taxonID	type	description	language	source
5C3C87F49443816AFF1CA1E3FF0386D4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males differ from all other species by hind trochanter carinate ventrally, ending in a small spike. Females can be distinguished by the combination of: scutum shiny, punctation dense but not contiguous and scutellum not extending laterally behind axillae. Additionally, both sexes have a strongly protuberant face especially upper clypeus and supraclypeus and modified anterior hind tibial spur greatly enlarged and strongly curved in females (Fig. 8 e), weakly swollen basally in males. Male T 6 has posterolateral teeth, a mediolongitudinal carina ending in a posteromedian spike (Fig. 8 e), and T 7 apically has broader than long, apically rounded posterolateral lobes and a narrow posteromedian projection (Fig. 8 d). Cyphanthidium gessorum, C. sheppardi, and C. whiteheadi are all similar to one another. The carinate hind trochanter is, however, unique to C. gessorum.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F49443816AFF1CA1E3FF0386D4.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Colour. Vestiture mostly white (Fig. 7 a – c), yellow under tarsi, scopa orange. Integument black, yellow or pale orange maculation on: most of clypeus, ventral and lateral supraclypeus, lower paraocular area, lateral upper paraocular area, mandible (except distal margin), lateral vertex, most gena, mediolateral scutum, pronotal lobe, lateral axilla, posterior scutellum (posterior margin translucent pale yellow); mesepisternum below pronotal lobe, upper mesepimeron, medioanterior tegula, legs, T 1 – T 6 short subapical crossbands (distal margins translucent pale yellow), most T 6 (distal margin black) (Fig. 7 a – c). Lengths. Head 2.3 mm; scutum 2.0 mm; fore wing 5.5 mm. Structure. Vertex weakly concave medially (anterior view) (Fig. 7 c); clypeus not shiny between punctures, ventral edge regularly crenulated, distinct hairy tufts between scallops; clypeus strongly protuberant (lateral view, eye about twice as wide as clypeus); pronotal lobe weakly lamellate anteriorly; posterior (inner) hind tibial spur angulately curved, greatly enlarged (Fig. 7 d). MALE. Colour. Vestiture mostly white, yellow under tarsi (Fig. 8 a – c). Integument black with yellow or pale orange maculation on: most of clypeus, lower paraocular area, lateral upper paraocular area, mandible (except distal margin); anterior gena, pronotal lobe, small lateral spot on axilla, very short cross-band on posterior scutellum, medioanterior tegula, legs, proximal regions of T 1 – T 4 (distal margins translucent pale reddish-black), most of T 5 – T 6 (distal margins translucent pale reddish-black), entire T 7 (distal margins translucent yellow) (Fig. 8 a – c). Lengths. Head 2.4 mm; scutum 2.1 mm; fore wing 6.1 mm. Structure. Vertex convex with gentle median concavity (anterior view) (Fig. 8 c); clypeus dull between punctures, ventral edge crenulate; clypeus strongly protuberant (lateral view eye about twice as wide as clypeus); mandible tridentate; pronotal lobe weakly lamellate anteriorly; hind trochanter is carinate ventrally ending in small spike; hind tibial spurs dissimilar, posterior (inner) hind tibial spur mostly straight, slender, slightly curved distally, anterior (outer) spur distinctly wider basally, more strongly curved distally (Fig. 8 e); T 6 small mediolongitudinal keel, posterolateral and posteromedian teeth; T 7 posterolateral and posteromedian lobes, lateral lobe wider than median lobe; S 5 – S 8 and genital capsule as illustrated (Fig. 9 a – e).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F49443816AFF1CA1E3FF0386D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cyphanthidium gessorum is only known from an arid, montane region of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa (Fig. 4). Floral association. Blepharis macra (Acanthaceae).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F49443816AFF1CA1E3FF0386D4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Holotype male. South Africa. ‘ 25 km N of Kamieskroon, 30.0166, 17.8833, 2000 / x / 17, F. W. & S. K. Gess, on Blepharis macra’ (AMGC: 2490). Paratypes: same data as holotype (3 ♀ 2 ♂, AMGC: 2487, 2488, 2489, 2491, 2492); Namaqualand 2917 DB Hester Malan N. R., 1987 / xi / 9, M. Struck (2 ♂, SANC).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F49443816AFF1CA1E3FF0386D4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This new species is named for Sarah and Fred Gess, who collected the type material. They also collected most of the other material examined in this study, without which this article would not have been possible.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494448164FF1CA338FED281C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material was not located in SAMC and was therefore not examined. This species was identified from the original description.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494448164FF1CA338FED281C3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Both sexes differ from other Cyphanthidium in the posterior margin of the scutellum being lamellate sublaterally and extends laterally behind the axillae (Figs 1 a, 2 a); the forecoxa has angled lamella projecting ventrally; the omaulus is carinate dorsally, and the dorsal clypeus and the supraclypeus are scarcely raised above the paraocular areas (eyes about four times as wide as clypeus in lateral view). In addition, the male T 6 lacks apicolateral spines (Fig. 2 d) and T 7 has broad, low lateral lobes (Fig. 2 d). Cyphanthidium intermedium differs from the other three species of Cyphanthidium most noticeably in the shape of the posterolateral lobes on the male T 7.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494448164FF1CA338FED281C3.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Colour. Vestiture mostly white, yellow under tarsi. Integument black with yellow or pale orange maculation on: ventral clypeus, lateral paraocular area, mandible (except distal margin); preoccipital region of vertex, upper gena, pronotal lobe, lateral axilla, posterior scutellum (posterior margin translucent pale yellow), most T 6 (distal margin black); sometimes upper mesepisternum, medioanterior tegula, legs, and long subapical cross-bands on T 1 – T 6 (distal margins translucent pale yellow). Lengths. Head 2.3 mm; scutum 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 mm. Structure. Vertex evenly convex (anterior view); clypeus shiny between punctures, ventral edge irregularly crenulate, without distinct hairy tufts between scallops; clypeus weakly protuberant (lateral view, eye about four times clypeus width); pronotal lobe distinctly lamellate anteriorly; omaulus carinate dorsally; forecoxa with angled lamella projecting ventrally; posterior (inner) hind tibial spur mostly straight, curved distally, not enlarged (Fig. 1 d). MALE. Colour. Vestiture white. Integument black with yellow or pale orange maculation on: clypeus, lower paraocular area, lateral upper paraocular area, mandible (except distal margin); preoccipital region vertex, gena, pronotal lobe, most axilla, posterior region scutellum (posterior margin translucent pale yellow), entire T 5 – T 7; sometimes upper mesepisternum, medioanterior tegula (sometimes tegula with yellow circle), legs, long subapical cross-bands on T 1 – T 4 (distal margins translucent pale yellow). Lengths. Head 2.5 mm; scutum 1.9 mm; forewing 6.5 mm. Structure. Vertex evenly convex (anterior view); clypeus shiny between punctures, ventral edge crenulate; clypeus weakly protuberant (lateral view eye about four times clypeus width); mandible bidentate, inner region widely spatulate; pronotal lobe distinctly lamellate anteriorly; omaulus carinate dorsally; forecoxa with angled lamella projecting ventrally; posterior (inner) hind tibial spurs slender, strongly curved distally (Fig. 2 e); T 6 with inconspicuous, obtuse median spine, without lateral spine (Fig. 5 d); T 7 with short, broad lateral lobe, much wider than shallow notch separating it from median spine, lateral lobe much shorter than median spine (Fig. 5 d); S 5 – S 8 and genital capsule as illustrated (Fig. 3 a – e).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494448164FF1CA338FED281C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cyphanthidium intermedium occurs in Namibia and the Northern Cape Province, close to the southern Namibian border (Fig. 4). These areas are mostly arid. Floral associations. Indigofera acanthoclada, Indigofera heterotricha, Indigofera sp. (Fabaceae), Cleome sp. (Capparaceae), Justicia platysepala (Acanthaceae), Crotalaria sp. (Fabaceae).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494448164FF1CA338FED281C3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Namibia. Khorixaz, Bethamis, 2014 AD, 4 / iii / 1979, V. B. Whitehead (1 ♂, SAMC); 30 km W Usakos, - 21.9833, 15.3167, 2002 / iv / 25, F. W. & S. K. Gess, on Indigofera heterotricha (1 ♂, AMGC: 14528); Uis to Omaruru, - 21.2333, 15.0000, 2004 / iii / 14, F. W. & S. K. Gess, S. K., on Cleome sp. (1 ♀, AMGC: 14524); WNW Omatjete, - 20.9500, 15.2333, 2004 / iii / 15, F. W. & S. K. Gess, on Indigofera sp. (1 ♀ 2 ♂, AMGC: 14525, 14526, 14527); 30 km W Usakos, Khorixas near Bergsig, - 20.4166, 14.2833, 2002 / iv / 10, F. W. & S. K. Gess (1 ♀, AMGC: 14529); Near Two Palms, Uniab River, - 19.8833, 13.9000, 2004 / iii / 28, F. W. & S. K. Gess, on Justicia platysepala (1 ♂, AMGC: 57966); 6 km S Rosh Pinah, - 28.0666, 16.8500, 2000 / x / 15, F. W. & S. K. Gess, on Indigofera acanthoclada (1 ♂, AMGC: 2486); 156 km from Khorixas between Uis and Henties Bay, - 21.4000, 14.7666, 1998 / iv / 9, F. W. & S. K. Gess, on Indigofera heterotricha (1 ♂, AMGC: 2485); 24 km from Khorixas road to Palm, - 20.45, 14.801997 / iv / 1, F. W. & S. K. Gess, on Crotalaria sp. (1 ♀ 2 ♂, AMGC: 2482, 2483, 2484).), C. whiteheadi (+)	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494448160FF1CA0ABFB978083.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Among Afrotropical genera Cyphanthidium can be recognized by the combination of extensive yellow maculations in both sexes, aroliae present, preoccipital margin not carinate, omaulus either not carinate or carinate only dorsally, male S 5 broadly, shallowly emarginate and with small apicolateral spine, and female with fourtoothed mandible and scopa. Cyphanthidium has the megachiliform shape and general coloration of many Afrotropical Afranthidium but is readily distinguished by the presence of arolia and the four-toothed female mandible (Michener 2007). The recent molecular phylogeny of Litman et al. (2016) placed Cyphanthidium in the Dianthidium group, in a well-supported clade that included Icteranthidium, Eoanthidium, Anthidiellum, Pachyanthidium, Benanthis, Plesianthidium, and Rhodanthidium. All of these genera, except Rhodanthidium, include Afrotropical species.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494438167FF1CA4ADFAA083AA.taxon	description	Anthidiellum (Trianthidiellum) sheppardi (Mavromoustakis): Pasteels 1984: 113 – 114. Cyphanthidium sheppardi (Mavromoustakis): Michener & Griswold 1994: 314.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494438167FF1CA4ADFAA083AA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species differs from all other Cyphanthidium in the extremely dense, finely punctured scutum. The female is unknown but is expected to share this gender-neutral character. In addition, males have a strongly protuberant clypeus and the scutellum does not extend laterally behind the axillae, modified anterior hind tibial spur that is weakly swollen basally, T 7 posterolateral and posteromedian lobes elongate and of similar width (Fig. 5 d). Cyphanthidium sheppardi, C. gessorum and C. whiteheadi resemble one another in the shape of the male T 7, and each of these three species has at least one unique feature, which in this species is the absence of a distinct posteromedial carina on T 6.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494438167FF1CA4ADFAA083AA.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Unknown. MALE. Colour. Vestiture mostly white, yellow on legs (all vestiture damaged) (Fig. 5 a & b). Integument black with yellow maculation on: most of clypeus, ventral and lateral supraclypeus, lower paraocular area, lateral upper paraocular area, below median ocellus, mandible (except distal margin), most gena, anterolateral scutum, small lateral spot on scutum, pronotal lobe, mesepisternum below pronotal lobe, lateral axilla, short band on posterior region of scutellum (interrupted posteromedially), anterolateral tegula, most of legs (dorsal femora and ventral tibiae partly black), anterolateral T 1, T 1 – T 5 cross-bands; most of T 6 – T 7 (distal margins black) (Fig. 5 a, b – c). Lengths. Head 3.2 mm; scutum 2.4 mm; fore wing 7.2 mm. Structure. Vertex gentle convex (anterior view) (Fig. 5 c); clypeus dull between punctures (fine reticulate sculpture), ventral edge crenulate; clypeus strongly protuberant (lateral view; eye about twice as wide as clypeus); mandible bidentate, inner region narrowly spatulate; pronotal lobe rounded to weakly carinate; scutum dull, finely and densely punctate; posterior (inner) hind tibial spurs mostly straight, dissimilar, slightly curved distally (posterior (inner) spur slender, anterior (outer) spur distinctly wider basally – arced to more or less straight, curved distally); T 6 almost entire posteromedially (with a very small apicomedian point), toothed laterally (Fig. 5 d); T 7 trilobed, lobes similar in width (Fig. 5 d); S 5 – S 8 and genital capsule as illustrated (Fig. 6 a – e).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494438167FF1CA4ADFAA083AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Unlike the other species of Cyphanthidium, C. sheppardi occurs in summer rainfall regions, possibly forested areas in eastern Zimbabwe and the eastern area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Fig. 4).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F494438167FF1CA4ADFAA083AA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male holotype of Hypanthidium sheppardi Mavromoustakis: ‘ Umvomvomvo Umtali District, S. Rhodesia, June 1932 P. A. Sheppard; Hypanthidium sheppardi Mavromoustakis ♂; Type, TYPE Hym 1162 Hypanthidium sheppardi Mavromoustakis ♂ ’ (in TMSA). Additional material. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bassin Lukuga, 1934, De Saeger (1 ♂, RMAC).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F4944E816CFF1CA1DFFB6C8484.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal region of clypeus and supraclypeus strongly protuberant. Male hind trochanter neither carinate nor spiked ventrally; T 6 with subapical lateral teeth, a mediolongitudinal carina ending in a posteromedian tooth (Fig. 10 d), and T 7 has posterolateral projections that are longer than broad, ending in inner angle, and a narrower posteromedian subtruncate projection (Fig. 10 d). Cyphanthidium whiteheadi is most similar to C. sheppardi and C. gessorum, differing most noticeably in the longer, weakly angled, posterolateral lobes on T 7.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F4944E816CFF1CA1DFFB6C8484.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Unknown. MALE. Colour. Vestiture mostly white, yellow under tarsi (Fig. 10 a – b). Integument black with yellow or pale orange maculation on: clypeus except dorsomedially, mandible (except distal margin), stripe laterally on vertex, pronotal lobe, small stripe on posterior margin of scutellum, tegula medially, legs except coxae and trochanters, proximal regions of T 1 – T 4 with distinct stripes laterally, broken medially (distal margins milky white), most of T 5 with wider, stronger stripe interrupted sublaterally, T 6 mostly reddish (distal margins translucent pale reddish), entire T 7 red except yellow on lateral lobes (Fig. 10 a – c). Lengths. Head 1.8 mm; scutum 2.4 mm; forewing 6.5 mm. Structure. Vertex convex (Fig. 10 b); face distinctly bulging from upper clypeus through supraclypeus and interantennal areas onto frons (lateral view, eye about three times as wide as clypeus); clypeus dull between punctures, ventral edge crenulate; mandible tridentate; pronotal lobe weakly lamellate anteriorly; hind trochanter neither carinate nor spiked ventrally; hind tibial spurs dissimilar, posterior (inner) hind tibial spur mostly straight, slender, slightly curved distally, anterior (outer) spur distinctly wider basally, more strongly curved distally (Fig. 10 e); T 6 with subapical lateral spike and mediolongitudinal carina ending in spike (Fig. 10 d); T 7 with posterolateral and posteromedian lobes, median lobe subtruncate, lateral lobe longer than wide, apically forming inner angle, greater than width of median lobe, narrower than distance to median lobe; S 5 – S 8 and genital capsule similar to that of C. gessorum (c. f. Fig. 9 a – e).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F4944E816CFF1CA1DFFB6C8484.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cyphanthidium whiteheadi is known only from Ladismith in the Little Karoo region of the Western Cape Province, South Africa (Fig. 4). Floral association. Unknown.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F4944E816CFF1CA1DFFB6C8484.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Holotype male. South Africa. ‘ S. Afr. C. P. Ladismith, 10 Dec. 1978 VB Whitehead’ (in SAMC).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
5C3C87F4944E816CFF1CA1DFFB6C8484.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This new species is named in recognition of Vincent Whitehead, who collected the holotype of this species and has contributed much to our understanding of the South African bee fauna.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2018): Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4450.1.2
