taxonID	type	description	language	source
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	description	Figs 1, 7, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 2	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with a dimpled texture of the frontal shield; relatively few tri- to quadrifoliate pseudopores; endooecium prominently rough, bordered by a smooth, low ectooecium, separated by a wide fissure with a few bridge-like connections.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via pore-chambers, two proximolateral, two distolateral, and one distal. Autozooids ovoidal to rounded hexagonal, distinct, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves (Fig. 7 A). Lateral and proximal walls only exposing their upper parts, enlarged at corners, sloping to subvertical. Frontal shield moderately convex, more elevated at ascopore level, with a dimpled texture more evident around the ascopore. Gymnocyst forming a discontinuous narrow rim of calcification distally and laterally to orifice. Cryptocystidean area extensive, outlined by a delicate edge-line, more visible distally, mirroring autozooidal boundary and orifice proximal and lateral margins in non-ovicellate autozooids, diverging laterally in ovicellate ones (Fig. 7 B, C), forming subtriangular latero-oral extensions (70 – 100 μm long). Pseudopores arranged in a single lateral row of 10 – 20, closely and evenly spaced distally, looser or absent proximally (Figs 7 A, B, D, E, G, 23 B), near but not leaning on frontal edge. Two, rarely three, additional rows of pseudopores (9 – 15) between orifice and ascopore; more numerous pseudopores in ovicellate autozooids. Pseudopores on a level with the frontal surface, flower-like in appearance, tri- to quadrifoliate, with three to four laterally compressed spiny processes projecting centrally, unjointed (Figs 7 C, F, 23 B). Two circular to transversely elliptical cryptocystidean areas distal to orifice, lined by an irregularly lobate rim, including few coalescing pseudopores with numerous spiny processes (Fig. 7 C, G), hidden in ovicellate autozooids. Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, lined by a thin and smooth rim of calcification, laterally ending in two denticles near proximal orifice corners; distal rim irregularly undulating (Fig. 7 C). Three, rarely two, tubular, slender oral spines, up to ~ 100 μm long (diameter of the base 15 – 20 μm), placed distally and / or distolaterally (Fig. 7 C, G); spine number remaining constant even in periancestrular zooids (Fig. 7 D), two in ovicellate zooids always visible but slightly displaced proximally, occasionally compressed (Fig. 7 B, arrowed). Ascopore nearly central, ~ 100 μm proximal to orifice (Fig. 7 C), lumen transversely C-shaped (Fig. 7 C, F), with denticulated rim, situated in a circular to transversally elliptical field of smooth gymnocystal calcification with smooth raised rim, often laterally fusing with arched proximal rim of frontal shield in presence of ovicell (Fig. 7 A, B). Ovicell subglobular, prominent, proximally confined between oral spines, slightly obscuring the orifice distally, seemingly subcleithral, only partially closed by operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 7 A, B). Endooecium calcified, covered by roughly radial to irregularly undulating, sometimes coalescing crests and isolated spine-like processes, proximally smooth, and protruding in a proximally and upward folded visor-like edge; rimmed by a ~ 50 μm wide fissure, interrupted by prominent spikes adjoining the surrounding ectooecium, forming a few thin bridge-like structures. Ectooecium a thin and prominent raised rim of gymnocystal calcification, well separated from and capping the endooecium, leaning on proximal side of the frontal raised edge of distal autozooid (Fig. 7 B). Ancestrula tatiform, regenerated as a kenozooid with a central hole (possibly a simple ascopore) and a few pseudopores in the only observed instance (Figs 7 D, 24 B), budding one distal and two distolateral zooids, and surrounded by six autozooids slightly smaller than subsequent ones. Additional kenozooids not observed.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Referring to the submarine cave habitat that this species typically colonises.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
64B20FADD62652A29C22B9977AF23BA7.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Currently known only from its type locality, Lesvos Island, northern Aegean Sea, Greece.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	description	Figs 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 2	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with large frontal pseudopores, partially occluded by a star-shaped plate formed by spinules slender at pore margins, flattening and merging at the centre.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	description	Description. Colony glassy in appearance, encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar, forming large patches up to 1.5 cm 2 on flat and smooth plastic substrates, with an irregularly lobate outline (Fig. 11 A). Interzooidal communications via multiporous septula: two proximolateral (150 μm wide), two distolateral (148 – 208 μm wide, n = 5) and one distal (31 – 172 μm wide, n = 4), located at mid-length along lateral and distal walls (Figs 8 B, 9 D, 10 A – C), each comprising a dozen round pores (6 – 9 μm in diameter) (Fig. 8 I, J). Autozooids large, roughly hexagonal, distinct, contiguous, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves, occasionally widening into subtriangular spaces at triple junctions. Lateral walls sub-vertical, slightly exposed at junctions (Fig. 8 C – E). Frontal shield gently marked by a slightly raised rim of smooth calcification lining orifice proximally and laterally, extending distally into long (mean length 148 μm, n = 11) lappets on both sides of the orifice (Fig. 8 D – F, H). Lappets sometimes encircling and merging beyond orifice in irregular zooids (Figs 10 D, G, L, 11 F). Surface gently convex, slightly more raised at ascopore level, smooth; circular pseudopores, ~ 30 per zooid, reduced to 13 – 16 in periancestrular zooids, increasing to 40 in later autozooids (Fig. 8 A – E), more in teratological forms. Pseudopores mainly in distal half, arranged in two or three rows between orifice and ascopore, one or two lateral rows in distal half, often absent / sparse proximally (Fig. 8 B – E). Pseudopores irregularly subcircular, slightly infundibular, lumen partly occluded by an irregularly spiny, star-shaped calcification process, depressed in relation to frontal surface, formed by 3 – 5 spinules progressively flattening and merging centrally, tending to obliterate the lumen but often leaving a small round central opening (Figs 8 L, M, 23 C). Two, occasionally one, cryptocystidean areas distally to orifice, between spines, each with 1 – 3 pseudopores (Figs 8 E, G, H, 10 G, H). Basal wall largely uncalcified. Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight with two shoulders at proximal corners; distal rim finely denticulated (Fig. 8 F – H). Oral spines usually two, occasionally three, four in periancestrular zooids, ~ 100 μm long (base diameter 15 – 20 μm), distally positioned, never proximal than to mid-orifice length (Fig. 8 E – H). Ovicellate autozooids with two spines, barely visible in frontal view, lateral to ovicell proximal rim corners. Ascopore centrally placed, ~ 130 μm proximal to orifice, distance often exceeding orifice length (Fig. 8 A – F); situated in a reniform field of smooth gymnocystal calcification marked by a slightly raised rim, often fusing proximally with arched proximal rim of frontal shield in presence of ovicell; lumen large, transversely C-shaped between the distal short and wide tongue and the arched proximal border; rim denticulate, denticles simple or bi- to trifurcated (Fig. 8 C – F), occasionally almost meeting (Fig. 8 K). Ovicell subglobular, prominent, narrowing proximally to fit orifice width, slightly obscuring distal part of orifice, seemingly subcleithral, produced by distal autozooid (Fig. 8 C, D). Endooecium calcified, smooth to gently nodular, faintly ribbed at periphery, rimmed by a row of ~ 15 large, quadrangular pores separated by narrow calcified bridges, giving scalloped appearance; proximal margin on a level with, or just proximal to, proximalmost pair of oral spines, rim slightly folded upwards. Ectooecium reduced to a slightly raised rim of gymnocystal calcification, lining proximal raised edge of distal autozooid. Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 9, 24 C – D), oval but irregularly outlined, smaller than periancestrular autozooids, gymnocyst narrow (60 – 100 μm wide), more extensive proximally with ten spines, five surrounding orifice, slightly more closely spaced than proximal ones, slightly indenting the raised rim, delimiting the narrower (~ 15 μm), almost smooth cryptocyst. Opesia oval, occupying almost four-fifth of total length (~ 300 μm long by 250 μm wide). Two longitudinally elongated (Fig. 9 A – C) cryptocystidean areas (each with 1 or 2 pores) between the three distalmost spines and the proximalmost ones, one on each side. Ancestrula first showing only one large distal pore-chamber window connecting it to the first budded distal autozooid; budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral, two proximolateral and one, or rarely two, proximal autozooids, totalling six or seven periancestrular autozooids (Fig. 9). Budding loci seemingly produced after resorption (compare Fig. 9 A with Fig. 9 B, C). Ancestrula often regenerating as a miniature autozooid (Fig. 9 F, G). Kenozooids present, usually observed at colony lobe contacts, between neighbouring colonies, and in damaged areas; from very small (~ 80 μm) to large, irregularly shaped, in furrows between autozooids, or similar in size to autozooids, irregularly polygonal in shape (Figs 10 I, K, L, 11 H, I, 12 F), with scattered (Fig. 12 F) or more densely spaced pseudopores (Fig. 10 K, L); the ascopore almost centrally placed, circular to ellipsoidal, evenly denticulated without distal tongue (Fig. 10 L), or C-shaped as in autozooids (Fig. 10 K), or absent (Fig. 10 I).	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin communis, meaning common, referring to the common / frequent occurrence of this species in multiple samples and localities within the Mediterranean.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
CD90932CE88D5A3BAADD0F491A3FB905.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Fenestrulina communis sp. nov. is an Atlanto-Mediterranean species. Its distribution appears to be centred around the British Isles in the Atlantic (Hayward and Ryland 1999), and extends across the Mediterranean, with records from the western Ionian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Italian coast, as well as the northern Adriatic Sea off Croatia (Hayward and McKinney 2002). The species’ ability to encrust floating objects, including anthropogenic debris, suggests its opportunistic behaviour and may facilitate its wide distribution across the western Mediterranean, including the Catalan region and the southwestern Tyrrhenian Sea. However, it is plausible that the species also occurs in natural habitats in these areas, as they fall within its known distributional range. Fenestrulina communis sp. nov. seems to align with the modern to contemporary concept of F. malusii, as demonstrated by the number of synonymies proposed in relation to the limited literature illustrating Fenestrulina colonies. Consequently, a thorough revision of existing collections with colonies identified as F. malusii from additional sites across the western Mediterranean would likely reveal that they belong to this species rather than F. malusii.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	description	Figs 1, 13, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 3	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with partly exposed lateral walls; dimpled frontal shield and ovicell endooecium; endooecium lined by a row of ~ 15 small peripheral pores and a smooth, low rim of ectooecial calcification; a few tri- to quadrifoliate pseudopores restricted to the distal half of autozooids; transversely C-shaped denticulate ascopore within a subcircular to transversely elliptical gymnocystal field; three or four stout spines, the proximalmost pair bifurcated.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via one proximal, two proximolateral, two (occasionally 3 or 4) distolateral, and one distal pore-chamber. Autozooids ovoidal to round hexagonal, distinct, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves (Fig. 13 A, B). Lateral and proximal walls steeply sloping to sub-vertical, exposing only their upper parts, generally more expanded and more gently sloping at corners. Frontal shield slightly convex, more elevated at ascopore level, with a dimpled texture, particularly near the ascopore. Gymnocyst forming a discontinuous narrow rim distal and lateral to orifice. Cryptocystidean area extensive, outlined by a raised edge-line, mirroring autozooidal boundary and proximal and lateral margins of orifice, lining it or slightly diverging distalwards in non-ovicellate autozooids, diverging much more in ovicellate ones (Fig. 13 C – E), forming subtriangular latero-oral extensions (56 – 106 μm long), longer in non-ovicellate autozooids. Pseudopores of the frontal shield arranged in a single lateral row of 8 – 12, irregularly spaced in the distal half of autozooid, absent proximally (Fig. 13 A – F), often adjacent to the frontal edge. Two, rarely three, additional rows of pseudopores (6 – 17) occurring between orifice and ascopore. Pseudopores on a level with frontal surface, spiculate, typically tri- to quadrifoliate, with two to five compressed spiny processes projecting centrally but unjointed (Figs 13 C, 23 D). Two circular-elliptical cryptocystidean areas, lined by an irregularly lobate rim, occur distal to the orifice, each area seemingly including a single pseudopore or fused pseudopores with numerous spiny processes (Fig. 13 D). Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, lined by a thin, smooth rim; proximal and distal rims hidden by opercula. Three, occasionally four, tubular and relatively stout oral spines, up to 80 μm long and 15 – 20 μm in diameter, placed distally and / or distolaterally (Fig. 13 B – E); periancestrular autozooids usually with four spines (Fig. 13 F), the proximalmost pair more developed and bifurcated, branches facing upwards; proximalmost bifurcated spines persisting in ovicellate zooids, with distal branches almost leaning against the ovicell (Fig. 13 B, E). Ascopore placed slightly distal to autozooid centre, at variable distance (80 – 118 μm) from the orifice (Fig. 13 C – D), lumen transversely C-shaped, with finely denticulated rim, situated in a sub-circular to transversally elliptical field of smooth gymnocystal calcification marked by a smooth raised rim, often fusing with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield in the presence of an ovicell (Fig. 13 E). Ovicell subglobular, prominent, slightly obscuring the distal part of the orifice, with short lateral lappets not indented by oral spines, proximolateral corners remaining distal to the spines on each side, seemingly subcleithral, only partly closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 13 B, E). Endooecium well calcified, with a dimpled surface similar to autozooid frontal shield, proximally smoother, its narrow rim folding upward; rimmed by a ~ 30 μm large depression, largely filled by endooecial calcification interrupted by 15 or more marginal pores. Ectooecium consisting of a thin, prominent, raised gymnocystal rim, leaning against the proximal frontal raised edge of the distal autozooid (Fig. 13 E). Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 13 F, 24 E), with a narrow cryptocystidean rim encircled by ten spines: four distal, more closely spaced; six lateral and proximal, more widely spaced. Budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral and, subsequently, two proximolateral zooids along with a larger proximal autozooid, forming a ring of six periancestrular autozooids. Kenozooids not observed.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin fovea, meaning pit, alluding to the dimpled surface of both the frontal shield and the ovicell endooecium.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
C8667C61D83A58EB871A9A2C28BBB8B2.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Fenestrulina foveolata sp. nov. is currently known only from its type locality off Corsica (Ile-Rousse Bank), in the Liguro-Provençal basin.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	description	Figs 1, 14, 22, 23; Tables 1, 3	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with well-exposed lateral and proximal walls, finely granular frontal shield with a centrally located C-shaped ascopore; pseudopores mostly restricted distally in three or four rows between the orifice and ascopore, and in a single proximally incomplete peripheral row; orifice with an irregularly denticulated distal margin and a single distal spine concealed in ovicellate autozooids; ovicell endooecium finely granular except for the proximal folded rim.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via two proximolateral, two distolateral and one distal pore-chambers, externally visible as elongate, elliptical windows. Autozooids ovoidal, distinct, with wide grooves in-between (Fig. 14 A – C); vertical walls gently sloping, largely exposed proximally and laterally, sometimes revealing the substrate at triple junctions (Fig. 14 C). Frontal shield moderately convex, more elevated centrally at ascopore level. Gymnocyst present only distally and laterally to the orifice. Cryptocystidean area finely granular, granules ~ 5 μm in diameter, more raised centrally, but attenuating and smaller to absent towards the margins; marked by a thin raised rim, distally lining the orifice proximally and laterally, extending up to half its length or more (Fig. 14 C), forming blunt subtriangular latero-oral extensions of variable length (39 – 88 μm long). Pseudopores of the frontal shield numbering 26 – 34, closely spaced in a single row along autozooid distal half, occasionally extending more proximally, with four, rarely three, additional irregular rows of pseudopores (18 – 20) between orifice and ascopore (Fig. 14 B – D). Pseudopores 26 μm in maximum dimension, on a level with frontal surface, tri- to quadrifoliate, with 3 – 5, occasionally more, spiny, platy or denticulate processes converging centrally but remaining unjointed (Figs 14 E, 23 E). Two relatively small (38 – 58 μm wide), subcircular to subelliptical or larger, arched and elongate (~ 75 μm long), smoothly-rimmed cryptocystidean areas distal to the orifice, occasionally shifted laterally (Fig. 14 C, D), each bearing 1 – 3 pseudopores with numerous spiny processes, exposed also in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 14 C). Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight; distal rim with an irregularly denticulate shelf (Fig. 14 D). A single tiny spine (base diameter ~ 13 μm) located mid-distally to the orifice (Fig. 14 D). Spines absent in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 14 B, C), the mid-distal one remaining concealed beneath the ovicell. Ascopore centrally placed, 119 – 171 μm proximal to orifice (Fig. 14 B – D), the lumen transversely C-shaped, with a strongly irregular denticulate rim, some denticles leaf-shaped with 3 – 5 smaller denticles; situated in a cordiform-to-reniform field of flat gymnocystal calcification with a peripheral radially ribbed band, smooth-rimmed, slightly raised proximally on the frontal shield surface; fusing with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield when distal to an ovicell (Fig. 14 B, C). Ovicell globular and slightly elongate, prominent, narrowing proximally, obscuring the distal part of orifice, seemingly subcleithral, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 14 A – C). Endooecium well calcified, finely granular, granules more prominent and more densely spaced distally, attenuating and reducing proximally to a thin (~ 20 μm), smooth tubular proximal edge; peripheral row of 14 – 16 subquadrangular (each 20 – 48 μm wide) or occasionally elongate (up to 80 μm) pores. Ancestrula and kenozooids not observed.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin granulosus, meaning granular, in reference to the distinctive granular surface of both the frontal shield and the ovicell endooecium, a unique feature among all known species of the genus.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
6C0CE304BE7353EB9ED3F42640AA2361.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Fenestrulina granulosa sp. nov. is currently known only from its type locality off Chios Island, in the north-eastern Aegean Sea. While no precise collection site is indicated, the examined colony originates from one of the sampling stations of the 1967 University College Swansea Expedition to Chios, whose material was later studied by Hayward (1974).	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
B231FDAC21B35997A404F44DA13747B3.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Cellepora malusii Audouin & Savigny, 1826.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	description	Figs 1, 15, 22, 23; Tables 1, 3	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with smooth frontal shield; scant number of pseudopores both peripherally and between the orifice and the ascopore; branching proximal spines persisting on ovicellate autozooids; prominent nodular ovicell ornamentation.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications via two proximolateral, two distolateral and one distal pore-chambers, externally visible as elongate, elliptical windows, internally as multiporous septula. Autozooids rounded hexagonal, distinct, separated by narrow, deep grooves (Fig. 15 A, B, F). Upper vertical walls of autozooidal distal half slightly exposed, more evident at triple junctions (Fig. 15 C, G), deeply sloping. Frontal shield smooth to gently nodular, moderately convex, more elevated at ascopore level. Gymnocyst present only distal and lateral to orifice. Cryptocystidean area marked by a thin raised rim, lining proximal margin of orifice, diverging laterally (Fig. 15 C, E, G, J), forming blunt subtriangular latero-oral extensions (~ 100 μm long). Pseudopores of the frontal shield irregularly shaped, slightly infundibular, arranged in a single lateral row, usually restricted to the distal half of the autozooid, occasionally present proximally (Fig. 15 C, I). One to two additional irregular rows of pseudopores (9 – 12) between orifice and ascopore. Pseudopores on a level with frontal surface, circular to irregular, with 1 – 4, mostly three, laterally compressed spiny processes converging centrally but not fusing at their tips (Figs 15 C – E, 23 F). Two relatively large (50 – 67 μm wide), subelliptical, smoothly-rimmed cryptocystidean areas distolateral to orifice, between or distal to spines (Fig. 15 C – E), each bearing one or two pseudopores with numerous spiny processes, exposed also in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 15 B, G – J). Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, lined by a smooth thin rim of calcification, ending in two denticles near proximal corners of orifice; distal rim smooth (Fig. 15 B). Three tubular oral spines along the arched distal rim of orifice (Fig. 15 D, E), mid spine thinner (base diameter 19 – 26 μm) than proximal ones (27 – 35 μm at the base, widening). Proximal spines bifurcating (Fig. 15 B, C arrowed, D) at ~ 50 μm from the base, maximum diameter 42 μm; proximal branch smoothly rimmed at bifurcation level, presumably the site of an articulation missing in all available material; distal branch at least up to ~ 100 μm long. Ovicellate zooids with two spines at ovicell proximal corners (Fig. 15 B, C, F – J), distal spine concealed but persisting underneath (Fig. 15 H, black asterisk). Ascopore relatively distal, ~ 94 μm proximal to the orifice (Fig. 15 D, E), lumen transversely C-shaped, rim strongly denticulated, denticles simple to leaf-shaped with 3 – 5 smaller denticles; set in circular to transversely elliptical field of smooth gymnocyst, smooth-rimmed, flared, vertically protruding from the shield surface; often fusing with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield when distal to an ovicell (Fig. 15 B, C, E). Ovicell globular, slightly elongate, prominent, narrowing proximally, obscuring the distal part of orifice, seemingly subcleithral, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 15 B, C, F, G) or by a small polygonal to irregularly elongate kenozooid (Fig. 15 H – J, white asterisks). Endooecium well calcified, tuberculate-to-rugose, radial patterned, crossed by transverse crests, proximally smooth, proximal edge thin and slightly (~ 20 μm) folded upwards; with a sub-peripheral row of a dozen circular pores (~ 20 μm in diameter), barely detectable frontally (Fig. 15 A, C, F, G), occasionally coalescing into a single elongate, 68 μm long, pore (Fig. 15 G, white arrow). Ectooecium with a thin, gently raised rim of gymnocyst lining proximal edge of distal autozooidal cryptocystidean area. Kenozooids with a triangular (Fig. 15 I, J) to irregularly elongate (Fig. 15 H) visible portion, lacking pseudopores and ascopore, apparently exclusively produced in connection to ovicell formation. Ancestrula not observed.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek kalliste (καλλίστη), meaning “ the most beautiful ”, used as a noun in apposition, referring to the name given by ancient Greeks and later by J. J. Rousseau to Corsica, from where the material of this species originates. Kalliste is also the name of a marine nymph, the daughter of the sea-god Triton and Libya of Egypt.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
8E910AC6FFCA5DE796CEAA3EF4C2D876.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Fenestrulina kalliste sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality, off Calvi. At least part of the material examined by Gautier (1962) might belong to this species. Most of his colonies also originate from the same geographical area of our type (Mediterranean coast of France). However, some come from other Mediterranean localities, suggesting a potential wider geographical distribution. Gautier’s collection needs revision.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	description	Figs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 2	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with smooth-rimmed, roundish ascopore, a simple distal process, a wide lumen centrally positioned within a markedly convex, smooth to finely granular frontal shield bordered by a row of small marginal pseudopores not extending proximally; ovicell smooth.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting algal fronds, multiserial, unilaminar, typically subcircular to slightly subelliptical (Figs 3 A, 5 A), rarely lobate, up to ~ 7 mm in maximum dimension; initially consisting of concentric generations of alternating zooids, later becoming progressively irregular; interzooidal communications via pore-chambers: two proximolateral, two distolateral, one distal (~ 180 μm long) near base of vertical walls; pore-chamber windows fissure-like and barely visible (Fig. 4 F) or subelliptical (Fig. 6 B – E), usually masked by developing autozooids, even at colony periphery. Autozooids ovoidal to rounded hexagonal, distinct, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves widening into subtriangular spaces at triple junctions (Figs 3 D – F, 4, 5 B – D, 6). Lateral and proximal walls well exposed (50 – 70 μm wide), deeply sloping, in contact with neighbouring zooids only near base (Figs 4, 6). Cryptocystidean frontal area bordered by a thin, raised rim of smooth calcification, typically straight distally just proximal to orifice (Fig. 4 A, C, D), or with paired, short (~ 30 μm) lateral extensions (Figs 4 A – D, 5 F, 6 B – D). Frontal shield convex, most elevated at ascopore level, smooth to finely, densely and evenly granular; perforated by fissure-like, semicircular to circular pseudopores, mainly adjacent to the edge of the slightly higher gymnocystal rim (Figs 3 C, E, F, 4, 6 B – E, 23 A), confined to the distal half to two-thirds of autozooid, numbering 12 – 20 (8 – 10 in periancestrular autozooids) (Fig. 5); area between orifice and ascopore with 5 – 10 additional pseudopores (2 or 3 in periancestrular autozooids). Pseudopores with 3 – 6 (usually 5) radial spiny processes centrally unjointed (Figs 4 B, C, 5 F, 23 A). Two, rarely three, cryptocystidean areas with simple pores distal to orifice, interspersed among spines, soon concealed by distal autozooids (often covering oral spines as well), visible only at colony margin or in disjointed autozooids (Fig. 4 D). Basal wall nearly uncalcified, except for a thin peripheral ring near vertical walls. Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, with two minute denticles near proximal corners; distal rim slightly undulating to distinctly denticulated (Fig. 4 D). Three, occasionally four, slender, weakly calcified tubular oral spines, up to ~ 130 μm long (base diameter 15 – 20 μm); proximalmost pair larger, positioned at mid-orifice length. Periancestrular autozooids usually with four oral spines, proximalmost pair occasionally bifurcated (Fig. 5 B, arrowed). In ovicellate zooids, spines reduced to two, always visible, adjacent to and often indenting lateral ovicell margin (Figs 3 D – F, 4 C, E, 5 D – F, 6 D). Ascopore centrally placed, ~ 80 μm proximal to orifice (Figs 3 E, 4, 5), with a smooth rimmed subcircular, heart-shaped to transversely reniform lumen, featuring a simple to bifurcated distal process, occasionally subcircular (Fig. 5 B); situated within a circular to transversely elliptical narrow field of smooth gymnocystal calcification, marked by a raised rim, laterally merging with the arched proximal rim of frontal shield in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 3 E, F). Ovicell subglobular, prominent, partially obscuring the distal part of the orifice, seemingly subcleithral and only partly closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 3 D, E). Endooecium calcified, smooth, rimmed by a row of 14 – 17 large, quadrangular pores separated by calcified ribs, creating a scalloped distal margin; narrowing proximally, with proximal rim folded upward into a thin protruding visor and extending into pointed lateral wings (Figs 4 C, E, 5 D – F). Ectooecium mainly cuticular with a slightly raised rim of gymnocystal calcification along the proximal raised edge of the distal autozooid (Fig. 3 F). Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 5 A – C, 24 A), oval, slightly smaller than periancestrular autozooids; gymnocyst more extensive proximally (~ 80 μm wide), tapering distally, rim sometimes undulating between 10 gymnocystal spines (five distal, more closely spaced than the equally spaced proximal ones). Cryptocystidean areas with simple pseudopores lateral to the distal triplet of spines, barely detectable. Ancestrula sometimes regenerating as miniature autozooids (Fig. 3 C) or resembling a miniature autozooid without clear signs of regeneration (Fig. 5 D). Budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral, two proximolateral, and one or two proximal zooids, totalling six or seven periancestrular autozooids, sometimes ovicellate (Fig. 3 C). Kenozooids not observed.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
4D64D8B550585F2D913D9F95DEB374CB.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Although widely reported from the Mediterranean (and in the Atlantic), after the examination of a great number of colonies and images, we currently confirm the occurrence of F. malusii from only two localities: the Apollo Bank near Ustica Island in the SW Tyrrhenian Sea, and a Laminaria bank off Ile-Rousse, NW Corsica, in the Liguro-Provençal basin. However, the geographical distribution of the species may be wider than currently recognised, as indicated by its occurrence on Laminaria, which in the Mediterranean can extend to relatively deep waters (~ 100 m), habitats that are less frequently explored. Current presence off the Egyptian coast, site of original description, remains unconfirmed.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	description	Figs 1, 16, 22, 23; Tables 1, 4	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with multilaminar colonies owing to self-overgrowth; relatively wide and flat autozooids; numerous, small subcircular to trifoliate pseudopores with 2 – 4 spiny, radial processes unfused centrally, arranged in 1 – 3 rows between orifice and ascopore and one or two marginal, often complete, rows along the barely visible cryptocystidean rim; 1 – 3, very distal oral spines; arcuate ovicell lateral lappets overarching lateral sides of orifice.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, lobate, multilaminar owing to self-overgrowth (Fig. 16 A, D), ~ 1 cm 2 in size. Autozooids rounded hexagonal or irregularly shaped, distinct, with very narrow, deep grooves marking the boundaries (Fig. 16 B – E). Lateral and proximal walls deeply sloping to sub-vertical, only locally exposing their upper parts, mostly at corners. Frontal shield nearly flat with faint dimpled appearance, more marked centrally in slightly elevated ascopore zone. Gymnocyst forming a narrow rim of calcification distal and lateral to orifice. Cryptocystidean area extensive, almost undefined, mirroring autozooidal boundary and proximal and lateral margins of orifice, lining it in non-ovicellate autozooids, slightly diverging laterally in ovicellate ones (Fig. 16 E), forming subtriangular latero-oral extensions, longer in non-ovicellate autozooids (110 – 152 μm long), usually reaching the distal orifice margin. Pseudopores of the frontal shield arranged in a peripheral row of ~ 20, usually adjacent to frontal edge, more spaced proximally (Figs 16 C – F, 23 G), with some sparse pseudopores forming an additional discontinuous row. Two, rarely three, additional rows of pseudopores (9 – 14) between orifice and ascopore. Pseudopores on a level with frontal surface, subcircular to trifoliate, with 2 – 4 spiny radial processes unjointed centrally (Fig. 16 G, H). Two (occasionally 1 or 3) circular to elliptical cryptocystidean areas, lined by an elevated rim, distal to orifice, each with a single pseudopore and numerous spiny processes (Fig. 16 D, E – G). Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight, with smooth thin rim; proximal and distal rims smooth, with very low shoulders at proximal ends. Two, occasionally one or three, thin and short oral spines (base diameter ~ 12 μm) distal to orifice (Fig. 16 F – I), sometimes four in periancestrular autozooids; two spines laterally and proximally displaced, barely visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 16 E). Ascopore placed slightly distal to autozooid centre, at variable distance (84 – 126 μm) from the orifice (Fig. 16 C – H), lumen transversely C-shaped (Fig. 16 G, H), wide, with finely denticulated rim, situated in a sub-circular to transversally elliptical field of smooth gymnocyst marked by a smooth raised rim, fusing with arched proximal rim of frontal shield in the presence of an ovicell (Fig. 16 D). Ovicell subglobular, prominent, obscuring the distal part of orifice, with lateral lappets forming an overarching ovate-like structure (Fig. 16 C – E), seemingly subcleithral, only partly closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Fig. 16 B – D). Endooecium well calcified, dimpled centrally, becoming smoother and intumescent peripherally and proximally, ending in a narrow rim folding upward; rimmed by a row of 15 or more marginal pores (12 – 40 μm wide, occasionally up to 96 μm). Ectooecial margin comprising a very low, thin gymnocystal arc curving across frontal surface of distal autozooid (Fig. 16 D). Ancestrula covered by self-overgrowing colony lobes. Kenozooids not observed.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin ovatus, meaning egg-shaped, referring to the overall shape of the ovicell created by the lateral lappets.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
F1AAED4E3B0A551BA7F4D257B9737D50.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. Fenestrulina ovata sp. nov. has currently been found only in localities in the Gulf of Lion, in the northern sector of the Liguro-Provençal basin.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	description	Figs 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24; Tables 1, 4	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Fenestrulina with lobate pseudopores characterised by three or four irregularly curving spinules, thickening and flattening towards the centre without meeting, arranged in a single row, some becoming semicircular, leaning against rim of frontal shield; globose ovicell rimmed by several small peripheral pores with variable endooecial ornamentation, ranging from gently nodular, to faintly ribbed and scalloped at the periphery, or prominently rough with radial crests.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (Fig. 17 A), irregularly shaped in relation to the substrate morphology, ~ 1 mm in diameter. Interzooidal communications via pore-chambers, two proximolateral, two distolateral (130 – 150 μm), one distal (~ 120 μm) (Figs 18 A, B, E, 19 C, F), each with 6 – 10 round pores, 6 – 9 μm in diameter (Fig. 18 B). Autozooids hexagonal, distinct, contiguous, boundaries marked by narrow, deep grooves widening at triple junctions, exposing upper parts of sub-vertical lateral walls (Figs 17 B – E, 19 A – E). Frontal cryptocystidean area outlined by a thin, slightly raised rim, more pronounced at pseudopore level, lining orifice proximally and laterally, developing long (mean length 148 μm, n = 11) lappets on both sides of orifice (Figs 17 B – E, 18 A, F, G, 19 A – C, F, G). These lappets occasionally extending distally and almost encircling the orifice but never joining (Fig. 19 A). Two elliptical, occasionally one elongate, cryptocystidean areas distal to the orifice, between oral spines, each with one or two pseudopores, rarely more (Figs 17 B – E, 18 A, C, F, 19 F, G). Frontal surface gently convex, more raised at ascopore level, smooth, perforated by 32 – 45 pseudopores, 12 – 20 in periancestrular autozooids (Figs 18 E, 19 C). Pseudopores mostly located in distal half of autozooid, arranged in two rows between orifice and ascopore, one or two rows in lateral lappets (Figs 17 B, E, 18 A, C, F), in a single row along lateral zooidal margins, sparse or absent proximally (Figs 17 C – E, 19). Pseudopores on a level with frontal shield, irregularly subcircular to slightly lobate, semicircular (Figs 17 D, 19) or slit-like (Fig. 17 E) along lateral rim; each with three or four (rarely more) spinules projecting, thickening and flattening or branching centrally, never merging (Figs 18 C, D, F, 23 H). Circular pseudopores without spinules in regenerated autozooids in damaged colony areas (Fig. 20 C – F), sometimes occluded by underlying gymnocystal calcification (Fig. 20 D, E). Basal wall largely uncalcified. Primary orifice transversely D-shaped, hinge-line straight with two tiny denticles near proximal corners; distal rim fairly denticulated (Fig. 18 C). Two oral spines in most autozooids (Figs 17 B – E, 18 C, F, G), rarely three (Figs 18 G, 19 G), four observed in the first periancestrular ones (Fig. 18 E), ~ 100 μm long (base diameter 15 – 25 μm), located along distal curvature (Figs 17 B – E, 18 C, G). Intrazooidal regeneration may alter spine count (e. g., Fig. 18 F). Only two, barely visible, spines in ovicellate autozooids, lining ovicell margins near proximal rim (Figs 17 C, D, 19 D, H). Ascopore ~ 90 μm proximal to orifice (Figs 17, 18 A, C, D, G, 19 F, G), within a reniform field of smooth gymnocyst marked by a slightly raised rim, in contact with the arched proximal rim of the frontal shield in the presence of an ovicell (Fig. 17 E) or fusing with it (Fig. 19 D, H); large transversely C-shaped lumen between the distal wide tongue and the arched proximal border; rim irregularly denticulated including tiny spindle-like spinules and larger, platy to branched denticles (Figs 17 B, E, 18 C, D, 19 F, G). Ovicell subglobular, prominent, restricted proximally to fit orifice width, slightly obscuring distal part of orifice, not closed by the operculum, produced by the distal autozooid (Figs 17 C, D, 19 D, H). Endooecium well calcified, gently nodular and faintly ribbed and scalloped to prominently rough with blunt spiny processes and radial crests at periphery but smoother proximally; rimmed by a row of ~ 15 quadrangular pores, separated by calcified bridges, often reduced in diameter by secondary calcification (Fig. 17 C, arrowed); proximal margin with narrow upturned rim just at corners above oral spines. Calcified part of ectooecium consisting of a narrow (~ 30 μm) elevated rim of gymnocyst lining the row of pores. Ancestrula tatiform (Figs 18 E, 19 C, 24 F, G), irregularly oval, similar size to first periancestrular autozooids, gymnocyst apparently narrow, largely covered by periancestrular autozooids in examined material, with ten spines: five around orifice (three distal, closely spaced, two more proximally placed, at a greater distance, aligned with proximal margin of operculum), five around proximal half of opesia (widely and regularly spaced). Opesia oval (305 μm long by 220 μm wide) surrounded by a narrow (~ 15 μm), almost smooth cryptocyst. Two longitudinally elongated cryptocystidean areas (2 or 3 pores each) between distal triad and two more proximal oral spines (Fig. 18 E). Budding pattern: one distal, two distolateral, two proximolateral and two proximal autozooids (Fig. 18 E). Kenozooids small, triangular to quadrangular, elongate, filling empty spaces between autozooids in areas without evidence of reparation, including few relatively large pseudopores with 5 – 7 denticles giving a stellate appearance (Figs 18 G, 19 H).	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Referring to the variability of the ovicell ornamentation, especially the variable degree of the endooecial rugosity.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
9BB7F1AA343257078BCB5C43E1A623E0.taxon	distribution	Geographical distribution. In addition to its type locality in the Egadi Archipelago (W Sicily), F. variorugosa sp. nov. has also been found in the Aeolian Archipelago (SE Tyrrhenian Sea) and in the north-western part of the Liguro-Provençal basin. The species distribution is further expanded when considering the colonies from off Tabarka (Tunisia), extending its occurrence also to the southern part of the Sicily Strait. Most colonies examined by Chimenz Gusso et al. (2014) were collected from several localities in the Tyrrhenian Sea, and subordinately from the Aegean Sea (Turkey), further expanding the known distribution of this species in the Mediterranean.	en	Rosso, Antonietta, Di Martino, Emanuela, Donato, Gemma, Figuerola, Blanca, Gerovasileiou, Vasilis, Siddiolo, Chiara, Sinagra, Alessandro, Sanfilippo, Rossana, Sciuto, Francesco (2025): Unlocking Mediterranean bryozoan diversity: seven new species unveiled after fixing a neotype for Fenestrulina malusii (Audouin & Savigny, 1826) (Cheilostomatida, Fenestrulinidae). ZooKeys 1254: 1-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1254.157989
