taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426495	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure7	Figure 7. Fenestrulina cavernicola Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 38.23. 2.2024. a, Agios Vasilios cave, Lesvos Island, Aegean Sea. A. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids. Note the dimpled texture of the frontal shield; B. Group of ovicells with rugose endooecium, widely separated from the rudimentary ectooecial rim and proximolaterally indented by two oral spines, which occasionally appear flattened (arrowed); C. Distal part of an autozooid showing the orifice with two lateral denticles and three distally placed oral spines. Lateral lappets and distal areas of cryptocystidean calcification are developed, while the gymnocyst just around the orifice is poorly expressed; D. Periancestrular autozooids and ancestrula regenerated as a kenozooid with a few pseudopores and a central ascopore with an apparently smooth rim. Multiple regeneration events are evident; E. Cluster of damaged and regenerated autozooids, with intramural budding forming in directions even opposite to the original polarity; F. Detail of an ascopore and several trifoliate or quadrifoliate pseudopores; G. Non-ovicellate autozooid. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, D); 200 μm (B, E, G); 100 μm (C); 50 μm (F).	Figure 7. Fenestrulina cavernicola Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 38.23. 2.2024. a, Agios Vasilios cave, Lesvos Island, Aegean Sea. A. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids. Note the dimpled texture of the frontal shield; B. Group of ovicells with rugose endooecium, widely separated from the rudimentary ectooecial rim and proximolaterally indented by two oral spines, which occasionally appear flattened (arrowed); C. Distal part of an autozooid showing the orifice with two lateral denticles and three distally placed oral spines. Lateral lappets and distal areas of cryptocystidean calcification are developed, while the gymnocyst just around the orifice is poorly expressed; D. Periancestrular autozooids and ancestrula regenerated as a kenozooid with a few pseudopores and a central ascopore with an apparently smooth rim. Multiple regeneration events are evident; E. Cluster of damaged and regenerated autozooids, with intramural budding forming in directions even opposite to the original polarity; F. Detail of an ascopore and several trifoliate or quadrifoliate pseudopores; G. Non-ovicellate autozooid. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, D); 200 μm (B, E, G); 100 μm (C); 50 μm (F).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426512	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure24	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426496	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure8	Figure 8. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A, C, D. Paratype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. b 8; B, F, G, K. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a; E, H, I. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 9; J, L, M. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 10. A. General view of a colony portion showing common ovicellate autozooids; B. Non-ovicellate autozooids regularly arranged near the colony margin; C. Non-ovicellate autozooids, some distal to ovicells, illustrating morphological variation; D. Ovicells with moderately tuberculate surfaces and scalloped distal rims; E. Non-ovicellate autozooid; F. Autozooid with two oral spines placed very distally and semicircular orifice; G, H. Close-up of two orifices with four and three spines, respectively. Note the arched distal rim with few faint denticles and the straight proximal rim with shouldered corners; I, J. Multiporous septula seen externally (I) and internally (J) along lateral and distal walls; K. Ascopore with some denticles merging; L, M. Frontal pseudopores showing different degrees of development of the stellate process. Note that few pseudopores are present in the proximal frontal shields in panels A – F. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 μm (B, C); 200 μm (D, E); 100 μm (F – K); 50 μm (L, M).	Figure 8. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A, C, D. Paratype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. b 8; B, F, G, K. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a; E, H, I. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 9; J, L, M. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 10. A. General view of a colony portion showing common ovicellate autozooids; B. Non-ovicellate autozooids regularly arranged near the colony margin; C. Non-ovicellate autozooids, some distal to ovicells, illustrating morphological variation; D. Ovicells with moderately tuberculate surfaces and scalloped distal rims; E. Non-ovicellate autozooid; F. Autozooid with two oral spines placed very distally and semicircular orifice; G, H. Close-up of two orifices with four and three spines, respectively. Note the arched distal rim with few faint denticles and the straight proximal rim with shouldered corners; I, J. Multiporous septula seen externally (I) and internally (J) along lateral and distal walls; K. Ascopore with some denticles merging; L, M. Frontal pseudopores showing different degrees of development of the stellate process. Note that few pseudopores are present in the proximal frontal shields in panels A – F. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 μm (B, C); 200 μm (D, E); 100 μm (F – K); 50 μm (L, M).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426497	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure9	Figure 9. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. tatiform ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A. Paratype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. b. 16; B. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 17; C. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 10; D. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 1; E. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 8; F, G. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a. A. Recently metamorphosed ancestrula with only the distal pore chamber. Note the ten long spines and cryptocystidean areas between oral spines (arrowed); B. Ancestrula budding the first distal autozooid, showing two distolateral budding loci, possibly formed after a resorption process; C. Close-up of the ancestrula of an asymmetrical young colony with four zooids. The ancestrula shows one distal and one proximal budding locus on one side. Note the large lumina of some incompletely formed pseudopores in periancestrular autozooids; D. Another asymmetrical young colony, apparently ceasing growth near an adult conspecific colony; E. Tatiform ancestrula typically surrounded by six periancestrular autozooids; F, G. Periancestrular area of the holotype (F) and a detail of the ancestrula (G), regenerated as a miniature autozooid with a central ascopore. Scale bars: 200 μm (A – D, G); 500 μm (E, F).	Figure 9. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. tatiform ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A. Paratype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. b. 16; B. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 17; C. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 10; D. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 1; E. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b. 8; F, G. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a. A. Recently metamorphosed ancestrula with only the distal pore chamber. Note the ten long spines and cryptocystidean areas between oral spines (arrowed); B. Ancestrula budding the first distal autozooid, showing two distolateral budding loci, possibly formed after a resorption process; C. Close-up of the ancestrula of an asymmetrical young colony with four zooids. The ancestrula shows one distal and one proximal budding locus on one side. Note the large lumina of some incompletely formed pseudopores in periancestrular autozooids; D. Another asymmetrical young colony, apparently ceasing growth near an adult conspecific colony; E. Tatiform ancestrula typically surrounded by six periancestrular autozooids; F, G. Periancestrular area of the holotype (F) and a detail of the ancestrula (G), regenerated as a miniature autozooid with a central ascopore. Scale bars: 200 μm (A – D, G); 500 μm (E, F).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426498	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure10	Figure 10. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. kenozooids and teratologies from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A – D, F, G, K, L. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a; E. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 9; H. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 2; I. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 7 a; J. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 8. A. Wide and slender autozooids; B. Enlarged autozooid at colony margin, placed distally to an autozooid with reversed polarity; C. Large peripheral autozooids, one possibly resulting from fusion of two neighbouring zooids (asterisk); D. Group of autozooids, two showing aberrant morphology (asterisks); E. Aberrant autozooids at the contact zone between adjacent colonies; F. Ovicell lacking the ectooecium and orifice with a closure plate in a non-functional autozooid; G. Irregularly-shaped autozooid with a single orifice and two ascopores, possibly owing to fusion of two autozooids; H. Damaged autozooid showing the orifice with a pseudoporous closure plate; I. Regenerated autozooids and a small, evenly pseudoporous kenozooid (arrowed); J. Regenerated autozooids, including one with reversed polarity; K. Two overgrowing kenozooids with C-shaped ascopores and pseudoporous frontal shields; L. Kenozooid with an evenly pseudoporous frontal shield and a circular ascopore. Scale bars: 500 μm (A – D, I); 200 μm (E – H, J – L).	Figure 10. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. kenozooids and teratologies from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A – D, F, G, K, L. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a; E. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 9; H. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 2; I. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 7 a; J. Paratype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 8. A. Wide and slender autozooids; B. Enlarged autozooid at colony margin, placed distally to an autozooid with reversed polarity; C. Large peripheral autozooids, one possibly resulting from fusion of two neighbouring zooids (asterisk); D. Group of autozooids, two showing aberrant morphology (asterisks); E. Aberrant autozooids at the contact zone between adjacent colonies; F. Ovicell lacking the ectooecium and orifice with a closure plate in a non-functional autozooid; G. Irregularly-shaped autozooid with a single orifice and two ascopores, possibly owing to fusion of two autozooids; H. Damaged autozooid showing the orifice with a pseudoporous closure plate; I. Regenerated autozooids and a small, evenly pseudoporous kenozooid (arrowed); J. Regenerated autozooids, including one with reversed polarity; K. Two overgrowing kenozooids with C-shaped ascopores and pseudoporous frontal shields; L. Kenozooid with an evenly pseudoporous frontal shield and a circular ascopore. Scale bars: 500 μm (A – D, I); 200 μm (E – H, J – L).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426499	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure11	Figure 11. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. intraspecific interactions and contact zones between adjacent colonies from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a, and paratypes PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 2 and PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 7 a, b. A. Fragment of the plastic item colonized by F. communis sp. nov. showing the lobate holotype extending from the central part of the white frame to the central part of the black frame, surrounded by some paratypes (1–7); B. Enlargement of the black-framed portion in panel A showing the contact between the holotype and paratype b 2; C. Autozooid (white asterisk in panel B) with lateral prominences, possibly marking the homosyndrome between the holotype and paratype b 2; D. Enlargement of the white-framed portion in panel A showing the contact between the holotype and paratype 7 a, and the stand-off between paratypes 7 a and 7 b near an anomiid bivalve; E, F. Progressively enlarged views of the contact zone in panel B (black asterisk), highlighting a caudate autozooid to the left of the zooid with asterisk. Note the cryptocystidean areas encircling the orifices in some zooids; G. Enlargements of the upper contact area in panel D, showing an enlarged autozooid with a zigzag-shaped, expanded caudal region; H. Enlargement of the lower contact zone in panel D, showing a close-up of an autozooid with two ascopores, indicating fusion of the two colonies. A kenozooid with an elliptical ascopore is also visible; I. Enlargement of the area immediately above the anomiid bivalve in panel D, showing deflecting zooids at the contact zone between paratypes 7 a and b. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 500 μm (C – E, G, I); 1 mm (F, H).	Figure 11. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. intraspecific interactions and contact zones between adjacent colonies from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a, and paratypes PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 2 and PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 7 a, b. A. Fragment of the plastic item colonized by F. communis sp. nov. showing the lobate holotype extending from the central part of the white frame to the central part of the black frame, surrounded by some paratypes (1–7); B. Enlargement of the black-framed portion in panel A showing the contact between the holotype and paratype b 2; C. Autozooid (white asterisk in panel B) with lateral prominences, possibly marking the homosyndrome between the holotype and paratype b 2; D. Enlargement of the white-framed portion in panel A showing the contact between the holotype and paratype 7 a, and the stand-off between paratypes 7 a and 7 b near an anomiid bivalve; E, F. Progressively enlarged views of the contact zone in panel B (black asterisk), highlighting a caudate autozooid to the left of the zooid with asterisk. Note the cryptocystidean areas encircling the orifices in some zooids; G. Enlargements of the upper contact area in panel D, showing an enlarged autozooid with a zigzag-shaped, expanded caudal region; H. Enlargement of the lower contact zone in panel D, showing a close-up of an autozooid with two ascopores, indicating fusion of the two colonies. A kenozooid with an elliptical ascopore is also visible; I. Enlargement of the area immediately above the anomiid bivalve in panel D, showing deflecting zooids at the contact zone between paratypes 7 a and b. Scale bars: 1 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 500 μm (C – E, G, I); 1 mm (F, H).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426500	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure12	Figure 12. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. inter- and intraspecific interactions from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a, and paratypes PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 6 and PMC. B 439.23. 2.2024. b 9. A. Paratype b 9 intergrowing with an Aetea colony; B. Enlargement of the white-framed area in panel A showing deformed autozooids and interzooidal spaces filled with a cluster of small kenozooids lacking ascopores. One erect tube of Aetea passes between contiguous Fenestrulina autozooids; C. Enlargement of the black-framed area in panel A showing a deformed Fenestrulina autozooid encircling an erect portion of Aetea; D. Colonies overgrowing an encrusting, unidentified cyclostome whose peristome openings remain unobstructed (arrowed); E. Contact zone between the holotype (bottom) and paratype b 6, both overgrowing an anomiid bivalve (left); F. Enlargement of the black-framed area in panel E showing a possible homosyndrome marked by the fusion of two autozooids (white asterisk), a damaged autozooid regenerated as an irregularly elongated kenozooid with an ascopore (black asterisk) and a second small kenozooid (arrow), both connecting the two colonies, the latter elevating on the opposite lobe. A kenozooid with a median ascopore is also visible. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B – D, F); 1 mm (E).	Figure 12. Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. inter- and intraspecific interactions from a plastic item stranded on Magaggiari beach, Cinisi (Palermo), NW Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. Holotype PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. a, and paratypes PMC. B 39.23. 2.2024. b 6 and PMC. B 439.23. 2.2024. b 9. A. Paratype b 9 intergrowing with an Aetea colony; B. Enlargement of the white-framed area in panel A showing deformed autozooids and interzooidal spaces filled with a cluster of small kenozooids lacking ascopores. One erect tube of Aetea passes between contiguous Fenestrulina autozooids; C. Enlargement of the black-framed area in panel A showing a deformed Fenestrulina autozooid encircling an erect portion of Aetea; D. Colonies overgrowing an encrusting, unidentified cyclostome whose peristome openings remain unobstructed (arrowed); E. Contact zone between the holotype (bottom) and paratype b 6, both overgrowing an anomiid bivalve (left); F. Enlargement of the black-framed area in panel E showing a possible homosyndrome marked by the fusion of two autozooids (white asterisk), a damaged autozooid regenerated as an irregularly elongated kenozooid with an ascopore (black asterisk) and a second small kenozooid (arrow), both connecting the two colonies, the latter elevating on the opposite lobe. A kenozooid with a median ascopore is also visible. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 500 μm (B – D, F); 1 mm (E).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426512	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure24	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426501	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure13	Figure 13. Fenestrulina foveolata Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 40.23. 2.2024, Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica, Liguro-Provençal basin A. Autozooids with three or four oral spines; the proximal pair are sometimes bifurcated; B. Autozooids, some ovicellate. Note the persistence of the bifurcated proximal spine pair proximally to ovicells; C. Close-up of an autozooid showing the dimpled frontal shield and the foliate pseudopores often leaning against the cryptocystidean rim; D. Autozooids; E. Ovicells, including one broken frontally, showing relatively small peripheral pores; F. Ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, B, F); 200 μm (C – E).	Figure 13. Fenestrulina foveolata Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 40.23. 2.2024, Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica, Liguro-Provençal basin A. Autozooids with three or four oral spines; the proximal pair are sometimes bifurcated; B. Autozooids, some ovicellate. Note the persistence of the bifurcated proximal spine pair proximally to ovicells; C. Close-up of an autozooid showing the dimpled frontal shield and the foliate pseudopores often leaning against the cryptocystidean rim; D. Autozooids; E. Ovicells, including one broken frontally, showing relatively small peripheral pores; F. Ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, B, F); 200 μm (C – E).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426512	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure24	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426502	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure14	Figure 14. Fenestrulina granulosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype NHMUK 2009.11. 2.2, Dhiaporia, Chios, Aegean Sea. A. General view of the dry-preserved colony on a Posidonia oceanica leaf; B. Cluster of some better preserved autozooids, two ovicellate; C. Close-up of two autozooids and an ovicell, showing the characteristic finely granular calcification; D. Close-up of the distal part of an autozooid. Note the denticulate / undulating distal margin of the orifice; E. Close-up of the ascopore and a pseudopore with centrally unjointed radial spine-like processes. Scale bars: 500 μm (A); 200 μm (B); 100 μm (C, D); 20 μm (E).	Figure 14. Fenestrulina granulosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype NHMUK 2009.11. 2.2, Dhiaporia, Chios, Aegean Sea. A. General view of the dry-preserved colony on a Posidonia oceanica leaf; B. Cluster of some better preserved autozooids, two ovicellate; C. Close-up of two autozooids and an ovicell, showing the characteristic finely granular calcification; D. Close-up of the distal part of an autozooid. Note the denticulate / undulating distal margin of the orifice; E. Close-up of the ascopore and a pseudopore with centrally unjointed radial spine-like processes. Scale bars: 500 μm (A); 200 μm (B); 100 μm (C, D); 20 μm (E).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426503	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure15	Figure 15. Fenestrulina kalliste Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 41.23. 2.2024. a, Calvi, NW Corsica, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. General view of the colony; B. Ovicellate autozooids. Note the tuberculate-to-wrinkled appearance of the ovicells, the bifurcate spines (white arrows), and the exposed cryptocystidean areas lateral to the ovicells (black arrow); C. Ovicellate autozooid with one bifurcated oral spine still in place (arrowed). Note the prominent rim of the ascopore field and the ovicell pores distally occluded by secondary calcification; D. Autozooid with three spines and exposed cryptocystidean areas (arrowed); E. Regenerated autozooid with orificial cryptocystidean area (arrowed); F. Colony portion showing variability in ovicell ornamentation; G. Differently inclined ovicells showing the prominence and morphology of their proximal rim. A particularly large ovicell pore (white arrow) and cryptocystidean areas distal to the orifice (black arrow) are indicated; H. Broken twin ovicells in two contiguous autozooids formed by the same kenozooid (white asterisk); distal spine still evident in one case (black asterisk); exposed cryptocystidean areas are black arrowed; lateral view of the kenozooidal ovicell depicted in I and J (white arrow); I, J. Overview and detail of an ovicell formed by a distal kenozooid (asterisks). Arrow: exposed cryptocystidean area. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 μm (B); 200 μm (C, F, G – J); 100 μm (D, E).	Figure 15. Fenestrulina kalliste Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 41.23. 2.2024. a, Calvi, NW Corsica, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. General view of the colony; B. Ovicellate autozooids. Note the tuberculate-to-wrinkled appearance of the ovicells, the bifurcate spines (white arrows), and the exposed cryptocystidean areas lateral to the ovicells (black arrow); C. Ovicellate autozooid with one bifurcated oral spine still in place (arrowed). Note the prominent rim of the ascopore field and the ovicell pores distally occluded by secondary calcification; D. Autozooid with three spines and exposed cryptocystidean areas (arrowed); E. Regenerated autozooid with orificial cryptocystidean area (arrowed); F. Colony portion showing variability in ovicell ornamentation; G. Differently inclined ovicells showing the prominence and morphology of their proximal rim. A particularly large ovicell pore (white arrow) and cryptocystidean areas distal to the orifice (black arrow) are indicated; H. Broken twin ovicells in two contiguous autozooids formed by the same kenozooid (white asterisk); distal spine still evident in one case (black asterisk); exposed cryptocystidean areas are black arrowed; lateral view of the kenozooidal ovicell depicted in I and J (white arrow); I, J. Overview and detail of an ovicell formed by a distal kenozooid (asterisks). Arrow: exposed cryptocystidean area. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 μm (B); 200 μm (C, F, G – J); 100 μm (D, E).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426495	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure7	Figure 7. Fenestrulina cavernicola Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 38.23. 2.2024. a, Agios Vasilios cave, Lesvos Island, Aegean Sea. A. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids. Note the dimpled texture of the frontal shield; B. Group of ovicells with rugose endooecium, widely separated from the rudimentary ectooecial rim and proximolaterally indented by two oral spines, which occasionally appear flattened (arrowed); C. Distal part of an autozooid showing the orifice with two lateral denticles and three distally placed oral spines. Lateral lappets and distal areas of cryptocystidean calcification are developed, while the gymnocyst just around the orifice is poorly expressed; D. Periancestrular autozooids and ancestrula regenerated as a kenozooid with a few pseudopores and a central ascopore with an apparently smooth rim. Multiple regeneration events are evident; E. Cluster of damaged and regenerated autozooids, with intramural budding forming in directions even opposite to the original polarity; F. Detail of an ascopore and several trifoliate or quadrifoliate pseudopores; G. Non-ovicellate autozooid. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, D); 200 μm (B, E, G); 100 μm (C); 50 μm (F).	Figure 7. Fenestrulina cavernicola Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 38.23. 2.2024. a, Agios Vasilios cave, Lesvos Island, Aegean Sea. A. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids. Note the dimpled texture of the frontal shield; B. Group of ovicells with rugose endooecium, widely separated from the rudimentary ectooecial rim and proximolaterally indented by two oral spines, which occasionally appear flattened (arrowed); C. Distal part of an autozooid showing the orifice with two lateral denticles and three distally placed oral spines. Lateral lappets and distal areas of cryptocystidean calcification are developed, while the gymnocyst just around the orifice is poorly expressed; D. Periancestrular autozooids and ancestrula regenerated as a kenozooid with a few pseudopores and a central ascopore with an apparently smooth rim. Multiple regeneration events are evident; E. Cluster of damaged and regenerated autozooids, with intramural budding forming in directions even opposite to the original polarity; F. Detail of an ascopore and several trifoliate or quadrifoliate pseudopores; G. Non-ovicellate autozooid. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, D); 200 μm (B, E, G); 100 μm (C); 50 μm (F).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426491	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure3	Figure 3. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) neotype PMC. B 37. Neotype. 23. 2. 2024. a, Apollo Bank, Ustica Island, Tyrrhenian Sea. A. General view of the colony, largely composed of ovicellate autozooids; B. Central zone with non-ovicellate autozooids, encircled by rings of ovicellate ones; C. Enlargement of the framed area in B, showing the ancestrula regenerated as a miniature autozooid, and surrounding periancestrular autozooids, one of which is ovicellate (asterisk); D. Colony periphery, almost entirely composed of ovicellate autozooids; E. A single non-ovicellate autozooid surrounded by ovicellate ones. Note the reniform, smooth ascopore with a tiny distal process; F. Developing ovicell. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 200 μm (C, E, F); 500 μm (D).	Figure 3. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) neotype PMC. B 37. Neotype. 23. 2. 2024. a, Apollo Bank, Ustica Island, Tyrrhenian Sea. A. General view of the colony, largely composed of ovicellate autozooids; B. Central zone with non-ovicellate autozooids, encircled by rings of ovicellate ones; C. Enlargement of the framed area in B, showing the ancestrula regenerated as a miniature autozooid, and surrounding periancestrular autozooids, one of which is ovicellate (asterisk); D. Colony periphery, almost entirely composed of ovicellate autozooids; E. A single non-ovicellate autozooid surrounded by ovicellate ones. Note the reniform, smooth ascopore with a tiny distal process; F. Developing ovicell. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 200 μm (C, E, F); 500 μm (D).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426492	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure4	Figure 4. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) Apollo Bank, Ustica Island, Tyrrhenian Sea. A, D. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 2; B, C, F. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 3; E. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 5. A. Non-ovicellate autozooids from the colony centre, showing few pseudopores; B. Non-ovicellate autozooid from the colony periphery, with more numerous pseudopores; C. Inclined ovicellate autozooids showing the proximal constriction of the ovicell and its upward-folding rim; D. Autozooid showing the orifice with a finely and irregularly denticulate distal margin and a straight proximal margin bearing two tiny denticles. Note the substrate exposed between the loosely spaced autozooids; E. Colony margin with developing autozooids; F. Fissure-like pore chambers along the distolateral wall of an autozooid. In panels B, C, and E note the long, weakly calcified oral spines. Scale bars: 200 μm (A – C, E); 100 μm (D, F).	Figure 4. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) Apollo Bank, Ustica Island, Tyrrhenian Sea. A, D. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 2; B, C, F. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 3; E. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 5. A. Non-ovicellate autozooids from the colony centre, showing few pseudopores; B. Non-ovicellate autozooid from the colony periphery, with more numerous pseudopores; C. Inclined ovicellate autozooids showing the proximal constriction of the ovicell and its upward-folding rim; D. Autozooid showing the orifice with a finely and irregularly denticulate distal margin and a straight proximal margin bearing two tiny denticles. Note the substrate exposed between the loosely spaced autozooids; E. Colony margin with developing autozooids; F. Fissure-like pore chambers along the distolateral wall of an autozooid. In panels B, C, and E note the long, weakly calcified oral spines. Scale bars: 200 μm (A – C, E); 100 μm (D, F).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426493	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure5	Figure 5. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) Apollo Bank, Ustica Island, Tyrrhenian Sea. A, B. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115 a 1; C. PMC. Rosso Collection I. H. B. 115 a 2; D. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 6; E. neotype PMC. B 37. Neotype. 23. 2. 2024; F. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 4. A. Colony showing a ring of ovicellate autozooids surrounding the first generations of non-ovicellate autozooids near the ancestrula; B. Detail of the ancestrula and six periancestrular autozooids in panel A. Arrows indicate bifurcated spines; C. Tatiform ancestrula surrounded by seven irregularly budded and partly regenerated autozooids; D. Ancestrula regenerated as a miniature autozooid. Note the early development of ovicells; E. Zone of ovicellate autozooids with only three non-ovicellate ones, showing shape variability, and an abnormal autozooid producing a large ovicell; F. Large teratological autozooid with a wide orifice and two drop-shaped ascopores, resulting from the fusion of two contiguous autozooids, as indicated by the morphology of the proximal margin. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 μm (B – E); 200 μm (F).	Figure 5. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) Apollo Bank, Ustica Island, Tyrrhenian Sea. A, B. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115 a 1; C. PMC. Rosso Collection I. H. B. 115 a 2; D. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 6; E. neotype PMC. B 37. Neotype. 23. 2. 2024; F. PMC. Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 115. a 4. A. Colony showing a ring of ovicellate autozooids surrounding the first generations of non-ovicellate autozooids near the ancestrula; B. Detail of the ancestrula and six periancestrular autozooids in panel A. Arrows indicate bifurcated spines; C. Tatiform ancestrula surrounded by seven irregularly budded and partly regenerated autozooids; D. Ancestrula regenerated as a miniature autozooid. Note the early development of ovicells; E. Zone of ovicellate autozooids with only three non-ovicellate ones, showing shape variability, and an abnormal autozooid producing a large ovicell; F. Large teratological autozooid with a wide orifice and two drop-shaped ascopores, resulting from the fusion of two contiguous autozooids, as indicated by the morphology of the proximal margin. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 μm (B – E); 200 μm (F).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426494	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure6	Figure 6. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) PMC Harmelin Coll. I. H. B. 115. c, Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. Fragment of a Laminaria frond with some autozooids (two enlarged in panel E) still attached, indicating the remnants of a once larger colony. Note the co-occurrence of F. variorugosa sp. nov. and other bryozoans: Cb = Chorizopora brongniartii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826); Fm = F. malusii; Fv = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; Hf = Hippothoa flagellum Manzoni, 1870; B, C. Close-ups of two autozooids from the colony fragment in panel D, showing elongate pore chambers along distal and distolateral walls; D. Group of autozooid, including one ovicellate; E. Two autozooid from the colony in panel A, one regenerated with reversed polarity; F. Isolated detached autozooid with a regenerated ascopore zone. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 100 μm (B, C); 200 μm (D – F).	Figure 6. Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) PMC Harmelin Coll. I. H. B. 115. c, Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. Fragment of a Laminaria frond with some autozooids (two enlarged in panel E) still attached, indicating the remnants of a once larger colony. Note the co-occurrence of F. variorugosa sp. nov. and other bryozoans: Cb = Chorizopora brongniartii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826); Fm = F. malusii; Fv = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; Hf = Hippothoa flagellum Manzoni, 1870; B, C. Close-ups of two autozooids from the colony fragment in panel D, showing elongate pore chambers along distal and distolateral walls; D. Group of autozooid, including one ovicellate; E. Two autozooid from the colony in panel A, one regenerated with reversed polarity; F. Isolated detached autozooid with a regenerated ascopore zone. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 100 μm (B, C); 200 μm (D – F).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426512	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure24	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426504	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure16	Figure 16. Fenestrulina ovata Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. A. Holotype PMC. B 42.23. 10.2024. a, calanque of Port Miou, Cassis, Liguro-Provençal basin; B – D, G – I. Paratypes PMC. B 42.23. 2.2024. b, Trémies cave, Cassis, Liguro-Provençal basin; E, F. PMC Harmelin Coll. PMC. B 42.23. 2.2024. b. Trémies cave, Cassis, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. Holotype multilayered colony; B. Central colony part; C. Group of autozooids, two ovicellate, showing the ovate morphology of the ovicell with collar-like extensions nearly completely hiding the oral spines; D. Close-up of autozooids in the bottom right portion of panel B. Some autozooids (marked with asterisks) overgrow a previous colony layer. The asterisked autozooids, laterally budded by the central ovicellate autozooid, and those in the upper right, elevate to overgrow autozooids from the same layer. Note also the irregular morphology of the central ovicellate autozooid and the proximal one, which show an abnormal cryptocystidean lateral lappet encircling the orifice (white arrow); E. Two ovicells produced by a single deformed distal autozooid; F. Relatively large autozooid with evidence of bud fusion at its proximal end. Note the occasionally preserved, thin and short oral spines (arrowed); G – I. Close-ups of autozooids showing the morphology of pseudopores and ascopore, as well as orificial characters, including the pattern in oral spine number (1–3), development of lateral lappets, and distal cryptocystidean areas. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 500 μm (D, F); 200 μm (C, E, G); 100 μm (H, I).	Figure 16. Fenestrulina ovata Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. A. Holotype PMC. B 42.23. 10.2024. a, calanque of Port Miou, Cassis, Liguro-Provençal basin; B – D, G – I. Paratypes PMC. B 42.23. 2.2024. b, Trémies cave, Cassis, Liguro-Provençal basin; E, F. PMC Harmelin Coll. PMC. B 42.23. 2.2024. b. Trémies cave, Cassis, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. Holotype multilayered colony; B. Central colony part; C. Group of autozooids, two ovicellate, showing the ovate morphology of the ovicell with collar-like extensions nearly completely hiding the oral spines; D. Close-up of autozooids in the bottom right portion of panel B. Some autozooids (marked with asterisks) overgrow a previous colony layer. The asterisked autozooids, laterally budded by the central ovicellate autozooid, and those in the upper right, elevate to overgrow autozooids from the same layer. Note also the irregular morphology of the central ovicellate autozooid and the proximal one, which show an abnormal cryptocystidean lateral lappet encircling the orifice (white arrow); E. Two ovicells produced by a single deformed distal autozooid; F. Relatively large autozooid with evidence of bud fusion at its proximal end. Note the occasionally preserved, thin and short oral spines (arrowed); G – I. Close-ups of autozooids showing the morphology of pseudopores and ascopore, as well as orificial characters, including the pattern in oral spine number (1–3), development of lateral lappets, and distal cryptocystidean areas. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 500 μm (D, F); 200 μm (C, E, G); 100 μm (H, I).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426489	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure1	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	Figure 1. Geographical distribution of Mediterranean Fenestrulina species (and specimens) examined in this study. Asterisks denote newly described species and the only confirmed record of Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826), illustrated here with Savigny’s original drawing (reproduced from d’Hondt 2006) shown on the left. Type material is shown for each species, except for F. malusii, for which the neotype (upper image) and a colony fragment from Ile-Rousse Bank, NW Corsica (lower image) are figured. Large symbols indicate type localities; small symbols mark additional occurrences. Symbol colours correspond to species as follows: red = F. malusii; bright green = F. cavernicola sp. nov.; vivid pink = F. communis sp. nov.; pale blue = F. foveolata sp. nov.; blue = F. granulosa sp. nov.; olive green = F. kalliste sp. nov.; dark green = F. ovata sp. nov.; purple = F. variorugosa sp. nov.; lilac = Fenestrulina sp. Note: in areas with multiple records, only one symbol is used to represent the locality.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426505	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure17	Figure 17. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. a, Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait. A. Colony portion; B. Autozooid with two very distally located oral spines and an elongated fused cryptocystidean area in between; C. Slightly distal view of two ovicells showing the peripheral row of pores partly occluded by secondary calcification (arrowed); D. Ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids; E. Two non-ovicellate autozooids, one distal to an ovicell. Note some semicircular to fissure-like pseudopores proximo-laterally. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 200 μm (B, C, E); 500 μm (D).	Figure 17. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. holotype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. a, Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait. A. Colony portion; B. Autozooid with two very distally located oral spines and an elongated fused cryptocystidean area in between; C. Slightly distal view of two ovicells showing the peripheral row of pores partly occluded by secondary calcification (arrowed); D. Ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids; E. Two non-ovicellate autozooids, one distal to an ovicell. Note some semicircular to fissure-like pseudopores proximo-laterally. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 200 μm (B, C, E); 500 μm (D).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426506	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure18	Figure 18. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. A – D, F, G. Holotype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. a, Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait; E. PMC Harmelin Coll. F. H. B. 160. e Veyron Plateau, off Marseille, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. Autozooid showing distal and distolateral pore chamber windows; B. Internal view of the lateral and distal walls of an autozooid showing multiporous septula; C. Distal part of an autozooid. Note the orifice with gently denticulated distal rim and straight proximal margin with two lateral denticles; D. Detail of the flower-like pseudopores and the denticulate ascopore; E. Tatiform ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids; F. Regenerated autozooid with three oral spines; additional spines from the original bud are also visible; G. Small kenozooid filling the space between autozooids. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, B, E – G); 100 μm (C); 50 μm (D).	Figure 18. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. A – D, F, G. Holotype PMC. B 43.23. 2.2024. a, Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait; E. PMC Harmelin Coll. F. H. B. 160. e Veyron Plateau, off Marseille, Liguro-Provençal basin. A. Autozooid showing distal and distolateral pore chamber windows; B. Internal view of the lateral and distal walls of an autozooid showing multiporous septula; C. Distal part of an autozooid. Note the orifice with gently denticulated distal rim and straight proximal margin with two lateral denticles; D. Detail of the flower-like pseudopores and the denticulate ascopore; E. Tatiform ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids; F. Regenerated autozooid with three oral spines; additional spines from the original bud are also visible; G. Small kenozooid filling the space between autozooids. Scale bars: 200 μm (A, B, E – G); 100 μm (C); 50 μm (D).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426507	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure19	Figure 19. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. regenerations and teratologies. A, B. Holotype B 43.23. 2.2024. a Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait; C. Paratype B 43.23. 2.2024. b, Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait; D – I. PMC Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 159 a, Secca di Levante, Capo Milazzo Peninsula. A. Damaged colony portion with regenerated, irregularly shaped autozooids, leaving spaces between them; B. Very large autozooid (upper right corner) with a noticeably wider orifice and operculum, and a deformed ascopore; C. Deformed autozooid at the periphery of the young paratype colony, intergrowing with a cribrimorph that is only partially covered; D. Group of autozooids, some ovicellate. Note the prominent rugosity, which show a preferential radial pattern; E. Group of non-ovicellate autozooids, several (asterisks) showing evidence of regeneration at orifice level; F, G. Details of autozooids, orifice, ascopore and pseudopores. Note the distal position of the oral spines; H. Deformed, giant autozooids, one developing two ovicells for both autozooids located proximally. Note the regeneration evidence (white arrows), the presence of a small kenozooid (black dashed arrow), and the orificial closure plate (black solid arrow); I. Some irregularly shaped autozooids with frequent evidence of regeneration (arrowed). Scale bars: 500 μm (A, E, H, I); 200 μm (B, C, F); 1 mm (D); 100 μm (G).	Figure 19. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. regenerations and teratologies. A, B. Holotype B 43.23. 2.2024. a Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait; C. Paratype B 43.23. 2.2024. b, Formica Isle, Egadi Islands, W Sicily, Sicily Strait; D – I. PMC Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 159 a, Secca di Levante, Capo Milazzo Peninsula. A. Damaged colony portion with regenerated, irregularly shaped autozooids, leaving spaces between them; B. Very large autozooid (upper right corner) with a noticeably wider orifice and operculum, and a deformed ascopore; C. Deformed autozooid at the periphery of the young paratype colony, intergrowing with a cribrimorph that is only partially covered; D. Group of autozooids, some ovicellate. Note the prominent rugosity, which show a preferential radial pattern; E. Group of non-ovicellate autozooids, several (asterisks) showing evidence of regeneration at orifice level; F, G. Details of autozooids, orifice, ascopore and pseudopores. Note the distal position of the oral spines; H. Deformed, giant autozooids, one developing two ovicells for both autozooids located proximally. Note the regeneration evidence (white arrows), the presence of a small kenozooid (black dashed arrow), and the orificial closure plate (black solid arrow); I. Some irregularly shaped autozooids with frequent evidence of regeneration (arrowed). Scale bars: 500 μm (A, E, H, I); 200 μm (B, C, F); 1 mm (D); 100 μm (G).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426508	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure20	Figure 20. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. regenerations, PMC Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 160. a, Secca di Ponente, Capo Milazzo Peninsula, NE Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A. Damaged zooids with evidence of multiple regenerations (arrowed) and occluded orifices (asterisks); B. Regenerated autozooid with opposite polarity and a pseudoporous plate occluding the orifice; C – E. Regenerated autozooids with pseudopores in the first frontal shield, hole-shaped and lacking the typical spinous processes, sometimes occluded by secondary gymnocystal calcification. The scar left by the margin of the detached original frontal shield is arrowed in E; F. Regeneration producing elevated, irregularly shaped autozooids that overarch the previous colony layer. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, C, F); 200 μm (B, E); 100 μm (D).	Figure 20. Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino, sp. nov. regenerations, PMC Rosso Coll. I. H. B. 160. a, Secca di Ponente, Capo Milazzo Peninsula, NE Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea. A. Damaged zooids with evidence of multiple regenerations (arrowed) and occluded orifices (asterisks); B. Regenerated autozooid with opposite polarity and a pseudoporous plate occluding the orifice; C – E. Regenerated autozooids with pseudopores in the first frontal shield, hole-shaped and lacking the typical spinous processes, sometimes occluded by secondary gymnocystal calcification. The scar left by the margin of the detached original frontal shield is arrowed in E; F. Regeneration producing elevated, irregularly shaped autozooids that overarch the previous colony layer. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, C, F); 200 μm (B, E); 100 μm (D).	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426510	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure22	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	Figure 22. Geographical distribution of all known records of Fenestrulina in the Mediterranean, plotted against current summer Sea-Surface Temperatures (data from IFREMER-LOPS Data Visualization Portal https://syntool.ifremer.fr/, accessed Sept. 2024). An asterisk marks the probable origin of the original material of F. malusii. Large dots: collection sites of specimens with confirmed species attribution; small dots: records of putative F. malusii requiring taxonomic revision, but with known provenance; open ellipses: sites, covered by dedicated monographs, from which Fenestrulina species are absent.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426511	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure23	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	Figure 23. Comparison of pseudopores in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov.; C. F. communis sp. nov.; D. F. foveolata sp. nov.; E. F. granulosa sp. nov.; F. F. kalliste sp. nov.; G. F. ovata sp. nov.; H. F. variorugosa sp. nov.; I. Fenestrulina sp. Scale bars: 100 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1426512	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989.figure24	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	Figure 24. Comparison of ancestrulae in the studied species of Fenestrulina. A. F. malusii, tatiform; B. F. cavernicola sp. nov., regenerated as a kenozooid; C. F. communis sp. nov., tatiform; D. F. communis sp. nov., regenerated as a miniature autozooid; E. F. foveolata sp. nov., tatiform; F, G. F. variorugosa sp. nov., tatiform. Scale bars: 200 μm.	2025-09-30	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco		Zenodo	biologists	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco			
