taxonID	type	description	language	source
58ECC89AD8D55DDAA1F6634FCE754264.taxon	description	Figs 3, 4, 5, 6	en	Narayanan, Surya, Pal, Saunak, Grismer, L. Lee, Aravind, N. A. (2023): A new species of rupicolous Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, southern Eastern Ghats, India. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 189-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311
58ECC89AD8D55DDAA1F6634FCE754264.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet of this new species is a patronym in honour of Professor K. N. Ganeshaiah, who served as a Professor of Plant Genetics and Breeding at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, and was a founding trustee of the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore. Professor Ganeshaiah has contributed significantly towards plant breeding, ecology, evolutionary biology, and conservation biology. He also popularised science literature in the local language and wrote over 25 books.	en	Narayanan, Surya, Pal, Saunak, Grismer, L. Lee, Aravind, N. A. (2023): A new species of rupicolous Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, southern Eastern Ghats, India. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 189-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311
58ECC89AD8D55DDAA1F6634FCE754264.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small-sized Cnemaspis, SVL up to 32.8 mm (n = 8). Dorsal pholidosis heterogeneous; weakly keeled granular scales intermixed with fairly regularly arranged rows of enlarged, strongly keeled, conical tubercles; last one or two rows of enlarged tubercles on flank keeled, spine-like; 12 - 14 rows of dorsal tubercles at mid-body, 14 - 18 tubercles in paravertebral rows, paravertebral rows rarely irregularly arranged; ventral scales smooth, subcircular, subimbricate, subequal from chest to vent, 24 - 28 scales across belly at mid-body, 118 - 124 longitudinal scales from mental to cloaca; subdigital scansors smooth, unpaired, unnotched; nine or 10 lamellae under digit I of manus and pes, 15 - 18 lamellae under digit IV of manus and 17 - 21 lamellae under digit IV of pes; males (n = 5 / 8) with five femoral pores on each thigh separated by seven or eight poreless scales from series of four to six precloacal pores, precloacal pores separated medially by one or two poreless scales, (precloacal pores rarely not separated, n = 1 / 5); tail with enlarged, strongly keeled, pointed, and spine-like tubercles forming whorls; median row of subcaudals smooth, roughly pentagonal, and distinctly enlarged. Dorsum pale-orange, mottled with small white to light-grey spots and few small black spots with a series of light-grey vertebral blotches extending from neck to tail base; a single central black dorsal ocellus on neck and a smaller one on occiput separated by a light-grey blotch, ocellus on neck flanked anteriorly on each side by a subequal ocellus and posteriorly by a pair of obscure blotches; venter off-white with black speckles, two distinct pairs of black streaks on throat; original tail in males pale-grey, regenerated tail orange-brown.	en	Narayanan, Surya, Pal, Saunak, Grismer, L. Lee, Aravind, N. A. (2023): A new species of rupicolous Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, southern Eastern Ghats, India. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 189-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311
58ECC89AD8D55DDAA1F6634FCE754264.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Adult male in good state of preservation except for tail tip slightly missing. SVL 29.1 mm, head short (HL / SVL 0.29), wide (HW / HL 0.55), not strongly depressed (HD / HL 0.41), distinct from neck. Loreal region marginally inflated, canthus rostralis not distinct. Snout slightly less than half of head length (ES / HL 0.45), slightly more than 2.5 times eyeball diameter (ES / ED 2.9); scales on snout and canthus rostralis subcircular, subequal, and weakly keeled; much larger than those on forehead and interorbital region; scales on forehead similar to those on snout and canthus rostralis except smaller, elongate, and weakly conical; scales in interorbital region even smaller, granular, and weakly keeled; scales on occipital and temporal region heterogeneous with slightly enlarged, weakly keeled, conical tubercles intermixed with smaller, weakly keeled and weakly conical granular scales. Eyeball small (ED / HL 0.14) with round pupil; supraciliaries short, larger anteriorly; 23 or 24 scale rows between left and right supraciliaries at mid-orbit. Ear-opening deep, oval, small (EL / HL 0.04); eyeball to ear distance greater than diameter of eyeball (EE / ED 2.0). Rostral more than two times wider (1.4 mm) than high (0.65 mm), incompletely divided dorsally by a strongly developed rostral groove; a single enlarged supranasal on each side, much larger than postnasals, partly in contact with each other; anteriorly divided by a small internasal scale; two postnasals, upper postnasal marginally larger than lower; rostral in contact with first supralabial, nostril, internasal, supranasal, and lower postnasal on either side; nostrils oval, surrounded by two postnasals, supranasal, and rostral on either side; two rows of scales separate orbit from supralabials. Mental enlarged, subtriangular, slightly wider (1.52 mm) than high (1.17 mm); two pairs of postmentals, inner pair roughly rectangular, right one visually larger than the left one, both much shorter than mental, in strong contact with each other posterior to mental; inner pair bordered by mental, first infralabial, outer postmental, enlarged median chin shield on either side, and an enlarged chin shield on left side; outer postmentals roughly rectangular, smaller than inner pair, bordered by inner postmentals, first and second infralabials, and three enlarged chin shields on left side, four enlarged chin shield on right side, and median chin shield on left side; three enlarged gular scales between left and right outer postmentals; all chin scales bordering postmentals flat, subcircular, smooth, and smaller than outermost postmentals; scales on rest of throat, smaller, flattened, subequal, and smooth. Infralabials bordered posteriroly by a row or two of slightly enlarged, greatly elongate scales, decreasing in size posteriorly. Nine supralabials up to the angle of the jaw on each side, and seven at the midorbital position on each side; first supralabial largest, supralabials gradually decrease in size posteriorly; eight infralabials up to angle of jaw on each side, five at midorbital position on either side; first infralabial largest, infralabials gradually decrease in size posteriorly. Body relatively slender (BW / AGL 0.47), trunk less than one-half SVL (AGL / SVL 0.38) lacking ventrolateral folds; spine-like scales on flank present. Dorsal pholidosis heterogeneous; weakly keeled granular scales intermixed with a fairly regularly arranged row of enlarged, strongly keeled, conical tubercles; tubercles in approximately 13 longitudinal rows at mid-body including spine-like scales on lower flank; 18 (left) and 16 (right) tubercles in paravertebral row from forelimb insertion to hind limb insertion. Ventral scales much larger than granular scales on dorsum smooth, subcircular, subimbricate, subequal to pectoral and ventral scales; mid-body scale rows across belly 24; 124 scales from mental to anterior border of cloaca. Scales on base of neck similar to those on belly, marginally smaller; gular region with still smaller, subequal, smooth, flattened scales, those bordering postmentals enlarged, smooth, subcircular, and flattened. Five femoral pores on either thigh, six continuous precloacal pores and six (on right) and seven (on left) poreless scales on either side between prcloacal and femoral pores. Scales on palm and soles granular, smooth, subcircular, subimbricate and flattened; scales on dorsal aspects of limbs heterogeneous; mixture of small granular, weakly keeled, imbricate scales twice the size of granules on dorsum, largest on anterolateral aspect of the hands and feet; posterolateral aspect of limbs with small weakly keeled to smooth granular scales; scales on lower arm and shank small, subimbricate, and keeled; ventral aspect of forelimbs with small, smooth, subimbricate scales; ventral aspect of hind limb with enlarged, smooth, flattened, subimbricate scales, slightly larger than ventrals. Forelimbs and hind limbs moderately long, slender (LAL / SVL 0.16; CL / SVL 0.18); digits long, with strong, recurved claw, distinctly inflected, portions distal to the inflections laterally conspicuously compressed. Subdigital lamellae unpaired except basal lamella or two pairs on some digits, separated into a basal and narrower distal series by single enlarged lamella at inflection; basal lamellae series: (1 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 4 right manus, 1 - 4 - 6 - 7 - 5 right pes), (1 - 4 - 4 - 5 - 3 left manus; 1 - 5 - 6 - 8 - 6 left pes); distal lamellae series: (9 - 10 - 11 - 11 - 9 right manus, 8 - 9 - 12 - 13 - 12 right pes), (9 - 10 - 12 - 11 - 9 left manus; 8 - 10 - 13 - 14 - 11 left pes). Relative length of digits (measurements in mm in parentheses): IV (2.7)> III (2.4)> II (2.2)> V (2.1)> I (1.6) (left manus); IV (3.4)> V (3.3)> III (3.1)> II (2.6)> I (1.6) (left pes). Tail partly original except the posterior end (15 mm) which is regenerated, about 2 - 3 mm dissected for analysis, subcylindrical, slender, slightly longer than snout-vent length (TL / SVL 1.07). Dorsal scales on tail base weakly keeled, granular, similar in size and shape to granular scales on mid-body dorsum, gradually becoming larger, flattened, imbricate posteriorly, intermixed with enlarged, strongly keeled, distinctly pointed, conical tubercles; enlarged tubercles on tail forming whorls; six tubercles each on first five whorls, five in 6 th- 8 th whorls, rest of tail regenerated and lacking tubercles. Subcaudal scales much larger than those on dorsal aspect, subimbricate, smooth; median series distinctly enlarged, roughly rectangular; scales on tail base slightly larger than those on mid-body ventrals, smooth, imbricate; a single enlarged, weakly keeled and conical postcloacal spur on each side.	en	Narayanan, Surya, Pal, Saunak, Grismer, L. Lee, Aravind, N. A. (2023): A new species of rupicolous Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, southern Eastern Ghats, India. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 189-203, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101311
