identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.text	64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina cavernicola Rosso & Di Martino 2025	<div><p>Fenestrulina cavernicola Rosso &amp; Di Martino sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 7, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 2</p><p>Fenestrulina sp. 1: Rosso et al. 2019 b: table 1; Rosso et al. 2019 c: table 1, fig. 1 e.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Greece • Holotype ovicellate colony including ~ 40 autozooids and the regenerated ancestrula, on a flexible laminar substrate scraped from cave walls. Mediterranean, NE Aegean Sea, Lesvos Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.541&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.969" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.541/lat 38.969)">Agios Vasilios cave</a>; 38.969°N, 26.541°E; 24–40 m depth; summer 2010; scuba diving; V. Gerovasileiou leg.; PMC.B 38.23.2.2024.a . Greece • Paratypes 3 detached colony fragments only consisting of few autozooids; same details as the holotype; PMC.B 38.23.2.2024.b 1 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with a dimpled texture of the frontal shield; relatively few tri- to quadrifoliate pseudopores; endooecium prominently rough, bordered by a smooth, low ectooecium, separated by a wide fissure with a few bridge-like connections.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony encrusting multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via pore-chambers, two proximolateral, two distolateral, and one distal.</p><p>Autozooids ovoidal to rounded hexagonal, distinct, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves (Fig. 7 A). Lateral and proximal walls only exposing their upper parts, enlarged at corners, sloping to subvertical. Frontal shield moderately convex, more elevated at ascopore level, with a dimpled texture more evident around the ascopore. Gymnocyst forming a discontinuous narrow rim of calcification distally and laterally to orifice. Cryptocystidean area extensive, outlined by a delicate edge-line, more visible distally, mirroring autozooidal boundary and orifice proximal and lateral margins in non-ovicellate autozooids, diverging laterally in ovicellate ones (Fig. 7 B, C), forming subtriangular latero-oral extensions (70–100 μm long). Pseudopores arranged in a single lateral row of 10–20, closely and evenly spaced distally, looser or absent proximally (Figs 7 A, B, D, E, G, 23 B), near but not leaning on frontal edge. Two, rarely three, additional rows of pseudopores (9–15) between orifice and ascopore; more numerous pseudopores in ovicellate autozooids. Pseudopores on a level with the frontal surface, flower-like in appearance, tri- to quadrifoliate, with three to four laterally compressed spiny processes projecting centrally, unjointed (Figs 7 C, F, 23 B). Two circular to transversely elliptical cryptocystidean areas distal to orifice, lined by an irregularly lobate rim, including few coalescing pseudopores with numerous spiny processes (Fig. 7 C, G), hidden in ovicellate autozooids.</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, lined by a thin and smooth rim of calcification, laterally ending in two denticles near proximal orifice corners; distal rim irregularly undulating (Fig. 7 C). Three, rarely two, tubular, slender oral spines, up to ~ 100 μm long (diameter of the base 15–20 μm), placed distally and / or distolaterally (Fig. 7 C, G); spine number remaining constant even in periancestrular zooids (Fig. 7 D), two in ovicellate zooids always visible but slightly displaced proximally, occasionally compressed (Fig. 7 B, arrowed).</p><p>Ascopore nearly central, ~ 100 μm proximal to orifice (Fig. 7 C), lumen transversely C-shaped (Fig. 7 C, F), with denticulated rim, situated in a circular to transversally elliptical field of smooth gymnocystal calcification with smooth raised rim, often laterally fusing with arched proximal rim of frontal shield in presence of ovicell (Fig. 7 A, B).</p><p>Ovicell subglobular, prominent, proximally confined between oral spines, slightly obscuring the orifice distally, seemingly subcleithral, only partially closed by operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 7 A, B). Endooecium calcified, covered by roughly radial to irregularly undulating, sometimes coalescing crests and isolated spine-like processes, proximally smooth, and protruding in a proximally and upward folded visor-like edge; rimmed by a ~ 50 μm wide fissure, interrupted by prominent spikes adjoining the surrounding ectooecium, forming a few thin bridge-like structures. Ectooecium a thin and prominent raised rim of gymnocystal calcification, well separated from and capping the endooecium, leaning on proximal side of the frontal raised edge of distal autozooid (Fig. 7 B).</p><p>Ancestrula tatiform, regenerated as a kenozooid with a central hole (possibly a simple ascopore) and a few pseudopores in the only observed instance (Figs 7 D, 24 B), budding one distal and two distolateral zooids, and surrounded by six autozooids slightly smaller than subsequent ones.</p><p>Additional kenozooids not observed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Referring to the submarine cave habitat that this species typically colonises.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Fenestrulina cavernicola sp. nov. is most similar to Fenestrulina juani Souto, Reverter-Gil &amp; Fernandez Pulpeiro, 2010 b, described from detritic bottoms at 57 m depth in the Menorca Channel (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean). However, F. juani differs in the following characters: 1) the frontal shield has a markedly polygonal reticulate pattern covering almost the entire surface; 2) the pseudopores have a pseudo-stellate appearance given by the infundibular shape and spindle-like processes only slightly projecting radially; 3) the pseudopores are more numerous (28–44 with a mean of 35) but smaller (18–27 μm in diameter with a mean of 23); 4) the ascopore is surrounded by a cup-shaped gymnocystal extension, especially prominent proximally, but in F. cavernicola sp. nov. it is not as developed; 5) oral spines are usually six, except in periancestrular autozooids having three spines with the proximal pair bifurcating near the base, whereas F. cavernicola sp. nov. consistently has three relatively long cylindrical spines in non-ovicellate zooids, with a single instance of lateral compression in the lateral spine of an ovicellate zooid; 6) spines are shifted more proximally, and their base diameter is larger; 7) ovicell ornamentation is more pronounced, with irregular, thick, prominent nodules and regularly spaced bridge-like structures forming in the space between the endo- and ectooecium, before becoming filled by secondary calcification; 8) extensions of the cryptocystidean frontal area lateral to the orifice are similar in ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids, with the sides starting to diverge at the level of the proximal rim; 9) autozooids are approximately the same size but more elongate (longer and narrower, ZL / ZW: 1.64 vs 1.09) than in F. cavernicola sp. nov., and the orifice is proportionately smaller (ZL / OL: 6.77 vs 4.67).</p><p>In the dimpled appearance of the frontal surface, F. cavernicola sp. nov. is also similar to F. foveolata sp. nov., but the latter species differs in several key features: 1) the ovicell has distinct ornamentation, with short, non-indented lateral lappets rimmed by a row of small (15–26 μm in diameter) peripheral pores; 2) frontal pseudopores are fewer, absent proximally, and more often lining the gymnocystal margin; 3) the autozooids, orifices, and ascopore field are smaller; 4) the proximal oral spines are well developed and bifurcated. Fenestrulina cavernicola sp. nov. also recalls F. gelasinoides Gordon, 1984 from the Kermadec Ridge, but this species has differently shaped frontal pseudopores and a much more prominent dimpled-surfaced ovicell “ resembling a golf ball ” (Gordon 1984).</p><p>Heavily ornamented ovicells, ranging from nodular to wrinkled or irregularly crested, are relatively uncommon in the genus Fenestrulina . In addition to F. juani and F. kalliste sp. nov., they occur in F. reticulata Powell, 1967 from New Zealand, F. horrida Moyano, 1985 from southern Chile, as well as in F. cervicornis, F. crystallina Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1990, F. fritilla and F. rugula Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1990, all from Antarctica. However, the appearance of ovicells in F. cavernicola sp. nov. is unique owing to a combination of features, such as the prickly texture of the endooecium, the significant elevation of the thin ectooecium, and the large fissure between them.</p><p>Spinulose ascopores occur in some Fenestrulina species, but unlike those of F. cavernicola sp. nov., they typically show radial processes meeting at the centre, as seen in F. harmeri Winston &amp; Heimberg (1986: 28, fig. 69).</p><p>In F. cavernicola sp. nov., intraspecific variability is limited but regenerative capability, involving both autozooids and ancestrula, is high. The ancestrula has been observed once regenerated as a kenozooid with scant pseudopores and a possible ascopore (Fig. 7 D), one of only two such records within the genus. Damaged autozooids are often regenerated one or two times through internal budding, reconstructing from restricted areas around the orifice to almost the entire frontal wall, often involving deflection from the original growth direction or even inversion (Fig. 7 D, E).</p><p>The occasional occurrence of compressed proximal spines (Fig. 7 B) may indicate enlargement before potential bifurcations, although complete or preserved bifurcated spines have never been observed in the available material of this species.</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>To date, F. cavernicola sp. nov. has been recorded only from a submarine cave, scraped from both dimly lit and completely dark sectors (Rosso et al. 2019 b, c).</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Currently known only from its type locality, Lesvos Island, northern Aegean Sea, Greece.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.text	CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina communis Rosso & Di Martino 2025	<div><p>Fenestrulina communis Rosso &amp; Di Martino sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 2</p><p>Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin): Rosso 1989: tables 3 d, 4 d; Hayward and Ryland 1999: 300, fig. 138 A, B; Hayward and McKinney 2002: 81, fig. 37 A – D; Rosso et al. 2013: table 1; Rosso et al. 2019 a: table 1; Subías-Baratau et al. 2022: table 2, fig. 5 a.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Italy • Holotype large ovicellate colony encrusting a flat and smooth plastic item, with several lobes, including hundreds of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids and the ancestrula. Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian Sea, NW Sicily, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.083972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.159653" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.083972/lat 38.159653)">Magaggiari beach</a>, Cinisi, near Palermo; 38.159651°N, 13.083972°E; stranded on the beach; Dec. 2023; C. Siddiolo leg.; PMC.B 39.23.2.2024.a . Italy • Paratypes 15 colonies, some small, including only the ancestrula and a few periancestrular autozooids, others large, with ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids and often the ancestrula, plus five isolated ancestrulae; same details as the holotype; PMC.B 39.23.2.2024.b 1–8 on the same plastic item as the holotype; PMC.B 39.23.2.2024.b 9–15 on a second bent plastic item .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Italy • 2 living colonies on plastic. Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian Sea, NE Sicily, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.240556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.245277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.240556/lat 38.245277)">Tono beach</a>, Capo Milazzo Peninsula; 38°14'43"N, 15°14'26"E; stranded on the beach; Apr. 2024; A. Rosso &amp; E. Di Martino leg.; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.116.a . Italy • 1 fragmentary colony, Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, SE Sicily, Plemmirio MPA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.020332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.327833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.020332/lat 15.327833)">Granchi submarine cave, sample GR 2</a>; 15°19'40.2"N, 37°01'13.2"E; 20 m depth; Sept. 2009; V. Di Martino leg.; scuba diving • 2 colonies, one on the free valve of the brachiopod Novocrania anomala (Müller, 1776) and one on a fragment of the bryozoan Reteporella elegans Harmelin, 1976 . Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, SE Sicily, Plemmirio MPA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.003334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.3133335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.003334/lat 15.3133335)">Gymnasium submarine cave, sample GY 2</a>; 15°18'48"N, 37°00'12"E; 20 m depth; Sept. 2009; V. Di Martino leg.; scuba diving • 1 fragmentary colony, Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, SE Sicily, Plemmirio MPA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.005085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.309889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.005085/lat 15.309889)">Mazzere submarine cave, sample MZ 1</a>; 15°18'35.6"N, 37°00'18.3"E; 20 m depth; Sept. 2009; V. Di Martino leg.; scuba diving; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.116.b . Italy • few zooids on a shell fragment. Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, SE Sicily, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.166667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.166667/lat 36.733334)">Gulf of Noto, sample PS / 81 CR 1</a>; 36°44'N, 15°10'E; 45 m depth; Jun. 1981; dredge; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.116.e . Italy • 1 colony including the ancestrula and ~ 30 ovicellate and non ovicellate autozooids on a bioclast. Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, SE Sicily, Ciclopi Island MPA, Ciclopi 2000 cruise, sample 20 B; 4145500 N, 513130 E; 50 m depth; Jul. 2000; A. Rosso leg.; dredging; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.116.c . Italy • few zooids on an alga. Mediterranean, Ionian Sea, SE Sicily, Ciclopi Island MPA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.181389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.638058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.181389/lat 37.638058)">off Santa Tecla, sample ST. 1. Z 9</a>; 37°38'17"N, 15°10'53"E; 9 m depth; Jun. 2015; M. Catra &amp; R. Leonardi leg.; scuba diving; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.116.d . Spain • 4 small colonies on three benthic plastic debris. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.4/lat 41.6)">off Palamós</a>; 41.6°N, 3.4°E; 100 m depth; Dec. 2020; B. Figuerola leg.; trawl; PMC EDM-BF Collection SP.H.B.116.f .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with large frontal pseudopores, partially occluded by a star-shaped plate formed by spinules slender at pore margins, flattening and merging at the centre.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony glassy in appearance, encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar, forming large patches up to 1.5 cm 2 on flat and smooth plastic substrates, with an irregularly lobate outline (Fig. 11 A). Interzooidal communications via multiporous septula: two proximolateral (150 μm wide), two distolateral (148–208 μm wide, n = 5) and one distal (31–172 μm wide, n = 4), located at mid-length along lateral and distal walls (Figs 8 B, 9 D, 10 A – C), each comprising a dozen round pores (6–9 μm in diameter) (Fig. 8 I, J).</p><p>Autozooids large, roughly hexagonal, distinct, contiguous, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves, occasionally widening into subtriangular spaces at triple junctions. Lateral walls sub-vertical, slightly exposed at junctions (Fig. 8 C – E). Frontal shield gently marked by a slightly raised rim of smooth calcification lining orifice proximally and laterally, extending distally into long (mean length 148 μm, n = 11) lappets on both sides of the orifice (Fig. 8 D – F, H). Lappets sometimes encircling and merging beyond orifice in irregular zooids (Figs 10 D, G, L, 11 F). Surface gently convex, slightly more raised at ascopore level, smooth; circular pseudopores, ~ 30 per zooid, reduced to 13–16 in periancestrular zooids, increasing to 40 in later autozooids (Fig. 8 A – E), more in teratological forms. Pseudopores mainly in distal half, arranged in two or three rows between orifice and ascopore, one or two lateral rows in distal half, often absent / sparse proximally (Fig. 8 B – E). Pseudopores irregularly subcircular, slightly infundibular, lumen partly occluded by an irregularly spiny, star-shaped calcification process, depressed in relation to frontal surface, formed by 3–5 spinules progressively flattening and merging centrally, tending to obliterate the lumen but often leaving a small round central opening (Figs 8 L, M, 23 C). Two, occasionally one, cryptocystidean areas distally to orifice, between spines, each with 1–3 pseudopores (Figs 8 E, G, H, 10 G, H). Basal wall largely uncalcified.</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight with two shoulders at proximal corners; distal rim finely denticulated (Fig. 8 F – H). Oral spines usually two, occasionally three, four in periancestrular zooids, ~ 100 μm long (base diameter 15–20 μm), distally positioned, never proximal than to mid-orifice length (Fig. 8 E – H). Ovicellate autozooids with two spines, barely visible in frontal view, lateral to ovicell proximal rim corners.</p><p>Ascopore centrally placed, ~ 130 μm proximal to orifice, distance often exceeding orifice length (Fig. 8 A – F); situated in a reniform field of smooth gymnocystal calcification marked by a slightly raised rim, often fusing proximally with arched proximal rim of frontal shield in presence of ovicell; lumen large, transversely C-shaped between the distal short and wide tongue and the arched proximal border; rim denticulate, denticles simple or bi- to trifurcated (Fig. 8 C – F), occasionally almost meeting (Fig. 8 K).</p><p>Ovicell subglobular, prominent, narrowing proximally to fit orifice width, slightly obscuring distal part of orifice, seemingly subcleithral, produced by distal autozooid (Fig. 8 C, D). Endooecium calcified, smooth to gently nodular, faintly ribbed at periphery, rimmed by a row of ~ 15 large, quadrangular pores separated by narrow calcified bridges, giving scalloped appearance; proximal margin on a level with, or just proximal to, proximalmost pair of oral spines, rim slightly folded upwards. Ectooecium reduced to a slightly raised rim of gymnocystal calcification, lining proximal raised edge of distal autozooid.</p><p>Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 9, 24 C – D), oval but irregularly outlined, smaller than periancestrular autozooids, gymnocyst narrow (60–100 μm wide), more extensive proximally with ten spines, five surrounding orifice, slightly more closely spaced than proximal ones, slightly indenting the raised rim, delimiting the narrower (~ 15 μm), almost smooth cryptocyst. Opesia oval, occupying almost four-fifth of total length (~ 300 μm long by 250 μm wide). Two longitudinally elongated (Fig. 9 A – C) cryptocystidean areas (each with 1 or 2 pores) between the three distalmost spines and the proximalmost ones, one on each side. Ancestrula first showing only one large distal pore-chamber window connecting it to the first budded distal autozooid; budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral, two proximolateral and one, or rarely two, proximal autozooids, totalling six or seven periancestrular autozooids (Fig. 9). Budding loci seemingly produced after resorption (compare Fig. 9 A with Fig. 9 B, C). Ancestrula often regenerating as a miniature autozooid (Fig. 9 F, G).</p><p>Kenozooids present, usually observed at colony lobe contacts, between neighbouring colonies, and in damaged areas; from very small (~ 80 μm) to large, irregularly shaped, in furrows between autozooids, or similar in size to autozooids, irregularly polygonal in shape (Figs 10 I, K, L, 11 H, I, 12 F), with scattered (Fig. 12 F) or more densely spaced pseudopores (Fig. 10 K, L); the ascopore almost centrally placed, circular to ellipsoidal, evenly denticulated without distal tongue (Fig. 10 L), or C-shaped as in autozooids (Fig. 10 K), or absent (Fig. 10 I).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin communis, meaning common, referring to the common / frequent occurrence of this species in multiple samples and localities within the Mediterranean.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Colonies reported as F. malusii from the British Isles (Hayward and Ryland 1999) and off Rovinj (Croatia) in the northern Adriatic Sea (Hayward and McKinney 2002) resemble F. communis sp. nov., especially in the morphology and location of pseudopores, as well as their stellate calcification processes. Autozooids from the British Isles show two or three oral spines, similar to those in our material from stranded plastic debris, which usually bear two very distally located and closely spaced spines (Fig. 8 E, F). Three spines are observed less frequently (Fig. 8 H), while four spines are exceptional (Fig. 8 G). In contrast, specimens from the northern Adriatic Sea are described as having four oral spines, although most figured specimens show three, except for periancestrular autozooids that have five (Hayward and McKinney 2002: fig. 37 A and D, respectively). Autozooid measurements reported for these populations, especially those from the northern Adriatic, are slightly smaller than those colonising plastic items in Sicily. This reduced size reflects the prevalence of young colonies, mainly composed of periancestrular autozooids and those in the early astogenetic repetition zone. This interpretation is supported by the transition from four to three oral spines shown in Hayward and McKinney (2002: fig. 37 A). Similarly, relatively small autozooids have been documented in colonies from eastern Sicily (Ionian Sea), collected in submarine caves of the Plemmirio MPA (Rosso et al. 2013) or associated with infralittoral algae and circalittoral detritic bottoms at Ciclopi Islands MPA (Rosso et al. 2014, 2019 a). These autozooids, however, have two or three oral spines. Unlike the type material, lateral pseudopores in some autozooids, particularly those from submarine caves, tend to develop near or along the marginal elevated rim of the frontal shield.</p><p>Additional colonies from unspecified Mediterranean localities may also belong to this species. This includes a colony housed at NHMUK, figured by Wasson and De Blauwe (2014: fig. 4), as well as the specimen figured by Zabala and Madurell in GBIF (2024). In contrast, the colony from Chios Island (Aegean Sea, Greece), identified as F. malusii s. s. by Gordon (1984), differs in several respects, including a rugose to crested ovicell, more infundibular frontal pseudopores partially occluded by radial denticles that only occasionally meet at the centre, and a shorter distance between the orifice and the ascopore. This morphotype may represent a distinct species, but additional material is required to confirm its taxonomic identity.</p><p>Fenestrulina communis sp. nov. is also similar to F. inesae Souto, Reverter-Gil &amp; Fernandez-Pulpeiro, 2010 a from off Algarve (southern Portugal, Atlantic Ocean), mainly in the stellate appearance of its frontal pseudopores. However, F. inesae has ~ 60 frontal pseudopores, far exceeding the 18–40 observed in F. communis sp. nov. Its pseudopores are also significantly smaller in diameter (25 μm vs 31–45 μm). Furthermore, in F. inesae, autozooids are slightly shorter (595 vs 646 μm), orifices are longer and comparably more elongate (144 × 160 μm; OL / OW: 0.90 vs 123 × 176 μm; OL / OW: 0.70), ovicells are distinctly shorter and wider than long, unlike the almost isodiametric ones visible in F. communis sp. nov. (250 × 323 μm vs 359 × 338 μm), and the ascopore is significantly smaller and longer than wider (89 × 59 vs 74 × 113 μm).</p><p>Fenestrulina communis sp. nov. shows high variability in autozooid shape and size. Some are highly elongate (Fig. 10 A), others notably widened (Fig. 10 A, B, D), with widths nearly matching two contiguous autozooids. Some enlarged forms likely result from the fusion of initially separated buds (Fig. 10 C). The shape also varies from elongate hexagonal / ovoidal to highly irregular (Fig. 10 C, D), with some morphologies seemingly adapted to fill gaps between colonies at contact zones or in damaged colony portions (Figs 10 G, 11 B, D, E, I). Indeed, colonies densely encrusted the plastic substrate, with at least nine colonies (including two juveniles) counted on ~ 4 cm 2, plus additional detached colonies, as indicated by their left traces (Fig. 11 A). Interestingly, at colony encounter edges, overgrowth was rarely observed, with irregularly shaped kenozooids forming only in a few cases (e. g., Fig. 10 K). More commonly, colonies apparently fused, with autozooids at contact points modified to maximise the encrustation of the available substrate without overgrowing each other. We observed colonies with autozooids: 1) curving and deflecting from their original direction to merge and continue growing alongside (Fig. 11 B – F); 2) apparently fusing to form larger ‘ double’ autozooids with two widely spaced ascopores, none aligned with the orifice (e. g., Fig. 10 G); 3) irregularly shaped along boundaries, some with prominences or cauda-like extensions to connect with autozooids from another colony (Fig. 11 B – F). Three similar homosyndrome cases were reported in California for colonies of putative F. malusii encrusting Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh and Agarum fimbriatum Harvey at 5–25 m depth off Santa Catalina Island, and anthropogenic substrates at the Marine Science Center (Nielsen 1981). There, colony fusion involved ovicell formation, with an autozooid from one colony induced by a maternal zooid from another via its distal pore chamber (Nielsen 1981: fig. 21 A, B). The interacting colonies were similar in size and possibly genetically related (Nielsen 1981). Due to the detachment of large colony portions, the full size of interacting colonies in our material remains uncertain. However, their occurrence on the same drift plastic item suggests they originated from one or few pioneer colonies, whose offspring settled nearby.</p><p>Interactions between F. communis sp. nov. colonies and other bryozoan species were also observed, including an undetermined cyclostome and Aetea (Fig. 12 A – D). In both instances, Fenestrulina colonies overgrew the encrusting skeletal portions of the competitors without obliterating the zooidal openings but only encircling the peristomes (Fig. 12 D) and the erect zooidal tubes of Aetea (Fig. 12 B, C), sometimes deforming their own autozooids (Fig. 12 C). Some colonies also interacted with young anomiid bivalves, either overgrowing them (Fig. 12 E, F) or ceasing growth at a short distance (Fig. 11 A – D), displaying a stand-off behaviour (Taylor and Wilson 2003).</p><p>Numerous autozooids show regeneration, often by intramural budding, producing new orifices, partial frontal shields (Fig. 10 I, J), entire new autozooids (Fig. 10 B), occasionally with reverse polarity (Fig. 10 B, J), and kenozooids (Fig. 12 F). Closure plates occluding orifices are also common. They resemble the frontal shield, including pseudopores (Fig. 10 H, I), and sometimes an ascopore (e. g., Fig. 10 F). An ovicell lacking its ectooecium was also observed (Fig. 10 F).</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina communis sp. nov. occurs in relatively shaded shelf habitats, ranging from semidark and dark submarine caves at ~ 20 m depth to deeper (50 m) coarse detritic bottoms swept by currents. Colonies studied by Hayward and McKinney (2002) from near Rovinj, though not explicitly stated, likely originated from alga / plant-rich habitats at less than 40 m depth. The species has also been found at shallower depths (9 m) in the Infralittoral Algae biocoenosis, but is also capable of thriving in well-lit conditions, as evidenced by its settlement and growth on drift plastic items, the source of most studied colonies. Additionally, colonies have been found on benthic plastic items collected at 100 m depth off Catalonia. The colonisation likely occurred while the plastic was still buoyant and floating in shallower waters, before the accumulated encrustation increased its weight, eventually causing it to sink to the seafloor (Subías-Baratau et al. 2022).</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina communis sp. nov. is an Atlanto-Mediterranean species. Its distribution appears to be centred around the British Isles in the Atlantic (Hayward and Ryland 1999), and extends across the Mediterranean, with records from the western Ionian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Italian coast, as well as the northern Adriatic Sea off Croatia (Hayward and McKinney 2002). The species’ ability to encrust floating objects, including anthropogenic debris, suggests its opportunistic behaviour and may facilitate its wide distribution across the western Mediterranean, including the Catalan region and the southwestern Tyrrhenian Sea. However, it is plausible that the species also occurs in natural habitats in these areas, as they fall within its known distributional range. Fenestrulina communis sp. nov. seems to align with the modern to contemporary concept of F. malusii, as demonstrated by the number of synonymies proposed in relation to the limited literature illustrating Fenestrulina colonies. Consequently, a thorough revision of existing collections with colonies identified as F. malusii from additional sites across the western Mediterranean would likely reveal that they belong to this species rather than F. malusii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.text	C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina foveolata Rosso & Di Martino 2025	<div><p>Fenestrulina foveolata Rosso &amp; Di Martino sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 13, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 3</p><p>Type material.</p><p>France • Holotype colony including the ancestrula and some ovicells on fronds of Laminaria rodriguezii . Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, NW Corsica, Ile-Rousse Bank; coordinates not available; 85–100 m depth; 5 Aug. 1957; R/V Président Théodore Tissier survey, St. 423; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC.B 40.23.10.2024.a . France • Paratypes 17 additional colonies and isolated autozooids; same details as the holotype; PMC.B 40.23.10.2024.b .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with partly exposed lateral walls; dimpled frontal shield and ovicell endooecium; endooecium lined by a row of ~ 15 small peripheral pores and a smooth, low rim of ectooecial calcification; a few tri- to quadrifoliate pseudopores restricted to the distal half of autozooids; transversely C-shaped denticulate ascopore within a subcircular to transversely elliptical gymnocystal field; three or four stout spines, the proximalmost pair bifurcated.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via one proximal, two proximolateral, two (occasionally 3 or 4) distolateral, and one distal pore-chamber.</p><p>Autozooids ovoidal to round hexagonal, distinct, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves (Fig. 13 A, B). Lateral and proximal walls steeply sloping to sub-vertical, exposing only their upper parts, generally more expanded and more gently sloping at corners. Frontal shield slightly convex, more elevated at ascopore level, with a dimpled texture, particularly near the ascopore. Gymnocyst forming a discontinuous narrow rim distal and lateral to orifice. Cryptocystidean area extensive, outlined by a raised edge-line, mirroring autozooidal boundary and proximal and lateral margins of orifice, lining it or slightly diverging distalwards in non-ovicellate autozooids, diverging much more in ovicellate ones (Fig. 13 C – E), forming subtriangular latero-oral extensions (56–106 μm long), longer in non-ovicellate autozooids. Pseudopores of the frontal shield arranged in a single lateral row of 8–12, irregularly spaced in the distal half of autozooid, absent proximally (Fig. 13 A – F), often adjacent to the frontal edge. Two, rarely three, additional rows of pseudopores (6–17) occurring between orifice and ascopore. Pseudopores on a level with frontal surface, spiculate, typically tri- to quadrifoliate, with two to five compressed spiny processes projecting centrally but unjointed (Figs 13 C, 23 D). Two circular-elliptical cryptocystidean areas, lined by an irregularly lobate rim, occur distal to the orifice, each area seemingly including a single pseudopore or fused pseudopores with numerous spiny processes (Fig. 13 D).</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, lined by a thin, smooth rim; proximal and distal rims hidden by opercula. Three, occasionally four, tubular and relatively stout oral spines, up to 80 μm long and 15–20 μm in diameter, placed distally and / or distolaterally (Fig. 13 B – E); periancestrular autozooids usually with four spines (Fig. 13 F), the proximalmost pair more developed and bifurcated, branches facing upwards; proximalmost bifurcated spines persisting in ovicellate zooids, with distal branches almost leaning against the ovicell (Fig. 13 B, E).</p><p>Ascopore placed slightly distal to autozooid centre, at variable distance (80–118 μm) from the orifice (Fig. 13 C – D), lumen transversely C-shaped, with finely denticulated rim, situated in a sub-circular to transversally elliptical field of smooth gymnocystal calcification marked by a smooth raised rim, often fusing with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield in the presence of an ovicell (Fig. 13 E).</p><p>Ovicell subglobular, prominent, slightly obscuring the distal part of the orifice, with short lateral lappets not indented by oral spines, proximolateral corners remaining distal to the spines on each side, seemingly subcleithral, only partly closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 13 B, E). Endooecium well calcified, with a dimpled surface similar to autozooid frontal shield, proximally smoother, its narrow rim folding upward; rimmed by a ~ 30 μm large depression, largely filled by endooecial calcification interrupted by 15 or more marginal pores. Ectooecium consisting of a thin, prominent, raised gymnocystal rim, leaning against the proximal frontal raised edge of the distal autozooid (Fig. 13 E).</p><p>Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 13 F, 24 E), with a narrow cryptocystidean rim encircled by ten spines: four distal, more closely spaced; six lateral and proximal, more widely spaced. Budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral and, subsequently, two proximolateral zooids along with a larger proximal autozooid, forming a ring of six periancestrular autozooids.</p><p>Kenozooids not observed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin fovea, meaning pit, alluding to the dimpled surface of both the frontal shield and the ovicell endooecium.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Fenestrulina foveolata sp. nov. mostly resembles F. cavernicola sp. nov. but differs in having a distinct ornamentation of the ovicell, with short, non-indented lateral lappets rimmed by a row of small peripheral pores, fewer frontal pseudopores, absent proximally, and more often adjacent to the gymnocystal margin, smaller autozooids, orifices, and ascopore field, and proximal oral spines well developed and bifurcated. A dimpled, but less pronounced, ooecial surface also occurs in F. ovata sp. nov., which, however, lacks bifurcated spines and has spine bases only barely visible in ovicellate autozooids. This species also has an ovicell with arcuate lateral lappets overarching the lateral sides of the orifice, absent in F. foveolata sp. nov. The dimpled surface of both autozooids and ovicells is also reminiscent of F. gelasinoides, but that species has stronger ornamentation, occluded autozooidal pseudopores and inconspicuous, unbranched oral spines in ovicellate autozooids. Based on Gautier’s (1962) report of a bifurcate proximal pair of oral spines (p. 170) and of deep colonies with a more granulose frontal shield (p. 171), at least some of his F. malusii material may belong to this species or to F. kalliste sp. nov.</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina foveolata sp. nov. has been found only on Laminaria fronds, co-occurring with F. malusii .</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina foveolata sp. nov. is currently known only from its type locality off Corsica (Ile-Rousse Bank), in the Liguro-Provençal basin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.text	6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina granulosa Rosso & Di Martino 2025	<div><p>Fenestrulina granulosa Rosso &amp; Di Martino sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 14, 22, 23; Tables 1, 3</p><p>Fenestrulina malusii: Hayward 1974: table 1, pars; Hayward 1975: table 1, pars.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Greece • Holotype ovicellate colony on a Posidonia leaf including a few dozen autozooids, without ancestrula. Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, Chios, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.333332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.0/lat 38.333332)">Dhiaporia</a>; University College Swansea Expedition to Chios; 38°20'N, 26°00'E; 30 m depth; Aug. 1967; scuba diving. NHMUK 2009.11.2.2 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with well-exposed lateral and proximal walls, finely granular frontal shield with a centrally located C-shaped ascopore; pseudopores mostly restricted distally in three or four rows between the orifice and ascopore, and in a single proximally incomplete peripheral row; orifice with an irregularly denticulated distal margin and a single distal spine concealed in ovicellate autozooids; ovicell endooecium finely granular except for the proximal folded rim.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via two proximolateral, two distolateral and one distal pore-chambers, externally visible as elongate, elliptical windows.</p><p>Autozooids ovoidal, distinct, with wide grooves in-between (Fig. 14 A – C); vertical walls gently sloping, largely exposed proximally and laterally, sometimes revealing the substrate at triple junctions (Fig. 14 C). Frontal shield moderately convex, more elevated centrally at ascopore level. Gymnocyst present only distally and laterally to the orifice. Cryptocystidean area finely granular, granules ~ 5 μm in diameter, more raised centrally, but attenuating and smaller to absent towards the margins; marked by a thin raised rim, distally lining the orifice proximally and laterally, extending up to half its length or more (Fig. 14 C), forming blunt subtriangular latero-oral extensions of variable length (39–88 μm long). Pseudopores of the frontal shield numbering 26–34, closely spaced in a single row along autozooid distal half, occasionally extending more proximally, with four, rarely three, additional irregular rows of pseudopores (18–20) between orifice and ascopore (Fig. 14 B – D). Pseudopores 26 μm in maximum dimension, on a level with frontal surface, tri- to quadrifoliate, with 3–5, occasionally more, spiny, platy or denticulate processes converging centrally but remaining unjointed (Figs 14 E, 23 E). Two relatively small (38–58 μm wide), subcircular to subelliptical or larger, arched and elongate (~ 75 μm long), smoothly-rimmed cryptocystidean areas distal to the orifice, occasionally shifted laterally (Fig. 14 C, D), each bearing 1–3 pseudopores with numerous spiny processes, exposed also in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 14 C).</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight; distal rim with an irregularly denticulate shelf (Fig. 14 D). A single tiny spine (base diameter ~ 13 μm) located mid-distally to the orifice (Fig. 14 D). Spines absent in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 14 B, C), the mid-distal one remaining concealed beneath the ovicell.</p><p>Ascopore centrally placed, 119–171 μm proximal to orifice (Fig. 14 B – D), the lumen transversely C-shaped, with a strongly irregular denticulate rim, some denticles leaf-shaped with 3–5 smaller denticles; situated in a cordiform-to-reniform field of flat gymnocystal calcification with a peripheral radially ribbed band, smooth-rimmed, slightly raised proximally on the frontal shield surface; fusing with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield when distal to an ovicell (Fig. 14 B, C).</p><p>Ovicell globular and slightly elongate, prominent, narrowing proximally, obscuring the distal part of orifice, seemingly subcleithral, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 14 A – C). Endooecium well calcified, finely granular, granules more prominent and more densely spaced distally, attenuating and reducing proximally to a thin (~ 20 μm), smooth tubular proximal edge; peripheral row of 14–16 subquadrangular (each 20–48 μm wide) or occasionally elongate (up to 80 μm) pores.</p><p>Ancestrula and kenozooids not observed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin granulosus, meaning granular, in reference to the distinctive granular surface of both the frontal shield and the ovicell endooecium, a unique feature among all known species of the genus.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Fenestrulina granulosa sp. nov. resembles F. malusii in the granulation of the frontal shield and the ovicell endooecium, the shape of the pseudopores and their location restricted to the distal portion of the autozooidal frontal shield, and the raised rim demarcating the frontal cryptocystidean area from the widely exposed lateral walls. However, the two species can be readily distinguished. In F. malusii, the granules are significantly fewer and less pronounced. Additionally, F. malusii has a distinctive ascopore with a circular gymnocystal field and a smooth-rimmed lumen, the autozooids are slightly smaller and comparatively squatter, while the orifice is noticeably smaller and protected by three or four distal spines, with the proximal pair persisting in ovicellate autozooids. Granular ornamentation is rare within the genus, occurring only in F. malusii and F. granulosa sp. nov. in the Mediterranean, and in a few additional species globally. A similar granulation on both the autozooidal frontal shield and the ovicell is observed in F. antarctica Hayward &amp; Thorpe, 1989, a species recorded from the Palmer Archipelago, Bellingshausen Sea and Ross Sea. This species, however, differs in having stellate pseudopores in the frontal shield of very large autozooids that do not expose lateral walls and lack a cryptocystidean rim; oral spines are absent and the ovicell proximal rim joins the proximal corners of the orifice. A somewhat similar but sparser granulation on the frontal shield is present in an unnamed species from Safaga Bay (see Remarks for F. malusii). Large, prominent, almost tubercular granules also occur on the ovicell and the proximal lobe of the tubular collar of F. personata (MacGillivray, 1883) from southern Australia and New Zealand. However, this species has a distinctively smooth frontal shield, a smooth-rimmed ascopore, sparse non-radiate pseudopores that are simple holes, the absence of such pores between the orifice and ascopore, and a distributional pattern opposite to that seen in other Fenestrulina species.</p><p>The widely exposed and gently sloping lateral walls of F. granulosa sp. nov., which reduce the contact surface between adjacent autozooids, may represent specialised adaptation to minimise colony breakage when on flexible substrates (see F. malusii).</p><p>The studied colony was among those examined by Hayward (1974) and identified as F. malusii from six different localities around the Isle of Chios: Emborios Bay, Cape Mastika, Venetica, Kokkina, Foradhas, and Dhiaporia. Unfortunately, most of this material could not be located and therefore remains unexamined. Consequently, it remains uncertain whether all the specimens belong to F. granulosa sp. nov. or if they represent additional species.</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>The only examined colony of F. granulosa sp. nov. encrusts a flexible organic substrate, specifically a Posidonia leaf (A. Herdman, pers. comm., Oct. 2024), which is heavily colonised by several bryozoan species. This aligns with the shallow-water range of the collections of the University College Swansea Expedition to Chios, as reported by Hayward (1974), which did not exceed 61 m and was predominantly within the first 50 m, encompassing the depth range of Posidonia meadows . However, owing to the grouping of stations from different localities and the limited, sporadic information on species records other than F. malusii, drawing further conclusions about the habitat is challenging. If we assume that all of Hayward’s (1974) records pertain to the same species (difficult without specimens), F. granulosa sp. nov. may also inhabit various environments, including submarine caves, rocky infralittoral habitats, and bioconstructions (possibly coralligenous habitats), in addition to Posidonia meadows and associated Pinna valves.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina granulosa sp. nov. is currently known only from its type locality off Chios Island, in the north-eastern Aegean Sea. While no precise collection site is indicated, the examined colony originates from one of the sampling stations of the 1967 University College Swansea Expedition to Chios, whose material was later studied by Hayward (1974).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
B231FDAC21B35997A404F44DA13747B3.text	B231FDAC21B35997A404F44DA13747B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina Jullien 1888	<div><p>Genus Fenestrulina Jullien, 1888</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Cellepora malusii Audouin &amp; Savigny, 1826 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B231FDAC21B35997A404F44DA13747B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.text	8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina kalliste Rosso & Di Martino 2025	<div><p>Fenestrulina kalliste Rosso &amp; Di Martino sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 15, 22, 23; Tables 1, 3</p><p>Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin): Rosso 1989: tables 5 a, 6 d.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>France • Holotype 1 dead ovicellate colony on a phidoloporid fragment including ~ 30 autozooids, without ancestrula on biogenic debris. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, NW Corsica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.689722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.57639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.689722/lat 42.57639)">Calvi</a>; R/V Catherine Laurence; Bracors- 3, Stn CL 74-12 B; 42°34'35"N, 8°41'23"E; 110 m depth; Jun. 1983; PMC.B 41.23.2.2024.a .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with smooth frontal shield; scant number of pseudopores both peripherally and between the orifice and the ascopore; branching proximal spines persisting on ovicellate autozooids; prominent nodular ovicell ornamentation.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via two proximolateral, two distolateral and one distal pore-chambers, externally visible as elongate, elliptical windows, internally as multiporous septula.</p><p>Autozooids rounded hexagonal, distinct, separated by narrow, deep grooves (Fig. 15 A, B, F). Upper vertical walls of autozooidal distal half slightly exposed, more evident at triple junctions (Fig. 15 C, G), deeply sloping. Frontal shield smooth to gently nodular, moderately convex, more elevated at ascopore level. Gymnocyst present only distal and lateral to orifice. Cryptocystidean area marked by a thin raised rim, lining proximal margin of orifice, diverging laterally (Fig. 15 C, E, G, J), forming blunt subtriangular latero-oral extensions (~ 100 μm long). Pseudopores of the frontal shield irregularly shaped, slightly infundibular, arranged in a single lateral row, usually restricted to the distal half of the autozooid, occasionally present proximally (Fig. 15 C, I). One to two additional irregular rows of pseudopores (9–12) between orifice and ascopore. Pseudopores on a level with frontal surface, circular to irregular, with 1–4, mostly three, laterally compressed spiny processes converging centrally but not fusing at their tips (Figs 15 C – E, 23 F). Two relatively large (50–67 μm wide), subelliptical, smoothly-rimmed cryptocystidean areas distolateral to orifice, between or distal to spines (Fig. 15 C – E), each bearing one or two pseudopores with numerous spiny processes, exposed also in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 15 B, G – J).</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, lined by a smooth thin rim of calcification, ending in two denticles near proximal corners of orifice; distal rim smooth (Fig. 15 B). Three tubular oral spines along the arched distal rim of orifice (Fig. 15 D, E), mid spine thinner (base diameter 19–26 μm) than proximal ones (27–35 μm at the base, widening). Proximal spines bifurcating (Fig. 15 B, C arrowed, D) at ~ 50 μm from the base, maximum diameter 42 μm; proximal branch smoothly rimmed at bifurcation level, presumably the site of an articulation missing in all available material; distal branch at least up to ~ 100 μm long. Ovicellate zooids with two spines at ovicell proximal corners (Fig. 15 B, C, F – J), distal spine concealed but persisting underneath (Fig. 15 H, black asterisk).</p><p>Ascopore relatively distal, ~ 94 μm proximal to the orifice (Fig. 15 D, E), lumen transversely C-shaped, rim strongly denticulated, denticles simple to leaf-shaped with 3–5 smaller denticles; set in circular to transversely elliptical field of smooth gymnocyst, smooth-rimmed, flared, vertically protruding from the shield surface; often fusing with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield when distal to an ovicell (Fig. 15 B, C, E).</p><p>Ovicell globular, slightly elongate, prominent, narrowing proximally, obscuring the distal part of orifice, seemingly subcleithral, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 15 B, C, F, G) or by a small polygonal to irregularly elongate kenozooid (Fig. 15 H – J, white asterisks). Endooecium well calcified, tuberculate-to-rugose, radial patterned, crossed by transverse crests, proximally smooth, proximal edge thin and slightly (~ 20 μm) folded upwards; with a sub-peripheral row of a dozen circular pores (~ 20 μm in diameter), barely detectable frontally (Fig. 15 A, C, F, G), occasionally coalescing into a single elongate, 68 μm long, pore (Fig. 15 G, white arrow). Ectooecium with a thin, gently raised rim of gymnocyst lining proximal edge of distal autozooidal cryptocystidean area.</p><p>Kenozooids with a triangular (Fig. 15 I, J) to irregularly elongate (Fig. 15 H) visible portion, lacking pseudopores and ascopore, apparently exclusively produced in connection to ovicell formation.</p><p>Ancestrula not observed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Greek kalliste (καλλίστη), meaning “ the most beautiful ”, used as a noun in apposition, referring to the name given by ancient Greeks and later by J. J. Rousseau to Corsica, from where the material of this species originates. Kalliste is also the name of a marine nymph, the daughter of the sea-god Triton and Libya of Egypt.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Fenestrulina kalliste sp. nov. resembles F. cavernicola sp. nov., and especially F. juani, in having a markedly ornamented, elongate ovicell (OvL / OvW: 1.13). However, F. kalliste sp. nov. has smaller nodules, often aligned to form roughly radial to transverse crests, while F. cavernicola sp. nov. has spiny processes on the endooecium, and F. juani very prominent, thick and rounded nodules. Similarities with F. juani include bifurcated proximal oral spines and the protruding ascopore gymnocystal field that in F. juani is significantly more prominent, especially proximally, becoming asymmetrically cup shaped. The ascopore, in F. juani, is larger (80 × 105 μm vs 71 × 90 μm), but the lumen is smaller (20 × 39 μm vs 43 × 54 μm), giving it a different appearance. The frontal shield pattern also differs: smooth in F. kalliste sp. nov., dimpled to reticulate in both F. cavernicola sp. nov. and F. juani . Furthermore, F. juani has fewer, larger pseudopores at the autozooidal periphery and between the orifice and the ascopore, which are depressed, infundibular and pseudostellate. In contrast, F. kalliste sp. nov. has pseudopores on a level with the frontal shield, tri- to quadrifoliate, spinulose. Oral spines in periancestrular autozooids are more numerous (up to six) in F. juani . Zooids are more elongate in F. juani than in F. kalliste sp. nov. (ZL / ZW: 1.64 vs 1.23), with a proportionally smaller orifice (ZL / OL: 6.77 vs 3.76). The ovicell is also smaller in F. juani (285 × 303 μm vs 369 × 326 μm), especially in comparison with autozooidal dimensions, and proportionately wider than long. Similar but subtler size differences exist between F. kalliste sp. nov. and F. cavernicola sp. nov., with the latter species having larger autozooids but relatively smaller orifices. Bifurcated proximal spines, as in F. kalliste sp. nov., also occur in F. foveolata sp. nov., which however differs in ovicell and frontal shield texture, among other features. Some periancestrular autozooids of F. malusii also show bifurcate proximal spines and F. cavernicola sp. nov. may possess them, as suggested by spines with occasionally flattened terminations (Fig. 7 B). This character, reported for F. juani, appears relatively common among Mediterranean species, yet globally it is known from only a few other southern hemisphere species: F. cervicornis and F. dictyota Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1990 from Antarctica (Hayward and Ryland 1990), and F. disjuncta (Hincks, 1885) (see Gordon 1984) and F. littoralis Gordon (2009: fig. 13) from New Zealand. The holotype of F. kalliste sp. nov. shows two ovicell-forming kenozooids with flat, smooth surfaces lacking pseudopores and ascopores (Fig. 15 H – J), a previously unreported character in the genus. Some colonies described by Gautier (1962) as F. malusii may belong to this species based on his mention of a bifurcate proximal pair of oral spines, or to F. foveolata sp. nov.</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>To date, F. kalliste sp. nov. has been found only in organogenic sediments collected from an outer shelf setting at 110 m depth, where the Offshore Detritic Bottoms biocoenosis occurs (Rosso 1989; Emig 2018).</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina kalliste sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality, off Calvi. At least part of the material examined by Gautier (1962) might belong to this species. Most of his colonies also originate from the same geographical area of our type (Mediterranean coast of France). However, some come from other Mediterranean localities, suggesting a potential wider geographical distribution. Gautier’s collection needs revision.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.text	4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny 1826) Apollo Bank, Ustica	<div><p>Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin &amp; Savigny, 1826)</p><p>Figs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 2</p><p>Fenestrulina malusii Audouin 1826: 239, pl. 8, fig. 8.</p><p>Fenestrulina malusii Audouin: Di Geronimo et al. 1988; 1990: table 1; Rosso 1989: tables 3 d, 4 d.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Italy • Neotype 1 ovicellate colony, including the regenerated ancestrula and more than 100 autozooids. On fronds of Laminaria rodriguezii Bornet, Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian Sea, southwest of Ustica Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.016666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.116665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.016666/lat 38.116665)">Apollo Bank</a>; 38°7'N, 13°1'E; 60 m depth; Jun. 1986; I. Di Geronimo leg.; scuba diving; PMC.B 37. Neotype 23.2.2024 .</p><p>Other examined material.</p><p>Italy • 18 small colonies, each including tens of autozooids, with ancestrula and ovicells, except for one only consisting of a large lobe of ~ 30 autozooids; same details as the neotype; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.115.a . Italy • Additional 525 ovicellate and non-ovicellate colonies, more poorly preserved than previous material; same details as the neotype; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.115.b . France • 5 fragmentary colonies still attached to their substrate and some isolated detached autozooids including one with opposite regeneration. On fronds of L. rodriguezii, Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, NW Corsica, Ile-Rousse Bank; coordinates not available; 85–100 m depth; 5 Aug. 1957; R/V Président Théodore Tissier survey, St. 423; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC. Harmelin-Collection F.H.B.115.c .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with smooth-rimmed, roundish ascopore, a simple distal process, a wide lumen centrally positioned within a markedly convex, smooth to finely granular frontal shield bordered by a row of small marginal pseudopores not extending proximally; ovicell smooth.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony encrusting algal fronds, multiserial, unilaminar, typically subcircular to slightly subelliptical (Figs 3 A, 5 A), rarely lobate, up to ~ 7 mm in maximum dimension; initially consisting of concentric generations of alternating zooids, later becoming progressively irregular; interzooidal communications via pore-chambers: two proximolateral, two distolateral, one distal (~ 180 μm long) near base of vertical walls; pore-chamber windows fissure-like and barely visible (Fig. 4 F) or subelliptical (Fig. 6 B – E), usually masked by developing autozooids, even at colony periphery.</p><p>Autozooids ovoidal to rounded hexagonal, distinct, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves widening into subtriangular spaces at triple junctions (Figs 3 D – F, 4, 5 B – D, 6). Lateral and proximal walls well exposed (50–70 μm wide), deeply sloping, in contact with neighbouring zooids only near base (Figs 4, 6). Cryptocystidean frontal area bordered by a thin, raised rim of smooth calcification, typically straight distally just proximal to orifice (Fig. 4 A, C, D), or with paired, short (~ 30 μm) lateral extensions (Figs 4 A – D, 5 F, 6 B – D). Frontal shield convex, most elevated at ascopore level, smooth to finely, densely and evenly granular; perforated by fissure-like, semicircular to circular pseudopores, mainly adjacent to the edge of the slightly higher gymnocystal rim (Figs 3 C, E, F, 4, 6 B – E, 23 A), confined to the distal half to two-thirds of autozooid, numbering 12–20 (8–10 in periancestrular autozooids) (Fig. 5); area between orifice and ascopore with 5–10 additional pseudopores (2 or 3 in periancestrular autozooids). Pseudopores with 3–6 (usually 5) radial spiny processes centrally unjointed (Figs 4 B, C, 5 F, 23 A). Two, rarely three, cryptocystidean areas with simple pores distal to orifice, interspersed among spines, soon concealed by distal autozooids (often covering oral spines as well), visible only at colony margin or in disjointed autozooids (Fig. 4 D). Basal wall nearly uncalcified, except for a thin peripheral ring near vertical walls.</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, with two minute denticles near proximal corners; distal rim slightly undulating to distinctly denticulated (Fig. 4 D). Three, occasionally four, slender, weakly calcified tubular oral spines, up to ~ 130 μm long (base diameter 15–20 μm); proximalmost pair larger, positioned at mid-orifice length. Periancestrular autozooids usually with four oral spines, proximalmost pair occasionally bifurcated (Fig. 5 B, arrowed). In ovicellate zooids, spines reduced to two, always visible, adjacent to and often indenting lateral ovicell margin (Figs 3 D – F, 4 C, E, 5 D – F, 6 D).</p><p>Ascopore centrally placed, ~ 80 μm proximal to orifice (Figs 3 E, 4, 5), with a smooth rimmed subcircular, heart-shaped to transversely reniform lumen, featuring a simple to bifurcated distal process, occasionally subcircular (Fig. 5 B); situated within a circular to transversely elliptical narrow field of smooth gymnocystal calcification, marked by a raised rim, laterally merging with the arched proximal rim of frontal shield in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 3 E, F).</p><p>Ovicell subglobular, prominent, partially obscuring the distal part of the orifice, seemingly subcleithral and only partly closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 3 D, E). Endooecium calcified, smooth, rimmed by a row of 14–17 large, quadrangular pores separated by calcified ribs, creating a scalloped distal margin; narrowing proximally, with proximal rim folded upward into a thin protruding visor and extending into pointed lateral wings (Figs 4 C, E, 5 D – F). Ectooecium mainly cuticular with a slightly raised rim of gymnocystal calcification along the proximal raised edge of the distal autozooid (Fig. 3 F).</p><p>Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 5 A – C, 24 A), oval, slightly smaller than periancestrular autozooids; gymnocyst more extensive proximally (~ 80 μm wide), tapering distally, rim sometimes undulating between 10 gymnocystal spines (five distal, more closely spaced than the equally spaced proximal ones). Cryptocystidean areas with simple pseudopores lateral to the distal triplet of spines, barely detectable. Ancestrula sometimes regenerating as miniature autozooids (Fig. 3 C) or resembling a miniature autozooid without clear signs of regeneration (Fig. 5 D). Budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral, two proximolateral, and one or two proximal zooids, totalling six or seven periancestrular autozooids, sometimes ovicellate (Fig. 3 C).</p><p>Kenozooids not observed.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>A notable character of F. malusii is the ascopore with a smooth rim and a wide cordiform to reniform lumen, unique among all species examined from the Mediterranean. A smooth-rimmed ascopore is clearly depicted in Savigny’s drawing of F. malusii (Fig. 1). When properly oriented, frontal views of ovicellate regions also reveal the same characters well illustrated in Savigny’s drawings, including the scarcity of pseudopores and their location, and the distal pores of the ovicell. These traits are particularly distinctive in the Mediterranean material, leading to the selection of this Fenestrulina population, and the best preserved colony within it, as the neotype for the species, in the absence of colonies from the original collection (see Introduction). A smooth-rimmed ascopore has been reported in some species from the Southern Hemisphere, such as F. cervicornis Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1990 from the Ross Sea (Antarctica), F. fritilla Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1990 and F. jocunda Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1990, both from South Georgia and the former species also from Burdwood Bank (subantarctic region), and F. microstoma Moyano, 1983 from off the Chilean coast, north of Concepción, in the Pacific Ocean. In F. cervicornis, F. fritilla and F. microstoma, however, the lumen is subelliptical or slightly crescentic, while in F. jocunda, it is slit-like and mounted on an elevation (Moyano 1983; Hayward and Ryland 1990; Hayward 1995). All these species strongly differ from F. malusii in several characters, such as the bifurcation or trifurcation of the proximalmost pair of oral spines in F. cervicornis, the absence of oral spines and the entirely pseudoporous frontal shield in F. fritilla, the large cribriform pseudopores of the frontal shield and the deeply pitted, wrinkled appearance of the ovicell endooecium in F. jocunda, and the almost entirely perforated frontal shield in F. microstoma (Moyano 1983; Hayward and Ryland 1990; Hayward 1995). Broadly non-denticulate, but distinctly different, thin, slit-like C-shaped ascopores occur in F. thyreophora (Busk, 1857), a widespread, presumed highly variable southern hemisphere species.</p><p>Although roughly smooth surfaced, autozooids of F. malusii often show some granules, recalling those of Fenestrulina sp., a still unnamed species from Safaga Bay in the Red Sea (Ostrovsky et al. 2024; https://bryozoancollection.univie.ac.at/Sammlung/Bryozoa/Safaga_Bay/Cheilostomata/Microporellidae/Fenestrulina/Fenestrulina_sp.html). However, in that species, the granules are fewer and larger, the ascopore is C-shaped, its rim serrated, the frontal pseudopores differ in number, shape and location, and the ovicell lacks the folded proximal margin. A granular ornamentation of the frontal shield is also typical of the Mediterranean species F. granulosa sp. nov., which, however, also has a granular endooecium, more numerous trifoliate to quadrifoliate pseudopores arranged in three or four rows between the orifice and ascopore, extensive cryptocystidean lappets lateral to the orifice, a sporadic single distal oral spine, and a denticulate ascopore. The orifice is often distally obscured, with spines (especially the distal one) hidden by the swollen proximal portion of distal autozooids, which appear somewhat imbricated. Lateral walls sloping toward the organic substrate are largely exposed in this species, as seen also in F. epiphytica Hayward &amp; Ryland (1995: fig. 13 B, C). In our material, the substrate is sometimes partly exposed when autozooids remain unjointed, mostly at triple junctions (Fig. 4 D). The spacing of autozooids, the connections through thin joints suggested by the commonly fissure-like windows in the lateral walls (Fig. 4 F), the significant reduction or even absence of calcification in the basal walls (Figs 4 B, F, 5 F, 6 D, E), and the apparent weak calcification of all walls (often leading to the collapse of autozooids in many colonies), especially at the margins where autozooids remain incompletely calcified (Fig. 5 A), suggest functional adaptations for colonising flexible substrates. Colonies of this species have been found associated with L. rodriguezii fronds in high hydrodynamic environments of the Apollo Bank, off NW Sicily (Di Geronimo et al. 1990), and the Ile-Rousse Bank, off NW Corsica. However, these adaptations also lead to the detachment of colonies, and even the disarticulation of individual autozooids, after colony death or in long-term preserved, desiccated colonies (Fig. 6). Loosely connected autozooids have also been observed in F. commensalis Viera &amp; Stampar, 2014 as an adaptation to ensure flexibility and growth on its cerianthid host tube (Vieira and Stampar 2014). Similarly, widely exposed lateral walls are also typical features of the possibly cryptogenic species F. delicia, mostly associated with the kelp Agarum cribrosum Bory, 1826 in the Gulf of Maine, though also reported from hard substrates (e. g., Winston et al. 2000; De Blauwe et al. 2014). Somewhat disjointed autozooids have been observed in F. granulosa sp. nov., also from flexible plant substrates, and in F. dictyota Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1990 from Tristan da Cunha in the southern Atlantic Ocean.</p><p>The ancestrula can be a small autozooid but is usually tatiform and often regenerated as a miniature autozooid. In some cases, including the neotype (Fig. 3), central parts of colonies, where autozooids radiate, show regeneration, with some autozooids exhibiting varying degrees of damage and repair. In these cases, the ancestrula is difficult to identify as two centrally located modules with opposite polarity (with or without signs of regeneration) are present. In two cases documented via SEM, an ovicellate autozooid is adjacent to one of these modules (Fig. 3 C). Interestingly, F. malusii exhibits three out of four types of ancestrulae typical of the genus, i. e., simply tatiform, tatiform regenerated as a miniaturised autozooid, or a small autozooid-like ancestrula.</p><p>Ovicells are notably large relative to autozooids, as indicated by the low ZOvL / OvL ratio (2.15). Variability is evident in the shape (length / width) and size of autozooids, with some abnormalities observed, such as disproportionately large ovicells and deformed maternal and distal autozooids producing the ovicell (e. g., Fig. 5 E, F). In one instance, an extremely large autozooid with a dimorphic large orifice was observed at the colony margin, likely resulting from the fusion of two contiguous autozooids, as indicated by the presence of two ascopores and a bifid proximal margin with caudal extensions budded from the preceding autozooid. This may be due to the failure of a zooidal row bifurcation. Similar deformities have also been noted in F. communis sp. nov. The occurrence of numerous ovicells (e. g., Fig. 3 A, D) in all examined colonies, despite their small size (Fig. 5 A), and their early formation, even in periancestrular autozooids or those immediately subsequent (Figs 3 B, C, 5 A, D), represents a reproductive strategy of this species. These observations in colonies collected during summer align with Bishop’s (1989) theory on the early production of ovicells for larval incubation and release in “ spot colonies ”, a strategy typical of r-selected species colonising ephemeral substrates, such as seasonally developing algae and / or small, unstable substrates (e. g., Rosso et al. 2014). In this case, the distal (older) parts of Laminaria blades, which grow seasonally from the base, are prone to senescence and / or breakage / removal by mechanical forces and feeding activity by organisms.</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>All colonies of F. malusii examined have been found on the large, flat, and smooth blades of the fleshy alga L. rodriguezii, collected from a rocky elevation swept by strong bottom currents, at a depth of ~ 60 m, where a particular facies of the Coralligenous biocoenosis develops owing to the local transparency of the water, allowing deep light penetration (Di Geronimo et al. 1990). A few additional colonies originated from Laminaria fronds collected off Ile-Rousse, Corsica, at 85–100 m depth. The species was first drawn on a frond of S. vulgare by Savigny (1817), indicating a preference for flexible substrates. In contrast, the possible association of F. malusii with Posidonia meadows currently reported in ecological literature relating to the Mediterranean, remains to be ascertained.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Although widely reported from the Mediterranean (and in the Atlantic), after the examination of a great number of colonies and images, we currently confirm the occurrence of F. malusii from only two localities: the Apollo Bank near Ustica Island in the SW Tyrrhenian Sea, and a Laminaria bank off Ile-Rousse, NW Corsica, in the Liguro-Provençal basin. However, the geographical distribution of the species may be wider than currently recognised, as indicated by its occurrence on Laminaria, which in the Mediterranean can extend to relatively deep waters (~ 100 m), habitats that are less frequently explored. Current presence off the Egyptian coast, site of original description, remains unconfirmed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.text	F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina ovata Rosso & Di Martino 2025	<div><p>Fenestrulina ovata Rosso &amp; Di Martino sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 16, 22, 23; Tables 1, 4</p><p>Type material.</p><p>France • Holotype 1 ovicellate, lobate, locally multilaminar owing to self-overgrowth colony, encrusting the inner side of a cemented bivalve on an old coralligenous concretion. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, Cassis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.5143723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.203335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.5143723/lat 43.203335)">calanque of Port Miou</a>, Stn-JGH- 73.06; 43°12'12.00"N, 5°30'51.74"E; 17 m depth; 18 Mar. 1973; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC.B 42.23.10.2024.a . France • Paratypes 3 ovicellate colonies on the same coralligenous concretion; same details as the holotype; PMC.B 42.23.10.2024.b 1 –3 . France • 9 ovicellate multilaminar colony fragment detached from its substrate. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, Cassis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.513889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.513889/lat 43.2)">Trémies cave, left chamber</a>; 43°12'00"N, 5°30'50"E; 6 m depth; 2 May 1985; scuba diving; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC.B 42.23.10.2024.b 4 –12 . France • 6 ovicellate multilaminar fragmentary colonies on small limestone substrates. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, Cassis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.513889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.513889/lat 43.2)">Trémies cave, dark zone B</a>; 43°12'00"N, 5°30'50"E; 8 m depth; 7 Jan. 1982; scuba diving; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC.B 42.23.2.2024.b 13 –18 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with multilaminar colonies owing to self-overgrowth; relatively wide and flat autozooids; numerous, small subcircular to trifoliate pseudopores with 2–4 spiny, radial processes unfused centrally, arranged in 1–3 rows between orifice and ascopore and one or two marginal, often complete, rows along the barely visible cryptocystidean rim; 1–3, very distal oral spines; arcuate ovicell lateral lappets overarching lateral sides of orifice.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony encrusting, multiserial, lobate, multilaminar owing to self-overgrowth (Fig. 16 A, D), ~ 1 cm 2 in size.</p><p>Autozooids rounded hexagonal or irregularly shaped, distinct, with very narrow, deep grooves marking the boundaries (Fig. 16 B – E). Lateral and proximal walls deeply sloping to sub-vertical, only locally exposing their upper parts, mostly at corners. Frontal shield nearly flat with faint dimpled appearance, more marked centrally in slightly elevated ascopore zone. Gymnocyst forming a narrow rim of calcification distal and lateral to orifice. Cryptocystidean area extensive, almost undefined, mirroring autozooidal boundary and proximal and lateral margins of orifice, lining it in non-ovicellate autozooids, slightly diverging laterally in ovicellate ones (Fig. 16 E), forming subtriangular latero-oral extensions, longer in non-ovicellate autozooids (110–152 μm long), usually reaching the distal orifice margin. Pseudopores of the frontal shield arranged in a peripheral row of ~ 20, usually adjacent to frontal edge, more spaced proximally (Figs 16 C – F, 23 G), with some sparse pseudopores forming an additional discontinuous row. Two, rarely three, additional rows of pseudopores (9–14) between orifice and ascopore. Pseudopores on a level with frontal surface, subcircular to trifoliate, with 2–4 spiny radial processes unjointed centrally (Fig. 16 G, H). Two (occasionally 1 or 3) circular to elliptical cryptocystidean areas, lined by an elevated rim, distal to orifice, each with a single pseudopore and numerous spiny processes (Fig. 16 D, E – G).</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, with smooth thin rim; proximal and distal rims smooth, with very low shoulders at proximal ends. Two, occasionally one or three, thin and short oral spines (base diameter ~ 12 μm) distal to orifice (Fig. 16 F – I), sometimes four in periancestrular autozooids; two spines laterally and proximally displaced, barely visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 16 E).</p><p>Ascopore placed slightly distal to autozooid centre, at variable distance (84–126 μm) from the orifice (Fig. 16 C – H), lumen transversely C-shaped (Fig. 16 G, H), wide, with finely denticulated rim, situated in a sub-circular to transversally elliptical field of smooth gymnocyst marked by a smooth raised rim, fusing with arched proximal rim of frontal shield in the presence of an ovicell (Fig. 16 D).</p><p>Ovicell subglobular, prominent, obscuring the distal part of orifice, with lateral lappets forming an overarching ovate-like structure (Fig. 16 C – E), seemingly subcleithral, only partly closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 16 B – D). Endooecium well calcified, dimpled centrally, becoming smoother and intumescent peripherally and proximally, ending in a narrow rim folding upward; rimmed by a row of 15 or more marginal pores (12–40 μm wide, occasionally up to 96 μm). Ectooecial margin comprising a very low, thin gymnocystal arc curving across frontal surface of distal autozooid (Fig. 16 D).</p><p>Ancestrula covered by self-overgrowing colony lobes.</p><p>Kenozooids not observed.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>From the Latin ovatus, meaning egg-shaped, referring to the overall shape of the ovicell created by the lateral lappets.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Fenestrulina ovata sp. nov. resembles F. juani, F. cavernicola sp. nov., and F. foveolata sp. nov. in its ornamented frontal surface, particularly sharing the dimpled appearance of the ovicell surface with the latter. However, it can be easily distinguished from these species. The prominent ovicell ornamentation, the morphology of both the ascopore and the frontal pseudopores, and the presence of bifurcated spines set it apart from F. juani . The combination of a spiny ovicell, a large fissure separating the endooecium and ectooecium, and long lateral lappets deeply indented by prominent, large spines distinguishes F. cavernicola sp. nov. The prominent, bifurcated spines, even in ovicellate autozooids, are typical of F. foveolata sp. nov.</p><p>Lateral lappets of the ovicell extending to the proximal border of the orifice are also observed in other species, mostly from the Southern Hemisphere. Fenestrulina ampla Canu &amp; Bassler, 1928, from a depth of 120 m off Brazil, has smooth frontal shields and ovicells, with stellate pseudopores commonly found on the proximal part of the autozooids. Similarly, F. antarctica has ovicells that extend over the proximal rim of the orifice. However, it lacks lateral lappets, and the ovicell surface is granular unlike F. ovata sp. nov. (see also Remarks of F. granulosa sp. nov.). Fenestrulina catastictos Gordon, 1984, from the Kermadec Ridge, also has proximally extending ovicells, which, however, feature a complex and prominent ornamentation, as well as pseudopores similar to those of the autozooids. This species also has numerous pseudopores, initially open in young autozooids and later occluded, distributed on the entire frontal shield, a distinct ribbon-like cryptocystidean area distal to orifice, and lacks oral spines. Fenestrulina epiphytica Hayward &amp; Ryland, 1995, from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, has large, flat and smooth ovicells reaching the proximal border of the orifice. This species also has autozooids with smooth frontal shields, a row of peripheral pseudopores encircling the orifice also distally, and doubling between the orifice and the ascopore, which is crescentic and smooth-rimmed.</p><p>Autozooids in F. ovata sp. nov. exhibit considerable size variability and may develop irregular shapes, including proximal cauda-like extensions (Fig. 16 B) or pointed proximal corners wedged between adjacent modules (Fig. 16 C). Deformed autozooids, including giant forms (Fig. 16 D, centre) or those with abnormally large latero-oral lappets extending distally to encircle the orifice (Fig. 16 D, arrowed) have been observed. These deformities are similar to those observed in F. communis sp. nov. Evidence of regeneration, although rarer than in other species like F. variorugosa sp. nov., includes intramural budding with partial reconstruction of the frontal shield (Fig. 16 D) or the simple oral rim (Fig. 16 E, left ovicellate autozooid). Notably, F. ovata sp. nov. demonstrates the ability to self-overgrow forming multilayered colonies, with autozooids elevating above parental ones and laterally overgrowing adjacent zooids (Fig. 16 D). This feature, to our knowledge previously unreported in Fenestrulina species, may offer an advantage in cave colonisation. Similar to other bryozoans adapted to cryptic and cave habitats, such as Onychocella marioni Jullien, 1882 (Harmelin 1985; Rosso et al. 2019 b, 2020), this strategy likely aids in maintaining colony space and elevating the living layer into the water flow, thereby enhancing feeding opportunities in food-depleted submarine cave environments.</p><p>A colony encrusting a large, broken piece of pottery collected at 23 m depth in the Gulf of Fos by J.-G. Harmelin, remains of uncertain attribution. The dimpled frontal shield resembles that of F. ovata sp. nov. or F. foveolata sp. nov. but the few preserved spines are not bifurcating unlike F. foveolata sp. nov., making the attribution to F. ovata more plausible. However, the absence of ovicells and the inability to perform SEM examination, due to the large size of the substrate that cannot be reduced without risking damage to the colony, preclude definitive identification.</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina ovata sp. nov. has so far been found in different habitats and contexts, all characterised by a reduction of light at relatively shallow depths (6–23 m). Colonies seem to be relatively common in submarine caves in completely dark zones (6 m), as well as in cryptic microhabitats in coralligenous concretions (17 m). The schiaphilic preferences of F. ovata sp. nov. are also indicated by its occurrence on the underside of a rock in coarse sedimentary bottoms at 23 m depth.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>Fenestrulina ovata sp. nov. has currently been found only in localities in the Gulf of Lion, in the northern sector of the Liguro-Provençal basin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.text	9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso & Di Martino 2025	<div><p>Fenestrulina variorugosa Rosso &amp; Di Martino sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 4</p><p>Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin): Zabala et al. 1993: list of species; Chimenz Gusso et al. 2014: 166 (pars), fig. 83 a, b.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Italy • Holotype 1 large ovicellate colony without ancestrula on a rhizome of Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile. Mediterranean, Sicily Strait, W Sicily, Egadi Islands, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.426111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.98722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.426111/lat 37.98722)">Formica Isle, sample EFI 20</a>; 37°59'14"N, 12°25'34"E; 8 m depth; Oct. 2007; scuba diving; A. Sinagra leg.; PMC.B 43.23.2.2024.a . Italy • Paratype 1 juvenile colony including 15 non-ovicellate autozooids around the ancestrula; same details as the holotype; PMC.B 43.23.2.2024.b.1 .</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Italy • 2 living colonies on the shell of a living specimen of Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mediterranean, Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea, NE Sicily, Secca di Levante, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.240556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.245277" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.240556/lat 38.245277)">Capo Milazzo Peninsula, sample MI_SdL_G</a>; 38°14'43"N, 15°14'26"E; 33 m depth; Coralligenous biocoenosis; 17 May 2024; scuba diving; G. Donato leg.; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.160.a.1 a . Italy • 5 living colonies on a soft-bodied alga. Mediterranean, Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea, NE Sicily, Secca di Ponente, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.222777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.274445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.222777/lat 38.274445)">Capo Milazzo Peninsula, sample MI_SdPn_G</a>; 38°16'28"N, 15°13'22"E; 33 m depth; Coralligenous biocoenosis; 6 May 2024; scuba diving; G. Donato leg.; PMC Rosso-Collection I.H.B.160.a.1 b . France • 1 living colony with only few functional autozooids on a dead coral fragment. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, Cassis, Cassidaign Canyon; no coordinates available; 300 m depth; Bathyal Corals biocoenosis; 21 Jun. 1969; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC J-GH-Collection F.H.B.160.b.1 . France • 5 living ovicellate and non-ovicellate colonies on a bioconcretion of white corals hosting a few Crania anomala (Müller, 1776) specimens and several cryptic arciid and mytilid bivalves, with 1 out of 5 colonies encrusting the outer shell of an arciid. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.4166667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.071667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.4166667/lat 42.071667)">off Banyuls-sur-Mer, sample 5</a>; 42°4.30'N, 3°25'E; 200–300 m depth; Bathyal Corals biocoenosis; Jun. 1984; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC J-GH Collection F.H.B.160.c . France • 1 living colony encrusting the underside of a stone. Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, Port Cros Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.36&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.015" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.36/lat 43.015)">Cave of the Bagaud Island</a>; 43°00.9'N, 6°21.6'E; 7 m depth; June 1984; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC J-GH Collection F.H.B.160.d . France • 1 living colony encrusting the inner surface of an empty shell of a dead Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mediterranean, Liguro-Provençal basin, Veyron Plateau, off Marseille; coordinates not available; 24 m depth; 23 Sep. 1983; J.-G. Harmelin leg.; PMC J-GH Collection F.H.B.160.e . Tunisia • 2 colonies. Mediterranean, Sicily Strait, off Tabarka; coordinates not available; 86 m depth; J. Jullien Collection; MNHN_IB_2008_2590 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Fenestrulina with lobate pseudopores characterised by three or four irregularly curving spinules, thickening and flattening towards the centre without meeting, arranged in a single row, some becoming semicircular, leaning against rim of frontal shield; globose ovicell rimmed by several small peripheral pores with variable endooecial ornamentation, ranging from gently nodular, to faintly ribbed and scalloped at the periphery, or prominently rough with radial crests.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 17 A), irregularly shaped in relation to the substrate morphology, ~ 1 mm in diameter. Interzooidal communications via pore-chambers, two proximolateral, two distolateral (130–150 μm), one distal (~ 120 μm) (Figs 18 A, B, E, 19 C, F), each with 6–10 round pores, 6–9 μm in diameter (Fig. 18 B).</p><p>Autozooids hexagonal, distinct, contiguous, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves widening at triple junctions, exposing upper parts of sub-vertical lateral walls (Figs 17 B – E, 19 A – E). Frontal cryptocystidean area outlined by a thin, slightly raised rim, more pronounced at pseudopore level, lining orifice proximally and laterally, developing long (mean length 148 μm, n = 11) lappets on both sides of orifice (Figs 17 B – E, 18 A, F, G, 19 A – C, F, G). These lappets occasionally extending distally and almost encircling the orifice but never joining (Fig. 19 A). Two elliptical, occasionally one elongate, cryptocystidean areas distal to the orifice, between oral spines, each with one or two pseudopores, rarely more (Figs 17 B – E, 18 A, C, F, 19 F, G). Frontal surface gently convex, more raised at ascopore level, smooth, perforated by 32–45 pseudopores, 12–20 in periancestrular autozooids (Figs 18 E, 19 C). Pseudopores mostly located in distal half of autozooid, arranged in two rows between orifice and ascopore, one or two rows in lateral lappets (Figs 17 B, E, 18 A, C, F), in a single row along lateral zooidal margins, sparse or absent proximally (Figs 17 C – E, 19). Pseudopores on a level with frontal shield, irregularly subcircular to slightly lobate, semicircular (Figs 17 D, 19) or slit-like (Fig. 17 E) along lateral rim; each with three or four (rarely more) spinules projecting, thickening and flattening or branching centrally, never merging (Figs 18 C, D, F, 23 H). Circular pseudopores without spinules in regenerated autozooids in damaged colony areas (Fig. 20 C – F), sometimes occluded by underlying gymnocystal calcification (Fig. 20 D, E). Basal wall largely uncalcified.</p><p>Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight with two tiny denticles near proximal corners; distal rim fairly denticulated (Fig. 18 C). Two oral spines in most autozooids (Figs 17 B – E, 18 C, F, G), rarely three (Figs 18 G, 19 G), four observed in the first periancestrular ones (Fig. 18 E), ~ 100 μm long (base diameter 15–25 μm), located along distal curvature (Figs 17 B – E, 18 C, G). Intrazooidal regeneration may alter spine count (e. g., Fig. 18 F). Only two, barely visible, spines in ovicellate autozooids, lining ovicell margins near proximal rim (Figs 17 C, D, 19 D, H).</p><p>Ascopore ~ 90 μm proximal to orifice (Figs 17, 18 A, C, D, G, 19 F, G), within a reniform field of smooth gymnocyst marked by a slightly raised rim, in contact with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield in the presence of an ovicell (Fig. 17 E) or fusing with it (Fig. 19 D, H); large transversely C-shaped lumen between the distal wide tongue and the arched proximal border; rim irregularly denticulated including tiny spindle-like spinules and larger, platy to branched denticles (Figs 17 B, E, 18 C, D, 19 F, G).</p><p>Ovicell subglobular, prominent, restricted proximally to fit orifice width, slightly obscuring distal part of orifice, not closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Figs 17 C, D, 19 D, H). Endooecium well calcified, gently nodular and faintly ribbed and scalloped to prominently rough with blunt spiny processes and radial crests at periphery but smoother proximally; rimmed by a row of ~ 15 quadrangular pores, separated by calcified bridges, often reduced in diameter by secondary calcification (Fig. 17 C, arrowed); proximal margin with narrow upturned rim just at corners above oral spines. Calcified part of ectooecium consisting of a narrow (~ 30 μm) elevated rim of gymnocyst lining the row of pores.</p><p>Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 18 E, 19 C, 24 F, G), irregularly oval, similar size to first periancestrular autozooids, gymnocyst apparently narrow, largely covered by periancestrular autozooids in examined material, with ten spines: five around orifice (three distal, closely spaced, two more proximally placed, at a greater distance, aligned with proximal margin of operculum), five around proximal half of opesia (widely and regularly spaced). Opesia oval (305 μm long by 220 μm wide) surrounded by a narrow (~ 15 μm), almost smooth cryptocyst. Two longitudinally elongated cryptocystidean areas (2 or 3 pores each) between distal triad and two more proximal oral spines (Fig. 18 E). Budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral, two proximolateral and two proximal autozooids (Fig. 18 E).</p><p>Kenozooids small, triangular to quadrangular, elongate, filling empty spaces between autozooids in areas without evidence of reparation, including few relatively large pseudopores with 5–7 denticles giving a stellate appearance (Figs 18 G, 19 H).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Referring to the variability of the ovicell ornamentation, especially the variable degree of the endooecial rugosity.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Fenestrulina variorugosa sp. nov. resembles F. barrosoi Álvarez, 1993, an Atlanto-Mediterranean species described from the Alboran Sea at depths of 15–20 and 50–60 m (Álvarez 1993), and later recorded at 112–120 m depth (Ramalho et al. 2022), and from the Galician coast on seagrasses at ~ 15 m depth (Reverter Gil et al. 2019). Both species share the general morphology of ovicells and autozooids, including the shape and location of the ascopore. However, all morphological measurements, except for the autozooidal length of the holotype, tend to be smaller in F. barrosoi than in F. variorugosa sp. nov. In F. barrosoi, pseudopores are always distributed in a single row along lateral and proximal margins, without any doubling or absence in these areas, as observed in F. variorugosa sp. nov. Fenestrulina barrosoi typically has 3–6 oral spines, most commonly four or five based on Álvarez (1993: 833), although his fig. 1 on p. 832 shows zooids with three spines, rather than the 2–4 (mostly two), seen in F. variorugosa sp. nov. Importantly, the proximal pair of spines in F. barrosoi is stout and shifted proximally. Colonies with rugose ovicells resemble F. kalliste sp. nov., but the latter species has heavier ornamentation, with more developed spiny processes and a central area with prominent and often transversal crests. The pseudopore number, distribution and morphology differ significantly, and the proximal oral spines in F. kalliste sp. nov. are bifurcated. Rough ornamentation of the endooecium is also seen in F. cavernicola sp. nov. and F. juani, but in these species, the frontal shield is dimpled. In F. cavernicola sp. nov., the endooecium is spinier and bordered by a large peripheral fissure with only a few pores, while in F. juani, the ornamentation consists of prominent tubercles.</p><p>The variability in F. variorugosa sp. nov. primarily pertains to the ornamentation of the ovicell endooecium, which ranges from nearly smooth to highly rough. Autozooid size and shape also vary. Although usually elongate hexagonal and arranged in regular alternating rows, repair in some damaged areas may cause changes in size and shape of some autozooids, including the formation of lateral prominences and relatively enlarged orifices (Figs 18 E, 19 A – C). Orifices also seem to be dimorphic, becoming slightly wider in ovicellate than in non-ovicellate zooids (Figs 17 C, D, 19 H). In a single case, a deformed autozooid had an orifice as long as (133 μm vs 112–137 μm) but decidedly wider (227 μm vs 144–170 μm) than average (Fig. 19 B). Frontal pseudopores are very close to each other and can often fuse. The denticles on the proximal side of the orifice are very inconspicuous and barely recognisable in some colonies.</p><p>Regeneration is common in this species, particularly in specimens living on soft-bodied algae from the Capo Milazzo area (Figs 19, 20). In a colony from sample MI _ SdL _ G, autozooids were mostly damaged at orifice level, with intramurally budded autozooids showing smaller orifices and limited proximal areas of the frontal shield, usually extending distal to the ascopore (Fig. 19 E, H, I). Heavier damage, also affecting larger sectors of the autozooidal frontal shield, was observed in a colony from sample MI _ SdPn _ G (Fig. 20), including multiple regeneration events per autozooid (Fig. 20 A, C), regeneration with opposite polarity (Fig. 20 B), and the production of oral closure plates (Fig. 20 B, C). Detachment of the original frontal shield after regeneration left traces in the regenerated one (Fig. 20 E, arrowed). Regeneration in damaged areas produced elevated irregularly shaped autozooids with circular pseudopores lacking spinules, overarching the underlying colony layer (Fig. 20 F). Similar non-spinulose pseudopores occur in F. caseola Hayward, 1988 originating from Mauritius and later reported from other Indo-Pacific localities including Australia (Hayward 1988; Tilbrook 2006; Bock 2025 https://bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/fenestrulinidae/fenestrulina_caseola.html). However, unlike in F. variorugosa sp. nov., those pseudopores can be occluded by the complete coalescence of spinous processes.</p><p>Colonies figured in Chimenz Gusso et al. (2014) as F. malusii resemble F. variorugosa sp. nov. in their general appearance, including the size, morphology and location of pseudopores against the frontal cryptocystidean rim. The two distal spines and the slightly ribbed ovicell are also similar. Colonies from a depth of 86 m off Tabarka (Tunisia) are highly likely to correspond to this species, based on stereomicroscope images kindly provided by Dr. P. Lozouet.</p><p>Habitat distribution.</p><p>To date, Fenestrulina variorugosa sp. nov. has been collected from a variety of habitats ranging from shaded and plant-rich areas on the shallow shelf to the upper slope, in association with white corals. Our colonies were found on roots of P. oceanica, collected in a flat, rocky area predominantly covered by algae from the Infralittoral Algae biocoenosis, surrounded by the Posidonia Meadows biocoenosis (CoNISMa 2009), as well as on soft-bodied algae forming the canopy of the Coralligenous biocoenosis. A few colonies were also observed colonising the shell of a L. lithophaga specimen still inside its bore-hole in the coralligenous concretion, suggesting that this species can thrive in cryptic habitats. A few colonies were found on dead coral fragments between 200 and 300 m depth in canyons off Spain and France (partly published in Zabala et al. 1993). However, the habitat distribution may be incomplete, as the information regarding the habitats of the specimens examined by Chimenz Gusso et al. (2014) and those from Tabarka (Tunisia) at the MNHN is not available.</p><p>Geographical distribution.</p><p>In addition to its type locality in the Egadi Archipelago (W Sicily), F. variorugosa sp. nov. has also been found in the Aeolian Archipelago (SE Tyrrhenian Sea) and in the north-western part of the Liguro-Provençal basin. The species distribution is further expanded when considering the colonies from off Tabarka (Tunisia), extending its occurrence also to the southern part of the Sicily Strait. Most colonies examined by Chimenz Gusso et al. (2014) were collected from several localities in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and subordinately from the Aegean Sea (Turkey), further expanding the known distribution of this species in the Mediterranean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Rosso, Antonietta;Di Martino, Emanuela;Donato, Gemma;Figuerola, Blanca;Gerovasileiou, Vasilis;Siddiolo, Chiara;Sinagra, Alessandro;Sanfilippo, Rossana;Sciuto, Francesco	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
