identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
EF9B2E7141E0AEA2FDBD71DAA9F008FB.text	EF9B2E7141E0AEA2FDBD71DAA9F008FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygaena speciosa Reiss 1937	<div><p>Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Zygaenidae</p><p>Zygaena speciosa Reiss, 1937 Figs 1-39</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Described from the Alam-Kuh region, the melanistic form ( Zygaena speciosa speciosa) is currently known from seven localities between Kuh-e Demavand in the east and Alam Kuh in the west, while non-melanistic populations were unknown until now and are here recorded for the first time from three localities located between Mo’allem Kalayeh (Qazvin NE.) and Kuh-e Samamus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF9B2E7141E0AEA2FDBD71DAA9F008FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hofmann, Axel;Naderi, Alireza	Hofmann, Axel, Naderi, Alireza (2014): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz. Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2): 167-181, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888
EF9E76B1331F25A0D10B2941AAA5708B.text	EF9E76B1331F25A0D10B2941AAA5708B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygaena speciosa subsp. oseyii	<div><p>Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Zygaenidae</p><p>Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. Figs 10-29, 33-35, 38, 39</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype ♂, 28 mm wingspan, "Iran, Prov. Gilan, Kuh-e Samamus, Javaherdeh 20 km SSW, 3350-3400 m, 30.6.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi", [36°50,92' N, 50°23,66'E], coll. A. Hofmann (to be deposited in SMNK). Paratypes: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, same data as holotype, coll. A. Hofmann; same locality as holotype: 35 ♂, 18 ♀, 15.vii. 2006, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; 1 ♂, coll. J. Mooser; 1 ♂, coll. A. Floriani; 7 ♂, 3 ♀, coll. T. Keil; 4 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. larvae, e.p.: 30.vi.-10.vii.2006 leg. et cult. A. Hofmann, coll. A. Hofmann; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, 25.vi. 2006, leg. A. Naderi, coll. A. Hofmann; 8 ♂, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 16 ♂, 3 ♀, 3.viii.2007, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, coll. A. Hofmann; 7 ♂, 1 ♀, coll. T. Keil; 4 ♂, coll. P. Zehzad (to be deposited in HMIM). Other material: Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout), 3270-3350 m, [36°41,76'N, 50°29,77'E], 17 ♂, 2 ♀, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi, coll. A. Hofmann; 3 ♂, ibidem, coll. T. Keil; 2 ♂, ibidem, 10.vii.2007, leg. A. Naderi, coll. T. Keil; 5 ♂, 2 ♀, ibidem, 13. u. 14.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; this locality is about 20 km southeast of Kuh-e Samamus. Iran, Prov. Qazvin NE, Mo’allem Kalayeh vic., Kuh-e Khash-Chal, 3390-3430 m, [36°32,53'N, 50°30,31'E], 11 ♂, 1 ♀, 15.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; 11 ♂, 10 ♀, ibidem, 3550-3700 m, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; this locality is about 35 km southeast of Kuh-e Samamus.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Dedicated to Abbas Oseyi (Karaj), who accompanied the second author when discovering the first population at Kuh-e Samamus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>A group of strictly non-melanistic populations. Black ground colour of forewings with greenish sheen, more greyish and more translucent in females. Hindwings with black border of medium width, stronger at apex and with a double-tooth in the beginning of anal field at the tornus, but never invading the discal area. Forewing spots 1+2, 3+4 and 5 well developed and always present, spots 1+2+2a forming the basal blotch, with spot 2 elongate, longer than spot 1, while spot 2a is vestigial. Spot 3 small, ovoid, spot 4 larger, quadrangular; both spots always separated by the cubitus stem vein. Spot 5 of similar size and form as spot 4, but standing more vertically, isolated from spot 6. The latter (spot 6) more variable: it can be absent in both sexes (20%), but more frequently in the males, it can be vestigial and reduced to a few scales (25%), or well developed as a normal spot in the costal part (25%), or reniform, the upper part then smaller (30%). Red patagia and red abdominal cingulum present on one segment, well developed in females, reduced or vestigial in males. The abdominal cingulum can even be absent or reduced to only a few red lateral scales (20%).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Specimens from two other populations that are not from the type-locality are well separated geographically and differ slightly from the type-series; while they can be assigned to oseyii subsp. n., they are not included in the type-series.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>In specimens from Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Figs 13-18), spot 6 is always present and larger, the black ground colour of the males is more bluish and the hindwing border is narrower with a very weak expansion at the apex. In specimens from Kuh-e Khash-Chal (Figs 19-21), spots 5 and 6 are mostly closer together and occasionally they are even connected to each other. Otherwise both populations look similar to Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. from the type-locality (Figs 10-12). The difference between oseyii ssp. n. (Figs 10-21) and the nominotypical subspecies from the type-locality in the Alam-Kuh region (Figs 4-6) is extraordinarily strong. In contrast to the nominotypical population from Hezarchal (and from those from Dizin-Shemshak and from Kuh-e Tochal), the more north-westerly located populations (Figs 10-21) from between Kuh-e Khash-Chal and Kuh-e Samamus do not exhibit a tendency for melanism. The hindwings are red with a variable broad border and are never darkened, while the border never forms a “tooth” along the anal vein. Spot 6 is either strongly reduced or predominantly completely missing in Zygaena speciosa speciosa, while it is predominantly present or at least vestigial in Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. Not a single specimen from all of these three new localities can be confused with specimens from Alam Kuh, Dizin-Shemshak or from Kuh-e Tochal, nor can any single specimen from these localities be incorporated into the series of oseyii ssp. n. The localities of the most easterly population of oseyii ssp. n. (Kuh-e Khash-Chal) and Zygaena speciosa speciosa are less than 40 km from each other as the crow flies and, surprisingly, the population nearest to the Alam-Kuh population even exhibits the most reddish forms of all three known populations.</p><p>Genitalia . Differences in genitalia structures within species-groups of Zygaena (Hofmann and Tremewan 2010) are often poor, especially in the manlia-group, and significant characters for separating closely related taxa are obviously lacking (Hofmann and Keil 2011: 244-245), which is why fertile hybrid-crossings in captivity were relatively easily to obtain (Hofmann 2000b, Hofmann and Kia- Hofmann 2010).</p><p>We found slight differences in the uncus and lamina dorsalis of the male genitalia between Zygaena speciosa speciosa (Figs 30-32, 36, 37) and Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. (Figs 33-35, 38, 39), but we do not interpret them as prezygotic mechanisms of isolation. The uncus of the nominotypical subspecies is more cone-shaped, attenuated at the end (compare Figs 30 and 33), while the lamina dorsalis is broadest at the middle part and becomes narrower toward the base (compare Figs 31 and 34), in contrast to Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. in which this structure is more pyramidal-like, broadest at its base. However, there may be variation in these structures and even if dissections of a series would confirm these as constant characters, they would nevertheless not prevent successful pairings, but may reflect strict isolation with diverse developments in the post-glacial period. Furthermore, if one takes the 100% separation in phenotype into account, a clear tendency for species-specific differentiation on the way to distinct biospecies becomes obvious.</p><p>Bionomics.</p><p>Detailed data on the bionomics with figures of larvae, host-plants and biotopes, together with a distribution map that includes the populations of Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n., have been provided by Hofmann and Kia–Hofmann (2008: 25-49). At all three localities, Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. is syntopic with Zygaena carniolica .</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>In addition to the type-locality, Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. is known from two further sites, both of which are located further east of the Kuh-e Samamus (Fig. 22). All three sites are situated at altitudes between 3270 and 3700 m. A gap of ca. 40 km between ssp. oseyii and ssp. speciosa remains unexplored. Further prospecting, especially in the Kuh-e Sialan region, will show that either there is a transitional zone with mixed populations or a sharp divide between the melanistic and ‘normal’ forms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF9E76B1331F25A0D10B2941AAA5708B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hofmann, Axel;Naderi, Alireza	Hofmann, Axel, Naderi, Alireza (2014): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz. Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2): 167-181, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888
13FE4DE911C6000D056EFBA311D1E0F1.text	13FE4DE911C6000D056EFBA311D1E0F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygaena tamara Christoph 1889	<div><p>Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Zygaenidae</p><p>Zygaena tamara Christoph, 1889 Figs 40-72</p><p>Remarks .</p><p>The pure red populations of the Kendevan region have been described as ssp. kendevanica Tremewan, 1977, and populations with the same phenotype are found further south-west to Zanjan (Figs 49-54). Similar pure red populations occur in the Van Gölü region in eastern Turkey (ssp. placida Bang-Haas, 1913), while the Zagros range, the Iranian Talysh and Azerbaijan-e Sharqi are predominantly inhabited by populations with mixed characters of yellow forewings and red hindwings (Figs 43-45) or yellow fore- and hindwings (Figs 40-42, 46-48). A unique character that distinguishes all of these populations of Zygaena tamara from all other Mesembrynus species is the red abdominal cingulum that is present on two to three segments in the females and on three segments in the males (Figs 40-54, 63), a character that is in strong contrast to the newly discovered populations from the northern side of the Alborz range, which we here describe as Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13FE4DE911C6000D056EFBA311D1E0F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hofmann, Axel;Naderi, Alireza	Hofmann, Axel, Naderi, Alireza (2014): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz. Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2): 167-181, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888
3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC.text	3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zygaena tamara subsp. dailamica	<div><p>Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Zygaenidae</p><p>Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. Figs 55-63, 64-70, 72</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype ♂, 31 mm wingspan, "Iran, Prov. Qazvin, Hir NE, Gardaneh-ye Anbarkesh, N-Seite, 2780-2900 m, 13.7.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi", [36°37,46'N, 50° 21,34E], coll. A. Hofmann (to be deposited later in SMNK). Paratypes, same data as holotype: 7 ♂, 4 ♀, coll. A. Hofmann; 2 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi. Same locality as holotype: 3 ♂, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. &amp; C. Keil, coll. T. Keil. Same locality as holotype, F1, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 13 ♂, 15 ♀, e. p.: 26.iv.-29.v.2007; 19 ♂, 21 ♀, e. p.: 22.iv.-15.vii.2008; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, e. p.: 27.v.-11.vi.2009. Ibidem, F2: 3 ♂, 7 ♀ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.v.-23.vi.2008; 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.-14.vi.2009; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (ex CV08053,2), e. p.: 27.-30.v.2009. Ibidem, F3: 2 ♂, 3 ♀ (ex CV080503,1), e. p.: 29.v.-28.vi.2009. 10 ♂, 8 ♀, "Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Tamol vic., 2250-2400 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi", [36°38,87'N, 50°25,71'E], coll. A. Hofmann; 2 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, 1 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 24 ♂, 6 ♀, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. &amp; C. Keil, coll. T. Keil; 3 ♂, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 13.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann. Ibidem, F1, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 15 ♂, 28 ♀, e. p.: 22.v.-30.v.2007; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, e. p.: 15.-24.v.2008; 8 ♂, 9 ♀, F2 (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 30.iv.-15.vii.2008. Ibidem, F2: 2 ♂, 6 ♀ (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 2.-19.vi.2009; 3 ♂, 4 ♀ (ex CV070524), e. p.: 4.v.-11.v.2008; 6 ♂, 5 ♀ (ex CV070524), e. p.: 1.-11.vi.2009. 2 ♀, "Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout) N, 2800-3000 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann &amp; A. Naderi", [36°41,35'N, 50°31,96'E], coll. A. Hofmann; 3 ♂, coll. T. Keil; 5 ♂, 2 ♀, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 1 ♂, coll. P. Zehzad; 3 ♀, 14.vii.2010, leg. et. coll. A. Hofmann. Paratypes will be deposited in HMIM, CWGT.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Dailam (persian دیلم) is the historical name of the mountain region on the south-west side of the Caspian Sea. Because of its mountain location Dailam was for a long time protected from the attacks of invading Arabs, its inhabitants much later being converted to Islam. The centre was the Assassin fortress of Alamut, a castle at 2100 m altitude that was regarded as impregnable, but was destroyed in 1275 by the Mongols.</p><p>Description .</p><p>Black ground colour with greenish or greyish sheen. Coloration of forewing spots warm red but without a tendency to orange. Hindwings less densely scaled, slightly translucent. Spots 1+2+2a forming a large basal blotch that is always well separated from the spot pair 3+4. Spot 3 smaller than spot 5, connected to the largest spot (spot 4). Spot 5 quadrangular, attached to spot 6, in the majority with a groove in the upper part, occasionally isolated, especially in the males. Spot 6 large, pear-shaped when separated from spot 5. Spot 6 completely absent in one female. Hindwings with a narrow greyish black border that can be broadened slightly at the apex. Red patagia and red abdominal belt always present on one segment, the latter closed ventrally. Tegulae consistently black in males, in females sometimes mixed with a few red scales. Legs greyish white in both sexes.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Imago: From all other populations of Zygaena tamara the new subspecies is well separated by the one-segmented red cingulum on the abdomen (Fig. 62). Moreover, the red coloration is colder, less orange than in the red populations of Zygaena tamara ( Zygaena tamara placida, Zygaena tamara kendevanica). The distance between the spot pairs 1+2+2a and 3+4 of these subspecies is broader than that in Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n., thus forming a broad black band of ground colour.</p><p>Preimaginal stages: Already the L1 larva is darker than larvae of Zygaena tamara from other localities. This is even more obvious in the diapausing stage. Post-diapause larvae and fully-grown larvae exhibit a more dirty-yellow ground colour with more brownish grey-yellow on the verrucae. While the fully-grown larvae of Zygaena tamara are nearly unicolorous without contrasting elements, those of dailamica ssp. n. are much more strongly marked with the anterior dorsal spots (ADS) well developed and the yellow dorso-subdorsal spots well visible and present on 10 segments (Figs 64-69). Moreover, constant differences exist in the sclerotization of the pupae and even in the coloration of the cocoon (Figs 70-72). The exuviae of dailamica ssp. n. are dark brown, in contrast to the light- to mid-brown coloration in all other known populations of Zygaena tamara . The coloration of the cocoon is consistently slightly darker, less yellowish but light white-brownish with a tinge of green. Cocoons of Zygaena tamara from Zanjan, Baneh (Kurdestan), Golujeh (Azerbaijan-e Sharqi) or from Dorud (Lorestan) are light yellow to white (Fig. 71).</p><p>Bionomics.</p><p>All habitats of Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. are treeless slopes with a combination of arboreal, oreal and eremic vegetation, e.g. Securigera varia (L.) Lassen ( Fabaceae) is found in the immediate vicinity of Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv. ( Fabaceae), Eryngium billardieri Delar. ( Apiaceae), Astragalus (Tragacanthus) ( Fabaceae) cushions and yellow-flowering Phlomis ( Lamiaceae), typical for the narrow transitional zone between the humid Hyrcanian and the more arid eremic regions. At the first locality (Gardaneh Anbarkesh), Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. is syntopic with Zygaena cambysea Lederer, 1870, while at the more northerly sites it is syntopic with Zygaena haberhaueri Lederer, 1870. In the more humid valley that lies between the two mountain ranges, where there is intensive agriculture, plenty of orchards and many villages, only Zygaena loti (Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775) and Zygaena dorycnii Ochsenheimer, 1808, were found; just 100-200 m higher up, the vegetation changes rapidly and becomes much drier and is partly grazed intensively by goats and sheep. These are the biotopes where, in the vicinity of Tamol, Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. and Zygaena haberhaueri were accompanied by these two species, a faunistic combination that is atypical for Zygaena tamara . In its biotopes, Zygaena tamara is usually accompanied by species typical of the Zagros arid climate, e.g. Zygaena turkmenica Reiss, 1933, Zygaena escalerai Poujade, 1900, Zygaena rosinae Korb, 1903, Z. cambysea. The sympatry in the vicinity of Tamol represents a faunistic mixture comprising two species that are typical for the northern side of the Alborz Range ( Zygaena dorycnii, Zygaena loti), while the latter species does not even cross the Alborz main chain to the south.</p><p>After 10.00 h, moths were observed nectaring at the pinkish flowers of Salvia, but preferred to sit on the flower heads of some Dipsacaceae, viz. a white and bluish Scabiosa sp. and a tall white-flowered Cephalaria sp. Several copulae were found sitting on dry stems or on the flowers of scabious during the afternoon after 15.00 h, rarely on cushions of an Acanthophylum sp.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. was found only at altitudes between 2250-3000 m. Its distribution is restricted to the central Alborz range between north of Qazvin and south of Tonekabon and extends over two north-westerly/south-easterly ranging mountain chains with a valley of 1700-1900 m in between. In its most northerly sites Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. inhabits slopes that are open to the Caspian Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3BE6E2FA0F642250381490C6008C48CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Hofmann, Axel;Naderi, Alireza	Hofmann, Axel, Naderi, Alireza (2014): Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz. Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2): 167-181, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7888
