identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
EF0491A50F0C5024AEC2400C3619EBDC.text	EF0491A50F0C5024AEC2400C3619EBDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errastunus (Errastunus) (Errastunus) Ribaut 1946	<div><p>Errastunus (Errastunus) Ribaut, 1946</p><p>Errastunus Ribaut, 1946: 83 (new genus).</p><p>Adarrus (Errastunus) - Emeljanov 1966 (as subgenus).</p><p>Latalus (Errastunus) - Hamilton 1983 (as subgenus).</p><p>Errastunus (Errastunus) - Dmitriev 2001 (as subgenus).</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Cicada ocellaris Fallén, 1806 (by original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished from other Paralimnini by the following combination of characters: male plates with multiple, uneven marginal rows of macrosetae, apices elongate and pointed; aedeagus symmetrical with dorso-apical gonopore and two pairs of subapical appendages; clavus with additional crossveins.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF0491A50F0C5024AEC2400C3619EBDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.	Kits, Joel H. (2023): The genus Errastunus in the Nearctic region (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). ZooKeys 1178: 143-164, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1178.105566, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1178.105566
83ED0324C0BE56189CAC3106782466C7.text	83ED0324C0BE56189CAC3106782466C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errastunus ocellaris (Fallen 1806)	<div><p>Errastunus ocellaris (Fallen)</p><p>Figs 1A-F, 2, 4</p><p>Cicada ocellata Scopoli, 1763: 116 (nomen oblitum).</p><p>Cicada ocellaris Fallén, 1806: 20. Type locality: Scania, Sweden (nomen protectum).</p><p>Jassus = Jassus (Deltocephalus) notatifrons Kirschbaum, 1868: 141 (syn. Wagner 1939).</p><p>Deltocephalus sachalinensis = Deltocephalus sachalinensis Matsumura, 1915: 168 (syn. Vilbaste 1969).</p><p>Latalus ocellaris ( Fallén) - DeLong and Sleesman 1929 (comb. nov.).</p><p>Errastunus ocellaris ( Fallén) - Ribaut 1946 (comb. nov.).</p><p>Adarrus (Errastunus) ocellaris ( Fallén) - Emeljanov 1966 (comb. nov.).</p><p>Adarrus ocellaris tatraensis Heller 1975 (new subspecies).</p><p>Latalus (Adarrus) tatraensis (Heller) - Hamilton 1997 (revised status).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>368 specimens (see Suppl. material 1).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Widespread in the Palearctic region, from western Europe and northern Africa to Korea and the Russian Far East (Nast 1972). In the Nearctic region, occurs in the northwest (Alaska, Yukon, Northwestern Territories and northern British Columbia) and across southern Canada and the northern United States, with records concentrated in the east.</p><p>Host plants.</p><p>Feeds on a variety of cool season grasses. Nickel (2003) reports grasses including Dactylis glomerata, Elymus repens, Calamagrostis spp., and Holcus spp. as hosts in central Europe. Recorded hosts for Nearctic specimens are Elymus trachycaulus (Bourget, ON), Bromus sp. (Oxbow, MI and Gravel Lake, YT), Calamagrostis canadensis (Richardson Mountains, YT), and Calamagrostis sp. (King Salmon, AK and Aho Lake, AK).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The oldest name for this species, Cicada ocellata Scopoli, 1763, is a nomen oblitum as it has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (Article 23.9.1.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999)). To my knowledge, the most recent use of this name other than those excluded under Article 23.9.6 is Claus (1884, p. 892). Cicada ocellaris Fallén, 1806 is a nomen protectum based on the works listed in the Appendix 1 which fulfill the criteria of Article 23.9.1.2. The valid name of this species is thus Cicada ocellaris Fallén in accordance with Article 23.9.2.</p><p>Hamilton (1997) treated the northwestern populations of this species as a distinct species, Latalus (Adarrus) tatraensis (Heller). He linked these to high elevation populations from the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia which Heller (1975) had described as a subspecies. Heller distinguished his new subspecies based on dramatic colour differences, as well as slight differences in the male and female genitalia.</p><p>The status of the high elevation populations in Europe has not been definitively resolved. Remane and Fröhlich (1994) discussed this form (as Errastunus ocellaris tatraensis) based on populations in the Alps but were unsure whether these populations were taxonomically distinct as even a subspecies, or simply ecophenotypic variation. Nickel (2003) indicates specimens from the Bavarian Alps show characters of both forms.</p><p>Specimens examined for this project from northwestern North America had variable but generally darker colouration than specimens from eastern North America and low elevations in Europe, although none with the extreme dark forms sometimes seen in high elevation European populations (e.g., Fig. 1E). Slight genitalic differences were also observed, with northwestern specimens typically having shorter subgenital plates (1.38-1.50 times pygofer length, compared to 1.47-1.61, N = 5 for each group), more frequent presence of flanges at the base of the aedeagus, and slightly shorter styles.</p><p>These differences do not appear to be taxonomically significant. Latitudinal and altitudinal variation in pigmentation (de Oliveira et al. 2004) and genitalic structure (Le Quesne and Woodroffe 1976) are known to occur in other leafhoppers, and these differences do not seem to rise above what might be expected from such variation.</p><p>The COI sequences obtained for this study also indicate relatively slight differentiation between these northwestern populations and those elsewhere. Although specimens from northwestern North America and high elevations (1950 m) in the Austrian Alps differ slightly from lower elevation E. ocellaris, they are also relatively closely related to a specimen from England which appears to be typical E. o. ocellaris .</p><p>While resolving the status of E. ocellaris tatraensis within the European context is not the objective of this study, within the Nearctic region the best treatment appears to be to treat this northwestern population simply as E. ocellaris . These populations are considered to be a native element of the fauna, representing the easternmost extent of the species Holarctic distribution.</p><p>Hamilton’s (1983) view that populations of Errastunus ocellaris in the eastern Nearctic represent an introduction from Europe appears to be correct. The earliest specimens of these populations examined are from Hudson Falls, NY (1950, CNC) and Sainte-Flore, QC (1951, CNC). Moore (1944) had earlier recorded this species from Hudson Heights near Montreal, QC beginning in 1942. Although I was not able to examine Moore’s specimens, specimens taken in 1956 from the same locality are all E. ocellaris and no E. sobrinus have ever been collected from the Ottawa River lowlands, suggesting these are the earliest records of the introduced population. Mapping specimens by collection date (Fig. 8) shows a clear signature of expansion from early records in southern Quebec, eastern Ontario, and northern New York. Montreal is the closest major port to these early records and may represent the point of introduction. COI sequences also provide some support for this population being introduced, with very low divergence between a sequenced specimen from lower elevations in Austria and all eastern Nearctic specimens. Specimens from the Vancouver area (earliest from 1960) likely also represent introductions, although whether these represent a secondary introduction from the East or a separate introduction from the Palearctic is not clear.</p><p>The species now occurs commonly in eastern Canada and is easily collected, suggesting that historical records accurately depict its distribution. There are much earlier specimens in the CNC of abundant native species that now often co-occur with E. ocellaris in eastern Canada such as Endria inimicus (Say) (earliest from Trenton, ON, 1901) and Diplocolenus evansi (Ashmead) (earliest from Montreal, QC, 1905), indicating collecting effort that should have yielded specimens of E. ocellaris had it been present. In comparison, specimens in the CNC of the native E. sobrinus were collected as early as the 1920s, despite its absence from much of southern Ontario and Quebec where early collections were concentrated.</p><p>The status of the northwestern population as native or introduced cannot be tested on the same basis. The earliest record of this population is from 1948 (Reindeer Depot, NWT), only slightly predating those from eastern Canada. However, there was very little entomological research in northwestern North America prior to the Northern Insect Survey beginning in 1947 (Freeman 1959), and indeed the first record of E. sobrinus in the region is from 1951 (Big Delta, AK). However, this population is mostly likely to be native on the basis of several lines of evidence. First, COI sequences from this population are divergent from the introduced Eastern population, suggesting a different origin. COI haplotypes appearing to originate from this population have also been found in specimens of E. sobrinus from as far south as Colorado (see discussion below), and it seems unlikely such introgressed haplotypes could travel so far within a few decades if the population were recently introduced. Finally, the leafhopper fauna in this area is otherwise entirely native, including a number of otherwise Palearctic species restricted in North America to Beringia (Hamilton 1997).</p><p>The current extent of distribution for the introduced eastern population is unclear based on the material examined. Collections in the CNC are sparse after approximately 1990 due to reduced collection effort and as the distribution appears to be expanding the current range is probably larger than depicted in the map. A specimen collected in southern Saskatchewan in 2015 (CNC) represents the westernmost confirmed record, excepting the populations around Vancouver. Images of Errastunus which may represent E. ocellaris are available from online databases and suggest a wider distribution (e.g., from North Carolina https://bugguide.net/node/view/1000457/bgimage and Edmonton, AB https://bugguide.net/node/view/596209/bgimage). However, these records cannot be definitively identified and are not included in the mapped distributions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/83ED0324C0BE56189CAC3106782466C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.	Kits, Joel H. (2023): The genus Errastunus in the Nearctic region (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). ZooKeys 1178: 143-164, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1178.105566, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1178.105566
B49D5EDF0AA2535CBEDEC40E47FE6BD5.text	B49D5EDF0AA2535CBEDEC40E47FE6BD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Errastunus sobrinus (DeLong & Sleesman)	<div><p>Errastunus sobrinus (DeLong &amp; Sleesman)</p><p>Figs 1G, H; 3, 5</p><p>Latalus ocellaris var. sobrinus DeLong &amp; Sleesman, 1929: 100. Type locality: Slave Lake, AB, Canada.</p><p>Deltocephalus sobrinus (DeLong &amp; Sleesman) - Walley 1932 (revised status, comb. nov.).</p><p>Errastunus sobrinus (DeLong &amp; Sleesman) - Oman 1949 (comb. nov.).</p><p>Errastunus ocellaris = Errastunus ocellaris ( Fallén) - Beirne 1956 (syn. nov.).</p><p>Latalus sobrinus (DeLong &amp; Sleesman) - Hamilton 1983 (restored status and comb.).</p><p>Latalus (Adarrus) sobrinus (DeLong &amp; Sleesman) - Hamilton 1997 (comb. nov.).</p><p>Type material.</p><p>This species was described from six syntypes from Alberta and an unknown number of syntypes from New York, all females. I was only able to locate two of these, one (labelled as “holotype”) in OSUC and one (labelled as “paratype”) in INHS. There are three specimens in the USNM collected between 1904-1908 in New York; DeLong and Sleesman cite other specimens from USNM in their paper which suggests they could have seen these, but they did not label the specimens or cite specific details so it is not clear if these are syntypes or not.</p><p>In order to clarify the application of the name, the specimen in OSUC (OSUC 169881) is here designated lectotype. The labels on this specimen (individual labels separated by /) read: "Slave L., Alta., Aug. 15, 1924, O. Bryant / Grizzly Mt., 3000 ft. / Holotype [red label, handwritten] / Latalus ocellaris var Latalus ocellaris sobrinus DeL+S / HOLOTYPE, Errastunus sobrinus [red label] / D.M.DeLong Collection / Errastunus sobrinus (DeL.+S.)".</p><p>The specimen in INHS (INHS Insect Collection 679931), collected at Slave Lake on Aug 14, and any other former syntypes thus become paralectotypes.</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>283 specimens (see Supplementary material)</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Endemic to the Nearctic region, where it has a boreo-montane distribution. Occurs across most of Canada, from Labrador and Nova Scotia in the east to Alaska and British Columbia in the west, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Although this species was recorded from Yukon by Hamilton (1997), and likely occurs there based on occurrence in Alaska and British Columbia, all examined Errastunus from that territory were E. ocellaris . In the east, the southernmost occurrences appear to be associated with higher elevations, with records from the Laurentian, Chic-Choc, Adirondack and White Mountains and the Cape Breton highlands.</p><p>Host plants.</p><p>None of the examined specimens had specific host plants recorded. Unpublished collecting notes from K.G.A. Hamilton suggest this species is associated with grasses in wooded habitats.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The combination of morphological, molecular, and distribution data strongly supports the validity of E. sobrinus as a distinct species. Morphological differentiation is moderate, but comparable in degree to that found between species in other genera of Paralimnini . The consistent difference in pygofer shape, along with weaker differences in other male genitalic characters, female characters, and external colour all support this interpretation, while the degree of divergence observed between the two clusters of COI sequences is higher than that seen in many morphologically distinct leafhopper species (unpublished data). The generally distinct distributions, with some overlap, also support this variation as specific rather than random variation within a species or geographic differentiation.</p><p>The occurrence of some specimens that morphologically appear to belong to E. sobrinus but have COI sequences falling in the E. ocellaris cluster suggests there has been historic introgression between these species. There is no indication that these specimens are first generation hybrids, as morphologically they appear typical of E. sobrinus . All of these specimens were collected within the range of E. sobrinus, and outside the known current range of E. ocellaris . The sequences of these apparent introgressed individuals fall within the cluster of sequences that includes northwestern North American specimens, suggesting this population is the source of these introgressed haplotypes. The most likely scenario appears to be historic introgression between these northwestern E. ocellaris and E. sobrinus in an area of overlap, with some haplotypes being retained within populations of E. sobrinus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B49D5EDF0AA2535CBEDEC40E47FE6BD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kits, Joel H.	Kits, Joel H. (2023): The genus Errastunus in the Nearctic region (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). ZooKeys 1178: 143-164, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1178.105566, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1178.105566
