australia, from off Port Hedland, east to northeastern Gulf of Carpentaria (Fig. 8) at depths of 23 – 50 m. Other specimens taken from off Daru (northern Torres Strait Islands) in Papua New Guinea and Lombok in Indonesia. Found over and adjacent to rocky and coral reefs from shallow water to at least 91 m depth. Specimens recorded off eastern Queensland to northern New South Wales are referrable to Neotrygon trigonoides and it is possible N. australiae does not overlap but additional research is required. The extent of the range of this species in New Guinea needs more research.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36AFF9CFF48CAABFC30EC2F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Epithet demarcates the Australasian distribution of this member of bluespotted mask ray complex of the genus Neotrygon. Vernacular: Australian Bluespotted Maskray.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36EFF84FF48CED5FA1EEFA8.taxon	description	Neotrygon kuhlii Clade 6 — Puckridge et al., 2013: p. 6.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36EFF84FF48CED5FA1EEFA8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZB unreg (ex CSIRO H 7852 - 03) (tissue accession BW-A 2572), adolescent male 227 mm DW, Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, 8 ° 45 ′ S, 115 ° 10 ′ E, 17 Apr 2004. Paratypes. 9 specimens: CSIRO H 7851 - 01, adolescent male 295 mm DW, CSIRO H 7851 - 02, male 273 mm DW, Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, 8 ° 45 ′ S, 115 ° 10 ′ E, 16 Apr 2004; CSIRO H 7852 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 2573), female 247 mm DW, CSIRO H 7852 - 02, female 280 mm DW, collected with holotype; CSIRO H 6202 - 03, adult male 311 mm DW, CSIRO H 6202 - 04, female 324 mm DW, Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, 8 ° 45 ′ S, 115 ° 10 ′ E, 18 Apr 2004; CSIRO H 7850 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 5731), female 350 mm DW, Sadeng fishing port, Central Java, Indonesia, 8 ° 11.5 ′ S, 110 ° 48 ′ E, 18 Oct 2008; CSIRO H 6124 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 2580), female 264 mm DW, CSIRO H 6124 - 02, male 245 mm DW, Kedonganan fish market, Bali, Indonesia, 8 ° 45 ′ S, 115 ° 10 ′ E, 24 Aug 2002.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36EFF84FF48CED5FA1EEFA8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A large Neotrygon of the kuhlii - complex (reaching at least 47 cm DW; males maturing at 31 cm DW) with the following combination of characters: disc much broader than long, width 1.2 – 1.3 times length; pectoral apices abruptly angular; snout fleshy, broadly rounded to obtuse, angle 125 – 130 °, length 1.8 – 2.4 times interorbital width; maximum width relatively well forward on disc, length from snout tip to pectoral-fin insertion 1.9 – 2 times and disc width 2.6 – 2.9 times horizontal distance from snout tip to maximum disc width; preoral length 1.6 – 2.3 times mouth width; internasal distance 1.4 – 1.8 in prenasal length; interspiracular distance 13 – 14 % DW; nostril length 2.5 – 3.5 % DW; nasal curtain width 8 – 9.4 % DW; small mouth, width 6.6 – 7.9 % DW; horizontal distance from cloaca to caudal sting base 51 – 56 % of disc length; thornlets present in nuchal and lumbar regions in large individuals, absent from tail in all sizes; dermal denticles entirely absent from body; pectoral-fin radials 105 – 110; total vertebral centra (including synarcual) 133 – 142, trunk centra (including synarcual) 38 – 43; blue spots medium-sized, largest spot on disc 0.5 – 0.8 times eye width; 0 – 3 (mean 0.8) blue spots on medial belt, largest 1.7 – 2.7 % DW; mask-like marking dark, not covered with dark peppery spots; ventral surface of disc and pelvic fins with sharply defined dark greyish brown submarginal bands; ventral tail dark before caudal sting; ventral tail fold almost entirely dark in young.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36EFF84FF48CED5FA1EEFA8.taxon	description	Description. Disc rhombic, straight to weakly convex anteriorly and not produced; much broader than long, width 1.24 times length in holotype (1.20 – 1.25 in paratypes); axis of greatest width of disc relatively well forward on disc, slightly forward of scapular region, its distance from snout tip 2.02 (1.86 – 2.02) times in distance from tip of snout to pectoral-fin insertion; body relatively robust, thickness 9.0 (7.7 – 9.1) times in disc width, raised slightly above cranium; apex broadly rounded to obtuse, pectoral angle 83 ° (81 – 87 °); posterior margin straight to weakly undulate; free rear tip narrowly angular. Pelvic fins narrowly subtriangular, anterior margin almost straight, apex narrowly rounded, posterior margin convex, united with inner margin (free rear tip indiscernible); rather small, length 20.9 % (20.6 – 21.9 %) DW; 1.21 (1.08 – 1.28) times width across fin bases. Claspers of adult males relatively small, depressed, tapering, acutely pointed apically; outer length (from axil of pelvic fin) 12.5 % DW. Tail moderately broad-based, tapering rapidly to caudal sting (damaged in all types), with dorsal and ventral skin folds; base moderately depressed, broadly oval in cross-section, weakly convex above and below, width 1.48 (1.25 – 1.72) times depth; subcircular to rhomboidal in cross-section near origin of ventral skin fold, width 1.20 (1.00 – 1.21) times height at fold origin; tapering evenly in dorsoventral view posterior to caudal sting (s); moderately compressed beneath broken sections of caudal sting (s); damaged distally beyond folds in largest paratypes; both dorsal and ventral skin folds prominent; tail compressed, narrowly suboval in cross-section above mid ventral fold, width 0.70 (0.57 – 0.91) times depth; at end of fold subcircular, width 0.86 (0.84 – 1.12) times height; dorsal surface of tail posterior to caudal-sting bases with a weak naked groove (partly housing ventral-most sting); no skin folds present along lateral margin of tail. Dorsal skin fold well developed, short-based, pronounced, length about 12 (9 – 12) times its height, 1.35 (1.30 – 1.66) in snout length, 5.39 (5.20 – 6.09) in length of ventral fold; its height 1.34 (1.17 – 1.40) in height of mid-ventral fold; origin usually with a short low ridge before elevated portion; elevated portion much shorter than snout length. Ventral skin fold relatively long, 60.0 (49.9 – 60.3) % DW, relatively narrow, tapering, deepest forward of dorsal skin fold; much longer based and distinctly taller than dorsal skin fold; length 1.67 (1.66 – 2.00) in disc width; depth at quarter length 0.67 (0.55 – 0.75), at mid length 0.65 (0.52 – 0.82), at three quarter 1.06 (0.75 – 0.97) in adjacent tail height; originating almost below or just forward of first sting origin; horizontal distance from cloaca to sting origin 1.59 (1.51 – 1.60) in precloacal length. Snout fleshy (more so in large paratypes), short, obtuse; not acute at apex, but without obvious apical lobe; angle 128 ° (125 – 130 °); narrowly rounded when viewed laterally, becoming slightly more depressed towards apex; preoral snout length 2.01 (1.63 – 2.34) times mouth width, 2.19 (1.75 – 2.28) times internarial distance, 0.83 (0.75 – 0.95) times distance between first gill slits; direct preorbital snout rather short, length 1.78 (1.91 – 2.40) times interorbital length; snout to maximum disc width 2.94 (2.64 – 2.87) in DW; interorbital space narrow, weakly concave; eyes large, dorsolateral, strongly protruding, ventral margin partly covered by thick skin fold; orbit greatly elevated above disc and interorbital space, diameter 0.83 (0.88 – 1.02) in spiracle length, eye length 1.17 (1.27 – 1.45) in spiracle length; inter-eye distance 2.93 (3.03 – 3.37) times eye length. Spiracles large, crescentic with dorsolateral opening; dorsal margin with a medial protuberance. Nostril narrowly oval to slit-like, directed longitudinally to slightly oblique; lateral margin fleshy; anterior nasal fold internal, very narrow, membranous; broad oronasal groove present; internarial space 1.78 (1.43 – 1.82) in prenasal length, 2.04 (1.92 – 2.78) times nostril length. Nasal curtain relatively narrow, skirt-like, short, width 1.54 (1.43 – 1.86) times length; weakly bilobed, posterior margin of each lobe moderately convex; surface crenulated, weakly papillate, sometimes with weak medial groove and covered with minute pores; apex recessible within lateral margin of oronasal groove; lateral margin almost straight, smooth-edged, usually partly enveloped by narrow posterior fold of nostril; posterior margin strongly fringed, concave medially, vaguely following contour of lower jaw, usually overlapping lower jaw when mouth closed. Mouth small, jaws strongly asymmetric; lateral grooves shallow, curved slightly, extending from nostril to slightly below lower jaw, length much shorter than nasal curtain length; not projecting forward when open, not protrusible; skin on chin and margin of lower jaw very fleshy, strongly papillate; teeth uniformly close-set in both jaws, in oblique rows, not arranged in obvious quincunx, in paratype CSIRO H 6202 - 03 rows in upper jaw ~ 26, lower jaw ~ 33. Upper jaw strongly arched, strongly double convex; teeth of anterior part of upper jaw concealed when mouth closed; symphysial part of jaw projecting anteroventrally. Lower jaw strongly convex with a truncate to weakly concave anterior margin, interlocking into upper jaw when mouth closed; teeth not visible when mouth closed. Upper jaw of adult male paratype (CSIRO H 6202 - 03) with a raised row of greatly enlarged teeth with long caniniform cusps (directed lingually) near the middle of each side of jaw; teeth otherwise small, length of cusps more or less subequal to their base length; teeth at symphysis barely larger than those adjacent, directed lingually, with long acute to bluntly pointed cusps, slightly less oblique than those posterolaterally. Teeth in lower jaw smaller than those of upper jaw, broad based, cusps rather long, those toward angle of lower jaw with slightly shorter cusps. Floor of mouth in paratypes with two very long, lobe-like, very closely spaced, medial oral papillae (holotype not dissected); no smaller papillae near angle of each jaw. Gill openings elongate S-shaped, forming a weakly fringed lobe laterally; length of first gill slit 1.44 (1.18 – 1.32) times length of fifth gill slit, 2.32 (2.14 – 2.55) times in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.62 (2.30 – 2.44) times internarial space, 0.48 (0.43 – 0.47) times ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.45 (1.20 – 1.41) times internasal distance, 0.26 (0.23 – 0.25) times ventral head length. Total pectoral-fin radials 109 (105 – 110); propterygium 43 – 44 (43 – 46), mesopterygium 17 – 18 (14 – 19), metapterygium 47 – 49 (45 – 49). Pelvic-fin radials: 1 (1) + 21 – 22 (19 – 21 in male paratypes, 24 – 26 in female paratypes). Vertebral centra total (including synarcual) 142 (133 – 140); total (excluding synarcual) 136 (128 – 134); monospondylous (including synarcual) 43 (38 – 41); monospondylous (excluding synarcual) 37 (33 – 36); pre-sting diplospondylous 74 (64 – 74); post-sting diplospondylous 25 (18 – 33). Squamation. Disc and tail of holotype lacking dermal denticles; a single series of very small, developing thornlets along mid-line of disc on nape in holotype. In larger paratypes (CSIRO H 6202 - 04 and CSIRO H 7850 - 01) median row on nape well developed and continuous, up to 10 thornlets, last 3 much larger than those preceding; median disc beyond shoulder with a continuous or broken row of smaller seed-shaped thornlets extending to above cloaca; no thornlets on lumbar region or tail; median row on nape much shorter in length than interspiracular width; angle at less than 45 ° to horizontal (appearing saw-shaped in lateral view); lateral scapular thorns absent. Evidence of a single caudal sting in all types except one paratype (CSIRO H 6202 - 04); stings broken in all cases at their base or removed completely by fishers post capture; distance from cloaca to sting base 0.52 (0.51 – 0.56) in disc length. Colour. Live coloration (based on paratype CSIRO 7850 - 01). Dorsal surface pale greenish brown centrally and blue-spotted, graduating to more intense reddish brown along margin of disc and pelvic fins; eye whitish, orbital membrane similar to disc. Blue spots small to medium-sized, irregularly spaced, ocellate, with pale blue centres and surrounded by darker blue, diffuse-edged outer rings; distributed mainly over central parts of pectoral fins; largely absent through medial belt; thornlets in medial row white and contrasted with skin; dark speckles distributed randomly on disc; mask-like marking on head rather poorly defined, without dense peppering of speckles. Ventral surface colour based on incomplete image, uniformly white on head. Tail similar to disc colour dorsally before caudal sting, becoming paler greyish white then with black and white bands toward its tip; sides of tail white; dorsal fold similar to dorsal tail; ventral fold dusky with narrow black edge. In preservative (based on holotype). Dorsal surface dark greyish brown, darker greyish on head and slightly darker across mid-disc and tail; slightly paler around disc submargin (disc edge narrowly blackish; less distinct in paratypes); mask relatively indistinct, with weak peppering of small black spots (similar in paratypes); bluish spots small to medium-sized (in paratypes largest spots 2.7 – 3.9 % DW) appearing as almost entirely greyish markings (not or weakly ocellate); larger spots more variable in paratypes (uniformly coloured to ocellate, in paratype CSIRO H 6124 - 01 spots distinctly ocellate with pale centres); no blue spots in medial belt (mostly also absent but up to 3 spots in paratypes), when present diameter up to 2.7 % DW. Ventral surface of disc and pelvic fins largely white with sharply defined dark greyish brown submarginal bands (less defined in largest paratypes) and narrow black edges; submarginal band broad, at pectoral apex exceeding prenarial length; anterior half of ventral disc with a well-defined, black margin (width ~ 2 – 3 mm wide). Tail slightly darker dorsally than ventrally; ventral surface forward of ventral fold dark brownish and blotchy; ventral fold uniformly dark (in largest paratypes somewhat darker distally than basally); dorsal fold uniformly dark; banding on post-fold tail primarily black with 4 pale bands (widths and positions of bands variable in paratypes); sting bases greyish white. Clasper dorsal surface slightly paler than dorsal tail; ventral surfaces paler. Size. Type specimens consist of an adult male of 311 mm DW, two adolescent males of 227 and 295 mm DW, and five females of 247 – 350 mm DW. White & Dharmadi (2007, as Dasyatis cf. kuhlii Bali form) reported a size at 50 % maturity in males of 312 mm DW and a maximum size of females and males of 471 and 450 mm DW, respectively. They also reported that pregnant females contained two pups with a size at birth of 170 mm DW.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36EFF84FF48CED5FA1EEFA8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Type specimens collected from fish landing sites in Bali and southern Central Java in Indonesia (Fig. 8). Fishers catching this species from these landing sites operate in adjacent waters close to port and are not translocated from other areas. Probably not found east of the Wallace Line based on the presence of N. australiae from Lombok, the next island east from Bali, between which the Wallace Line runs. Populations further west in the Indian Ocean are unresolved but are close to this form.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36EFF84FF48CED5FA1EEFA8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Derived from the Latin caeruleus (sky blue) and punctum (dot or spot) with reference to its bluespotted coloration and having a wider distribution than other blue-spotted forms. Vernacular: Bluespotted Maskray. TABLE 2. Morphometric data for the holotype of Neotrygon caeruleopunctata sp. nov. (MZB unreg [ex CSIRO H 7852 - 03]),), with ranges and means provided for measured paratypes, and for the holotype of Neotrygon orientale sp. nov. (MZB unreg [ex CSIRO H 7858 - 01]), and ranges and means for the measured paratypes. Measurements expressed as a percentage of disc width.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB36EFF84FF48CED5FA1EEFA8.taxon	description	N. caeruleopunctata sp. nov. N. orientale sp. nov. Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean Disc width (mm) 227 247 350 213 171 343 ...... continued on the next page N. caeruleopunctata sp. nov. N. orientale sp. nov. Holotype Paratypes Holotype Paratypes Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean Width 1 st gill slit 3.2 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.5 3.2 Width 3 rd gill slit 3.4 3.4 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.6 3.3 Width 5 th gill slit 2.2 2.1 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.0 2.3 2.2 Head length 37.2 36.6 38.5 37.4 34.8 35.0 37.4 36.1 Distance between 1 st gill slits 17.7 16.1 17.3 16.7 15.4 15.8 17.0 16.2 Distance between 5 th gill slits 9.8 8.4 9.7 9.0 8.7 8.4 9.2 8.9 Cloaca length 5.9 6.3 7.1 6.6 6.6 6.9 7.8 7.3 Clasper postcloacal length 8.7 24.3 24.3 24.3 17.4 20.3 20.3 20.3 Clasper length from pelvic axil 4.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.9 13.9 13.9 13.9	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB377FF87FF48C91AFBB1EC72.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MZB unreg (ex CSIRO H 7858 - 01) (tissue accession GN 4267), late-adolescent male 213 mm DW, Muara Kintap, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, 3 ° 54.26 ′ S, 115 ° 15.53 ′ E, 30 Nov 2006. Paratypes. 5 specimens: CSIRO H 6130 - 01, female 254 mm DW, Muara Angke fish market, Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 ° 06 ′ S, 106 ° 48 ′ E, 4 Apr 2001; CSIRO 6136 - 01, female 240 mm DW, CSIRO 6136 - 04, adult male 220 mm DW, Muara Angke fish market, Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 ° 06 ′ S, 106 ° 48 ′ E, 31 Jan 2003; CSIRO H 7099 - 09 (tissue accession GN 4754), female 171 mm DW, Flamboyan Market, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, 0 ° 2.34 ′ N, 108 ° 59 ′ E, 12 Jul 2008; CSIRO H 7848 - 01 (tissue accession GN 4619), female 343 mm DW, Singkawang fish market, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, 0 ° 55.11 ′ N, 108 ° 59 ′ E, 28 Jul 2007. Other material. 6 specimens: CSIRO 6136 - 02, adult male 238 mm DW, CSIRO 6136 - 03, female 223 mm DW, CSIRO 6136 - 05, adult male 215 mm DW, Muara Angke fish market, Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 ° 06 ′ S, 106 ° 48 ′ E, 31 Jan 2003; CSIRO H 7099 - 10 (tissue accession GN 4755), female 145 mm DW, CSIRO H 7099 - 11 (tissue accession GN 4756), female 145 mm DW, Flamboyan Market, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, 0 ° 2.34 ′ N, 108 ° 59 ′ E, 12 Jul 2008; CSIRO H 7849 - 01 (tissue accession BW-A 7737), female 290 mm DW, Muara Angke fish market, Jakarta, Indonesia, 6 ° 06 ′ S, 106 ° 48 ′ E, 8 Oct 2009.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB377FF87FF48C91AFBB1EC72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small Neotrygon of the kuhlii - complex (reaching at least 38 cm DW; males maturing at 22 cm DW) with the following combination of characters: disc much broader than long, width 1.2 – 1.3 times length; pectoral apices abruptly angular; snout fleshy, broadly rounded to weakly angular, angle 124 – 129 °, length 1.9 – 2.5 times interorbital width; maximum width relatively well forward on disc, length from snout tip to pectoral-fin insertion 1.8 – 2 times and disc width 2.7 – 2.9 times horizontal distance from snout tip to maximum disc width; preoral length 1.8 – 2.2 times mouth width; internasal distance 1.3 – 1.6 in prenasal length; interspiracular distance 13 – 16 % DW; nostril length 3.1 – 3.8 % DW; nasal curtain width 8.9 – 10 % DW; small mouth, width 7 – 7.5 % DW; horizontal distance from cloaca to caudal sting base 48 – 56 % of disc length; thornlets present in nuchal region and weakly developed in the lumbar regions in adults, absent from tail in all sizes; minute, widely-spaced dermal denticles present on mid-disc of large adults; pectoral-fin radials 105 – 110; total vertebral centra (including synarcual) 125 – 141, trunk centra (including synarcual) 36 – 42; blue spots on disc moderately large, largest 0.5 – 0.9 in eye width; few blue spots on medial belt, 0 – 6 (mean 0.4), largest 2.8 – 3.3 % DW; mask-like marking rather pronounced, covered with dark peppery spots; ventral surface of disc with diffuse greyish submarginal bands; ventral tail fold dusky with darker edge.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB377FF87FF48C91AFBB1EC72.taxon	description	Description. Disc rhombic, straight to convex anteriorly and not produced; much broader than long, width 1.26 times length in holotype (1.20 – 1.25 in paratypes); axis of greatest width of disc relatively well forward on disc, slightly forward of scapular region, its distance from snout tip 1.91 (1.82 – 2.03) times in distance from tip of snout to pectoral-fin insertion; body relatively robust, thickness 8.0 (7.6 – 8.1) times in disc width, raised slightly above cranium; apex broadly rounded, narrowly or abruptly angular, pectoral angle 88 ° (85 – 90 °); posterior margin straight to undulate; free rear tip narrowly angular. Pelvic fins narrowly subtriangular, anterior margin almost straight, apex narrowly rounded, posterior margin moderately convex, united with inner margin (free rear tip indiscernible); rather small, length 21.4 % (21.0 – 22.4 %) DW; 1.22 (1.06 – 1.15) times width across fin bases. Claspers of adult males relatively small, narrow, depressed, tapering, acutely pointed apically; outer length (from axil of pelvic fin) 13.9 % DW. Tail moderately broad-based, tapering rapidly to caudal sting (s), with dorsal and ventral skin folds; base moderately depressed, broadly oval in cross-section, weakly convex above and below, width 1.51 (1.35 – 1.80) times depth; subcircular to rhomboidal in cross-section near origin of ventral skin fold, width 0.98 (0.99 – 1.17) times height at fold origin; tapering evenly in dorsoventral view posterior to caudal stings; moderately compressed below broken tips of caudal stings; sometimes damaged distally beyond folds; both dorsal and ventral skin folds prominent; tail very compressed, narrowly suboval in cross-section above mid ventral fold, width 0.62 (0.66 – 0.87) times depth; at end of fold weakly depressed, width 0.95 (0.82 – 0.98) times height; dorsal surface of tail posterior to caudal-sting bases with a weak naked groove; no skin folds present along lateral margin of tail. Dorsal skin fold well developed, short-based, pronounced, length about 9 (9 – 12) times its height, 1.91 (1.57 – 2.08) in snout length, 6.68 (6.58 – 7.50) in length of ventral fold; its height 1.06 (1.45 – 2.01) in height of mid-ventral fold; origin usually with a short low ridge before elevated portion; elevated portion much shorter than snout length. Ventral skin fold relatively long, 49.9 (47.1 – 60.1) % DW, very narrow, tapering, deepest forward of dorsal skin fold; much longer based and slightly taller than dorsal skin fold; length 2.01 (1.66 – 2.12) in disc width; depth at quarter length 0.34 (0.52 – 0.82), at mid length 0.54 (0.76 – 0.87), at three quarter 0.42 (0.70 – 1.01) in adjacent tail height; originating almost below or just forward of first sting origin; horizontal distance from cloaca to sting origin 1.66 (1.48 – 1.72) in precloacal length. Snout fleshy (more so in large paratypes), short, broadly rounded; not acute at apex, but without obvious apical lobe; angle 126 ° (124 – 129 °); narrowly rounded when viewed laterally, becoming marginally more depressed towards apex; preoral snout length 1.99 (1.75 – 2.15) times mouth width, 1.81 (1.70 – 2.13) times internarial distance, 0.91 (0.74 – 0.95) times distance between first gill slits; preorbital snout short, direct length 2.45 (1.90 – 2.42) times interorbital length; snout to maximum disc width 2.83 (2.67 – 2.85) in DW; interorbital space almost flat, narrow; eyes large, dorsolateral, strongly protruding (less obvious in some paratypes), ventral margin partly covered by thick skin fold; orbit greatly elevated above disc and interorbital space, diameter 0.84 (0.80 – 1.06) in spiracle length, eye length 1.14 (1.10 – 1.40) in spiracle length; inter-eye distance 2.63 (2.54 – 3.77) times eye length. Spiracles large, crescentic with dorsolateral opening; dorsal margin with a medial protuberance. Nostril slit-like, directed longitudinally to slightly oblique; lateral margin fleshy; anterior nasal fold internal, very narrow, membranous; broad oronasal groove present; internarial space 1.46 (1.33 – 1.61) in prenasal length, 2.03 (2.08 – 2.38) times nostril length. Nasal curtain relatively narrow, skirt-like, short, width 1.69 (1.59 – 1.99) times length; weakly bilobed, posterior margin of each lobe moderately convex; surface crenulated, weakly papillate, medial groove not obvious, sparsely covered with minute pores; apices recessible within lateral margin of oronasal groove; lateral margin almost straight, smooth-edged, usually partly enveloped by narrow posterior fold of nostril; posterior margin lightly fringed, concave medially, vaguely following contour of lower jaw, usually overlapping lower jaw when mouth closed. Mouth small, jaws strongly asymmetric; lateral grooves shallow, sometimes almost indistinct, curved slightly, extending from nostril to slightly below lower jaw, length much shorter than nasal curtain length; not projecting forward when open, not protrusible; skin on chin and margin of lower jaw not particularly fleshy, papillate; teeth of paratype CSIRO H 7848 – 01 uniformly close-set in both jaws, in oblique rows, not arranged in obvious quincunx, rows in upper jaw ~ 31, lower jaw ~ 35. Upper jaw strongly arched, strongly double convex; teeth of anterior part of upper jaw concealed when mouth closed; symphysial part of jaw projecting anteroventrally. Lower jaw strongly convex with a truncate to weakly concave anterior margin, interlocking into upper jaw when mouth closed; teeth not visible when mouth closed. Upper jaw of adult female paratype (CSIRO H 7848 – 01) with a raised row of enlarged teeth with elongate blunt cusps (directed lingually) near the middle of each side of jaw; teeth otherwise similar in shape, cusps shorter than their base length; teeth at symphysis barely larger than those laterally, cups small and directed lingually. Teeth in lower jaw broad based, low, with short knob-like cusps and convex anterior margins; those toward angle of lower jaw with slightly shorter cusps. Floor of mouth in paratypes with two very long, lobe-like, very closely spaced, medial oral papillae (holotype not dissected); no smaller papillae near angle of each jaw. Gill openings elongate S-shaped, fringe not discernible; length of first gill slit 1.14 (1.28 – 1.59) times length of fifth gill slit, 2.36 (2.05 – 2.43) times in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.00 (2.03 – 2.30) times internarial space, 0.44 (0.43 – 0.46) times ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.13 (1.13 – 1.26) times internasal distance, 0.25 (0.24 – 0.25) times ventral head length. Total pectoral-fin radials 109 (105 – 110); propterygium 42 – 43 (42 – 44), mesopterygium 17 – 19 (16 – 18), metapterygium 48 – 49 (45 – 49). Pelvic-fin radials: 1 (1) + 19 – 20 (19 in a male paratype, 23 – 26 in female paratypes). Vertebral centra total (including synarcual) 140 (125 – 141); total (excluding synarcual) 135 (122 – 141); monospondylous (including synarcual) 41 (36 – 42); monospondylous (excluding synarcual) 36 (33 – 35); pre-sting diplospondylous 65 (61 – 70); post-sting diplospondylous 34 (25 – 29). Squamation. Disc and tail of holotype lacking dermal denticles; a single median row of 4 – 8 variable-length, spear-shaped to narrow lanceolate thornlets on nape, anteriormost thornlets slightly smaller than those at end of row; no thornlets on lumbar region or tail; row length 8 – 11 % DW when present, less than ¾ of interspiracular width; angle much less than 45 ° to horizontal (appearing vaguely saw-shaped in lateral view); lateral scapular thorns absent. In largest paratype (CSIRO H 7848 - 01), row of thornlets on nape disjunct from short anterior lumbar row (no thornlets on posterior disc or tail); wide band of minute, upright, widely-spaced dermal denticles extending from interorbit to tail base (evident to the eye as minute specks and barely detectable to touch). One caudal sting on holotype (two broken stings in largest paratype), not intact; enveloping membrane absent; distance from cloaca to sting base 0.48 (0.48 – 0.56) in disc length. Colour. Live coloration (based on holotype). Dorsal surface pale yellowish brown centrally and blue-spotted, graduating to translucent margin of disc and pelvic fins; eye whitish, orbital membrane similar to disc. Blue spots medium-sized, irregularly spaced, weakly ocellate, with faint blue centres and surrounded by only slightly darker blue, diffuse-edged outer rings; distributed mainly over central parts of pectoral fins; present on through medial belt; thornlets in medial row white and contrasted with adjacent skin; dark speckles mostly concentrated around mask; mask-like marking on head rather pronounced, with dense peppering of dark speckles on and around orbits. Ventral surface largely white, marginal band around disc greyish and diffuse edged. Tail similar to disc colour dorsally before caudal sting, darker with black and white or yellowish bands toward its tip; dorsal fold pale, similar to dorsal tail; ventral fold dusky with darker edge. In preservative (based on holotype). Dorsal surface pale greyish brown; mask well-developed and contrasting with anterior disc, distributed over orbital membranes and in bands between orbits, forward of orbits and blotches besides orbits (two large pale blotches on interorbital space), peppering of small black spots well-developed on mask (less obvious in paratypes); dark blotch but no extended marking on nape; bluish spots medium-sized (in paratypes largest spots 2.5 – 5 % DW), appearing as greyish blue markings with no or indistinct pale centres (rarely ocellate). Ventral surface of disc and pelvic fins predominantly white with narrow dusky edges; submarginal bands barely detectable, weak and diffuse-edged in smallest types (absent in largest paratype). Tail much darker dorsally than ventrally; ventral surface forward of ventral fold largely pale (occasionally with some dusky patches); ventral fold dark distally, sometimes with a very narrow pale base, strongly contrasted with ventral surface of tail anteriorly; dorsal fold uniformly dusky; banding on post-fold tail primarily blackish with 4 pale dusky bands (banding on paratypes variable); sting bases greyish white. Claspers only marginally paler than dorsal tail; ventral surface slightly paler than dorsal surface. Size. Type specimens consisted of an adult male of 220 mm DW, a late-adolescent male of 213 mm DW, and four females of 171 – 343 mm DW. White & Dharmadi (2007, as Dasyatis cf. kuhlii Java form) reported a size at 50 % maturity for males of 237 mm DW and a maximum size for females and males of 379 and 324 mm DW, respectively. They also reported that pregnant females contained only a single pup with a size at birth of ~ 120 mm DW.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB377FF87FF48C91AFBB1EC72.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Type specimens taken from fisheries bycatch and fish landing sites in Kalimantan and West Java (Jakarta) in Indonesia (Fig. 8). Additional specimens also taken from Malaysian Borneo and the Philippines (Naylor et al., 2012). Specimens taken from the Muara Angke landing site in Jakarta were predominantly caught by trap fisheries operating off Sumatra thus its presence in Java is not confirmed. Accurate depth information not available but probably found mostly inshore in depths of less than 100 m.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
5F0687AAB377FF87FF48C91AFBB1EC72.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Epithet demarcates the South-East Asian distribution of this member of the bluespotted maskray complex within the genus Neotrygon. Vernacular: Oriental Bluespotted Maskray.	en	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Séret, Bernard (2016): Taxonomic status of maskrays of the Neotrygon kuhlii species complex (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of three new species from the Indo-West Pacific. Zootaxa 4083 (4): 533-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4083.4.5
