taxonID	type	description	language	source
637487ECFFC0D026FC961B9CA00D38C6.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Xerochrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Tzvelev.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCFD02BFC9C1CF4A4833813.taxon	description	Helichrysum banksii A. Cunn. ex DC., Prodr. 6: 188 (1838); Gnaphalium banksii (A. Cunn. ex DC.) Sch. Bip., Bot. Zeit. 3: 171 (1845). Type citation: ‘ in Novae-Holl. ora boreali-orient. ad flum. Endeavour in sylvaticus graminosis olim legit cl. Banks et postea A Cunningham jul. flor (v. s. comm. a cl. A. Cunn.) ’. Type: Grassy forest-land, Endeavour River, N. E. Australia [Queensland], lat. 15 ° south, July 1819, A. Cunningham s. n. (lecto, here designated: G-DC G 00328465 *; isolecto: K 000899119 *).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCFD02BFC9C1CF4A4833813.taxon	description	Prostrate, tap-rooted, perennial herb. Stems and branches hirsute, scabrid, glabrescent and with glands; internode length 5 – 60 mm. Flowering stems branched or unbranched. Basal leaf rosette present at flowering in first year, later absent. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spathulate, 50 – 120 mm long and 10 – 25 mm wide, base amplexicaul, apex mucronate, margin hirsute; basal leaf abaxial indumentum with glands and occasionally hirsute with septate trichomes, midvein indumentum pilose with septate trichomes; basal leaf adaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, 20 – 50 mm long and 5 – 10 mm wide, base subauriculate and amplexicaul, apex mucronate, margin hirsute; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hirsute, scabrid and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 6 – 12 mm long, margin hispid. Capitula 30 – 40 mm wide, terminal, solitary. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages triangular. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.5 mm long and 0.9 mm wide, cross-section squarish or circular; pericarp straw- or brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 6 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCFD02BFC9C1CF4A4833813.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to Queensland where it occurs in the Wet Tropics Bioregion on the eastern coast between Cairns and Cooktown (Fig. 16). Phenology Inflorescences recorded from June – December. Mature cypselae collected in July and October (Fig. 17). Habitat The species inhabits grassy herblands on rocky coastal headlands. Associated species include Heteropogon triticeus, Themeda triandra, Myoporum boninense and Santalum lanceolatum. Conservation status Only two collections are known from the past 15 years from a single population of unknown size in Annan River (Yuku Baja-Muliku) National Park. Populations recorded in the 1800 s in Cooktown and Trinity Bay near Cairns may now be extinct because of intense coastal development. On the basis of only one known extant population of unknown size, we suggest that a ‘ Data Deficient ’ status is appropriate under the IUCN (2019). Confirmation of the loss of populations in Cairns, Mossman River and Cooktown may qualify X. banksii as ‘ Endangered ’ or ‘ Critically Endangered ’. Notes Some variation in leaf indumentum was seen on specimens collected in the 1800 s from Trinity Bay (MEL 61211, and MEL 61314), with a hispid to hirsute leaf indumentum both abaxially and adaxially with septate trichomes. Recent collections from Annan River National Park have no septate trichomes abaxially, only sessile glands. A specimen from Mossman’s [= Mossman] River (W. A. Sayer s. n. MEL 61192) has hispid leaf indumentum with much shorter septate trichomes. Xerochrysum banksii retains a prostrate habit in cultivation. The informal phrase name X. sp. Walker Point NE Herbarium has been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study. Alan Cunningham’s specimen at G-DC is here selected as the lectotype, as this specimen would have been used by de Candolle in preparing the protologue. Selected specimens examined QUEENSLAND: Cook: Endeavour River, June 1770, J. Banks & D. Solander s. n. (MEL 1591810!); Cooktown, 1877, W. Persieh s. n. (MEL 0061318 A!); Endeavour River, 1882, W. Persieh s. n. (MEL 0061336 A!); Annan River National Park, Walker Point, 22 Oct. 2018, A. J. Saunders 1 (BRI!, CANB!, CNS!, NE 110024!); Walker Point, S of Cooktown, 5 Dec. 2005, B. S. Wannan 4156 (BRI!, BSW, NSW!); Mossman’s [= Mossman] River, 1886, W. A. Sayer s. n. (MEL 0061192 A!); Trinity Bay, 1881, G. Karsten s. n. (MEL 0061211 A!); Trinity Bay, E. Fitzalan s. n. (MEL 0061314 A!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCDD02AFFCD1C99A1233814.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Northern Tablelands: New England National Park, Eagles Nest Lookout, below Point Lookout, 5 Feb. 2005, I. R. Telford 12830 & L. M. Copeland, (holo: NSW!; iso: BRI!, MEL!, NE 83736!, PERTH!). Xerochrysum sp. Point Lookout (I. R. Telford 12830) NE Herbarium, CHAH, Austral. Pl. Census (2020) [accessed 20 February 2020]. [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p., populations on the high escarpment cliffs at Point Lookout, New England National Park, New South Wales only].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCDD02AFFCD1C99A1233814.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from X. bracteatum sens. str. by a perennial life form (annual or biennial in X. bracteatum), abaxial leaf surface pilose with septate and glandular trichomes and glands (only with glands in X. bracteatum), cuspidate to apiculate phyllary apices (obtuse in X. bracteatum), and foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 20 mm long (8 – 10 mm in X. bracteatum); and from all other species in the genus by a long, thick rhizome, a densely pilose leaf indumentum of septate trichomes, and stipitate glands both abaxially and adaxially. Decumbent, rhizomatous, perennial herb. Stems and branches with glands and villous with septate trichomes, internode length 40 – 55 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Basal leaves spathulate, 70 – 200 mm long and 15 – 30 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin villous with septate trichomes, apex obtuse and mucronate; abaxial indumentum densely pilose with septate trichomes and with glands, midvein indumentum villous with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum densely pilose with septate trichomes. Radical leaves arising from a rhizome. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 40 – 150 mm long and 4 – 30 mm wide, leaf base attenuate, margin villous with septate trichomes, apex apiculate and mucronate; abaxial indumentum densely pilose with septate trichomes and sessile glands, midvein indumentum villous with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hirsute to densely pilose with septate trichomes, and sessile glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 20 mm long, margin villous. Capitula 40 – 60 mm wide, terminal, in panicles or solitary. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate, apex apiculate, abaxial surface smooth. Medial phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, abaxially orange or yellow, apex cuspidate to apiculate. Stylar appendages narrowly triangular to ovate. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.7 mm long and 0.9 mm wide, cross-section squarish or circular; pericarp straw- or brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 7 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCDD02AFFCD1C99A1233814.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to the high-altitude escarpment on the eastern edge of the New England Tablelands Bioregion, where it is known only from the vicinity of Point Lookout, ~ 70 km east of Armidale, New South Wales (Fig. 18). Phenology Recorded flowering from February – April (Fig. 19). Latestage infructescence containing small numbers of cypselae collected in April. Habitat Occurring in small openings in the canopy at ~ 1400 - m altitude, growing in humic sediments on and between basalt boulders, on steep slopes and broken cliffs. Associated with Acacia melanoxylon, Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola, Eucalyptus pauciflora, Lomatia fraseri, Cassinia telfordii, Lomandra longifolia, Solanum and Plectranthus. Other associated species include the localised cliff-line endemics Coronidium elatum subsp. minus, Gingidia rupicola, Gaultheria viridicarpa and Wahlenbergia telfordii. Conservation status Only known from effectively one population in the New England National Park, New South Wales, where 17 plants were recorded scattered along ~ 170 m of escarpment in 2017. On the basis of only one known extant population of less than 50 individuals, we suggest a ‘ Critically Endangered ’ status is appropriate under the IUCN (2019), fulfilling Criteria C 2 and D.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCDD02AFFCD1C99A1233814.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species epithet is the traditional name of the type locality, a place considered sacred to traditional owners (Steven Ahoy, pers. comm., 2020), as a noun in apposition (ICN Art. 23.5, Shenzhen Code, Turland et al. 2018). Selected specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES: Northern Tablelands: New England National Park, Point Lookout, 12 Apr. 2017, T. L. Collins 958 & J. J. Bruhl (BRI!, NE!, NSW!); New England National Park, Eagles Nest Lookout, 11 Mar. 2006, G. P. Duley 69, J. J. Bruhl & I. R. Telford (NE!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCCD02FFC9C1C99A6EE3E89.taxon	description	Helichrysum bicolor Lindl., Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1814 (1835); Gnaphalium bicolor (Lindl.) Sch. Bip. Bot. Zeit. 3: 171 (1845); Helichrysum bracteatum var. bicolor (Lindl.) L. H. Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 2: 723 (1900); Bracteantha bicolor (Lindl.) Anderb. & Haegi, Op. Bot. 104: 105 (1991).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCCD02FFC9C1C99A6EE3E89.taxon	materials_examined	Type citation: ‘ introduced by Mr. Low of the Clapton Nursery … It is a native of Van Diemen’s Land, whence our excellent correspondent Mr. Gunn has sent beautiful specimens (No. 111). ’ Type: in insula van Dieman (Herb. Gunniani No. 111), s. dat., R. C. Gunn 111, (lecto: CGE; isolecto: MEL 61303!; possible isolecto: NSW 122366, fide P. G. Wilson, Nuytsia 28: 14 (2017 )).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFCCD02FFC9C1C99A6EE3E89.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs sporadically over a broad area in southern South Australia in the Flinders Lofty Block and Kanmantoo bioregions, in south-western Victoria in the Victorian Midlands Bioregion, and coastal Tasmania in the King, Tasmanian West, and Tasmanian South East bioregions (Fig. 20). Phenology Flowers recorded from November – January, and mature cypselae in February. Habitat Coastal heath, low shrubland grassland mosaic and Allocasuarina – Eucalyptus woodland, on sandy or skeletal gravelly loam soils, among low rock outcrops or on cliffs. Conservation status Occurs over a large area, including public and private conservation reserves. Populations on Kangaroo Island and in the Tothill Ranges estimated in the hundreds and thousands of plants respectively. Listed as ‘ rare’ under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Not listed under the Commonwealth of Australia Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Monitoring and assessment of response and recovery after the 2019 – 2020 bushfires would inform conservation status (Keelty et al. 2020). With the inclusion of populations in South Australia and Victoria, we recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019). Notes The majority of collections are from populations with yellow phyllaries; however, a population with white phyllaries from the western coast of Tasmania near Temma was found during fieldwork and in the analyses. ‘ Eastcoast paperdaisy’ is used in Tasmania for X. bicolor (State of Tasmania, ‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au, accessed 22 March 2020). Selected specimens examined SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Goyder: Tothill Range, Mollers Gap Road, 26 Nov. 2017, T. L. Collins 988 & A. N. Schmidt-Lebuhn (AD!, CANB!, NE!). Adelaide Hills: South Australia, 10 Nov. 1879, R. Tate s. n. (AD!). Victor Harbor: South Australia, 1 Dec. 1909, E. H. Ising s. n. (AD!); Hindmarsh Falls, 23 Nov. 2017, T. L. Collins 982 & A. N. Schmidt-Lebuhn (AD!, CANB!, NE!); Newland Head Conservation Park, 23 Nov. 2017, T. L. Collins 981 & A. N. Schmidt-Lebuhn (AD!, CANB!, NE!). Yankalilla: South Australia, Jan. 1926, J. B. Cleland s. n. (AD!). Kangaroo Island: Cape St Albans, 20 Nov. 2017, T. L. Collins 973 & A. N. Schmidt-Lebuhn (AD!, CANB!, NE!). VICTORIA: Southern Grampians: Victorian Midlands, 29 Dec. 1988, R. M. King 9703 & F. E. Heinz (MEL!). Horsham: Victorian Midlands, 8 Nov. 1987, S. T. W. Parfett 134 (MEL!). TASMANIA: Little Badger Island, s. dat., J. S. Whinray 8605 (CANB, HO, MEL!); Alum Cliffs, S of Taroona, Hobart, 28 Feb. 2018, T. L. Collins 1016 & R. L. Andrew (NE!, HO!, CANB!); Arthur Pieman Conservation Reserve, 4 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1033 & R. L. Andrew (NE!, HO!, CANB!); S of Temma on coastal track, 4 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1034 & R. L. Andrew (NE!, HO!, CANB!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC9D02EFFC41B78A4A53FDC.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Port Keats opposite Dorcherty Island, Northern Territory, 9 Aug. 1983, C. R. Dunlop 6459 & G. Wightman (holo: DNA D 0021944!; iso: AD 98419226, BRI, CANB 345434 *, MEL 0291510, NSW 518497!). Xerochrysum bracteatum subsp. (Port Keats C. Dunlop + 6459), A. E. Holland in P. D. Bostock and A. E. Holland (eds), Census Queensl. Fl. 32 (2007).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC9D02EFFC41B78A4A53FDC.taxon	description	Xerochrysum bracteatum subsp. Port Keats (C. Dunlop + 6459) Qld Herbarium, CHAH, Austral. Pl. Census (2020) [accessed 20 February 2020]. Erect, annual or perennial, taprooted herb. Stems and branches cobwebby or pilose, internode length 5 – 30 mm. Basal leaf rosette present in first year at flowering, later absent. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 30 – 70 mm long and 5 – 12 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby or pilose with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes and with glands, midvein indumentum cobwebby or hirsute with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, 20 – 80 mm long and 4 – 9 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby or hirsute with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes, and with glands, midvein indumentum cobwebby to hirsute; adaxial indumentum cobwebby to hirsute with septate trichomes. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 5 – 8 mm long, margin cobwebby. Capitula 25 – 35 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries ovate to narrow ovate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages narrowly triangular. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.3 mm long and 0.75 mm wide, cross-section circular; pericarp grey – brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 6 – 7 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC9D02EFFC41B78A4A53FDC.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to the northern end (‘ Top End’) of the Northern Territory in the Darwin Coastal and Arnhem Coast bioregions (Fig. 21).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC9D02EFFC41B78A4A53FDC.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Recorded flowering August – October, with cypselae being recorded in October. Habitat Populations in the Darwin Coastal Bioregion commonly occur in eucalypt and Pandanus woodlands on sandy coastal plains with rare occurrences further inland on sandstone plateaux in the Mount Tolmer and Bundy Station areas, and on sandy clay seasonal swamps on the Cox Peninsula. Occurs on clay soils on the margins of the Arafura Swamp and gravelly loams in eastern Arnhem Land.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC9D02EFFC41B78A4A53FDC.taxon	discussion	Notes The largest populations seen during the course of this study were in areas that were patchily burnt as part of traditional land management practices in the early dry season (June – July) near the communities of Wadeye (U. Crocombe, pers. comm., 2018) and Mirrnatja (S. Guyula, pers. comm., 2018). Two populations from sandy clay seasonal swamps on Cox Peninsula have some individuals appearing to have rhizomatous stems, possibly adventitious roots in response to partial burial, and some with taproots. Molecular data indicated no genotypic differences within or between any X. boreale populations included in this study, and for this reason, we are not recognising rhizomatous plants as a different taxon.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC9D02EFFC41B78A4A53FDC.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Occurs over a large area, with some populations in the thousands recorded in 2018. Changes to land management and absence of traditional early dry season burning may be affecting some populations that could not be located in 2018 (T. L. Collins and J. J. Bruhl, unpubl. data). Plants at Dundee Beach in the Darwin Coastal Bioregion were affected by habitat loss as a result of coastal development and grassland mowing. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC9D02EFFC41B78A4A53FDC.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined NORTHERN TERRITORY: Darwin and Gulf: Dundee Beach, S of Dunheved Road, 2 Oct. 2018, T. L. Collins 1088 & J. J. Bruhl (CANB!, DNA!, NE!); Dhupuwamirri Road, on road to Mirrnatja, 9 Oct. 2018, T. L. Collins 1091 & J. J. Bruhl (CANB!, DNA!, NE!); Mirrnatja, ~ 2.2 km N of village, 10 Oct. 2018, T. L. Collins 1092 & J. J. Bruhl (CANB!, DNA!, NE!); Central Arnhem Road, Yunupingu Cattle Farm, 10 Oct. 2018, T. L. Collins 1093 & J. J. Bruhl (CANB!, DNA!, NE!); Wadeye, Old Mission Road, 5 Oct. 2018, T. L. Collins 1089 & J. J. Bruhl (CANB!, DNA!, NE!); Wadeye, on unnamed coast track, 5 Oct. 2018, T. L. Collins 1090 & J. J. Bruhl (CANB!, DNA!, NE!). WESTERN AUSTRALIA: West Kimberley: West Kimberley, 1901, F. M. House s. n. (PERTH!). Wyndham – East Kimberley: Head of King Edward River, 7 Sep. 1921, C. A. Gardner 1565 (PERTH!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC8D011FFCC1BAFA6183D5D.taxon	description	Erect, annual or sometimes short-lived perennial (dependant on season), tap-rooted herb, 0.5 – 1.8 m tall. Stems and branches cobwebby, hirsute to pilose with septate trichomes, or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 10 – 35 mm. Flowering stems branched, or unbranched (becoming branched with maturity, occasionally single-stemmed). Basal leaf rosette usually absent at flowering. Basal leaves elliptic to spathulate, 50 – 150 mm long, and 10 – 30 mm wide, base amplexicaul and attenuate, margin woolly to hirsute with septate trichomes, apex obtuse to apiculate; abaxial indumentum hispidulous with septate trichomes, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispidulous with septate trichomes. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, 50 – 180 mm long, 5 – 25 mm wide, base attenuate and subamplexicaul, margin hispid with septate trichomes, apex acuminate to acute; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum hispid with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hispidulous with septate trichomes and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula ~ 8 – 10 mm long, margin hispid with septate trichomes. Capitula terminal, 30 – 50 mm wide, in panicles; outer phyllaries broad-ovate, yellow or brown, basal margin hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries oblong, narrow ovate or lanceolate, abaxially brown or yellow, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages deltoid to acute. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.2 mm long and 0.75 mm wide, cross-section squarish; pericarp grey – brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous 5 – 6 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC8D011FFCC1BAFA6183D5D.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to south-eastern New South Wales and far-eastern Victoria in the Sydney Basin, South East Corner, and South East Coastal Plain bioregions (Fig. 22). Naturalised in Saint Helena and many countries owing to widespread cultivation (Missouri Botanical Garden 2020).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC8D011FFCC1BAFA6183D5D.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Recorded flowering in Australia August – February and fruiting December – February. Habitat Most commonly recorded from eucalypt woodland and forest on a wide variety of soils including ones derived from granite and basalt, from sea level to ~ 1000 - m altitude. Common on roadsides where disturbance and water shed from the road may favour dispersal, germination and establishment.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC8D011FFCC1BAFA6183D5D.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Although there have been relatively few collections in the past few decades in the Hawkesbury – Nepean region, X. bracteatum has been collected from ~ 20 populations on the New South Wales South Coast in the past 30 years, including in conservation reserves. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC8D011FFCC1BAFA6183D5D.taxon	discussion	Notes Xerochrysum bracteatum is illustrated in Fairley and Moore (1989), plate 1158 on page 317, as Helichrysum bracteatum, yellow paper daisy or golden everlasting.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFC8D011FFCC1BAFA6183D5D.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES: Central Tablelands: Mount Tomah, Lithgow Road, 25 Jan. 1959, B. R. Paterson s. n. (CANB *). Central Coast: The Oaks, on road to Penrith (Silverdale Road), 15 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1005 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Hopetoun Park, Panorama House Motel, Bulli Lookout, 7 Jan. 2019, T. L. Collins 1168 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Mount Keira Road, 7 Jan. 2019, T. L. Collins 1169 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!). South Coast: Nowra Road ~ 4 km E of intersection with Gretas Road, 26 Jan. 2019, T. L. Collins 1174 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Central Tilba, Paradise Hill, 27 Jan. 2019, T. L. Collins 1175 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Gulaga National Park, Mount Dromedary Trail, 27 Jan. 2019, T. L. Collins 1177 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Nullica State Forest, track to Nethercote Falls, 3 Feb. 2019, T. L. Collins 1181 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!). VICTORIA: East Gippsland: on track to summit of Mount Ellery, 22 Feb. 1984, D. E. Albrecht 212 (AD, MEL!); Mount Elizabeth Nature Conservation Reserve, 26 Oct. 2019, J. J. Bruhl 3643, S. Dema, & H. T. Kennedy (CANB!, MEL!, NE 109790!, NSW!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF7D013FF2F192BA6B73ADE.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Northern Tablelands: Styx River, 50 m NW of bridge SW of Jeogla on road to Kempsey, 1 Apr. 2007, J. J. Bruhl 2649 & O. D. Q. Bruhl (holo: NSW!; iso: BRI!, CANB!, K!, MEL!, MO!, NE 90257!). Xerochrysum sp. New England (L. M. Copeland 3731) NE Herbarium, CHAH, Austral. Pl. Census (2020) [accessed 20 February 2020]. [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p., populations in gorgerim habitat in the New England Tablelands Bioregion only, but excluding the population at Henry River Falls thought to be a hybrid with X. viscosum].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF7D013FF2F192BA6B73ADE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from X. bracteatum by a perennial life form (v. annual or sometimes short-lived perennial), septate trichomes on leaf abaxial surface (v. with glands), and acuminate phyllary apices (v. apiculate). Distinguished from X. murapan by foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 8 – 10 mm long (v. 10 – 25 mm long in X. murapan), acuminate to cuspidate phyllary apex (v. apiculate), and cauline leaves 5 – 10 mm wide (v. 10 – 25 mm wide in X. murapan). Erect, shortly rhizomatous or taprooted, perennial herb, up to ~ 1 m tall. Stems and branches cobwebby, hirsute, or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 15 – 30 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Basal leaves spathulate, 80 – 130 mm long and 20 – 35 mm wide, base subamplexicaul, margin hirsute with septate trichomes, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum hirsute to hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum villous with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands. Cauline leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, 20 – 90 mm long and 5 – 10 mm wide, base subauriculate and amplexicaul, margin hispid and scabrid with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes, to glabrous, and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum cobwebby and hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands; adaxial indumentum cobwebby and hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 8 – 10 mm long or sometimes absent, margin glabrous or hispid. Capitula 25 – 50 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex acuminate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex acuminate to cuspidate. Stylar appendages deltoid to ovate (female florets have clavate to rounded stylar appendages). Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.3 mm long and 0.75 mm wide, cross-section squarish to circular; pericarp brown to brass- or straw-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 6 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF7D013FF2F192BA6B73ADE.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to north-eastern New South Wales where it is known only from the New England Tablelands Bioregion (Fig. 23). Mostly occurring along the eastern escarpment of the plateau from the Great Dividing Range south-east of Tenterfield, New South Wales, south to the gorges of the Macleay River catchment east of Armidale. Phenology Recorded flowering January – February and fruiting in February (Fig. 24). 150 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E 150 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E Habitat The species inhabits ridge tops and gorge rims, often in rocky sites, at 900 – 1500 - m altitude on skeletal or gravelly soils derived mostly from metasediments or basalt, rarely from granite. The species grows in grassy open forest or woodland with Eucalyptus laevopinea, E. nobilis, E. obliqua, E. pauciflora, E. retinens or E. caliginosa recorded as dominants. Other associated species include Acacia melanoxylon, Allocasuarina torulosa, Coprosma quadrifida, Pimelea neoanglica and Poa sieberiana. Conservation status Recorded as common, although localised at most sites. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019). Notes Cauline leaf lamina abaxial indumentum is variable: populations at Round Waterhole Creek, Metz Gorge, Werrikimbe National Park, Cathedral Rock National Park, and New England National Park, have an hirsute indumentum of scattered septate trichomes; populations at Washpool National Park, Styx River, Round Mountain, and the putative hybrid X. copelandii x viscosum at Henry River Falls have sessile glands.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF7D013FF2F192BA6B73ADE.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species epithet recognises the work of outstanding fieldbotanist and taxonomist Lachlan Mackenzie Copeland (1973 –) of Coffs Harbour. Selected specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES: Northern Tablelands: Guy Fawkes River National Park, Henry River Falls, 24 Aug. 2017, T. L. Collins 969, R. L. Andrew, J. J. Bruhl & J. K. Janes (NE!); Round Waterhole Creek, 11 Feb 2018, T. L. Collins 1013 & B. Wright (CANB!, BRI!, NE!, NSW!); Hillgrove Gorge, 28 Feb. 1999, J. J. Bruhl 1840 & I. R. Telford (NE!); Washpool National Park, S of summit of Mount Bajimba, 25 Feb. 2011, L. M. Copeland 4502 (BRI, NE!, NSW); Great Dividing Range, Washpool National Park, 25 Jan. 2014, I. R. Telford 13440 & T. Vollbon (NE!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF5D012FF2D1EA4A0383DE5.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Moreton: Main Range, Mount Cordeaux, summit ridge, 1 Nov. 2005, I. R. Telford 12874, J. J. Bruhl & L. M. Copeland (holo: BRI!; iso: NE 85983!, CANB!, K!, NSW!). Helichrysum sp. 1 (McPherson Range), J. D. Briggs and J. H. Leigh, Rare or Threatened Austral. Pl. 24 (1988). Helichrysum sp. (Mt Merino S. T. Blake 21554), A. E. Holland in R. J. F. Henderson (ed.), Queensl. Vasc. Pl.: Names and Distrib. 39 (1994). Xerochrysum bracteatum subsp. Mount Merino (S. T. Blake 22869) Qld Herbarium, A. E. Holland in P. D. Bostock and A. E. Holland (eds), Census Queensl. Fl. 32 (2007). Xerochrysum sp. Mount Merino (S. T. Blake 22869) NE Herbarium, CHAH, Austral. Pl. Census (2020) [accessed 20 February 2020]. Xerochrysum ‘ Dargan Hill Monarch’, Australian Cultivar Registration Authority 1977. [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p., only populations in the Main, McPherson and Tweed Ranges, Queensland and New South Wales].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF5D012FF2D1EA4A0383DE5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from X. bracteatum by the perennial life form and shrub-like habit (v. annual or sometimes short-lived perennial, and erect habit), acuminate to cuspidate phyllary apices (v. apiculate), and foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 40 mm long (8 – 10 mm long in X. bracteatum). Distinguished from X. berarngutta by the taproot (v. rhizome), and the hispid leaf lamina adaxial indumentum (v. hirsute to pilose). Erect, taprooted, perennial shrub-like herb, up to ~ 80 cm tall. Stems and branches cobwebby, to felted, tomentose, villous, or woolly with septate trichomes, and with glands; internode length 5 – 40 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate or spathulate; 40 – 100 mm long and 10 – 25 mm wide, base amplexicaul and attenuate, margin cobwebby to villous with septate trichomes, apex obtuse and mucronate; abaxial indumentum cobwebby to tomentose or villous with septate trichomes, and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum cobwebby and villous with septate trichomes, or glabrous; adaxial indumentum cobwebby to hirsute with septate trichomes, and with glands. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 50 – 200 mm long and 5 – 20 mm wide, leaf base amplexicaul and attenuate, margin cobwebby, hispid, or woolly with septate trichomes, apex acute and mucronate; abaxial indumentum cobwebby to villous or tomentose with septate trichomes, and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum cobwebby, hirsute or woolly with septate trichomes, and with glands; adaxial indumentum cobwebby to hirsute or hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 40 mm long, margin felted to woolly. Capitula 50 – 90 mm wide, terminal, in panicles or solitary. Outer phyllaries ovate to broad-ovate, brown, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex cuspidate, or acute to acuminate. Medial phyllaries lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex acuminate to cuspidate. Stylar appendages deltoid to ovate. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.5 mm long and 0.9 mm wide, cross-section squarish to circular; pericarp straw- or brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF5D012FF2D1EA4A0383DE5.taxon	distribution	Distribution Restricted to South Eastern Queensland, and New South Wales North Coast bioregions along the Main Range (Great Dividing Range) from Cunninghams Gap, Queensland, south to Acacia Plateau, eastward along the McPherson Range to Springbrook and southward along the Tweed Range, New South Wales (Fig. 25). Phenology Recorded flowering November – March (Fig. 26) with mature cypselae collected in May. 152 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E 152 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E Habitat Xerochrysum frutescens inhabits rocky slopes and cliff tops at 1000 – 1150 - m altitude in skeletal loamy soils mostly on trachyte and basalt cliff edges of the Main Range and Tweed volcanoes. The species grows in open forest or shrub communities, mostly adjacent to rainforest including Nothofagus moorei closed forest. Associated taxa at Main Range sites include Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. montanum, Cuttsia viburnea, Pimelea umbratica, Doryanthes palmeri and at McPherson Range sites, Cassinia straminea, Coronidium telfordii, Podolepis monticola, Prostanthera lanceolata and Leucopogon sp. Lamington (G. Leiper AQ 633386). Conservation status Most populations occur in conservation reserves but there are no precise data on population sizes. Specimen label data indicate fewer than 10 known populations that are localised or restricted in extent, and most occur at altitudes of> 1000 m. Without population data it is not possible to confidently evaluate conservation status. Ongoing threats associated with anthropogenic climate change including heatwaves, extreme drought and intense fires potentially threaten X. frutescens and the associated vegetation. Given the very limited geographic range and estimated small population sizes, we suggest a ‘ Vulnerable ’ status is appropriate under the IUCN (2019) because it fulfils the criteria of D 1 and D 2. A precise assessment of population size and estimated stability would clarify whether X. frutescens should be listed as ‘ Vulnerable ’, ‘ Endangered ’ or ‘ Critically Endangered ’. Notes The two collections from Mount Merino Lookout (I. R. Telford 12886 and I. R. Telford 2632) have relatively long, scattered septate trichomes compared with the shorter, closely spaced septate trichomes seen on specimens from other populations.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF5D012FF2D1EA4A0383DE5.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is from the Latin frutex (a bush or shrub) and refers to the shrub-like habit of this species. Selected specimens examined QUEENSLAND: Moreton: Main Range National Park, ~ 200 m S of summit of Mount Cordeaux, 11 Mar. 2005, L. M. Copeland 3904 & A. J. Lynch (NE!, PERTH); Main Range National Park, Goomburra Section, 28 Oct. 2015, P. I. Forster 43151 (BRI!); Mount Mitchell, Cunninghams Gap, 18 Aug. 1992, P. I. Forster 11105 (BRI!); Mount Lindesay, base of trachyte cliffline, 15 Nov. 1990, P. I. Forster 7562 (BRI!). NEW SOUTH WALES: North Coast: McPherson Range, Limpinwood Nature Reserve, Mount Merino, 6 Nov. 2005, I. R. Telford 12886 (NE!); Koreelah National Park, 28 Mar. 2009, L. M. Copeland 4353 (CANB, NE!, NSW); Lamington Plateau, Hunter’s Lookout, 12 Mar. 2014, P. I. Forster 40802 (BRI!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Cook: Somerset Lookout, Fly Point, ~ 350 m SW of lookout parking area, 50 m from rocky coast, 28 June 2018, T. L. Collins 1061 & J. J. Bruhl, (holo: BRI!; iso: CANB!, CNS!, NE 107429!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from X. bracteatum by a perennial life form (v. annual or sometimes short-lived perennial), the presence of septate trichomes on leaf lamina abaxial surface (v. with glands), and the absence of glands on stems and leaf lamina adaxial surface (v. with glands). Distinguished from X. strictum, X. banksii and X. boreale by the absence of glands on stems and leaf adaxial surfaces (present on X. strictum, X. banksii and X. boreale).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	description	Decumbent to erect, taprooted, perennial herb. Stems and branches up to 70 cm long, cobwebby, hirsute, scabrid, or woolly, to glabrescent; internode length 10 – 20 mm. Previous season’s flowering stems marcescent. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spathulate, 70 – 120 mm long and 5 – 15 mm wide, base subamplexicaul, margin villous with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum villous with septate trichomes, and with glands, midvein indumentum pilose with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum villous with septate trichomes. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 50 – 100 mm long and 6 – 15 mm wide, base auriculate and amplexicaul, margin cobwebby and hirsute with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum hispid with septate trichomes and with glands, midvein indumentum cobwebby and hispid with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum cobwebby and hirsute with septate trichomes. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 6 – 8 mm long, margin woolly to cobwebby, and hispid. Capitula 30 – 40 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries ovate to broad-ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages deltoid. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.7 mm long and 0.75 mm wide, cross-section circular; pericarp straw- or brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 8 – 9 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known only from the Somerset area of northern Cape York and nearby islands in the Cape York Peninsula Bioregion (Fig. 27). Extensive survey of similar habitat on Cape York Peninsula has not recorded populations of Xerochrysum between Jardine River National Park and Cooktown, except for X. strictum near Coen (J. R. Clarkson, pers. comm., 2018).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Recorded in flower June – October and fruiting in June (Fig. 28). Habitat Windswept grassy herbfields among shrubland on low rocky headlands.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Population-size data are scant, with 50 – 100 plants being estimated at Somerset Lookout in 2018, and other specimen label data describing populations as ‘ sporadic’ (L. J. Brass 18778), and ‘ infrequent’ (K. R. Thiele 905). Given the very limited geographic range and estimated small population sizes, we suggest a ‘ Vulnerable ’ status is appropriate under the IUCN (2019) because it fulfils the criteria of D 1 and D 2. A precise assessment of population size and estimated stability would clarify whether X. gudang should be listed as ‘ Endangered ’ or ‘ Critically Endangered ’.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	discussion	Notes The decumbent habit observed in the field was retained on glasshouse-grown plants. The informal phrase name X. sp. Fly Point NE Herbarium has been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species epithet is the traditional name of the type locality, a place important to traditional owners (Christo Lifu, pers. comm., 2020), as a noun in apposition (Shenzhen Code art. 23.5; Turland et al. 2018).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF4D014FCF7198AA1273A27.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined QUEENSLAND: Cook: Albany Island, s. dat., W. Hill 71 (K 000899118 *); Fly Point, near Albany Pass, Cape York Peninsula, 25 June 1973, S. Powell 9 (CANB!); Fly Point, ~ 11 km SE of Cape York, 30 Oct. 1965, L. S. Smith 12636 (BRI!); Newcastle Bay, Cape York Peninsula, 15 Feb. 1986, D. L. Jones s. n. (BRI!); Newcastle Bay, 2.5 miles S of Somerset, 2 May 1948, L. J. Brass 18778 (A, CANB!); Headland above Nanthau Beach, 4.5 km direct line SSW of Somerset, 30 June 1985, K. R. Thiele 905 (CANB!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF2D016FCE91ECEA7C03A83.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: South Western Plains: Mid Western Highway, 21 km from Rankins Springs towards West Wyalong, 12 Oct. 2019, I. R. Telford 13546, J. J. Bruhl & S. Dema, (holo: NSW!; iso: BRI!, CANB!, MEL!, NE 109359!, US!). [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p. populations in south-western New South Wales, inland South Australia and inland Victoria with prominent, robust, hispid septate trichomes scattered on the leaf lamina adaxial surface, leaf margin and abaxial midvein only].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF2D016FCE91ECEA7C03A83.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from X. bracteatum and X. bicolor by the presence of foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 15 – 35 mm long (8 – 10 mm long in X. bracteatum; 5 – 6 mm long in X. bicolor), and the prominent, robust, hispid septate trichomes scattered on the leaf lamina adaxial surface, leaf margin and abaxial midvein. Further distinguished from X. bicolor by a strictly annual life form (v. perennial), and the attenuate leaf base (v. auriculate). Erect, taprooted, annual herb, 10 – 80 cm tall, depending on rainfall. Stems and branches cobwebby and hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands; internode length 15 – 30 mm. Basal leaf rosette may be present or absent at flowering. Basal leaves obovate to spathulate, 50 – 150 mm long and 10 – 40 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin hispid and pilose with septate trichomes, apex mucronate and apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum pilose with septate trichomes; adaxial leaf surface glabrous (with scattered septate trichomes). Cauline leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 60 – 160 mm long and 10 – 30 mm wide, base amplexicaul and attenuate, margin cobwebby and hispid with septate trichomes, apex acute and mucronate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum hispid or pilose with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hispid with septate trichomes, and with additional scattered large septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 15 – 35 mm long, margin hispid. Capitula 35 – 50 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries oblong to ovate, abaxially yellow, apex acuminate to cuspidate, or apiculate. Stylar appendages narrowly triangular to deltoid. Cypsela oblong, ~ 3.3 mm long and 1 mm wide, cross-section squarish; pericarp brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 8.5 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF2D016FCE91ECEA7C03A83.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs sporadically following winter rainfall over a broad area of South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales, in the Eyre Yorke Block, Gawler, Flinders Lofty Block, Murray – Darling Depression, and Riverina bioregions (Fig. 29). Phenology Recorded flowering August – October (Fig. 30). Habitat Shrubby and grassy eucalypt woodlands and Acacia shrublands, on orange – red sandy loams and red, gravelly, clay soils. Conservation status Occurs over a wide geographical area, including in several conservation reserves and is not considered to be rare or threatened. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019). Notes The informal phrase name Xerochrysum sp. Flinders Range NE Herbarium has been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF2D016FCE91ECEA7C03A83.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is from the Latin, hispidus (rough, shaggy, hairy), in reference to the indumentum, comprising scattered, large, spreading septate trichomes, occurring abaxially along the leaf midrib and adaxially over the lamina, which are particularly helpful in identifying specimens. Selected specimens examined SOUTH AUSTRALIA: unincorporated: Balcanoona, near Nudlamutana Well, 26 Oct. 1967, H. Eichler 19646 (AD!). Elliston: Hambidge Flora and Fauna Reserve, 18 Sep. 1966, C. R. Alcock 1023 (AD!). Cleve: Hincks National Park, summit of Verran Hill, 6 Oct. 1968, J. R. Wheeler 733 (AD!). NEW SOUTH WALES: unincorporated: Scotia Sanctuary, 22 May 2011, D. Wood 240 (CANB!). Lachlan: 2.5 miles [~ 4 km] E from Euabalong turn-off from Lake Cargelligo, 23 May 1969, P. N. Martensz 178 (CANB *). Cobar: 10.5 miles [~ 16.8 km] S of Cobar on Nymagee road, 30 Sep. 1966, C. W. E. Moore 4487 (CANB *). Coolamon: Near Ariah Park, ~ 40 km WNW of Temora, 28 Oct. 1978, C. J. Shepherd 870 (CANB *). VICTORIA: Mildura: Murray-Sunset National Park, 10 Oct. 2014, V. Stajsic 7611 (MEL!); Hattah Lakes National Park, 1 Oct. 1948, A. C. Beauglehole 1101 (MEL!); ~ 10.5 miles [~ 16.8 km] NW of Warooka, 25 Oct. 1967, T. Smith 774 (AD!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF0D018FC9C1F77A7CA3D60.taxon	materials_examined	Type: 4 miles [~ 6.4 km] east of Acacia Well, Undoolya, Northern Territory, 9 Nov. 1954, G. Chippendale 450 (holo: AD 95805047; iso: BRI, CANB 37993, DNA A 0000450, NSW 518728, PERTH 00423815 *). Erect, annual (never biennial), taprooted herb. Stems and branches hispid with septate trichomes, or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 15 – 20 mm. Basal leaf rosette often present at flowering, or absent (will flower with loose basal rosette in drier seasons). Basal leaves obovate to spathulate, 70 – 110 mm long and 15 – 35 mm wide, base auriculate and attenuate, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum pilose with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum with scattered septate trichomes. Cauline leaves spathulate to obovate, 50 – 200 mm long and 10 – 30 mm wide, leaf base attenuate and auriculate, margin hirsute with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula ~ 2 – 4 mm long or absent, margin fimbriate or hispid. Capitula 25 – 40 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate, abaxial surface smooth, apex obtuse or apiculate. Medial phyllaries ovate to narrow ovate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages narrowly triangular or rounded. Cypsela ~ 3.5 mm long and 0.9 mm wide, cross-section squarish or circular; pericarp grey – brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 10 – 11 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF0D018FC9C1F77A7CA3D60.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs sporadically following winter rainfall over a broad area in central Australia, including the Finke, MacDonnell Ranges, Great Sandy Desert, and Central Ranges bioregions, with a disjunct distribution in the Pilbara Bioregion (Fig. 31). Phenology Recorded flowering July – September and fruiting September – December. Habitat Acacia shrublands on red – orange sandy loam and gravelly loam soils. Notes A specimen from Balladonia, Western Australia (B. L. Turner 5251, MEL 602769!) is noteworthy in that it has cobwebby trichomes below the capitulum (v. short, stiff, septate trichomes) and immediately noticeable, much shorter (15 – 30 mm long) obovate cauline leaves (v. spathulate to obovate cauline leaves, 50 – 200 mm long). The area in which this collection was made is markedly disjunct from all other populations of X. interiore and other species of Xerochrysum in Western Australia Conservation status Occurs over a wide geographical area, including in several conservation reserves and is not considered to be rare or threatened. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019). Selected specimens examined NORTHERN TERRITORY: MacDonnell: 1.4 km N of Erldunda Roadhouse, ~ 50 m E of Stuart Highway, 25 Sep. 2016, J. J. Bruhl 3446 (NE!, NT!); Alice Springs, 500 m NE of the end of Baldissera Drive, 19 Oct. 2014, T. L. Collins 713 (NT!, NE!); S of Alice Springs, 17 km along Maryvale Road, 2 Jul. 2014, T. L. Collins 706 (NT!, NE!). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: unincorporated: De Rose Hill Station ~ 9 km NE of Homestead, 31 Aug. 1989, H. P. Vonow 1288 (AD!). WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Fortescue: Wanna Munna Road, Pilbara, 22 Aug. 2018, T. L. Collins 1073 & J. J. Bruhl (CANB!, NE!, NT!, PERTH!). Ngaanyatjarraku: ~ 49 km N of Mount Fanny on Giles – Mount Davies road, 11 May 1977, M. Lazarides 8341 (CANB, NSW, PERTH!). Dundas: 87.7 km E of Norseman on Eyre Highway, 16 Aug. 1995, R. J. Cranfield 10058 (PERTH!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFED01BFCC01917A1E23A4D.taxon	description	Erect, taprooted, annual to short-lived perennial herb up to ~ 70 cm. Stems and branches cobwebby to hirsute and hispid with septate trichomes, or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 20 – 40 mm. Basal leaf rosette usually absent at flowering. Basal leaves spathulate, 70 – 150 mm long and 15 – 25 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby to hirsute with septate trichomes, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum pilose with septate trichomes and with glands; adaxial indumentum with scattered septate trichomes. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, 30 – 100 mm long and 5 – 12 mm wide, base subauriculate and amplexicaul, margin hispid with septate trichomes, apex acute; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 5 – 7 mm long, margin hispid. Capitula 30 – 50 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, straw-coloured, pink, white, or occasionally yellow or brown; basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially white or yellow, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages deltoid. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.6 mm long and 0.8 mm wide, cross-section squarish; pericarp brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 7 – 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFED01BFCC01917A1E23A4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to south-western Western Australia in the Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, and Swan Coastal Plain bioregions (Fig. 32).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFED01BFCC01917A1E23A4D.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Recorded flowering September – December and fruiting in November – December. Habitat Shrubby and grassy eucalypt woodland on gravelly sandy loam soils.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFED01BFCC01917A1E23A4D.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Occurs over a wide geographical area, including in several conservation reserves and is not considered to be rare or threatened. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFED01BFCC01917A1E23A4D.taxon	discussion	Notes Some populations to the north and east of Perth consist entirely of plants with golden-yellow phyllaries. Molecular data confirmed that these are genetically similar to X. macranthum plants with white phyllaries. The informal phrase name X. sp. Golden was applied to populations with yellow phyllaries in the analyses.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFED01BFCC01917A1E23A4D.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Coorow: north heading track 7.0 km E of intersection of Coastal Road [Indian Ocean Drive] and Eneabba – Coolimba road, 20 Sep. 1994, E. D. Kabay 655 (PERTH!). Chittering: Wannamal (127 km N of Perth), 13 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1148 (CANB!, K!, NE!, PERTH!). Mundaring: Government Road (Chidlow Road), ~ 1.9 km S of Wooroloo, 13 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1150 (CANB!, NE!, PERTH!, US!); junction Turkey Farm track and York – Chidlow road, 2 Nov. 1996, B. J. Lepschi 3164 & T. R. Lally (AD, CANB, MEL, PERTH!); Wandoo National Park, Talbot West Road, 13 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1153 (CANB!, NE!, PERTH!). Kalamunda: Kalamunda National Park, 1 Nov. 2000, K. Macey 258 (PERTH!); Lesmurdie Falls National Park, 14 Sep. 1992, S. Patrick 1213 (PERTH!). West Arthur: ~ 23.5 km E of Collie, 19 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1164 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!, PERTH!). Boyup Brook: Donnybrook – Boyup Brook road and intersection with Camballan Road, 19 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1163 (CANB!, MO!, NE!, PERTH!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFDD01AFCFB1E01A17139E2.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Northern Tablelands: Roadside reserve, Old Gostwyck Road, ~ 180 m S of intersection with Bellandean Road, 11 Apr. 2017, T. L. Collins 957 & J. J. Bruhl, (holo: NSW!; iso: BRI!, CANB!, NE 104743!, K!). [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p., populations of annual or occasionally biennial plants with very small septate flagelliform trichomes on leaf abaxial surface naturally occurring on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, and in southern Queensland only].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFDD01AFCFB1E01A17139E2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from X. bracteatum by presence of a dense covering of very small septate flagelliform trichomes on leaf abaxial surface (X. bracteatum has no septate trichomes abaxially), cauline leaves 3 – 10 mm wide (5 – 25 mm wide in X. bracteatum); and from other similar species by the annual or biennial life form (v. perennial life form in X. copelandii and X. murapan), cauline leaf width (10 – 25 mm wide in X. murapan), foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 4 – 9 mm long (10 – 25 mm long in X. murapan), obtuse phyllary apices (acuminate in X. copelandii). Erect, taprooted, annual to short-lived perennial herb, up to ~ 1.3 m tall. Stems and branches cobwebby or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 10 – 40 mm. Basal leaf rosette may be present but usually marcescent at flowering. Basal leaves spathulate, 80 – 150 mm long and 15 – 30 mm wide, base subamplexicaul, margin pilose with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum hirsute to hispidulous with septate trichomes, and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum pilose with septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 30 – 110 mm long and 3 – 10 mm wide, leaf base subauriculate, margin hispid with septate trichomes, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum cobwebby and hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum cobwebby and hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 4 – 9 mm long or absent, margin with glands, cobwebby, fimbriate, and hispid. Capitula 30 – 45 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate to rounded, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate to hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries oblong, narrow ovate or elliptic, abaxially yellow, apex acuminate to apiculate. Stylar appendages narrowly triangular to triangular. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, cross-section squarish to circular; pericarp straw- or brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus ~ 6 – 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFDD01AFCFB1E01A17139E2.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs in the New England Tablelands and South Eastern Queensland bioregions, with disjunct populations on grassy balds at Bunya Mountains National Park in Queensland, and at Copeland Tops and in Barrington Tops National Park in New South Wales (Fig. 33). 150 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E 150 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E Phenology Recorded flowering November – May and fruiting December – May (Fig. 34). Habitat Grassy herblands and woodlands, often on basalt-derived clay soils, usually at altitudes of> 450 m. Conservation status Occurs over a wide geographical area, including in several conservation reserves and is not considered to be rare or threatened. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019). Notes Often with persistent, desiccated (marcescent) basal rosette leaves or leaf bases. A population introduced to Jukes Road, Queenstown, Tasmania, has become naturalised there (M. Baker, pers. comm., 2018). The informal phrase name Xerochrysum sp. Northern Tablelands NE Herbarium has been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFDD01AFCFB1E01A17139E2.taxon	etymology	Etymology Honouring my partner’s grandfather and mother, Eddie and Geraldine (Gerry) McSweeney of Dublin and Randwick respectively, both growers and lovers of plants. Orthography follows ICN Rec. 60 C. 4 (a) (Shenzhen Code, Turland et al. 2018). Selected specimens examined QUEENSLAND: Darling Downs: Bunya Mountains National Park, track to Barker Creek Lookout from Paradise, 21 Nov. 2018, T. L. Collins 1141 (BRI!, CANB!, NE!); Spring Creek Road, W of Condamine River, 20 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1039 & B. Wright (BRI!, CANB!, NE!); Eukey, Anderson Lane, 21 Nov. 2018, I. R. Telford 13531 (BRI!, CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Stanthorpe, 5 Nov. 1963, W. T. Jones s. n. (CANB 266087.1 *). NEW SOUTH WALES: Northern Tablelands: E of Glencoe, Costello Road, 8 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1147 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Ben Lomond Range, N of Guyra, 24 Feb. 1970, I. R. Telford 1415 (CANB *); ~ 20 miles [~ 32 km] from Guyra towards Glen Innes on New England Highway, 23 Feb. 1961, M. E. Phillips s. n. (CANB 14159.1 *, NSW 518529!); junction to New England National Park, 4 Feb. 1996, M. Ito 96011, T. Nishino & Y. Kita (AD, CANB *, NSW, TI); Waterfall Way, ~ 1.5 km E of Ebor, 22 Apr. 2018, T. L. Collins 1049 & D. T. Collins (AD!, CANB!, NE!, NSW!); near Meldrum between Dorrigo and Ebor, 16 May 1978, B. Barnsley 191 (CANB *); Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, Apsley Falls, 17 Feb. 2018, T. L. Collins 1015 (BRI!, CANB!, HO!, NE!, NSW!); Thunderbolts Way, ~ 4.96 km S of Nowendoc Road intersection, 22 Dec. 2017, T. L. Collins 1009 & P. L. Collins (BRI!, CANB!, E!, NE!, NSW!); Barrington Tops National Park, Gloucester Tops, 9 Apr. 2018, T. L. Collins 1042 (CANB!, MO!, NE!, NSW!, PERTH!). TASMANIA: Mount Jukes Road, 4.9 km from King River crossing, 20 Feb. 2005, M. L. Baker 1539 (CANB!, HO!, PERTH!); Mount Jukes Road, 21.4 km SSE of Queenstown, 23 Jan. 2018, J. R. Nevin 154 (NE!); Queenstown area, Mount Jukes Road, 4.85 km after the King River bridge, 1 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1023 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFAD01EFFD81AF7A5B63F92.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Northern Tablelands: Barrington Trail 0.6 km S of the Barrington Tops Forest Road, Barrington Tops State Conservation Area, 27 Feb. 2009, J. R. Hosking 3201 (holo: NSW!; iso: CANB, MEL, NE 95474!, PERTH). Xerochrysum bracteatum subsp. barringtonense MS, G. J. Harden, New South Wales Fl. Online (see http: // plantnet. rbgsyd. nsw. gov. au / floraonline. htm, accessed 21 May 2018). [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p., populations of perennial, shortly rhizomatous plants with branching habit restricted to Barrington Tops National Park, New South Wales only].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFAD01EFFD81AF7A5B63F92.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from other species, with which it has been confused in the past, by the perennial life form (v. X. bracteatum and X. macsweeneyorum annual to biennial), foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 25 mm long (v. 8 – 10 mm long on X. bracteatum and X. copelandii), inflorescences in panicles (v. X. neoanglicum inflorescence solitary), cuspidate to apiculate medial phyllary apices (v. X. neoanglicum obtuse), and cauline leaves 10 – 25 mm wide (v. X. neoanglicum leaves 2 – 12 mm wide; X. copelandii leaves 5 – 10 mm wide). Erect, rhizomatous or taprooted, perennial herb up to ~ 70 cm tall. Stems and branches becoming purple – red with age, cobwebby and hirsute with septate trichomes, or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 10 – 75 mm. Basal leaf rosette present or absent at flowering. Basal leaves spathulate, 60 – 180 mm long and 15 – 35 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin hirsute with septate trichomes, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes, midvein with scattered septate trichomes; adaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 30 – 200 mm long and 10 – 25 mm wide, base subauriculate and amplexicaul, margin cobwebby and hirsute with septate trichomes; apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum cobwebby and hirsute with septate trichomes, and with glands; midvein indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes or hispid with scattered glands; adaxial indumentum hispid with septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 25 mm long, margin woolly, or cobwebby, and hispid. Capitula 30 – 45 mm wide, terminal, in panicles or occasionally solitary. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, brown, basal margin fimbriate or hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate to apiculate. Stylar appendages ovate. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.3 mm long and 1 mm wide, cross-section squarish to circular; pericarp brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFAD01EFFD81AF7A5B63F92.taxon	distribution	Distribution Restricted to the Barrington Tops National Park in the New England Tablelands Bioregion, with known occurrences restricted to Barrington Tops itself and Gloucester Tops, ~ 22 km to the south-east, in New South Wales (Fig. 35). Phenology Recorded flowering February – April with mature cypselae recorded in February and April (Fig. 36). Habitat Occurs in eucalypt forest and woodland at altitudes of> 1000 m. Conservation status All existing collections come from either Barrington Tops National Park, including the Gloucester Tops area, or the adjoining Barrington Tops State Forest, with specimen label data estimating some populations comprising thousands of plants. Issues associated with anthropogenic climate change including heatwaves, extreme drought and intense fires are likely to present a threat to X. murapan and the associated vegetation in the future. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019), with the need for reassessment in the future if climate changes rapidly. Notes The informal phrase name Xerochrysum sp. Barrington Tops has been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFFAD01EFFD81AF7A5B63F92.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet, in reference to the phyllary colour on the type specimen, is the colour yellow in the Gathang and Wonaruah languages of the traditional owners of Barrington Tops (Stephen Brereton, pers. comm., 2020), and is used as a noun in apposition. Selected specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES: Northern Tablelands: Moonan State Park [Barrington Tops State Forest], Cobark Lookout, 5 Feb. 1996, M. Ito 96029, T. Nishino & Y. Kita (CANB, MEL!, NSW, TI); Barrington Trail, 0.6 km south of the Barrington Tops Forest Road, 27 Feb. 2009, J. R. Hosking 3204 (CANB, MEL, NE!, NSW, PERTH); Barrington Tops National Park, Gloucester Tops, 9 Apr. 2018, T. L. Collins 1041 (CANB!, BRI!, NE!, NSW!); Barrington Tops National Park, Polblue Swamp, 10 Apr. 2018, T. L. Collins 1044 (CANB!, BRI!, NE!, NSW!); Barrington Tops National Park, Bull Ridge Road, 10 Apr. 2018, T. L. Collins 1046 (CANB!, BRI!, NE!, NSW!); Careys Peak, Barrington Tops, 12 Feb. 1971, I. R. Telford 2729 (CANB!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF8D000FFDE1808A63E38FD.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Northern Tablelands: 400 m N of Glencoe along New England Highway, E side of road, 8 Nov. 2002, L. M. Copeland 3468, J. J. Bruhl & I. R. Telford, (holo: NSW!; iso: BRI!, CANB!, K!, MEL!, NE 80118!, PERTH!, US!). Xerochrysum bracteatum subsp. barringtonense MS, G. J. Harden, New South Wales Fl. Online (see http: // plantnet. rbgsyd. nsw. gov. au / floraonline. htm, accessed 21 May 2018). Xerochrysum sp. Glencoe (M. Gray 4401) NE Herbarium, CHAH, Austral. Pl. Census (2020) [accessed 20 February 2020]. [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p., populations with a solitary inflorescence, annually arising from a perennial crown and restricted to the New England Tablelands Bioregion and Barrington Tops, New South Wales only].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF8D000FFDE1808A63E38FD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from other species, with which it has been confused in the past, by the perennial life form (v. annual or biennial in X. bracteatum), solitary inflorescence (v. paniculate in X. bracteatum, X. copelandii, and X. murapan), presence of septate trichomes on leaf abaxial surface (v. absent in X. bracteatum), leaves 2 – 12 mm wide (5 – 25 mm wide in X. bracteatum and 10 – 25 mm wide in X. murapan, and 5 – 10 mm wide in X. copelandii), and foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 20 mm long (8 – 10 mm long in X. bracteatum and 8 – 10 mm long or sometimes absent in X. copelandii). Erect, taprooted, perennial herb annually reshooting from a crown, up to ~ 50 cm tall. Stems and branches becoming reddish with age, cobwebby, hirsute to woolly with septate trichomes, and with glands; internode length 15 – 30 mm. Basal leaf rosette usually present at flowering. Basal leaves oblong to obovate, 30 – 100 mm long and 10 – 20 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby to villous with septate trichomes, apex mucronate and apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum cobwebby or villous with septate trichomes, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hirsute to villous with septate trichomes, and with glands. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 25 – 100 mm long and 2 – 12 mm wide, base attenuate, margin cobwebby or villous with septate trichomes, and hispid, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum hirsute with septate trichomes, and with glands, midvein indumentum cobwebby with septate trichomes, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispid to pilose with septate trichomes, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 20 mm long, margin woolly or cobwebby. Capitula 35 – 60 mm wide, terminal, solitary (never branched). Outer phyllaries broad-ovate to ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid (extending to the apex), abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries oblong to narrow ovate, abaxially yellow, apex apiculate. Stylar appendages clavate to ovate. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.2 mm long and ~ 1 mm wide, cross-section squarish to circular; pericarp straw- or brass-coloured, idioblasts absent. Pappus deciduous, ~ 8 mm long, apical cells often tinted red.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF8D000FFDE1808A63E38FD.taxon	distribution	Distribution Xerochrysum neoanglicum is widespread through the New England Tablelands Bioregion (NETB) from the eastern edge of the Granite Belt near Wallangarra, Queensland, south through the higher eastern edge of the NETB to Werrikimbe National Park, New South Wales, and in the New South Wales North Coast Bioregion at Barrington Tops National Park (Fig. 37). Phenology Recorded flowering November – February (Fig. 38). 150 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E 150 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E Habitat Xerochrysum neoanglicum grows in frost hollows, gullies and on swamp margins at 850 – 1350 - m altitude. The vegetation is usually herbfield or Eucalyptus pauciflora grassy woodland, soils are mostly clay loam on basalt, occasionally on humic silt on granite (Granite Belt and Boonoo Boonoo). Other taxa recorded at sites include Eucalyptus acaciiformis, Poa sieberiana and Carex sp. Majors Point (L. M. Copeland 1812). Conservation status Invasive grass species and their management on road reserves, land clearing and improved pastures, small population sizes and potential in-breeding depression, and issues associated with anthropogenic climate change, in particular extreme drought, present threats to X. neoanglicum. Unregulated seed collection and over-grazing could also threaten populations by depleting seedbanks, trampling habitat, and introducing invasive species and pathogens. We recommend a status of ‘ Vulnerable ’ under the (IUCN 2019), as it fulfils the criteria for VU D 1. Notes This species has horticultural potential with large inflorescences borne on single-stems and a naturally compact habit. Native plant nurseries and societies on the Northern Tablelands have been growing and selling this species for several years; however, plants can be difficult to maintain because they appear to be drought sensitive (T. L. Collins, pers. obs., 2016 and 2021; J. Nevin, pers. comm., 2020). The unpublished name X. bracteatum subsp. barringtonense Paul G. Wilson MS has been applied to this species.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFF8D000FFDE1808A63E38FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet recognises the New England Tablelands from where this species is mostly found. Selected specimens examined QUEENSLAND: Darling Downs: Mount Norman, Wallangarra, 3 Oct. 1998, D. Hockings s. n. (BRI-AQ 663705!); Racecourse Creek Swamp, 25 km E of Mount Norman picnic area, 24 Dec. 1999, F. D. Hockings 1003 (BRI!). NEW SOUTH WALES: Northern Tablelands: Boonoo Boonoo, Resurrection Creek, at Mount Lindesay Road crossing, 8 Nov. 2010, I. R. Telford 13334 & T. Vollbon (BRI!, CANB!, K!, MEL!, MO!, NE!, NSW!, NY!, US!); E of Glencoe, Costello Road, 8 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1146 (CANB!, NE!, NSW); 5.4 km N of Llangothlin along road to Ben Lomond, 12 Nov. 2005, L. M. Copeland 4006 (CANB, NE!, NSW, US); Little Llangothlin Nature Reserve, Billy Bung Lagoon, 20 Nov. 2005, I. R. Telford 12914 (CANB!, CHR!, MEL!, NE!, NSW!, US!); NE of Ebor along Waterfall Way, 17 Dec. 2016, J. J. Bruhl 3511 & I. R. Telford (NE!); Werrikimbe National Park, SW side of Racecourse Swamp, 13 Feb. 2003, L. M. Copeland 3561, J. Hodgon & I. R. Telford (CANB!, MEL!, NE!, NSW!, PERTH!); alongside Edwards Swamp Trail, north of Barrington River, 23 Feb. 2005, J. R. Hosking 2586 (CANB, MEL, NE!, NSW).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE6D003FF231C84A6C93BD7.taxon	description	Erect, taprooted, perennial herb. Stems and branches cobwebby, hirsute, hispid, or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 1 – 40 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Basal leaves spathulate, 50 – 120 mm long and 10 – 20 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby or hispid, apex apiculate and mucronate; basal leaf abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein glabrous (occasionally with scattered septate trichomes); adaxial indumentum hispid and with glands. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 35 – 150 mm long and 3 – 10 mm wide, base subauriculate, margin cobwebby, hispid, scabrid, and with glands, apex apiculate and mucronate; abaxial indumentum with scattered septate trichomes and glands, midvein indumentum cobwebby, hispid, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispid and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 35 mm long, margin cobwebby, hispid and with glands. Capitula 35 – 55 mm wide, terminal, in panicles or solitary. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, pink, brown, or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex acuminate to apiculate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially white or yellow, apex cuspidate or apiculate. Stylar appendages clavate to ovate. Cypsela ~ 2.8 mm long and 1 mm wide, cross-section squarish or circular; pericarp brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 7 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE6D003FF231C84A6C93BD7.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs sporadically in Tasmania, the Bass Strait islands and on Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, in the Tasmanian South East, Furneaux and South East Coastal Plain bioregions (Fig. 39).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE6D003FF231C84A6C93BD7.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Flowering recorded August – March. Habitat Occurs in coastal heath and margins of eucalypt forests on sandy soils from sea level to ~ 650 - m altitude.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE6D003FF231C84A6C93BD7.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Many populations occur in conservation reserves; however, there are no data on population sizes. Currently considered ‘ Not Threatened ’ (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au). We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE6D003FF231C84A6C93BD7.taxon	discussion	Notes Labillardière’s specimen at FI (006315) is here selected as the lectotype, because it is the most complete of the available specimens here considered to comprise original material, and has been extensively annotated by Labillardière. Material at FI, G-DC and MEL, here treated as probable isolectotypes, appear to have been collected on the same voyage as the isolectotype to judge from annotations on the specimens. The common names ‘ cliff paperdaisy’ and ‘ cliff everlasting’ are used for X. papillosum in Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE6D003FF231C84A6C93BD7.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined VICTORIA: South Gippsland: Wilsons Promontory National Park, 10 Nov. 1983, A. C. Beauglehole 75352 (MEL!); South Cape Bay, 6 Apr. 1930, H. F. Comber 2278 (E 00231983!, HO). TASMANIA: Little Dog Island, Furneaux Group, 28 Aug. 1973, J. S. Whinray 186 (CANB!); Mount Chappell Island, Furneaux Group, 8 Feb. 1972, J. S. Whinray 222 (CANB!); Sea Lion Island, near its centre, 29 Aug. 1985, J. S. Whinray 8758 (CANB!); Flinders Island, slopes of Strzelecki Peaks, 28 Feb. 1977, B. C. Crisp 460 (CANB!); Mount Chappell Island, S end, 1 Nov. 1992, R. Burns 444 (CANB!); Mount Chappell Island, Mount Chappell, N face, 1 Nov. 1992, R. Burns 436 (CANB!); St Patricks Head State Reserve, upper slopes and summit, 6 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1037 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Eaglehawk Neck, Tessellated Pavement, 28 Feb. 2018, T. L. Collins 1018 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE5D005FF2D1FA1A0A23C3C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Atherton Tableland: Herberton – Irvinebank Road, ~ 6.2 km W of Atherton – Herberton road, 27 June 2018, T. L. Collins 1058 & J. J. Bruhl, (holo: BRI!; iso: CANB!, CNS!, NE 107426!). Xerochrysum bracteatum subsp. (Mount Elliot A. R. Bean 3593), A. E. Holland in P. D. Bostock and A. E. Holland (eds), Census Queensl. Fl. 32 (2007); CHAH, Austral. Pl. Census (2020) [accessed 20 February 2020]. Xerochrysum sp. ‘ Cockatoo Creek’, P. G. Wilson, Nuytsia 28: 13 (2017). [Xerochrysum bracteatum auct. non (Vent.) Tzvelev: N. N. Tzvelev, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 151 (1990), p. p., populations of erect, perennial plants with hirsute cauline leaves with septate trichomes and stipitate glands on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces, in central and northern Queensland only].	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE5D005FF2D1FA1A0A23C3C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from other species growing in northern Queensland or those with which it has been confused in the past, by the perennial life form (v. X. bracteatum annual or biennial), presence of septate trichomes and stipitate glands on leaf abaxial surface (v. X. bracteatum and X. banksii with glands only), hirsute leaf indumentum adaxially (v. X. bracteatum hispid), erect habit (v. X. banksii prostrate; X. gudang decumbent to erect), acuminate medial phyllary apices (v. X. bracteatum and X. banksii obtuse, X. boreale cuspidate), leaves 5 – 25 mm wide (leaves 5 – 10 mm wide in X. banksii, 4 – 9 mm wide in X. boreale, and 6 – 15 mm wide in X. gudang), and presence of persistent glands on leaf adaxial surface (v. fragile and readily lost in X. boreale and X. gudang). Erect, taprooted, perennial herb, up to ~ 1.3 m tall, readily resprouting from taproot. Stems and branches cobwebby or woolly, hirsute, and with glands; internode length 15 – 25 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering unless resprouting. Basal leaves obovate, 80 – 120 mm long and 20 – 50 mm wide, base subauriculate and amplexicaul, margin woolly, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum villous with septate hairs and stipitate glands, midvein indumentum hirsute; adaxial indumentum villous. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 50 – 200 mm long and 5 – 25 mm wide, base subauriculate and amplexicaul, margin cobwebby to cottony, or hirsute, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum cobwebby to hirsute, and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum cobwebby to hirsute; adaxial indumentum hirsute and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 5 – 10 mm long, margin with glands, cobwebby, and hispid. Capitula 30 – 40 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, yellow, brown, or straw-coloured; basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex acuminate. Stylar appendages narrowly triangular to obovate. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.2 mm long and ~ 0.7 mm wide, cross-section circular; pericarp straw- or brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE5D005FF2D1FA1A0A23C3C.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to Queensland, occurring in the Brigalow Belt North, Einasleigh Uplands and Cape York Peninsula Bioregions and as disjunct populations in the Brigalow Belt South Bioregion (Fig. 40). Phenology Recorded flowering June – November and fruiting recorded in July (Fig. 41). Habitat Grassy eucalypt woodland at altitudes of> 500 m in the northern distribution and> 300 - m altitude in the Brigalow Belt South Bioregion. Conservation status Occurs over a wide geographical area, including in several conservation reserves and is not considered to be rare or threatened. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019). Notes Xerochrysum strictum is a morphologically variable species distributed along a geographic cline, with some populations having distinctly narrow leaves, such as, for example, S. A. Morain 197 and R. J. Fensham 253, similar to a population included in this study from Blackbraes National Park (T. L. Collins 1067) in the western part of the distribution. Specimens from Mount Fox seemingly have no glands on the uppermost cauline leaf margins, and no glands on the stems, for example, M. S. Clemens s. n. (BRI 248110!), M. S. Clemens s. n. (BRI 362638!). The informal phrase name Xerochrysum sp. North Kennedy has been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE5D005FF2D1FA1A0A23C3C.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is from the Latin, strictus (tight, close, straight, drawn together), and refers to the erect habit seen in the field and in cultivation. Selected specimens examined QUEENSLAND: Cook: McIlwraith Range, edge of scrub, north-west of campsite, 25 May 2003, D. L. Jones 18897 (CANB!); Herberton Range Ridge Road, 27 June 2018, T. L. Collins 1051 & J. J. Bruhl (BRI!, CANB!, CNS!, NE!); Herberton – Irvinebank road, 27 June 2018, T. L. Collins 1058 & J. J. Bruhl (BRI!, CANB!, CNS!, NE!); SSW of Wondecla, 1 July 2018, T. L. Collins 1063 & J. J. Bruhl (BRI!, CANB!, CNS!, NE!); Blackbraes National Park, 2 July 2018, T. L. Collins 1067 & J. J. Bruhl (BRI!, CANB!, CNS!, NE!). North Kennedy: ~ 17 km W of Paluma along road to Hidden Valley, 11 Nov. 2006, J. J. Bruhl 2473 (BRI!, NE!); ~ 700 m SSE of Mount Zero along high-tension power-line access track, 11 Nov. 2006, J. J. Bruhl 2477 & I. R. Telford (BRI!, NE!, NSW!); base of Roma Peak, ~ 40 km S of Bowen, 30 June 1991, A. R. Bean 3347 (BRI!); 21 km NW of Pentland on road to Lolworth Station, Hughenden, 24 July 1975, A. D. Chapman 1355 (BRI!, CANB). South Kennedy: Clarke Range, ~ 8 km NW of Eungella, 24 June 2014, I. R. Telford 13489, J. J. Bruhl & C. J. Prychid (BRI!, CANB!, NE!, US!). Leichardt: W lower slopes of Wolgang [Wolfgang] Peak, 17 Oct. 1983, R. J. Henderson H 2912 & G. P. Guymer (CANB!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE3D004FC9D18C9A1073B69.taxon	description	Erect, taprooted, perennial herb, up to ~ 60 cm tall. Stems and branches scabrid and with glands, internode length 5 – 20 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Basal leaves oblanceolate to spathulate, 50 – 120 mm long and 3 – 15 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin hispid and with glands, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein glabrous (occasionally with scattered septate trichomes); adaxial indumentum pilose. Cauline leaves linear to oblanceolate, 20 – 80 mm long and 1 – 5 mm wide, base truncate, apex acute or apiculate and mucronate, margin hispid and with glands; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum with glands (occasionally with scattered septate trichomes); adaxial indumentum hispid and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 4 – 8 mm long, margin with glands. Capitula 20 – 30 mm wide, terminal, in panicles or solitary. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex acuminate or apiculate. Medial phyllaries oblong, ovate or narrow ovate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate or apiculate. Stylar appendages narrowly triangular or deltoid. Cypsela ~ 2.2 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, cross-section squarish or circular; pericarp brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 7 – 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE3D004FC9D18C9A1073B69.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs over a broad area from Victoria to south-eastern Queensland. Recorded in the Murray – Darling Depression, Riverina, New South Wales South Western Slopes, South Eastern Highlands, Brigalow Belt South, Nandewar, New England Tablelands, and South Eastern Queensland bioregions (Fig. 42).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE3D004FC9D18C9A1073B69.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Recorded flowering October – March. Habitat Occurs in woodlands and open forests on gravelly and sandy soils.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE3D004FC9D18C9A1073B69.taxon	discussion	Notes Lower cauline leaves on primary shoots are longer and broader than those higher and on axillary branches. Glands on leaves and stems are fragile and commonly leak resin, coating leaves and stems and leaving a shiny or varnished appearance. Populations in the Torrington State Conservation Area have slightly broader and more scabrid leaves, for example, P. J. Clarke s. n. (NE 85889!), C. E. Nano 48 (NE 66184!). ‘ Sticky everlasting’ is in use in New South Wales (New South Wales Flora Online, see http: // plantnet. rbgsyd. nsw. gov. au / floraonline. htm) and Victoria (Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, VicFlora, see https: // vicflora. rbg. vic. gov. au /, accessed 22 March 2020).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE3D004FC9D18C9A1073B69.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Recorded over a wide geographical area, including in several conservation reserves and is not considered to be rare or threatened. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE3D004FC9D18C9A1073B69.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined QUEENSLAND: Burnett: Coomba Falls, near Maidenwell, 25 Mar. 1997, P. I. Forster 20583 (BRI!). Darling Downs: 5 km from Wallangarra along New England Highway towards Stanthorpe, 21 Jan. 2009, I. R. Telford 13281 & J. J. Bruhl (BRI, CANB, NE!). NEW SOUTH WALES: Northern Tablelands: Torrington SRA, 16 Jan. 1997, C. E. Nano 48 (NE!); Oxley Wild Rivers National Park, Apsley Falls, 17 Feb. 2018, T. L. Collins 1014 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!). Central Western Slopes: Mudgee – Muswellbrook road, 16 Dec. 2017, T. L. Collins 1008 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!); Wellington, 2 km NE from summit of Mount Arthur, 10 May 2017, M. R. Thomas 28 (NE!). Central Tablelands: Western Highway, W of Lithgow, 16 Dec. 2017, T. L. Collins 1007 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!, US!). AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: Black Mountain ACT, lower slope, 6 Dec. 2017, T. L. Collins 991 (CANB!, NE!, NSW!). VICTORIA: St Arnaud, 2 km SW of T-junction of Wimmera Highway with Dundas Street, 22 Oct. 2018, J. R. Nevin 164 (BRI!, CANB!, CHR!, MEL!, NE!, NSW!, US!); Warby-Ovens National Park, below road to Pine Gully Walk, 20 Dec. 2018, J. R. Hosking 4060 (AD!, CANB!, MEL!, NE!, NSW!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE2D006FCC91F13A1923C00.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Darling: Porongurup National Park, upper slopes and summit of Devils Slide, 17 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1160 (holo: PERTH!; iso: CANB!, NSW!, NE 108019!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE2D006FCC91F13A1923C00.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from X. macranthum by a perennial life form (v. annual or biennial), cauline leaves 10 – 20 mm wide (v. 5 – 12 mm), capitula 40 – 60 mm wide (v. 30 – 50 mm wide). Erect or occasionally decumbent, taprooted, perennial shrub-like herb, 30 – 180 cm in length. Stems and branches cobwebby to hispid, scabrid, and with glands; internode length 15 – 50 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Basal leaves spathulate, 80 – 160 mm long and 20 – 30 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby to pilose, and hispid; apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum pilose and with glands, midvein indumentum pilose and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispid, pilose, and with glands. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, 60 – 110 mm long and 10 – 20 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby, hispid, and scabrid, apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum with sessile glands and scattered septate trichomes; midvein indumentum hispid, scabrid, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispid, scabrid, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula ~ 10 mm long, margin cobwebby and hispid. Capitula 40 – 60 mm wide, terminal, in panicles. Outer phyllaries broad-ovate, pink, white, or straw-coloured; basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex apiculate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to elliptic, abaxially white, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages ovate. Cypsela oblong, ~ 2.1 mm long and 0.9 mm wide, cross-section squarish or circular; pericarp brown, idioblasts present. Pappus deciduous, ~ 7 – 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE2D006FCC91F13A1923C00.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to the far south-west of Western Australia and recorded in the Esperance, Jarrah Forest and Warren bioregions (Fig. 43). Phenology Recorded flowering November – January and fruiting December – February (Fig. 44). Habitat Occurring in diverse habitats from montane heath and scree slopes at ~ 1000 - m altitude to coastal heath near sea level, on skeletal sandy soils. Conservation status All known populations occur in conservation reserves, but appear to be restricted to specific habitats. We recommend a status of ‘ Data Deficient ’ (IUCN 2019) and suggest that a detailed analysis of the area of extent be conducted to determine appropriate conservation status. Notes At Toolbrunup in Stirling Range National Park, large plants up to 1.8 m in length were seen decumbent across the scree-slope below the summit, with stem diameters up to ~ 100 mm. Occasional plants have been recorded at lower elevations (e. g. J. R. Wheeler 4022 (PERTH! )), possibly owing to flower picking and subsequent discarding by bushwalkers; however, these lowland populations in Stirling Range National Park do not appear to persist (T. L. Collins, pers. obs., 2018). The informal phrase-names X. sp. Porongurup, X. sp. Limestone and X. sp. Forests have been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE2D006FCC91F13A1923C00.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet honours the work of botanist Paul Graham Wilson (1928 –), of the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH), who has contributed greatly to Australian daisy taxonomy. Selected specimens examined WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Darling: Stirling Range National Park, summit of Bluff Knoll, 16 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1157 (CANB!, K!, NE!, PERTH!, US!); Stirling Range National Park, summit of Toolbrunup, 16 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1158 (CANB!, NE!, PERTH!); Walpole – Nornalup National Park, Conspicuous Cliffs, 18 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1161 (CANB!, K!, NE!, NSW!, PERTH!, US!); Walpole – Nornalup National Park, Delta Road, 18 Dec. 2018, T. L. Collins 1162 (CANB!, NE!, PERTH!); Collier Peak, Porongurup Range, 20 Nov. 1987, G. J. Keighery 8722 (PERTH!); Yallerungup Peak, Porongurup Range, 15 Dec. 1986, G. J. Keighery 8419 (PERTH!); Mount Many Peaks, 4 Oct. 1994, S. Barrett 24 (PERTH!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE0D009FC9B18AEA48A3BFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Lake Lea Road, Tasmania, 17 Feb. 1998, A. M. Buchanan 15101 (holo: HO 324393). Erect, perennial, rhizomatous herb up to 20 cm. Stems and branches cobwebby and with glands, internode length 10 – 35 mm. Basal leaf rosette present at flowering. Basal leaves obovate, 20 – 60 mm long and 10 – 25 mm wide, base attenuate, margin cottony and with glands, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein glabrous; adaxial indumentum hispid and with glands (hispid indumentum on midvein basally). Cauline leaves obovate, 20 – 50 mm long and 1 – 3 mm wide, base attenuate, margin cobwebby or cottony, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum with glands; adaxial indumentum with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 10 – 12 mm long (with fimbriate apical hairs), margin cobwebby and with glands. Capitula 30 – 45 mm wide, terminal, solitary. Outer phyllaries ovate, straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate, extending to apex, abaxial surface scabridulous towards apex, apex fimbriate. Medial phyllaries lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate. Stylar appendages clavate. Cypsela 2.3 mm long and 0.75 – 1 mm wide, cross-section with oblique angles; pericarp grey – brown, idioblasts absent. Pappus persistent, ~ 5 – 6 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFE0D009FC9B18AEA48A3BFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurring in the Tasmanian Central Highlands and Ben Lomond bioregions (Fig. 45). Phenology Recorded flowering February – March and fruiting in March. Habitat Alpine herbfields and shrublands at> 900 - m altitude. 145 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E 145 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E Conservation status Considered widespread (Wilson 2017), and recorded in several conservation reserves, currently listed as ‘ Data Deficient ’ in Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au). We recommend a status of ‘ Data Deficient ’ (IUCN 2019) and suggest that a detailed analysis of area of extent, population sizes and health be conducted to determine appropriate conservation status. Selected specimens examined TASMANIA: Vale of Belvoir Conservation Reserve, Lake Lee Road, 2 Mar. 2018, T. L. ttp: // anpsa. org. au / APOL 2006 / ju Collins 1024 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Cradle Mountain National Park, Face Track, 3 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1030 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!), summit of Blue Tier, 23 Feb. 1878, A. Simson 1101 (MEL 0061148 A).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEFD00BFFDD1FB4A6A339E2.taxon	materials_examined	Type: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: Ansons Bay Road, ~ 4.5 km N of Reids Road, SW side of road, ~ 70 m from road edge, 6 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1036 & R. L. Andrew, (holo: HO!; iso: CANB!, NE 106812!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEFD00BFFDD1FB4A6A339E2.taxon	description	150 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEFD00BFFDD1FB4A6A339E2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished by the sessile glands on the adaxial leaf surface (v. stipitate glands in X. subundulatum; absent in X. palustre), foliaceous bracts subtending capitula up to 15 mm long (v. 5 – 10 mm long on X. palustre), leaves 2 – 10 mm wide (v. 5 – 20 mm in X. subundulatum), outer phyllary abaxial surface scabridulous (v. smooth in X. palustre). Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herb, 30 – 60 cm tall. Stems and branches cobwebby to glabrescent, internode length 10 – 20 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Seedling and basal leaves not seen. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 20 – 60 mm long and 2 – 10 mm wide, base attenuate, margin cobwebby, hispid, or glabrous, apex acute and apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein glabrous or indumentum hispid; adaxial indumentum cobwebby, scattered hispid, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 15 mm long, margin cobwebby. Capitula 35 – 40 mm wide, terminal, solitary. Outer phyllaries ovate, orange, brown, or straw-coloured; basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface scabridulous, apex acuminate to apiculate. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex cuspidate or apiculate. Stylar appendages ovate. Cypsela oblong, 2.3 mm long and 0.8 mm wide, cross-section squarish to circular; pericarp brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus persistent.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEFD00BFFDD1FB4A6A339E2.taxon	distribution	Distribution Recorded from New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, occurring in the Sydney Basin, South East Corner, Australian Alps, and Ben Lomond bioregions (Fig. 46). Phenology Flowering February – April and fruiting March (Fig. 47). Habitat Lowland wetlands in Tasmania to wetlands up to ~ 1400 - m altitude on the mainland in New South Wales and Victoria. Conservation status Population sizes in Tasmania have been estimated in the hundreds to thousands. Ongoing threats associated with anthropogenic climate change; in particular, extreme drought, and intense wildfire, potentially threaten X. andrewiae across the distribution. Given the past taxonomic confusion, we recommend a status of ‘ Data Deficient ’ (IUCN 2019) and suggest that a detailed analysis of the area of extent, population sizes and health be conducted to determine appropriate conservation status. Notes At Tantawangalo State Forest populations of X. palustre sens. str. and X. andrewiae are sympatric and mixed collections have been made (e. g.: D. L. Jones 17164, MEL 2101319!, CANB 616790). The informal phrase name Xerochrysum aff. palustre has been used at NE for curatorial purposes and this study.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEFD00BFFDD1FB4A6A339E2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet recognises the significant contributions of botanist, supervisor and co-collector of the type, Rose Lorien Andrew (1978 –), of the University of New England Armidale, New South Wales. Selected specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES: Central Tablelands: Kanangra Walls, 22 Mar. 2011, R. Johnstone 2906 (BRI, CANB, MEL!, NSW!); Kanangra Boyd National Park, 19 Apr. 2015, J. Miles 15 – 50 (NSW!); Kanangra Walls Road, 12 Jan. 2001, D. L. Jones 17798 (CANB *, MEL, NSW); Jensens Swamp, 1 Mar. 1985, D. H. Benson 2330 (NSW!). South Coast: Coolumbooka Nature Reserve, 30 Apr. 2002, I. Crawford 7018 (CANB!); on Outskirt Creek tributary arm in NW corner of Bondi or Mountain Top Travelling Stock Reserve, 16 Feb. 2015, J. Miles 15 – 27 (NSW!); Bega Swamp at the head of Brogo River, 6 May 1976, R. Pullen 10268 (CANB!, NSW); ~ 9.8 km E of Cathcart towards Pambula, 8 Feb. 2000, D. L. Jones 17157 (MEL!); Badja State Forest, 12 Feb. 2004, N. G. Walsh 6006 (MEL!); 17.8 km E of Braidwood – Clyde Mountain, 19 Mar. 2006, D. L. Jones 19352 (CANB, MEL!). VICTORIA: East Gippsland: Alpine National Park, Playgrounds, 10 Feb. 2005, N. G. Walsh 6260 (MEL!); Alpine National Park, Cowombat Flat Track, 10 Feb. 2005, N. G. Walsh 6258 (MEL!); Snowy River National Park, 11 Jan. 1993, I. R. Telford 11782 (CANB *, MEL); Bidwell, Upper Delegate River, 19 Jan. 1953, R. Melville 2959 (MEL!, NSW). TASMANIA: North East: Break O’Day: Bells Marsh, 13 Apr. 2009, M. Wapstra 714 (HO!); Powers Rivulet Marsh, 12 May 2009, M. Wapstra 717 (HO!); unnamed marsh, W of Ansons Bay Road, 13 Apr. 2009, M. Wapstra 715 (HO!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEDD00AFCCB1AF7A6033A33.taxon	materials_examined	Type: St Valentines Peak, Tasmania, 13 Jan. 1986, P. Collier 1206 (holo: HO 116970).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEDD00AFCCB1AF7A6033A33.taxon	description	Erect, perennial, fibrous-rooted herb up to ~ 25 cm. Stems and branches hirsute or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 10 – 35 mm. Basal leaf rosette present or absent at flowering. Basal leaves obovate to spathulate, 20 – 80 mm long and 5 – 10 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby or hirsute, apex mucronate or apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum with glands; adaxial indumentum hirsute and with glands. Cauline leaves oblanceolate, 20 – 40 mm long and 3 – 7 mm wide, leaf base attenuate, margin cobwebby or woolly, and hispid; apex mucronate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum with glands; adaxial indumentum hirsute and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 7 – 12 mm long, margin cobwebby or hispid. Capitula 30 – 40 mm wide, terminal, solitary. Outer phyllaries ovate, white, basal margin fimbriate or hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex acute. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially white, apex apiculate. Stylar appendages ovate. Cypsela ~ 2.5 mm long and 0.75 mm wide, cross-section with oblique angles; pericarp brown, idioblasts indistinct. Pappus persistent, ~ 6 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEDD00AFCCB1AF7A6033A33.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to Tasmania in the Central Highlands Bioregion (Fig. 48). 145 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E 145 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEDD00AFCCB1AF7A6033A33.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Fruiting recorded in March. Habitat Steep rocky ridges and outcrops on mountain sides, growing in skeletal gravelly soils and cracks in rocks.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEDD00AFCCB1AF7A6033A33.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Listed as of conservation significance in Tasmania because of occurrence in only one bioregion and being endemic to Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. natural valuesatlas. tas. gov. au). We recommend a status of ‘ Data Deficient ’ (IUCN 2019) and suggest that a detailed analysis of the area of extent, population sizes and health be conducted to determine appropriate conservation status.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEDD00AFCCB1AF7A6033A33.taxon	discussion	Notes The common name ‘ quartzite paperdaisy’ is in use in Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvalues atlas. tas. gov. au).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEDD00AFCCB1AF7A6033A33.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined TASMANIA: Central Highlands: Mount Claude Lookout track from Olivers Road, 2 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1026 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); on rocky outcrop at intersection of Mount Claude Lookout track and Olivers Road, 2 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1027 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Cradle Mountain National Park, 3 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1032 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFECD00DFFC41EC7A4ED3FC4.taxon	description	Erect, fibrous-rooted, perennial herb, up to 20 cm. Stems and branches cobwebby, or woolly, or glabrescent; internode length 5 – 20 mm. Flowering stems unbranched. Basal leaf rosette present at flowering. Basal leaves obovate, 10 – 15 mm long and 3 – 6 mm wide, base amplexicaul, apex acute, margin cobwebby and with glands; abaxial leaf surface glabrous, midvein glabrous; adaxial indumentum with scattered glands. Leaf arrangement cauline or radical. Cauline leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, 15 – 25 mm long and 3 – 5 mm wide, base truncate, apex acute, margin cobwebby, or glabrous, or woolly; abaxial indumentum cobwebby, midvein indumentum cobwebby; adaxial indumentum with scattered glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 5 – 7 mm long, margin cobwebby or fimbriate. Capitula 30 – 40 mm wide, terminal, solitary. Outer phyllaries white, basal margin cobwebby or fimbriate, abaxial surface smooth, apex acute. Medial phyllaries abaxially white, apex cuspidate or apiculate. Stylar appendages clavate. Cypsela ~ 3 mm long and ~ 0.75 mm wide, cross-section squarish; pericarp grey – brown, idioblasts absent. Pappus persistent, ~ 6 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFECD00DFFC41EC7A4ED3FC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to Tasmania in the Central Highlands Bioregion (Fig. 49).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFECD00DFFC41EC7A4ED3FC4.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology Recorded flowering January – March and fruiting in March. Habitat Alpine herbfields and shrublands at> 900 - m altitude.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFECD00DFFC41EC7A4ED3FC4.taxon	conservation	Conservation status Listed as of conservation significance in Tasmania and endemic to Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au). We recommend a status of ‘ Data Deficient ’ (IUCN 2019) and suggest that a detailed analysis of the area of extent, population sizes and health be conducted to determine appropriate conservation status.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFECD00DFFC41EC7A4ED3FC4.taxon	discussion	Notes The common name ‘ snow paperdaisy’ is a name in use in Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au). 145 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E 145 ° 0 ̍ 0 ̎ E	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFECD00DFFC41EC7A4ED3FC4.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined TASMANIA: Central Highlands: Cradle Mountain National Park, upper slope of Marions Lookout, 3 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1028 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Cradle Mountain National Park, Face Track, 3 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1029 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Mount Rufus, 25 Jan. 1949, N. T. Burbidge 3341 (CANB *). Huon Valley: Moonlight Ridge, hill one, 31 Jan. 1983, P. S. Short 1873 (CANB *, MEL); Adamsons Peak, 7 Feb. 1969, I. R. Telford EMC 2480 (CANB!, PERTH).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEBD00DFFC81B83A7C539E2.taxon	description	Erect, rhizomatous, perennial herb, ~ 30 – 60 cm tall. Stems and branches cobwebby or woolly to glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 15 – 35 mm. Basal leaf rosette absent at flowering. Seedling and basal leaves not seen. Cauline leaves lanceolate, 20 – 120 mm long and 2 – 10 mm wide, base attenuate, margin cobwebby, hispid, and scabrid, apex acute and apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein glabrous (occasionally with scattered septate trichomes and glands); adaxial indumentum cobwebby or glabrous, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 5 – 10 mm long, margin cobwebby and fimbriate. Capitula 35 – 45 mm wide, terminal, solitary. Outer phyllaries ovate, brown or straw-coloured, basal margin fimbriate and hispid, abaxial surface smooth, apex acute to apiculate. Medial phyllaries lanceolate, abaxially brown or yellow, apex apiculate to acute. Stylar appendages clavate to ovate. Cypsela oblong, ~ 3 mm long and ~ 0.75 mm wide, in cross-section with oblique angles to circular; pericarp brass-coloured, idioblasts present. Pappus persistent, ~ 8 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEBD00DFFC81B83A7C539E2.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurring in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania in the South East Corner, South East Coastal Plain and Tasmanian Southern Ranges bioregions (Fig. 50). Phenology Recorded flowering December – January and fruiting in February. Habitat Swamps typically below 500 - m altitude. Conservation status Listed as ‘ Vulnerable ’ under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995, the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, and under the Commonwealth of Australia Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Notes At Tantawangalo State Forest populations of X. palustre and X. andrewiae are sympatric and mixed collections have been made (e. g. D. L. Jones 17164 MEL 2101319!, CANB 616790). The common name ‘ swamp paperdaisy’ is in use in Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au), and ‘ swamp everlasting’ in New South Wales and Victoria (New South Wales Flora Online, see http: // plantnet. rbgsyd. nsw. gov. au / floraonline. htm; VicFlora, see https: // vicflora. rbg. vic. gov. au /). Selected specimens examined NEW SOUTH WALES: South Coast: corner Tin Mine Road and Tantawangalo Mountain Road, 17 Jan. 2000, D. L. Jones 17111 (CANB, NE!); ~ 9.8 km E of Cathcart towards Pambula, 8 Feb. 2000, D. L. Jones 17157 (CANB, MEL!). VICTORIA: East Gippsland: Gisborne Racecourse Marshlands Reserve, 12 Dec. 1996, C. Flann 5 & N. G. Walsh (MEL!). Western Plains: Lower Glenelg River area, Red Gum Flat, 25 Jan. 1970, A. C. Beauglehole 33395 (MEL!). TASMANIA: Central Highlands: Bronte Lagoon, 1 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1019 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!). Northern Midlands: Smiths Lagoon, 7 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1038 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEAD00FFFC71AF7A4923F59.taxon	description	Helichrysum acuminatum DC., Prodr. 6: 188 (1838), nom. illeg., non (Link) Sweet (1826); Gnaphalium subundulatum Sch. Bip., Bot. Zeitung 3: 171 (1845), nom. nov.; Bracteantha acuminata Anderb. & Haegi, Op. Bot. 104: 105 (1991), nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Bracteantha subundulata (Sch. Bip.) Paul G. Wilson, Muelleria 7 (4): 519 (1992). Type citation: ‘ ad terram Van-Diemen legit cl. Gunn’. Type: Van-diemen [Tasmania], R. C. Gunn 244 (syn: G-DC G 00470677 *); Van Diemensland, leg. ign., s. dat. (possible syn: MEL 61149 *). Procumbent or erect, rhizomatous, perennial herb. Stems and branches cobwebby, woolly, or glabrescent, and with glands; internode length 10 – 30 mm. Basal leaf rosette present or absent at flowering. Basal leaves obovate to spathulate, 20 – 60 mm long and 6 – 20 mm wide, base amplexicaul, margin cobwebby or villous, apex apiculate; abaxial indumentum with glands, midvein indumentum cobwebby or villous; adaxial indumentum cobwebby, hispid, and with glands. Cauline leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 25 – 90 mm long and 5 – 20 mm wide, base attenuate and amplexicaul, margin cobwebby or hispid, apex apiculate and mucronate; abaxial indumentum hirsute, glabrescent and with glands; abaxial midvein indumentum cobwebby, hispid, and with glands; adaxial indumentum hispid, scabrid, and with glands. Foliaceous bracts subtending capitula 12 – 15 mm long, margin cobwebby, hispid and with glands. Capitula 35 – 50 mm wide, terminal, solitary. Outer phyllaries ovate to broad-ovate, orange, brown, or straw-coloured; basal margin hispid, abaxial surface scabridulous, apex acute. Medial phyllaries narrow ovate to lanceolate, abaxially yellow, apex acute. Stylar appendages ovate. Cypsela ~ 3 mm long and 1 mm wide, cross-section with oblique angles; pericarp brown, idioblasts present. Pappus persistent, ~ 7.5 mm long.	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
637487ECFFEAD00FFFC71AF7A4923F59.taxon	distribution	Distribution Occurs in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, in the South Eastern Highlands, Australian Alps, and Central Highlands and Ben Lomond bioregions respectively (Fig. 51). Phenology Recorded flowering January – March and fruiting in March. Habitat Alpine and subalpine herblands, shrublands and woodlands with good moisture availability. Notes See notes above for X. sp. Blackfellows Gap collections from Namadgi National Park and Kosciuszko National Park that may represent hybrids between X. subundulatum and X. viscosum. Conservation status Occurs over a wide geographical area, including in several conservation reserves, and is not considered to be rare or threatened. We recommend a status of ‘ Least Concern ’ (IUCN 2019). Notes The common names ‘ orange paperdaisy’ or ‘ orange everlasting’ are in use in Tasmania (‘ Natural Values Atlas’, see www. naturalvaluesatlas. tas. gov. au) and ‘ alpine everlasting’ is in use in New South Wales and Victoria (New South Wales Flora Online, see http: // plantnet. rbgsyd. nsw. gov. au / floraonline. htm; VicFlora, see https: // vicflora. rbg. vic. gov. au /). Selected specimens examined AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: Namadgi National Park, Cotter Hut Road, 3 Jan. 2007, J. J. Bruhl 2595 & I. L. Crawford (CANB!, NE!, NSW!). NEW SOUTH WALES: Southern Tablelands: Kosciuszko National Park, alongside Tooma Road, 25 Mar. 2014, J. R. Hosking 3746 (CANB, MEL, NE!, NSW, US). VICTORIA: unincorporated: Panorama Hill, Falls Creek, near the top of the Panorama Poma, 11 Mar. 1984, D. E. Albrecht 263 (MEL!). Alpine: Mount Buffalo National Park, 19 Jan. 1988, A. C. Beauglehole 92582 (MEL!). East Gippsland: Bogong High Plains, Buckety Plain, 20 Jan. 1988, N. G. Walsh 2021 (MEL!). TASMANIA: Ben Lomond: Ben Lomond National Park, 5 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1035 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!). Central Highlands: Central Highlands Highway, Little Pine Lagoon, 1 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1020 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Liaweeni, 1 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1021 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Lake Augusta, 1 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1022 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!); Cradle Mountain National Park, Face Track, 3 Mar. 2018, T. L. Collins 1031 & R. L. Andrew (CANB!, HO!, NE!).	en	Collins, Timothy L., Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N., Andrew, Rose L., Telford, Ian R. H., Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2022): There’s gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa. Australian Systematic Botany 35 (2): 120-185, DOI: 10.1071/SB21014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb21014
