taxonID	type	description	language	source
605687A7FFF4FFC1FF0CF62FFCD1FDD8.taxon	discussion	Electrostrymon angelia was described as Thecla angelia by Hewitson (1874) and recorded in H. G. Smith’s collections at the BMNH and various publications under several synonyms.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF4FFC1FF0CF62FFCD1FDD8.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Green encircled by small white spines. Larva. First instar grayish-green with long white setae; second instar with body orange with some purple spots and medium sized black setae; third instar body completely orange and setae small and numerous; fourth instar similar to third except body purple with some orange spots; length is 8.9 – 9.3 mm (Fig. 1 E). Pre-pupa. Darker than last instar. Pupa. Completely purple with white setae covering whole body. Adult. Sexually dimorphic in size, males larger than females. Wing expanse: males 21 – 23.2 mm, females 19.8 – 21.1 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings dark brown with large reddish-orange triangular markings between inner margin and cell M 1; these markings reduced or absent in the female. Hindwings completely dark-brown with two tails; lobe reddish-orange; base of tails with submarginal white line. Ventral surface: All wings reddish-brown. Female paler brown than male; submarginal line and outer margin brown; crossed near middle by a dark brown outlined with pale-brown. Hindwings crossed near middle by dark-brown line margined with white spots; lobe surrounded by white margin and the next black spot covered with minute white spots; large black spot between the tails and the next three small spots surrounded by orange; outer margin black, bordered internally with white. Head. Antennae: Brown, elongate, clubbed with white lines among the flagellum segments; club of antenna with three colors: orange apically, brown in the middle and white basally. Vertex: Dark-brown. Mouthparts: Labial palp with first segment larger than second and third. Body. Thorax: Dark-brown above and pale grayish-brown below. Legs: Black with horizontal white lines. Abdomen: Dark-brown above and pale grayish-brown below; from the mid-ventral area towards tip abdomen orangish-brown (Fig. 2 I).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF4FFC1FF0CF62FFCD1FDD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Electrostrymon angelia has been recorded in the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas and the Virgin Islands (Hewitson 1874; Clench 1941; Comstock and Huntington 1943; Askew 1988; Miller and Miller 1989, 1997; Schwartz 1989; Ramos 1996). It has been recorded in just in two U. S. states: Minnesota and (South) Florida (Anderson 1974; Miller 1978; Calhoun 1997; Powell 1997).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF4FFC1FF0CF62FFCD1FDD8.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae); Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. (Fabaceae); Salvia misella Kunth.; S. micrantha Vahl. (Lamiaceae) (Pyle 1981; Fernández-Hernández 2007; Allen et al. 2005); Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (Sapotaceae), new host record; and Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae), new host record. The two new host records are also the first time E. angelia has been found on Sapotaceae and Rosaceae. Natural history. Adults were observed during most of the dry and rainy season (March – July) in Florida. Females lay eggs in the flower and leaf buds. When the eggs hatch, the caterpillars feed on the entire flower, including branches, leaf buds, mature flowers and leaves, but not on the fruits. The caterpillars complete development in 22 – 24 days. When the caterpillars reach the last instar, they pupate on branches or leaves. Pupa duration is 24 – 29 days. The adults live for about three or four months feeding on nectar; males also drink water and puddling salts in wet soil. Damage. This species has been recorded feeding on leaves of S. terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) by Pyle (1981). However, in southern Florida, it has become a problem in the production of sapodilla, as most caterpillars feed on flower buds and mature flowers. They eat everything except the pedicels in mature flowers and all the flower buds except the branches. It is very difficult to find caterpillars as they are reddish purple, the same color as the flower and the leaf buds. Management. This sapodilla pest could be controlled by pesticides, but no trials have been completed. Furthermore, we observed that they are natural prey of some spiders (e. g. Salticidae and Gasteracantha cancriformis (Linnaeus )).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF5FFC1FF0CF733FF95F82C.taxon	description	Blastobasis eriobotryae Busck, 1915	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF5FFC1FF0CF733FF95F82C.taxon	discussion	Holcocera crassicornella was described by W. G. Dietz (1910) from a single specimen found in Florida in the USNM collection.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF5FFC1FF0CF733FF95F82C.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Remarkable small size; completely pearly white and turning dark-pink close to emergence. Larva. First and second instars dark-yellow, thorax and head dark-brown. Third to seventh instars dark grayish-brown, head nearly black. Last instar length 2.9 – 3.5 mm (Fig. 1 C). Pre-pupa. Similar in size to last instar, but body dark grayish-purple; head brown. Pupa. Dark-brown; spiracles protruding from the body like spines. Adult. Not sexually dimorphic. Wing expanse: 4.2 – 5.1 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings c ompletely gray with overlaid dark-gray scales; a black discal spot; two postdiscal black spots. Hindwings, pale-gray; fringe with very long gray scales. Ventral surface: Both wings pale-gray. Head. Antennae: Filiform; the scape large, flattened and inwardly concave. Vertex: Tawny. Mouthparts: Labial palpi tawny with second and third segment longer than first. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Tawny; dorsal view with horizontal row of small spines at the posterior margin of each segment. Legs: Similar to labial palpi in coloration (Fig. 2 C).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF5FFC1FF0CF733FF95F82C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southern Florida (Adamski 1998).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF5FFC1FF0CF733FF95F82C.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae) and Acer rubrum L. (Sapindaceae) (Busck 1915; Adamski 1998). Manilkara sapota (L.) van Royen, new host record. Natural history. The adults are nocturnal and reach their highest population levels from late spring (June) to early summer (July) in Florida. Females lay their eggs inside the flowers. The larvae develop inside the flowers feeding on everything except the sepals. The larvae produce silk tunnels among flowers to avoid predators. The larval stage lasts 19 – 23 days depending on the availability of the food resources and can be extended for a longer period of time. Pupation occurs inside the flowers where the larva rolls up a sepal and makes a silk cocoon. The pupal stage lasts 22 – 26 days. Damage. Holcocera crassicornella is a serious pest in sapodilla, and during this study it was one of the most aggressive species, after B. argutula and P. erigens. The damage is very similar to P. erigens; we saw many larvae of H. crassicornella and to P. erigens. Management. We reared two unidentified parasitoid wasps, a mymarid and a braconid, that parasit- ized eggs and larvae of H. crassicornella.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFAFFCFFF0CF55EFEBFFE90.taxon	discussion	Pyroderces badia was described by R. Hodges (1962) from a specimen from the J. K. Small collection at the USNM.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFAFFCFFF0CF55EFEBFFE90.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Very small size; completely silvery white and changing to snowy white before hatching. Larva. First instar is dark-pink, head and last abdominal segment dark-brown, thorax black with silver band in pronotum; Second to fifth instars similar to first, except color soft pink and length 5.8 – 8.9 mm (Fig. 1 I). Pre-pupa. Similar in size and color to that of last instar but wider and paler. Pupa. Elongate, similar size to last larval instar. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, female larger and darker than male. Wing expanse: males 3.4 – 4.7 mm, females 4.9 – 5.8 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings pale-brown with a series of transverse markings of different color shades ranging from dark-brown to white occasionally overlain with golden-brown or dark-gray scales. Hindwings dark-brown with overlaid with dark-gray or white scales. Ventral surface: Both wings dark-brown with overlaid with dark-gray or white scales. Head. Antennae: Filiform; nearly ¾ length of the body. Vertex: Brown. Mouthparts: Labial palpi with second and third segment longer than first; lines with different shades present. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Generally reddish-brown but sometimes pale-brown or brown blended with gray and dark-brown. Legs: Similar to labial palps in coloration (Fig. 2 E).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFAFFCFFF0CF55EFEBFFE90.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pyroderces badia is found in the USA, mainly in Florida, but has also been reported in Louisiana, Washington, California, Maryland and Hawaii (Hodges, 1978; Adamski et al. 2006; Bella and Mazzeo 2006). It has also been observed in Costa Rica (Quesada-Jiménez 2013), Cuba (Alonso et al. 2015), Barbados (Bennett and Alam, 1985) and Honduras (Miller et al. 2012). Additionally, P. badia has been recorded in nine European countries: France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the UK (Koster and Sammut 2006; Seguna and Sammut 2007; Huemer and Wieser 2010; Corley et al. 2012; Davis 2012). It was also reported in Australia by Herbison-Evans and Crossley (2014).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFAFFCFFF0CF55EFEBFFE90.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae); Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae); Ananas comosus (L.) Merr (Bromeliaceae); Cycas revoluta Thunb. and Cycas circinalis L. (Cycadaceae); Cassia occidentalis L. (Fabaceae); Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae); Musa ssp. (Musaceae); Pinus elliottii Engelm., P. palustris Mill., P. pinaster Aiton (Pinaceae); Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (Poaceae); Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Prunus persica (L.) Bastch (Rosaceae); Citrus spp. (L.) Swingle (Rutaceae); Ulmus spp. (Ulmaceae); Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) (Hodges 1962 1978; Heckford and Sterling 2004; White et al. 2005; Adamski et al. 2006; Bella and Mazzeo 2006; Navarro-Campos et al. 2010; Herbison-Evans and Crossley 2014; Quesada-Jiménez 2013). Manilkara sapota (L.) van Royen, new host record and first record on Sapotaceae. Natural history. The adults are polyphagous, and feed on many species, but almost all the resources that they consume are organic remains (dead flowers). Therefore, they are not a problem to most of their hosts, but sometimes they feed on some of the healthy flowers close to the dead ones. They were observed eating both healthy and dry flowers of M. zapota. The adults are usually active at night or in the twilight in Florida during summer (June-September). The females lay eggs inside dry or healthy flowers. When the larvae hatch, they start to feed on the organic remains inside the flower. The larval stage lasts about 18 – 21 days, but if the inserted larvae do not have enough resources, they may enter diapause. Pupation occurs inside the flower usually in a rolled sepal. The pupal stage has a duration of 23 – 29 days. Damage. The flowers infected by P. badia do not show external damage but turn yellowish brown until desiccated. Management. We observed an unidentified parasitoid (Braconidae) on P. badia. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915 as a biological control agent has also been reported successfully (Quesada- Jiménez 2013). Chemical control has not been investigated.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFBFFCCFF0CF5F5F9CFFD70.taxon	description	Ragonot (1888) described Phidotricha erigens based in his own specimens of in the MNHP.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFBFFCCFF0CF5F5F9CFFD70.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Yellow with black spots in newly laid eggs and pale-yellow before they hatch. Larva. Five instars; first to third instar reddish-orange with a long yellowish-white line dorsally; fourth instar reddish-brown with the same yellowish-white line; the fifth instar is dark-brown with yellowish-orange line. Length 3.8 – 4.2 mm (Fig. 1 F). Pre-pupa. Yellowish-orange with a yellowish-white line dorsally. Length as in the last instar, but wider on thoracic segments. Pupa. Elongated dark-brown and similar in size to last larval instar. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, female larger and darker than male. Wing expanse: males 7.9 – 10.4 mm, females 9.2 – 14.4 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings pale-gray with black fine scattered scales; postdiscal purplish-brown band; purplish-brown band throughout basal and postbasal area; distinctive transverse lines (first one white, almost straight; second one purplish-gray with a strong angle) on discal and postdiscal area; outer margin gray with a wide broken line between veins; discal black spot; fringe gray. Hindwings pale-gray; dark-gray on outer margin; fringe pale-gray. Ventral surface: Forewings dark brownish-gray. Hindwings pale brownish-gray with outer margin darkgray. Head. Antennae: Male plumose and female filiform, size ¾ body length. Vertex: Mottled gray and dark-gray. Mouthparts. Large palps with mottled gray and dark-gray color. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Gray above and pale-gray below. Legs: Mottled gray and dark-gray (Fig. 2 F).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFBFFCCFF0CF5F5F9CFFD70.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Phidotricha erigens is native to the Neotropical Region and has been recorded in Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Ragonot 1888; Kaye and Lamont 1927; Palmer and Pullen 1995; Roque-Álbelo and Landry 2012, Diniz et al. 2009; Velázquez, et al. 2010; Miller et al. 2012). It was also reported as an invasive species in Florida (Solis 1999).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFBFFCCFF0CF5F5F9CFFD70.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Agave cocui Trel (Agavaceae); Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae); Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. (Araucariaceae); Mauritia flexuosa L. (Arecaceae); Protium ovatum Engl. (Burseraceae); Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae); Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae); Salacia crassifolia (Mart. ex Schult.) G. Don. (Celastraceae); Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., Cucumis melo L. (Cucurbitaceae); Erythroxylum deciduum A. St. - Hil. (Erythroxylaceae); Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell., Dimorphandra mollis Benth., Mimosa asperata L., M. claussenii Benth, M. pigra L., Phaseolus lunatus L., Pterodon pubescens Benth, Tamarindus indica L., Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Fabaceae); Clerodendrum squamatum Vahl. (Lamiaceae); Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae); Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae); Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae); Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Zea mays L. (Poaceae); Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae); Coffea arabica L., Palicourea rigida Kunth (Rubiaceae); Citrus spp. (L.) (Rutaceae); Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae); Qualea grandiflora Mart., Q. parviflora Mart., Vochysia thyrsoidea Pohl (Vochysiaceae) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) (Achten 1995; Palmer and Pullen 1995; Solis 1993, 1999; Diniz and Morais 2002; Matienzo et al. 2003; Nava et al. 2006; Rodovalho et al. 2007; Castilho et al. 2010; Ramos et al. 2010; Carregaro et al. 2009; Diniz et al. 2009; Ferreira et al. 2009; Velázquez, et al. 2010; Bolzan et al. 2012; Cock and Burris 2013; Paiva and Yamamoto 2014). We also found P. erigens feeding on Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen, which is a new host record for this species. Natural history. The adults can be observed during the rainy season (late May to late October in southern Florida) and during this time the population explodes. They can also be observed in early spring. They exhibit nocturnal habits but sometimes appear at twilight. The females lay eggs inside the flower. When the larva hatches, it feeds on petals, sepals and the pistil. When it finishes, it begins to make silk tunnels towards other flowers to stick them together. The larval stage lasts 18 – 23 days. Pupation occurs inside the flower mainly in the unconsumed sepals. The pupal stage lasts 12 – 14 days. Damage. Phidotricha erigens is a well-known polyphagous species. It recently became a problem to sapodilla growers, mainly because of the larvae feeding in the flowers, which results in flower desicca- tion and death. When the population was large, we observed up to 6 – 12 larvae in a single inflorescence. Management. We found two parasitoids associated with P. erigens: a braconid wasp (Bracon sp.) and a bethylid wasp (Goniozus floridanus (Ashmead )) feeding on larvae. In Venezuela, other parasitoids (e. g. Apanteles sp., Copidosoma sp., Eiphosoma sp., Hymenochaonia sp. and Euplectrus sp.) were observed parasitizing P. erigens (Velázquez et al. 2010). We also observed a spider (Araneidae: Eriophora ravilla (Koch )) feeding on adults. The use of insecticides has not been thoroughly investigated.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF8FFCDFF0CF73EFF9BFE60.taxon	discussion	Dyar (1914) described Comotia torsicornis based on Busck’s specimens from the USNM. This species is monotypic by original designation.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF8FFCDFF0CF73EFF9BFE60.taxon	description	Description. Egg. White and flat when fresh, changing to grayish-green when they are close to hatch- ing. Larva. First and second instar are white with brown head and prothorax with lateral black spots on each side close to head. Third instar yellowish-orange, with thoracic black spots; head changing to orange with black makings in posterior area and close to stemmata. Fourth and fifth instars greenishbrown with black thoracic spots; head greenish-orange with markings as on third instar. Mature larva length 6.9 – 7.4 mm (Fig. 1 B). Pre-pupa. Paler and wider than the last instar. Pupa. Dark-brown. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, male is darker and slightly larger. Wing expanse: males 10.9 – 11.6 mm, females 10.5 – 11.1 mm. Wings. Forewings very narrow and long. Dorsal surface: gray, with veins dark-gray; separated discal black spots and matte obscure lines; black spots in outer margin. Hindwings gray with darker veins and outer margin. Ventral surface: Both wings pale gray with the veins dark-gray. Head. Antennae: Elongate, ⅓ body length; male with the basal segment triangular, flagellum with a small spine on exterior angle; second segment of flagellum flat, well developed, excavated behind into a pocket, followed by a line of ridges on the next segments. Female, basal segment with curved projection in mesal area; second segment less developed than male; flagellum simple. Vertex: Gray. Mouthparts: Labial palp with third segment larger than first and second. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Gray above and pale-gray below. Legs: Gray, male middle tibia with fold containing grayish hairs (Fig. 2 B).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF8FFCDFF0CF73EFF9BFE60.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Comotia torsicornis is native to the Neotropical Region and occurs mainly in Central America, part of sapodilla’s native range. However, this species was also reported in south Florida (Halbert 2008) and France (Leraut 2008, 2014).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF8FFCDFF0CF73EFF9BFE60.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen, recorded by Halbert (2008). Natural history. Adults are nocturnal. The highest population was seen during the early spring in March, after that they had a period of decline for two months, but then appeared again in summer (late June) in Florida when the flowers started to emerge. The females lay eggs on sepals and petals of flowers and leaf buds. The eggs hatch after six days and the caterpillar bores into the flowers and floral buds. The caterpillar stays in the flower during all stages of development until they reach the pre-pupal stage at about 16 – 21 days. During the pre-pupal stage, the caterpillar, after feeding on the flower or floral buds, finds a leaf, where it pupates. The pupal stage lasts around 18 – 24 days. When the adult emerges, it can live for around four or five days with water provided; however, there is little information about feeding habits of adults. Damage. The damage occurs during the larval period when there is boring inside of the flowers and floral buds. The caterpillars feed on all floral parts, even within the pedicels, but do not feed on the sepals. Most of the flower damage is internal and not visible until the infested flowers get soft, at the time when larvae come out to look for another flower. Management. We found an unidentified species of Bracon Fabricius parasitizing C. torsicornis. We also found a species of spider (Eriophora ravilla (Koch )) feeding on C. torsicornis. The use of pesticides for this species has not been well studied.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF9FFCAFF0CF5E9F964FD17.taxon	discussion	Zeller (1881) described Zamagiria laidion based on a specimen captured by Petersen from Colombia and deposited in the BMNH.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF9FFCAFF0CF5E9F964FD17.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Whitish-green and flat changing to grayish green just before hatching. Larva. First and second instar grayish-green with dark lines throughout the body. Third to fifth instar variable in color; yellowish-green, reddish-brown or brownish-black; the latter color form with grayish mid dorsal line; the head mottled with white dots. Mature larva length, 9.5 – 11.1 mm (Fig. 1 D). Pre-pupa. Paler and wider than the last instar. Pupa. Greenish-brown and changing to dark-brown before emergence. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, males are larger than females. Wing expanse: males 20.2 – 22.9 mm, females 18.2 – 20.5 mm. Wings. Forewings elongated, very narrow posterad and gently extended without a sharp tip. Dorsal surface: whitish-gray basally; costal margin mottled with scattered gray scales; two darkbrown transverse curved lines, which are serrated distally (First on postdiscal area and the second on discal area); fold with rough scales from the inner edge to ¾ of the wing width; yellow patch between two dark-brown transverse curved lines; two long dark black bands with a brown patch inside them equidistant from the two transverse lines; whitish line in inner margin along with brown shadows; outer margin with dark line and small square dots; fringe pale brownish-gray anterad and darker posterad. Hindwings glassy; yellowish shimmer along the costal margin gray; anal margin with scattered brown scales. Ventral surface: both wings pale-gray, forewings darker than hindwings. Head. Antennae: Filiform; length extended to middle of body; male with tuft of scales modified at the base. Vertex: Grayish-brown. Mouthparts: Labial palp marbled in gray and brown; elongated with second segment larger than first and third. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Grayish-brown dorsally and pale whitish-gray ventrally. Legs: Forelegs dark-brown dorsally and pale grayish-brown ventrally; mid-legs and hindlegs uniformly grayish-brown (Fig. 2 D).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF9FFCAFF0CF5E9F964FD17.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Zamagiria laidion has been reported in Neotropical regions especially in Central and South America and some Caribbean Islands (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Guana Island, Guatemala, Hispaniola; Panama, Dominican Republic and Venezuela) by Zeller (1881), Rubio-Espina (1968), Marin (1973), Iruegas et al. (2002), Neunzig (2000), Carneiro et al. (2003), Monteiro et al. (2007), Vanegas (2008) and Núñez and Barro (2003). It has also been recorded in the USA (south Florida) by Heppner (2003).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFF9FFCAFF0CF5E9F964FD17.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Eriobotyra japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae); Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. emarginata (L.) Cronquist, M. subsericea (Mart.) Dubard, M. zapota (L.) van Royen, Mimusops elengi L., (Sapotaceae) (Rubio-Espina 1968; Robinson 1999; Iruegas 2002; Carneiro et al. 2003; Monteiro et al. 2007; Vanegas 2008). Natural history. Adults are nocturnal and were observed mostly during the summer (late August) to fall (early November) in Florida when there was a considerable increase in population. The population decreased in the winter and increased again in early spring (March-April) but spring populations were still smaller than in the summer. The females commonly oviposit on floral buds, mature flowers, leaf buds, and leaves of sapodilla. The egg hatches after three to four days and immediately the caterpillar begins boring into the flow- ers and leaves, which gives the caterpillar a characteristic coloration depending upon what it feeds on. Individuals that feed on floral parts are reddish green, and those that eat leaf buds are grayish green. The larvae that feed on mature flowers are dark brown with a paler mid-dorsal line and the larvae that feed on leaves are yellowish green. Some larvae stay inside the flower during all development stages (18 – 24 days) until they reach the pupal stage and others prefer to make a cocoon in the leaves. The pupal stage is about 19 – 23 days. The adult life span is seven to nine days feeding only on sugar water. However, we observed some adults feeding on the nectar of sapodilla flowers, but we do not know how this affect the adult life span. Damage. This species feeds on everything inside the flowers, including sepals and pedicels; these flowers turn reddish green then desiccate and abscise. The entire inflorescence, including leaf buds, is destroyed, with silk tunnels and frass attached to the outside. The larvae also feed on leaves, preferring the new leaves and sometimes eating every part except the midrib. Management. Some species of parasitic wasps were observed parasitizing Z. laidion including Bracon sp. and Goniozus floridanus (Ashmead). We also found some adults eaten by Neoscona crucifera (Lucas). Additionally, some pesticides have been used without a significant result.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFEFFCBFF0CF76FFC44FD38.taxon	discussion	Linnaeus (1758) described Erinnyis ello from his own material in the collection of the MLUR.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFEFFCBFF0CF76FFC44FD38.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Circular and pale green, changing to pale yellow before hatching. Larva. All instars usually green, sometimes brown depending on food. The main characteristic of E. ello larvae is a big eyespot on the dorsal thorax that is divided by a thin vertical line (Fig. 1 J). Pre-pupa. Similar to last instar but paler and wider. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, male thinner with a black, medial uneven line on forewings extending from basal to apical area, female completely pale-gray, but similar size. Wing expanse: 73.9 – 86.6 mm. Wings. Very narrow. Dorsal surface: Forewings completely whitish-gray with dark-gray and brown strigiform markings. Hindwings orange with a grayish-black wide line in outer margin. Ventral surface: Both wings pale-brown with brown strigiform markings. Head. Antennae: Whitish-gray; moderately clubbed. Vertex: Grayish-brown. Mouthparts: Labial palps small. Body. Thorax: Completely gray, without markings. Abdomen: Gray with horizontal black lines and a median gray line dividing those. Legs: Pale brown (Fig. 2 J).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFEFFCBFF0CF76FFC44FD38.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Erinnyis ello was incorrectly noted as occurring in India by Linnaeus (1758). This species is native to the Americas. It has been found in the USA, Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, West Indies, French Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Ecuador, Argentina, and Brazil (Walker 1856; Godman and Salvin 1881; Zagatti et al. 1995 – 2006; Lotts and Naberhaus 2015).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFEFFCBFF0CF76FFC44FD38.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Allamanda cathartica L. (Apocynaceae); Araujia sericofera Brot. (Asclepiadaceae); Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae); Cnidoscolus angustidens Torr., Euphorbia gymnoclada Boiss., E. prostrata Aiton, E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch, E. cyathophora Murray, E. heterophylla L., E. mesembrianthemifolia (Jacq.) Dugand, Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg., Jatropha gossypiifolia (Mill.) Müll. Arg., Manihot esculenta Crantz, M. carthaginensis (Müll. Arg.) Allem, Ricinus communis L., Sebastiana confusa Lundell and Sapium aucuparium Jacq. (Euphorbiaceae); Arachis hypogaea L. (Leguminosae); Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae); Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae); Chrysophyllum oliviforme L., Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard, M. zapota (L.) van Royen, Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) Penn, S. salicifolium (L.) Lam. and S. tepicense (Standl.) Penn. (Sapotaceae); Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) (Bernays and Janzen 1988; Coto et al. 1995; Robinson 1999; Jenkins 2012). Natural history. The adults are active all year, especially in spring and summer (March-September). Females lay eggs primarily on leaf buds or leaves. Larvae hatch five days later and feed on leaves. Larval development takes 19 – 28 days. The pupal stage occurs underground and lasts 27 – 29 days. Damage. The larva chews the leaf buds and the leaves at any stage. The damage can be easily detected because this species does not consume the entire leaf. Therefore, the plants attacked by E. ello have many chewed leaves similar to other sphingid larvae. Leaf damage can be extensive, weakening the plant. Management. Control of E. ello has been studied for many years. Growers initially used chemical pesticides, but due to uncontrolled use almost all are ineffective today. Currently there are many parasitoids (e. g. Trichogramma minutum Riley and Telenomus dilophonotae Cameron), predators (e. g. Polistes canadiensis (Linnaeus )), nematodes and viruses (e. g. Baculovirus erinnyis Bellotti, Reyes, and Arias) used as biological control that have had better results (Bellotti et al. 1992; Da Silva-Carvalho et al. 2015). In addition, some spider species, such as Nephila clavipes (Linnaeus), play an important role in its control.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42.taxon	discussion	Banisia argutula was described by Whalley (1976) based on Le Moult and Klages specimens in the BMNH. Banisia argutula has been confused with B. myrsusalis Walker since 1990 in south Florida (Myers et al. 2008). It also looks similar to B. aldabrana Fryer, which is found in Africa (Fryer 1912). Both of these other species of Banisia can be distinguished from B. argutula by their male genitalia (Martinez et al. 2017).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Conical and reddish orange with white ridges before eclosion, after which they change to orange with horizontal red wine lines. Larva. First instar orange with gray spots, and a black band on mesothorax through to the dorsal view and dark brown head. Second instar white with black spots; head brown; mesothoracic band as in first instar. Third and fourth instars yellow with black spots; thorax and head copper. Length 8.2 – 10.9 mm (Fig. 1 H). Pre-pupa. Similar to last instar but paler and wider. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, the male smaller and darker than the female. Wing expanse: males 15.4 – 17.9 mm, females 18.1 – 19.3 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings grayish-brown with dark-brown strigiform markings and two translucent elongated spots in postdiscal area, anterior spot larger than posterior, males sometimes without translucent spots. Costal and median areas orangishbrown. Hindwings with black strigiform markings, no translucent areas. Ventral surface: Both wings pale-gray with black strigiform markings surrounded by pink lines. Head. Antennae: Diminutively ciliate. Vertex: Grayish-brown. Mouthparts: Labial palp copper; third segment smaller than second, with pinkish-purple dot on the tip. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Grayish-brown above and pale-gray below. Legs: Grayish-brown (Fig. 2 H).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Banisia argutula is native to the Neotropics. This moth has been found in French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname (Whalley 1976). Martinez et al. (2017) reported this species from the USA in south Florida based on some specimens previously misidentified as B. myrsusalis.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFFFFC8FF0CF753F9B5FE42.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (Martinez et al. 2017). Natural history. Adults are active almost all year, mainly during the rainy season (late May to late October in south Florida). The females lay eggs primarily on the base of the floral buds or open flowers, but will also lay eggs on twigs, leaf buds, and on the fruit. Upon emerging from the egg (after four days), the larva chews a hole in a floral bud, enters the flower, and spins a silk plug covering the entrance hole. While the larva feeds, it covers the walls of flowers or fruits with silk. The larval stage lasts about 12 – 16 days. Pupation occurs mainly on fruits and flowers. Pupal stage lasts 17 – 20 days. Damage. The larva chews holes in the base of floral buds or mature flowers, enters the flower, and consumes everything except the sepals. A single larva is able to join together several flowers and floral buds using silk to avoid exposure to predators. Larvae can also feed on leaves rolling them together as well, or bore into the fruit. It can complete its development in the rolled leaves, damaged flowers or inside of the fruit. When flowers are infested with larvae, they turn reddish brown and larval excrement is evident before drying completely. Management. Chemical insecticides have not been thoroughly investigated. There are many natural enemies that help to control B. argutula (e. g. orb weaver spiders, lizards, birds).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFCFFC9FF0CF60AFF92FD9E.taxon	discussion	Walker (1859) described Banisia myrsusalis from specimens of Tweedie’s collection at the BMNH.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFCFFC9FF0CF60AFF92FD9E.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Shiny pink and reddish-brown with white ridges. After hatching, they turn orange as in B. argutula. Larv a. First and second instar are transparent yellow changing to green after feeding; thorax brown. Third and fourth instar as previous, but with two dark-brown lateral patches on thorax. Larva length 6.8 – 8.9 mm (Fig. 1 G). Pre-pupa. Similar to the last instar but paler and wider. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, male cinereous and slightly smaller than female; female reddish-cinereous. Wing expanse: males 19.4 – 20.1 mm, females 20.8 – 21.7 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings grayish-brown with strigiform markings and from one to three translucent small spots in postdiscal area, anterior spot larger than posterior, bilateral asymmetry may occur. Males sometimes without translucent spots; costal and median areas ochraceous brown. Hindwings without translucent spots; brownish-black strigiform markings and a thin pink marginal line present. Ventral surface: both wings pale-brown with brownishblack strigiform markings surrounded by pale orange. Head. Antennae: Diminutively ciliate. Vertex: Cinereous. Mouthparts: Labial palp cinereous with third segment smaller than second. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Cinereous dorsally and pale-brown ventrally. Legs: Pale-brown (Fig. 2 G).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFCFFC9FF0CF60AFF92FD9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Banisia myrsusalis is a species that it is native to the Neotropical Region, it was introduced to Asia and had been recorded in the USA mainly in Florida USA (Whalley 1976; Martinez et al. 2017), Brazil (Guenée 1877; Soares-da Silva et al. 2003; Monteiro et al. 2007). It has also been reported in the West Indies (Pagenstecher 1892; Whalley 1976; Bendicho-Lopez 1998; Núñez-Águila 2004) and Asia including India, Sri Lanka (Sandhu and Sran 1980; Jhala et al. 1988; Patel et al. 1993; Sathish et al. 2013, 2015), Malaysia (Corbett 1929; Holloway 1970), Hong Kong (Ades and Kendrick 2004), Japan (Hiroshi 1998) Indonesia, Madagascar, Thailand (Whalley 1976) and Vietnam (Konvička et al. 1998). Widely distributed in Africa (Whalley 1976; De Prins and De Prins 2019), Papua New Guinea and Australia (Whalley 1976; Herbison-Evans and Crossley 2014).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFCFFC9FF0CF60AFF92FD9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Banisia myrsusalis is an oligophagous moth previously associated only with plants of the Sapotaceae including Chrysophyllum cainito L., C. oliviforme L., Madhuca longifolia (J. Konig) J. F. Macbr., Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen, M. subsericea (Mart.) Dubard, Mimusops elengi L. and Pouteria caimito Radlk.) (Bendicho-Lopez 1998; Robinson 1999; Silva et al. 2003; Monteiro et al. 2007). However, it has also been reported feeding on Terminalia elliptica Willd. (Combretaceae) (De Prins and De Prins 2019), and Ficus sp. (Moraceae), the latter of which is a new host record. Natural history. The adults are active during late summer (early August in southern Florida), increasing their populations during the rainy season. The females have been observed laying eggs mainly on the twigs, leaf buds, and fruit (Soares-da Silva et al. 2003). Four or five days after hatching, the larva rolls up in a leaf and chew a small hole where it starts to feed. When the larva finishes feeding within the leaf, it makes a second hole and moves to another leaf. The larval stage lasts 12 – 15 days. The pupal stage lasts 16 – 21 days. Pupation occurs mainly inside rolled leaves. Damage. When leaves are infested with larvae, they are transparent green with many blotch mines. After the larvae emerge from the leaves, the leaves become pale yellowish brown. Management. Contact pesticides are not effective because the larvae feed inside the leaves. For this reason, control is very difficult. Myers et al. (2008) used pesticides in sapodilla without significant effects. During our investigation we saw many predators that are natural enemies of both B. myrsusalis and B. argutula (see, B. argutula management).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFDFFD6FF0CF6F1FF6CFE66.taxon	discussion	Dichrorampha sapodilla was described by Heppner (1981) along with another new species of Dichrorampha Guenée from Florida based on a specimen in the Baranowski collection at the USNM. D. sapodilla feeds on sapodilla, while D. manilkara Heppner, 1981 feeds on wild dilly (Manilkara bahamensis (Baker) Lam. and Meusse). It is a congener of D. azteca Walsingham, 1914 and D. odorata Brown and Zachariades, 2007.	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFDFFD6FF0CF6F1FF6CFE66.taxon	description	Description. Egg. Translucent yellow in newly laid eggs and translucent golden-yellow before they hatch. Larva. Transparent yellowish-white with head dark-orange from first to fourth instar; fifth instar body not transparent; dark yellowish-white; head dark-orange. Mature larva length 2.9 – 3.2 mm (Fig. 1 A). Pre-pupa. The same as the last instar, but thoracic segments wider and body paler. Pupa. Yellow except for head, which is brown; some spines present dorsally on abdomen. Adult. Not sexually dimorphic. Wing expanse: 3.6 – 4.7 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: forewings narrow and long; gray with dark band angled toward apical area from middle of wing to basal third of inner margin; six to seven matte-black strigiform markings in costal area continue diagonally toward tornus, surrounded by orangish-yellow; costal margin with white borders; four apical black strigiform markings surrounded by orangish-yellow through tornus distad acute curve at radius; tornus without orangish-yellow; a large matte-dark spot with orangish-yellow on distal area of spot; speculum with five small dark spots in orangish-yellow area; matte-gray in fringe; hindwings dark-gray; fringe pale-gray. Ventral surface: Both wings shiny bronze. Head. Antennae: Filiform, distally brown and dark-gray, ⅓ body length. Vertex: Grayish-brown. Mouthparts: Palps small pale brownish-gray. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Brownish-gray above and pale-gray below. Legs: Brownish-gray (Fig. 2 A).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFDFFD6FF0CF6F1FF6CFE66.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Dichrorampha sapodilla is native to the USA. It has only been found it in south Florida (Heppner 1981; Myers et al. 2008).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
605687A7FFFDFFD6FF0CF6F1FF6CFE66.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts. Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen recorded by Heppner (1981) and Myers et al. (2008). Natural history. The adults have been observed flying year-round in Florida (Heppner, 1981). Females lay eggs on the petals and sepals of mature flowers. Upon hatching, the neonate larva bores into the flowers and eat the petals and the base of the pistil. The duration of larval development ranges from 12 – 16 days. Pupation takes place inside of the sepals where the larva makes a silken cocoon utilizing its excrement. The duration of the pupal stage is close to 15 – 17 days. Adult moths usually feed on nectar from flowers and also drink water; however, the feeding habits of adult moths of the sapodilla pod borer have not been studied. This species has been observed only in sapodilla (Heppner, 1981). Damage. The larvae feed on mature flowers only, mainly on the petals and the base of pistil, damag- ing several flowers until they complete larval development and begin pupation. The petals in damaged flowers turn reddish brown, dry and die. This moth can cause significant losses. Management. Currently just one parasitoid, an unidentified species of Bracon, has been found associated with larvae of the sapodilla pod borer. There are other natural enemies (e. g. Gasteracantha cancriformis (Linnaeus )). Potential insecticides for the sapodilla pod borer moth have not been thoroughly investigated (Myers et al. 2008).	en	Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y., Carrillo, Daniel (2019): Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control. Insecta Mundi 739 (739): 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599
