taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
6367985AFFC1FFC63FC67017FCBFFDC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210058/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210058	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC63FC67355FA04FE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210062/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210062	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC63FC67355FA04FE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210064/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210064	Figure 5. Representative telsons: a, b, Pylochelidae; c–j, Paguridae; k, Parapaguridae. Sixth abdominal tergite, protopods of uropods and telson: j, Munidopagurus. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 4: l, o, simple; m, q, subchelate; n, r, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and no preungual process; p, u, t, semichelate with single row of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; s, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; t, chelate; v, semichelate with “type A” (cf. McLaughlin, 1974) sensory structure on lateral face of dactyl. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 5: w, x subchelate; y, semichelate; z, chelate. [a, b, n, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; c, from Lewinsohn, 1982; d, e, from McLaughlin, 1982; f–i from McLaughlin, 1997; j, adapted from Provenzano, 1971; k, from Lemaitre, 1996; l, o–q, s, u, y, from McLaughlin, 1997; m, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1997; q, w, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c, v, from McLaughlin, 1974; x, after Lemaitre, 1998; not to scale].	Figure 5. Representative telsons: a, b, Pylochelidae; c–j, Paguridae; k, Parapaguridae. Sixth abdominal tergite, protopods of uropods and telson: j, Munidopagurus. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 4: l, o, simple; m, q, subchelate; n, r, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and no preungual process; p, u, t, semichelate with single row of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; s, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; t, chelate; v, semichelate with “type A” (cf. McLaughlin, 1974) sensory structure on lateral face of dactyl. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 5: w, x subchelate; y, semichelate; z, chelate. [a, b, n, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; c, from Lewinsohn, 1982; d, e, from McLaughlin, 1982; f–i from McLaughlin, 1997; j, adapted from Provenzano, 1971; k, from Lemaitre, 1996; l, o–q, s, u, y, from McLaughlin, 1997; m, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1997; q, w, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c, v, from McLaughlin, 1974; x, after Lemaitre, 1998; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC73C7C709FFCB6F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210060/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210060	Figure 2. Bases and paired basis-ischium of maxilliped 3: a, Coenobitidae – Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); b, Diogenidae – Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc); c, Pylochelidae – Mixtopagurus paradoxus A. Milne-Edwards; d, Pylojacquesidae – Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; e, Parapaguridae – Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith; f, Paguridae – Pagurus pollicaris Say; g, reduced teeth on crista dentata of ischium, Scopaeopagurus megalochirus McLaughlin and Hogarth. Antennular and antennal flagella. h–j, antennular flagella: h, Coenobitidae; i, Pagurus imafukui McLaughlin and Konishi; j, generalised flagella of Diogenidae, Paguridae and Parapaguridae; k, antennal flagellum with paired ventral setae. Thoracic sternites and coxae of pereopods: l, Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; m, generalised Paguridae; n, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict (sternites X and XI only; groove and pit of sternite XI indicate by arrow). Abbreviations: act = accessory tooth (teeth) indicat- ed by arrows; ap = anterior portion; C 1–5 = coxae of pereopods 1–5; gp = gonopore; mh = membranous hinge; pp = posterior portion. [a–f, l, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; g, from McLaughlin and Hogarth, 1998; h, from McLaughlin and Dworschak, 2001; i from McLaughlin and Konishi, 1994; j, from Forest et al. 2000; k, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1996b, m, adapted from McLaughlin, 1974; not to scale]	Figure 2. Bases and paired basis-ischium of maxilliped 3: a, Coenobitidae – Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); b, Diogenidae – Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc); c, Pylochelidae – Mixtopagurus paradoxus A. Milne-Edwards; d, Pylojacquesidae – Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; e, Parapaguridae – Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith; f, Paguridae – Pagurus pollicaris Say; g, reduced teeth on crista dentata of ischium, Scopaeopagurus megalochirus McLaughlin and Hogarth. Antennular and antennal flagella. h–j, antennular flagella: h, Coenobitidae; i, Pagurus imafukui McLaughlin and Konishi; j, generalised flagella of Diogenidae, Paguridae and Parapaguridae; k, antennal flagellum with paired ventral setae. Thoracic sternites and coxae of pereopods: l, Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; m, generalised Paguridae; n, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict (sternites X and XI only; groove and pit of sternite XI indicate by arrow). Abbreviations: act = accessory tooth (teeth) indicat- ed by arrows; ap = anterior portion; C 1–5 = coxae of pereopods 1–5; gp = gonopore; mh = membranous hinge; pp = posterior portion. [a–f, l, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; g, from McLaughlin and Hogarth, 1998; h, from McLaughlin and Dworschak, 2001; i from McLaughlin and Konishi, 1994; j, from Forest et al. 2000; k, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1996b, m, adapted from McLaughlin, 1974; not to scale]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC73C7C709FFCB6F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210068/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210068	Figure 6. Chelipeds: a, left chela of Ciliopagurus (mesial view) showing stridulating mechanism (indicated by arrows); b, left chela of Allodardanus (mesial view) lacking stridulating mechanism; c, left chela and carpus of Ciliopagurus (lateral view); d, chelae of Cancellus togeth- er forming operculum; e, left carpus and chela of Aniculus; f, left chela and carpus of Isocheles (dorsal view), with dactyl opening horizontally (as indicated by arrow), g, left chela and carpus of Loxopagurus (dorsolateral view) with dactyl opening vertically (as indicated by arrow); h, right chela and carpus of Paragiopagurus (dorsal view) with dactyl opening obliquely (as indicated by arrow); i, right chela of Pylojacquesia; j, right chela of Xylopagurus; k, right chela of Bathypaguropsis; l, right chela of Lophopagurus (Australeremus); m, right chela of Rhodochirus; n, left chela of Lophopagurus (Lophopagurus); o, right carpus and chela of Goreopagurus (lateral view); p, right carpus and chela of Oedignathus (mesial view); q, right carpus and chela of Dermaturus (mesial view). [a, c, from Forest, 1952; b, after Haig and Provenzano, 1965; d, after Mayo, 1973; e, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1995; f, g, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; h, from Lemaitre, 1996; i, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; j, from Lemaitre, 1995; k, from McLaughlin, 1994; l, n, from McLaughlin and Gunn, 1992; m, from Williams, 1984; o, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; k, l, after Vinogradov, 1950; not to scale].	Figure 6. Chelipeds: a, left chela of Ciliopagurus (mesial view) showing stridulating mechanism (indicated by arrows); b, left chela of Allodardanus (mesial view) lacking stridulating mechanism; c, left chela and carpus of Ciliopagurus (lateral view); d, chelae of Cancellus togeth- er forming operculum; e, left carpus and chela of Aniculus; f, left chela and carpus of Isocheles (dorsal view), with dactyl opening horizontally (as indicated by arrow), g, left chela and carpus of Loxopagurus (dorsolateral view) with dactyl opening vertically (as indicated by arrow); h, right chela and carpus of Paragiopagurus (dorsal view) with dactyl opening obliquely (as indicated by arrow); i, right chela of Pylojacquesia; j, right chela of Xylopagurus; k, right chela of Bathypaguropsis; l, right chela of Lophopagurus (Australeremus); m, right chela of Rhodochirus; n, left chela of Lophopagurus (Lophopagurus); o, right carpus and chela of Goreopagurus (lateral view); p, right carpus and chela of Oedignathus (mesial view); q, right carpus and chela of Dermaturus (mesial view). [a, c, from Forest, 1952; b, after Haig and Provenzano, 1965; d, after Mayo, 1973; e, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1995; f, g, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; h, from Lemaitre, 1996; i, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; j, from Lemaitre, 1995; k, from McLaughlin, 1994; l, n, from McLaughlin and Gunn, 1992; m, from Williams, 1984; o, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; k, l, after Vinogradov, 1950; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC73C7C709FFCB6F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210072/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210072	Figure 7. Secondary sexual appendages and structures: a, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somites 1 and 2 of male with pleopods 1 and 2 paired, modified; b, c, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somite 1 of female with pleopod 1 paired, modified; d, female brood pouch; e–g, male pleopod 2; h–q, male sexual tubes; r, male gonopores without sexual tube development; s, coxa of right pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae; t, coxa of left pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae. [a, from Forest et al. 2000; b, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; c, q, r, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001b; d, from McLaughlin and Provenzano, 1975; e, f, from Lemaitre, 1989; g, from Forest, 1995; i–n from McLaughlin, 1997; h, from Wang and McLaughlin, 2000; p, from McLaughlin, 1986; s, from Melin, 1939; t, from Forest, 1961; not to scale].	Figure 7. Secondary sexual appendages and structures: a, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somites 1 and 2 of male with pleopods 1 and 2 paired, modified; b, c, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somite 1 of female with pleopod 1 paired, modified; d, female brood pouch; e–g, male pleopod 2; h–q, male sexual tubes; r, male gonopores without sexual tube development; s, coxa of right pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae; t, coxa of left pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae. [a, from Forest et al. 2000; b, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; c, q, r, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001b; d, from McLaughlin and Provenzano, 1975; e, f, from Lemaitre, 1989; g, from Forest, 1995; i–n from McLaughlin, 1997; h, from Wang and McLaughlin, 2000; p, from McLaughlin, 1986; s, from Melin, 1939; t, from Forest, 1961; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC73C7C709FFCB6F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210074/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210074	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC73C7C709FFCB6F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210064/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210064	Figure 5. Representative telsons: a, b, Pylochelidae; c–j, Paguridae; k, Parapaguridae. Sixth abdominal tergite, protopods of uropods and telson: j, Munidopagurus. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 4: l, o, simple; m, q, subchelate; n, r, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and no preungual process; p, u, t, semichelate with single row of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; s, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; t, chelate; v, semichelate with “type A” (cf. McLaughlin, 1974) sensory structure on lateral face of dactyl. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 5: w, x subchelate; y, semichelate; z, chelate. [a, b, n, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; c, from Lewinsohn, 1982; d, e, from McLaughlin, 1982; f–i from McLaughlin, 1997; j, adapted from Provenzano, 1971; k, from Lemaitre, 1996; l, o–q, s, u, y, from McLaughlin, 1997; m, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1997; q, w, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c, v, from McLaughlin, 1974; x, after Lemaitre, 1998; not to scale].	Figure 5. Representative telsons: a, b, Pylochelidae; c–j, Paguridae; k, Parapaguridae. Sixth abdominal tergite, protopods of uropods and telson: j, Munidopagurus. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 4: l, o, simple; m, q, subchelate; n, r, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and no preungual process; p, u, t, semichelate with single row of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; s, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; t, chelate; v, semichelate with “type A” (cf. McLaughlin, 1974) sensory structure on lateral face of dactyl. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 5: w, x subchelate; y, semichelate; z, chelate. [a, b, n, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; c, from Lewinsohn, 1982; d, e, from McLaughlin, 1982; f–i from McLaughlin, 1997; j, adapted from Provenzano, 1971; k, from Lemaitre, 1996; l, o–q, s, u, y, from McLaughlin, 1997; m, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1997; q, w, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c, v, from McLaughlin, 1974; x, after Lemaitre, 1998; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC73C7C709FFCB6F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210058/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210058	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC1FFC73C7C709FFCB6F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210062/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210062	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC0FFC03FCE767FFCBFFB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210058/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210058	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC0FFC03FCE767FFCBFFB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210080/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210080	Figure 9. Lithodid abdominal tergites: a, Acantholithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; b, Hapalogaster tergites 1–3; c, Placetron tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson, showing female asymmetry in tergites 3–5; d, Oedignathus tergites 1–3; e, Neolithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; f, Phyllolithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; g, Lopholithodes tergite 1+2, tergites 3–6 and telson; h, Paralithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; i, Lithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; j, Paralomis tergite 1+2, tergites 3–6 and telson; k, Cryptolithodes tergite 1+2. tergites 3–6 and telson. Abbreviations: am = accessory marginal plates; ap = accessory plate; la = lateral plate, m = marginal plate; M = median plate; t = telson; tergites are numbered 1–6. [a–i, k from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001a.; j adapted from Macpherson, 1988; not to scale].	Figure 9. Lithodid abdominal tergites: a, Acantholithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; b, Hapalogaster tergites 1–3; c, Placetron tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson, showing female asymmetry in tergites 3–5; d, Oedignathus tergites 1–3; e, Neolithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; f, Phyllolithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; g, Lopholithodes tergite 1+2, tergites 3–6 and telson; h, Paralithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; i, Lithodes tergites 1 and 2, tergites 3–6 and telson; j, Paralomis tergite 1+2, tergites 3–6 and telson; k, Cryptolithodes tergite 1+2. tergites 3–6 and telson. Abbreviations: am = accessory marginal plates; ap = accessory plate; la = lateral plate, m = marginal plate; M = median plate; t = telson; tergites are numbered 1–6. [a–i, k from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001a.; j adapted from Macpherson, 1988; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC0FFC03FCE767FFCBFFB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210074/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210074	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC0FFC03FCE767FFCBFFB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210062/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210062	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC0FFC03FCE767FFCBFFB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210068/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210068	Figure 6. Chelipeds: a, left chela of Ciliopagurus (mesial view) showing stridulating mechanism (indicated by arrows); b, left chela of Allodardanus (mesial view) lacking stridulating mechanism; c, left chela and carpus of Ciliopagurus (lateral view); d, chelae of Cancellus togeth- er forming operculum; e, left carpus and chela of Aniculus; f, left chela and carpus of Isocheles (dorsal view), with dactyl opening horizontally (as indicated by arrow), g, left chela and carpus of Loxopagurus (dorsolateral view) with dactyl opening vertically (as indicated by arrow); h, right chela and carpus of Paragiopagurus (dorsal view) with dactyl opening obliquely (as indicated by arrow); i, right chela of Pylojacquesia; j, right chela of Xylopagurus; k, right chela of Bathypaguropsis; l, right chela of Lophopagurus (Australeremus); m, right chela of Rhodochirus; n, left chela of Lophopagurus (Lophopagurus); o, right carpus and chela of Goreopagurus (lateral view); p, right carpus and chela of Oedignathus (mesial view); q, right carpus and chela of Dermaturus (mesial view). [a, c, from Forest, 1952; b, after Haig and Provenzano, 1965; d, after Mayo, 1973; e, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1995; f, g, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; h, from Lemaitre, 1996; i, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; j, from Lemaitre, 1995; k, from McLaughlin, 1994; l, n, from McLaughlin and Gunn, 1992; m, from Williams, 1984; o, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; k, l, after Vinogradov, 1950; not to scale].	Figure 6. Chelipeds: a, left chela of Ciliopagurus (mesial view) showing stridulating mechanism (indicated by arrows); b, left chela of Allodardanus (mesial view) lacking stridulating mechanism; c, left chela and carpus of Ciliopagurus (lateral view); d, chelae of Cancellus togeth- er forming operculum; e, left carpus and chela of Aniculus; f, left chela and carpus of Isocheles (dorsal view), with dactyl opening horizontally (as indicated by arrow), g, left chela and carpus of Loxopagurus (dorsolateral view) with dactyl opening vertically (as indicated by arrow); h, right chela and carpus of Paragiopagurus (dorsal view) with dactyl opening obliquely (as indicated by arrow); i, right chela of Pylojacquesia; j, right chela of Xylopagurus; k, right chela of Bathypaguropsis; l, right chela of Lophopagurus (Australeremus); m, right chela of Rhodochirus; n, left chela of Lophopagurus (Lophopagurus); o, right carpus and chela of Goreopagurus (lateral view); p, right carpus and chela of Oedignathus (mesial view); q, right carpus and chela of Dermaturus (mesial view). [a, c, from Forest, 1952; b, after Haig and Provenzano, 1965; d, after Mayo, 1973; e, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1995; f, g, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; h, from Lemaitre, 1996; i, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; j, from Lemaitre, 1995; k, from McLaughlin, 1994; l, n, from McLaughlin and Gunn, 1992; m, from Williams, 1984; o, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; k, l, after Vinogradov, 1950; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC0FFC03FCE767FFCBFFB56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210060/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210060	Figure 2. Bases and paired basis-ischium of maxilliped 3: a, Coenobitidae – Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); b, Diogenidae – Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc); c, Pylochelidae – Mixtopagurus paradoxus A. Milne-Edwards; d, Pylojacquesidae – Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; e, Parapaguridae – Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith; f, Paguridae – Pagurus pollicaris Say; g, reduced teeth on crista dentata of ischium, Scopaeopagurus megalochirus McLaughlin and Hogarth. Antennular and antennal flagella. h–j, antennular flagella: h, Coenobitidae; i, Pagurus imafukui McLaughlin and Konishi; j, generalised flagella of Diogenidae, Paguridae and Parapaguridae; k, antennal flagellum with paired ventral setae. Thoracic sternites and coxae of pereopods: l, Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; m, generalised Paguridae; n, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict (sternites X and XI only; groove and pit of sternite XI indicate by arrow). Abbreviations: act = accessory tooth (teeth) indicat- ed by arrows; ap = anterior portion; C 1–5 = coxae of pereopods 1–5; gp = gonopore; mh = membranous hinge; pp = posterior portion. [a–f, l, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; g, from McLaughlin and Hogarth, 1998; h, from McLaughlin and Dworschak, 2001; i from McLaughlin and Konishi, 1994; j, from Forest et al. 2000; k, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1996b, m, adapted from McLaughlin, 1974; not to scale]	Figure 2. Bases and paired basis-ischium of maxilliped 3: a, Coenobitidae – Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); b, Diogenidae – Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc); c, Pylochelidae – Mixtopagurus paradoxus A. Milne-Edwards; d, Pylojacquesidae – Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; e, Parapaguridae – Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith; f, Paguridae – Pagurus pollicaris Say; g, reduced teeth on crista dentata of ischium, Scopaeopagurus megalochirus McLaughlin and Hogarth. Antennular and antennal flagella. h–j, antennular flagella: h, Coenobitidae; i, Pagurus imafukui McLaughlin and Konishi; j, generalised flagella of Diogenidae, Paguridae and Parapaguridae; k, antennal flagellum with paired ventral setae. Thoracic sternites and coxae of pereopods: l, Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; m, generalised Paguridae; n, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict (sternites X and XI only; groove and pit of sternite XI indicate by arrow). Abbreviations: act = accessory tooth (teeth) indicat- ed by arrows; ap = anterior portion; C 1–5 = coxae of pereopods 1–5; gp = gonopore; mh = membranous hinge; pp = posterior portion. [a–f, l, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; g, from McLaughlin and Hogarth, 1998; h, from McLaughlin and Dworschak, 2001; i from McLaughlin and Konishi, 1994; j, from Forest et al. 2000; k, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1996b, m, adapted from McLaughlin, 1974; not to scale]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC7FFC33FC67427FA1CFE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210060/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210060	Figure 2. Bases and paired basis-ischium of maxilliped 3: a, Coenobitidae – Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); b, Diogenidae – Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc); c, Pylochelidae – Mixtopagurus paradoxus A. Milne-Edwards; d, Pylojacquesidae – Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; e, Parapaguridae – Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith; f, Paguridae – Pagurus pollicaris Say; g, reduced teeth on crista dentata of ischium, Scopaeopagurus megalochirus McLaughlin and Hogarth. Antennular and antennal flagella. h–j, antennular flagella: h, Coenobitidae; i, Pagurus imafukui McLaughlin and Konishi; j, generalised flagella of Diogenidae, Paguridae and Parapaguridae; k, antennal flagellum with paired ventral setae. Thoracic sternites and coxae of pereopods: l, Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; m, generalised Paguridae; n, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict (sternites X and XI only; groove and pit of sternite XI indicate by arrow). Abbreviations: act = accessory tooth (teeth) indicat- ed by arrows; ap = anterior portion; C 1–5 = coxae of pereopods 1–5; gp = gonopore; mh = membranous hinge; pp = posterior portion. [a–f, l, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; g, from McLaughlin and Hogarth, 1998; h, from McLaughlin and Dworschak, 2001; i from McLaughlin and Konishi, 1994; j, from Forest et al. 2000; k, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1996b, m, adapted from McLaughlin, 1974; not to scale]	Figure 2. Bases and paired basis-ischium of maxilliped 3: a, Coenobitidae – Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); b, Diogenidae – Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc); c, Pylochelidae – Mixtopagurus paradoxus A. Milne-Edwards; d, Pylojacquesidae – Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; e, Parapaguridae – Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith; f, Paguridae – Pagurus pollicaris Say; g, reduced teeth on crista dentata of ischium, Scopaeopagurus megalochirus McLaughlin and Hogarth. Antennular and antennal flagella. h–j, antennular flagella: h, Coenobitidae; i, Pagurus imafukui McLaughlin and Konishi; j, generalised flagella of Diogenidae, Paguridae and Parapaguridae; k, antennal flagellum with paired ventral setae. Thoracic sternites and coxae of pereopods: l, Pylojacquesia colemani McLaughlin and Lemaitre; m, generalised Paguridae; n, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict (sternites X and XI only; groove and pit of sternite XI indicate by arrow). Abbreviations: act = accessory tooth (teeth) indicat- ed by arrows; ap = anterior portion; C 1–5 = coxae of pereopods 1–5; gp = gonopore; mh = membranous hinge; pp = posterior portion. [a–f, l, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; g, from McLaughlin and Hogarth, 1998; h, from McLaughlin and Dworschak, 2001; i from McLaughlin and Konishi, 1994; j, from Forest et al. 2000; k, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1996b, m, adapted from McLaughlin, 1974; not to scale]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC7FFC33FC67427FA1CFE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210068/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210068	Figure 6. Chelipeds: a, left chela of Ciliopagurus (mesial view) showing stridulating mechanism (indicated by arrows); b, left chela of Allodardanus (mesial view) lacking stridulating mechanism; c, left chela and carpus of Ciliopagurus (lateral view); d, chelae of Cancellus togeth- er forming operculum; e, left carpus and chela of Aniculus; f, left chela and carpus of Isocheles (dorsal view), with dactyl opening horizontally (as indicated by arrow), g, left chela and carpus of Loxopagurus (dorsolateral view) with dactyl opening vertically (as indicated by arrow); h, right chela and carpus of Paragiopagurus (dorsal view) with dactyl opening obliquely (as indicated by arrow); i, right chela of Pylojacquesia; j, right chela of Xylopagurus; k, right chela of Bathypaguropsis; l, right chela of Lophopagurus (Australeremus); m, right chela of Rhodochirus; n, left chela of Lophopagurus (Lophopagurus); o, right carpus and chela of Goreopagurus (lateral view); p, right carpus and chela of Oedignathus (mesial view); q, right carpus and chela of Dermaturus (mesial view). [a, c, from Forest, 1952; b, after Haig and Provenzano, 1965; d, after Mayo, 1973; e, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1995; f, g, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; h, from Lemaitre, 1996; i, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; j, from Lemaitre, 1995; k, from McLaughlin, 1994; l, n, from McLaughlin and Gunn, 1992; m, from Williams, 1984; o, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; k, l, after Vinogradov, 1950; not to scale].	Figure 6. Chelipeds: a, left chela of Ciliopagurus (mesial view) showing stridulating mechanism (indicated by arrows); b, left chela of Allodardanus (mesial view) lacking stridulating mechanism; c, left chela and carpus of Ciliopagurus (lateral view); d, chelae of Cancellus togeth- er forming operculum; e, left carpus and chela of Aniculus; f, left chela and carpus of Isocheles (dorsal view), with dactyl opening horizontally (as indicated by arrow), g, left chela and carpus of Loxopagurus (dorsolateral view) with dactyl opening vertically (as indicated by arrow); h, right chela and carpus of Paragiopagurus (dorsal view) with dactyl opening obliquely (as indicated by arrow); i, right chela of Pylojacquesia; j, right chela of Xylopagurus; k, right chela of Bathypaguropsis; l, right chela of Lophopagurus (Australeremus); m, right chela of Rhodochirus; n, left chela of Lophopagurus (Lophopagurus); o, right carpus and chela of Goreopagurus (lateral view); p, right carpus and chela of Oedignathus (mesial view); q, right carpus and chela of Dermaturus (mesial view). [a, c, from Forest, 1952; b, after Haig and Provenzano, 1965; d, after Mayo, 1973; e, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1995; f, g, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; h, from Lemaitre, 1996; i, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; j, from Lemaitre, 1995; k, from McLaughlin, 1994; l, n, from McLaughlin and Gunn, 1992; m, from Williams, 1984; o, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; k, l, after Vinogradov, 1950; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC7FFC33FC67427FA1CFE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210074/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210074	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC7FFC33FC67427FA1CFE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210072/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210072	Figure 7. Secondary sexual appendages and structures: a, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somites 1 and 2 of male with pleopods 1 and 2 paired, modified; b, c, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somite 1 of female with pleopod 1 paired, modified; d, female brood pouch; e–g, male pleopod 2; h–q, male sexual tubes; r, male gonopores without sexual tube development; s, coxa of right pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae; t, coxa of left pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae. [a, from Forest et al. 2000; b, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; c, q, r, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001b; d, from McLaughlin and Provenzano, 1975; e, f, from Lemaitre, 1989; g, from Forest, 1995; i–n from McLaughlin, 1997; h, from Wang and McLaughlin, 2000; p, from McLaughlin, 1986; s, from Melin, 1939; t, from Forest, 1961; not to scale].	Figure 7. Secondary sexual appendages and structures: a, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somites 1 and 2 of male with pleopods 1 and 2 paired, modified; b, c, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somite 1 of female with pleopod 1 paired, modified; d, female brood pouch; e–g, male pleopod 2; h–q, male sexual tubes; r, male gonopores without sexual tube development; s, coxa of right pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae; t, coxa of left pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae. [a, from Forest et al. 2000; b, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; c, q, r, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001b; d, from McLaughlin and Provenzano, 1975; e, f, from Lemaitre, 1989; g, from Forest, 1995; i–n from McLaughlin, 1997; h, from Wang and McLaughlin, 2000; p, from McLaughlin, 1986; s, from Melin, 1939; t, from Forest, 1961; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC7FFC33FC67427FA1CFE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210064/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210064	Figure 5. Representative telsons: a, b, Pylochelidae; c–j, Paguridae; k, Parapaguridae. Sixth abdominal tergite, protopods of uropods and telson: j, Munidopagurus. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 4: l, o, simple; m, q, subchelate; n, r, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and no preungual process; p, u, t, semichelate with single row of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; s, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; t, chelate; v, semichelate with “type A” (cf. McLaughlin, 1974) sensory structure on lateral face of dactyl. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 5: w, x subchelate; y, semichelate; z, chelate. [a, b, n, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; c, from Lewinsohn, 1982; d, e, from McLaughlin, 1982; f–i from McLaughlin, 1997; j, adapted from Provenzano, 1971; k, from Lemaitre, 1996; l, o–q, s, u, y, from McLaughlin, 1997; m, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1997; q, w, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c, v, from McLaughlin, 1974; x, after Lemaitre, 1998; not to scale].	Figure 5. Representative telsons: a, b, Pylochelidae; c–j, Paguridae; k, Parapaguridae. Sixth abdominal tergite, protopods of uropods and telson: j, Munidopagurus. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 4: l, o, simple; m, q, subchelate; n, r, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and no preungual process; p, u, t, semichelate with single row of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; s, semichelate with multiple rows of corneous scales in propodal rasp and preungual process at base of claw; t, chelate; v, semichelate with “type A” (cf. McLaughlin, 1974) sensory structure on lateral face of dactyl. Dactyl and propodus of pereopod 5: w, x subchelate; y, semichelate; z, chelate. [a, b, n, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; c, from Lewinsohn, 1982; d, e, from McLaughlin, 1982; f–i from McLaughlin, 1997; j, adapted from Provenzano, 1971; k, from Lemaitre, 1996; l, o–q, s, u, y, from McLaughlin, 1997; m, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1997; q, w, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c, v, from McLaughlin, 1974; x, after Lemaitre, 1998; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC7FFC33FC67427FA1CFE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210058/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210058	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC7FFC33FC67427FA1CFE16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210062/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210062	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC4FFC33C647370FA1CF896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210074/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210074	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	Figure 8. Additional morphological characters: a, c, shield with Y-shaped posterior groove; b, shield without Y-shaped posterior groove; d, last thoracic somite and abdomen of Xylopagurus (dorsal view); e, multifid ocular acicles; f, Lithodes rostral spine complex; g, dorsal and ventral rostral spines of Glyptolithodes; h, Cryptolithodes (ventral view) with carapace covering body and appendages; i, rostrum with epirostral spine (lateral view); j, symmetrical uropods and posterior portion of abdominal tergite 6, plus telson (dorsal view) k, right antennal peduncle with hooked spine (indicated by arrow) on lateral margin of segment 1; l, shield of Typhlopagurus showing spinose ocular and antennal acicles and lack of ocular peduncles; m, parapagurid epistome and labrum. Abbreviations: apr = anterior rostral process; ds = dorsal spine(s); es = epistomial spine; ls = labral spine; vs = ventral spine; 6 indicates abdominal tergite 6. [a, from McLaughlin and Hoover, 1996; b, from Forest and de Saint Laurent, 1968; c, from Forest and McLaughlin, 2000; d, from Lemaitre, 1995; e, McLaughlin and Murray, 1990; f, from Vinogradov, 1950; g, after Haig, 1974; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, from McLaughlin, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 1993; k, from McLaughlin, 1981; l, from de Saint Laurent, 1972; m, after Lemaitre, 1989; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC4FFC33C647370FA1CF896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210058/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210058	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	Figure 1. Morphological diversity among members of the Paguroidea. a, b, Coenobitidae, c, Pylochelidae; d–g, Diogenidae; h–k, Lithodidae, l–o, Paguridae, p, q, Parapaguridae: a, Birgus latro Leach; b, Coenobita clypeatus (Fabricius); c, Trizocheles spinosus (Henderson); d, Allodardanus bredini Haig and Provenzano; e, Dardanus venosus (H. Milne Edwards); f, Clibanarius arethusa De Man; g, Calcinus tibicen (Herbst); h, Cryptolithodes sitchensis Brandt; i, Hapalogaster dentata (De Haan); j, Sculptolithodes derjugini Makarov; k, Lithodes murrayi Henderson; l, Labidochirus splendescens (Owen); m, Propagurus gaudichaudi (H. Milne Edwards); n, Ostraconotus spatulipes A. Milne–Edwards; o, Porcellanopagurus edwardsi Filhol; p, Tylaspis anomala Henderson; q, Probeebei mirabilis Boone. [a, f after Alcock, 1905; b, from Chace and Hobbs, 1969; c, k, p, from Henderson, 1888; d, e, g, after Chace et al. 1985; h, from Makarov, 1938; i, j, from Vinogradov, 1950; l from McLaughlin, 1974; m, from Benedict, 1901 as Eupagurus patagonensis Benedict; n, after A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1893; o, after Forest, 1951; q, from Wolff, 1961; not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC4FFC33C647370FA1CF896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210062/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210062	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFC4FFC33C647370FA1CF896.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210072/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210072	Figure 7. Secondary sexual appendages and structures: a, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somites 1 and 2 of male with pleopods 1 and 2 paired, modified; b, c, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somite 1 of female with pleopod 1 paired, modified; d, female brood pouch; e–g, male pleopod 2; h–q, male sexual tubes; r, male gonopores without sexual tube development; s, coxa of right pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae; t, coxa of left pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae. [a, from Forest et al. 2000; b, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; c, q, r, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001b; d, from McLaughlin and Provenzano, 1975; e, f, from Lemaitre, 1989; g, from Forest, 1995; i–n from McLaughlin, 1997; h, from Wang and McLaughlin, 2000; p, from McLaughlin, 1986; s, from Melin, 1939; t, from Forest, 1961; not to scale].	Figure 7. Secondary sexual appendages and structures: a, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somites 1 and 2 of male with pleopods 1 and 2 paired, modified; b, c, coxae of pereopods 5 and abdominal somite 1 of female with pleopod 1 paired, modified; d, female brood pouch; e–g, male pleopod 2; h–q, male sexual tubes; r, male gonopores without sexual tube development; s, coxa of right pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae; t, coxa of left pereopod 5 of male with gonopore masked by tuft of stiff setae. [a, from Forest et al. 2000; b, from McLaughlin and Haig, 1995; c, q, r, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001b; d, from McLaughlin and Provenzano, 1975; e, f, from Lemaitre, 1989; g, from Forest, 1995; i–n from McLaughlin, 1997; h, from Wang and McLaughlin, 2000; p, from McLaughlin, 1986; s, from Melin, 1939; t, from Forest, 1961; not to scale].	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
6367985AFFD3FFD43C7C756FFC1AFA65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/12210062/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210062	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	Figure 3. Basic morphology: a, diagrammatic pagurid (whole animal, dorsal view); b, diagrammatic lithodid (whole animal, dorsal view). Cephalothorax or shield, with or without cephalic appendages: c–h Pylochelidae; i, Diogenidae; j, Pylojacquesidae; k–m Paguridae. c, Pylocheles; d, Trizocheles; e, Cheiroplatea; f, Pomatocheles; g, Parapylocheles; h, Cancellocheles; i, Diogenes; j, Pylojacquesia; k, Porcellanopagurus; l, Solitariopagurus; m, Hemipagurus. Abbreviations: aa = antennal acicle; ant. = antenna; antu = antennule; c, cornea; car = carpus; cg = cervical groove; dac = dactyl; ff = fixed finger; irp = intercalary rostral process; la = linea anomurica; lf ch = left cheliped; lf ur = left uropod; lp = lateral projection; lt = linea transversalis; mer = merus; oa = ocular acicle; op = ocular peduncle; P2–5 = pereopods 2–5; pcl = posterior carapace lobe; pcme = posterior carapace median element; pl3–5 = pleopods 3–5; plm = palm; pmp = posterior median plate; pop = postocular projection; pro = propodus; r = rostrum or rostral lobe; rt ch = right cheliped; s = shield; sl1–3 = shield lobes 1–3; t6 = abdominal tergite 6; tel = telson. [a, b, adapted from Sandberg and McLaughlin, 1998; c, d from Forest et al. 2000; e–h, from Forest, 1987; i, from McLaughlin and Clark, 1997; j, from McLaughlin and Lemaitre, 2001c; k, l, from McLaughlin, 2000; m, from McLaughlin, 1997 (as Catapagurus); not to scale.]	2003-12-31	McLaughlin, P. A.		Zenodo	biologists	McLaughlin, P. A.			
