identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
672787A3FFF4FFFDFF54FDA9FDD2FC8F.text	672787A3FFF4FFFDFF54FDA9FDD2FC8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hynobius guttatus Tominaga & Matsui & Tanabe & Nishikawa 2019	<div><p>Hynobius guttatus sp. nov.</p><p>(Japanese name: Mahoroba-sanshou-uwo)</p><p>(English name: Mahoroba salamander)</p><p>(Figs. 7A, B, 8A, 9A, E, F)</p><p>H. naevius (part, Kinki local form): Sato 1943: 207.</p><p>H. naevius (part, samples 1–6, Chubu-Kinki subcluster in Group B): Tominaga et al. 2005a: 921–937.</p><p>H. naevius (part, samples 1–7, Chubu and Kinki subgroup in Group B): Tominaga et al. 2005b: 1229–1244, Fig. 6A. H . naevius (part, samples 1–6, Chubu-Kinki samples in Clade 4): Tominaga et al. 2006: 677–684.</p><p>H. yatsui (part): Tominaga et Matsui 2008: 107.</p><p>H. stejnegeri (part): Matsui et al. 2017: 538.</p><p>Holotype: T2804 (Fig. 7A, B), an adult male from Yasugawa-dam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.35/lat 34.966667)">Koka-shi</a> (formerly Tsuchiyama-cho), Shiga Prefecture (34 o 58’N, 136 o 21’E, alt. 420 m a.s.l.), collected by K. Nishikawa and S. Tanabe on 22 April 1996.</p><p>Paratypes: All from the type locality: T2194, one male collected by S. Tanabe on 15 August , 1991; T2663- T2664, one female and one juvenile collected by S. Tanabe on 3 April 1994; T2799, one male collected by Y. Yasukawa on 9 April 1996; T2805–T2807, one female and two juveniles collected by S. Tanabe on 22 April, 1996; KUHE 28477–28483, one male and six juveniles collected by A. Tominaga, and T. Sugihara on 20 March, 2001.</p><p>Referred specimens: KUHE 32250–32261, 33456–33459, 33461–33468 from Gero-shi, Gifu Prefecture ; KUHE 27396–27399, 27406–27411, 27531–27533, 27571, 27632, 27636–27640, 27838, 28762–28766, 28770– 28771, 28774–28776, 28781, T3044–T3046, from Fujihashi-mura, Gifu Prefecture ; KUHE 28477–28483, T2137, T2194, T2663–T2664. T2799, T2804–T2807, from Koka-shi (formerly Tsuchiyama-cho), Shiga Prefecture ; KUHE 33451–34564, from Kawachinagano-shi, Osaka Prefecture ; T1977, from Chihaya-Akasaka-mura, Osaka Prefecture; T2695, T2852–T2854, T2986–T2990, from Izumi-shi, Osaka Prefecture ; KUHE 22793, 26096–26097, from Shirahama-cho, Wakayama Prefecture ; KUHE 28671, 29670–29672, from Kozagawa-cho, Wakayama Prefecture ; KUHE 22790–22791, 28961–28962, 29253, T3107–T3108, T3112–T3114, from Kudoyama-cho, Wakayama Prefecture .</p><p>Etymology: The specific name “ guttatus ” is derived from the Latin adjective signifying speckled and refers to the small brownish-white markings on brown ground color typical for this species.</p><p>Diagnosis: A small-sized species (adult SVL 51–67 mm in males and 51–66 mm in females) within the lotic breeding Hynobius, breeding in underground water in montane streams; dorsum with small brownish white spots; limbs and tail long; tips of fore- and hindlimbs adpressed on body not meeting (overlap of -2.0 to -1.0 costal folds in males and -2.5 to - 2 in females); fifth toe ill-developed; ova large, pigmentless; egg sacs short and string-like, without distinct whiptail structure on free end; most similar to H. stejnegeri, but with smaller body size, small number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth, relatively larger head, and shallower vomerine teeth series (Fig. 8A), and reddish brown to dark blue ground color with brownish white small dorsal marking of the trunk.</p><p>Description of holotype (measurements in mm): Head-body small (SVL 55.5); head oval and moderately depressed, distinctly longer (HL 13.0, 23.4% SVL) than wide (HW 10.0, 18.0%); snout rounded, slightly projecting beyond lower jaw; nostril close to snout tip; labial fold absent; eye large, prominently protruded, slightly inset from edge of head in dorsal view; upper eyelid well developed (UEW 1.8, 3.2% SVL), shorter (UEL 3.1, 5.6% SVL) than snout (SL 3.8, 6.9% SVL); gular fold distinct, curving slightly anteriorly; parotoid gland evident, extending from angle of jaw to gular fold; postorbital grooves distinct, branching posterior to angle of jaw, one short and running down to lower jaw, the other long and posteriorly to parotoid gland; vomerine teeth series slightly wider (VTW 3.1, 5.7% SVL) than long (VTL 2.7, 4.8% SVL), vomerine teeth deep V-shaped, series nearly touching at midline (Fig. 8A), tongue broad, both sides free from mouth floor; fore- and hindlimbs short and thick (FLL 12.7, 22.9% SVL; HLL 16.2, 29.2% SVL); number of costal grooves between axilla and groin 13; depressed limbs separated by two costal folds; relative length of fingers IV&lt;I&lt;III&lt;II, toes V&lt;I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III; fifth toe poorly developed (5TL 0.3, 0.5% SVL); cloaca longitudinal slit; genital tubercle on anterior cloaca absent; tail short (TAL 34.0, 61.2% SVL), cylindrical at base and middle (BTAW 6.0, 10.8% SVL; BTAH 5.2, 9.4% SVL, MTAW 4.5, 8.1% SVL; MTAH 5.8, 10.4% SVL), slightly compressed posteriorly, caudal fin never developed; tip of tail slightly sharpened in lateral view.</p><p>Additional Measurements and counts of the holotype: IND (2.8, 5.1% SVL); IOD (3.2, 5.8% SVL); AGD (29.6, 53.3% SVL); TRL (42.5, 76.7% SVL); MXTAH (5.8,10.5% SVL); 2FL (2.1, 3.8% SVL); 3FL (2.0, 3.6% SVL); 3TL (3.6, 6.5% SVL); UJTN (62); LJTN (65); VTN (51).</p><p>Color: In life, brown in dorsal ground color, with small white markings, (Fig. 7A). Underside of body lighter than dorsum covered with white marking (Fig. 7B). In preservative, dorsal and ventral ground color tending to fade.</p><p>Variation: Morphometric data are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Sexual size dimorphism in SVL was absent. Males tended to have wider RHW (median=18.0% SVL) than in females (17.6% SVL). Males had longer RFL (23.8% SVL) and RHL (29.4% SVL) than in females (22.6% SVL and 28.9% SVL, respectively). Separation of limbs was greater in females (median=2.0 folds) than in males (1.5 folds). Males had RTL (median=67.0% SVL) than in females (64.4% SVL). Third toe was usually longer than the fourth like holotype. Fifth toe was almost always present but often poorly developed. Combined series of vomerine teeth tended to be wider in males (VTW / VTL, median=101.5%) than in females (96.8%). Dorsal color and was usually more reddish and marking size was smaller in northeastern populations (from Gero-shi and Ibigawa-cho, Gifu Prefecture; Koka-shi, Shiga Prefecture) than in southwestern populations (from Tsu-shi, Mie Prefecture; Izumi-shi, Osaka Prefecture; Kudoyama-cho and Kozagawa-cho, Wakayama Prefecture) (Tominaga et al. 2005b). Individuals from Aichi Prefecture seem to be larger than those from other areas (Yamagami et al. 2007).</p><p>Eggs and egg sacs: The egg sac morphology of H. guttatus sp. nov. is shown in Fig. 9A. Egg sacs were stringlike in shape with thin envelope, and lacked a distinct whiptail structure on the free end. The egg sac ranged from 70–100 mm in length and 11–12mm in width (Yamagami et al. 2007). The clutch size was small, ranging from 11–19 (mean ± SD =15.5 ± 3.3, n = 13) (Yamagami et al. 2007) and 7–17 (13.3 ± 3.8, n = 4) (this study). The diameters of ova from seven females were 5.4 (Yamagami et al. 2007), 5.4–5.9 (5.6 ± 0.13, n = 14) mm, 5.4–6.0 (5.7 ± 0.18, n = 9) mm, 4.4–5.0 (4.8 ± 0.16, n = 10) mm, 4.3–4.8 (4.6 ± 0.17, n = 7) mm, 4.8–5.1 (5.0± 0.11, n = 10) mm, and 4.3–4.9 (4.6± 0.2, n = 10) mm, respectively. Both the animal and the vegetal poles were cream in color.</p><p>Larvae: Two fully grown larvae at St. 62 of Iwasawa &amp; Yamashita (1991) of the first year in late July had SVL of 17.8 and 18.1 (mean = 18.0) mm and total length of 32.1 and 33.8 (mean = 33.0) mm; head rounded in dorsal and lateral views (Fig. 9E, F); snout short and broadly rounded; eyes slightly protruded, inset from edge of head in dorsal view; labial fold indistinct; external gills developed; caudal fin higher than head; dorsal fin slightly higher than ventral fin; origin of dorsal fin at half of trunk; ventral fin originating from vent; tail tip weakly pointed; limbs short but slightly robust; claws on fingers and toes absent. In life, dorsum dark brown to black without marking; venter whitish and transparent; a few white dots scattered on the lateral side of the trunk, caudal fin transparent with small black dots.</p><p>Range: Known from mountain regions of Chubu-Kinki district, Western Japan, from Gifu and Aichi Prefectures to Wakayama Prefecture (Fig. 10). Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is largely sympatrically distributed with H. kimurae in Chubu and Kinki districts and with H. boulengeri in Kinki district. The new species is also sympatrically distributed with Onychodactylus japonicus in some areas.</p><p>Morphological Comparisons: Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is distinct from all 37 lentic breeding Hynobius species by having tail cylindrical at base and small number of large, unpigmented eggs per clutch. Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is different from other Japanese lotic breeding congeners, including H. boulengeri, H. hirosei, H, shinichisatoi, H. ikioi, H. osumiensis, H. amakusaensis, H. kimurae, H. fossigenus, and H. katoi by the presence of white ventral marking on the trunk and smaller body size (Nishikawa &amp; Matsui 2014). Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is similar to H. sematonotos in color, but differs in smaller body size and deeper vomerine teeth series. Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is different from H. naevius and H. oyamai by coloration and smaller body size. Hynobius guttatus is distinguished from H. katoi, which is supposed to have similar breeding ecology, by the presence of dorsal marking on trunk and tail.</p><p>Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is genetically close to H. tsurugiensis sp. nov. described below from eastern highland of Shikoku but is morphologically clearly distinguished from the latter by color and size of dorsal and ventral marking, smaller body size, relatively larger head, larger number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth, and relatively deeper vomerine tooth series. Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is also distinguishable from H. kuishiensis sp. nov., described below from Shikoku by larger number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth, relatively larger head, and relatively deeper vomerine teeth series. Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is similar in color to H. stejnegeri but is distinct from the latter by smaller body size, and relatively shallower vomerine teeth series.</p><p>Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. is slightly larger (SVL= 50.6–66.9 in males, 51.2–65.9 mm in females) than all Taiwanese species although their ranges overlapped (adult SVL usually 50–60 mm and less than 69 mm [Lai &amp; Lue 2008]). Also H. guttatus sp. nov. differs from all five Taiwanese species in larger RHL (22.1–25.5%SVL vs. mean RHL= 18.3–23.9% and), RHW (16.5–19.2% vs. mean RHW= 15.0–16.5%), RFLL (21.2–25.7% vs. mean RFLL= 19.1–25.0%), and RHLL (27.2–32.2% vs. mean RHLL= 22.4–28.9%): means calculated from data of Lai &amp; Lue (2008). Hynobius guttatus sp. nov. also differs in coloration from Taiwanese species.</p><p>Natural history: Breeding occurs from April to June, when egg sacs are attached to stones under the ground around headwater of mountain streams. Larvae can metamorphose in early autumn without feeding like other lineages of Hynobius stejnegeri (sensu lato).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787A3FFF4FFFDFF54FDA9FDD2FC8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tominaga, Atsushi;Matsui, Masafumi;Tanabe, Shingo;Nishikawa, Kanto	Tominaga, Atsushi, Matsui, Masafumi, Tanabe, Shingo, Nishikawa, Kanto (2019): A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 4651 (3): 401-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.1
672787A3FFEAFFFFFF54FC89FD62FC78.text	672787A3FFEAFFFFFF54FC89FD62FC78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hynobius tsurugiensis Tominaga & Matsui & Tanabe & Nishikawa 2019	<div><p>Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Japanese name: Tsurugi-sanshou-uwo)</p><p>(English name: Tsurugi salamander)</p><p>(Figs. 7 C–E, 8B, 9B, G–H)</p><p>H. naevius (part, Shikoku local form): Sato 1943: 206.</p><p>H. naevius (part, sample 7 from easternmost part of Shikoku in Group B): Tominaga et al. 2005a: 921–937.</p><p>H. naevius (part, sample 8 in Group B): Tominaga et al. 2005b: 1229–1244, Fig. 6B.</p><p>H. naevius (part, sample 7, eastern Shikoku sample in Clade 4): Tominaga et al. 2006: 677–684.</p><p>H. yatsui (part): Tominaga &amp; Matsui 2008: 107.</p><p>H. stejnegeri (part): Matsui et al. 2017: 538.</p><p>Holotype: T2096 (Fig. 7C), an adult female from Mt. Tsurugi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.08333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.08333/lat 33.85)">Miyoshi-shi</a> (formerly Higashiiyayama-son), Tokushima Prefecture (33 o 51’ N, 134 o 05’ E, alt. 1843 m a.s.l.) collected by S. Tanabe on 16 July 1990.</p><p>Paratypes: KUHE 8335–8337, 8341–8355, 8357–8360, 8362–8364 and T1238–T1240, T1243–T1244, T1247, 26 males and five females from the type locality by S. Tanabe and T. Hayashi on 21 June 1985; T1597, T1599– T1600, two males and one female from the type locality by S. Tanabe on 23 September 1987; T1959–T1964, four males and one female from the type locality by S. Tanabe on 6 September 1988; T2001–T2002, two males from the type locality by S. Tanabe on 17 July 1989; T2093–T2094 and T2096, two males and one female from Miyoshi-shi, by S. Tanabe on 14–16 July 1990 ; T2095, one female from Mima-shi (formerly Koyadaira-son), Tokushima Prefecture by S. Tanabe on 15 July 1990 ; T2198, one female from the type locality by T. Nii from June to July 1991; T2873 (Fig. 7D, E), one male from Mt. Maruzasa, Miyoshi-shi; T2969, one female from the type locality by S. Tanabe on 5 September 1991 ; T3018–T3021, one male and three females from Naka-cho, Tokushima Prefecture by S. Tanabe on 18 July 2000 .</p><p>Referred specimens: KUHE 28044–28045 from Kami-shi (formerly Monobe-son), Kochi Prefecture by T. Shimada on 23 September 2000 .</p><p>Etymology: The specific name " tsurugiensis " refers to Mt. Tsurugi, the type locality of the species.</p><p>Diagnosis: A medium-sized species (adult SVL 51–72 mm in males and 59–74 mm in females) within the lotic breeding Hynobius, breeding in montane streams; dorsum maculated with large yellow; limbs and tail long; tips of fore- and hindlimbs adpressed on body never meeting (overlap of -3.0 to -0.5 costal folds in males and -3.5 to - 1.5 in females); fifth toe poorly developed; ova large, pigmentless; egg sacs short and string-like, without distinct whiptail structure on free end; morphometrically most similar to H. kuishiensis sp. nov., described below, but with larger body size, small number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth, relative size to SVL in shorter fifth toe, and reddish purple or dark blue ground color with large or continuous yellow dorsal marking of their trunk and tail.</p><p>Description of holotype (measurements in mm): Head-body small (SVL 61.1); head oval and moderately depressed, distinctly longer (HL 14.0, 22.7% SVL) than wide (HW 10.5, 17.1%); snout rounded, slightly projecting beyond lower jaw; nostril close to snout tip; labial fold absent; eye large, prominently protruded, slightly inset from edge of head in dorsal view; upper eyelid well developed (UEW 2.1, 3.4% SVL), shorter (UEL 3.6, 5.8% SVL) than snout (SL 4.2, 6.8% SVL); gular fold distinct, curving slightly anteriorly; parotoid gland evident, extending from angle of jaw to gular fold; postorbital grooves distinct, branching posterior to angle of jaw, one short and running down to lower jaw, the other long and posteriorly to parotoid gland; vomerine tooth series slightly wider (VTW 2.9, 4.7% SVL) than long (VTL 2.6, 4.2% SVL), vomerine tooth deep V-shaped, series nearly touching at midline (Fig. 8B), tongue broad, both sides free from mouth floor; fore- and hindlimbs short and thick (FLL 13.6, 22.1% SVL; HLL 18.4, 29.9% SVL); number of costal grooves between axilla and groin 13; depressed limbs separated by two costal folds; relative length of fingers IV&lt;I&lt;III=II, toes V&lt;I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III; fifth toe poorly developed (5TL 0.8, 1.3% SVL); cloaca longitudinal slit; genital tubercle on anterior cloaca absent; tail short (TAL 39.6, 69.2% SVL), cylindrical at base and middle (BTAW 6.2, 10.0% SVL; BTAH 6.3, 9.5% SVL, MTAW 4.6, 7.1% SVL; MTAH 5.3, 8.9% SVL), slightly compressed posteriorly, caudal fin never developed; tip of tail slightly sharpened in lateral view.</p><p>Additional Measurements and counts of the holotype: IND (3.3, 5.7% SVL); IOD (3.4, 5.7% SVL); AGD (33.5, 52.1% SVL); TRL (47.6, 76.4% SVL); MXTAH (6.3,10.9% SVL); 2FL (2.7, 4.2% SVL); 3FL (2.4, 3.8% SVL); 3TL (4.3, 7.2% SVL); UJTN (54); LJTN (53); VTN (40).</p><p>Color: In life, dark brown in dorsal ground color, with continuous, yellow markings, (Fig. 7C). Underside of body lighter than dorsum with white marking. In preservative, dorsal and ventral ground color tending to fade.</p><p>Variation: Morphometric data are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Males are slightly smaller in SVL than females. Males had slightly larger relative values in RHW (median=17.1% SVL), RLJL (14.2% SVL), RSL (6.9% SVL), RIND (5.5% SVL), RIOD (5.5% SVL), RUEL (5.7 % SVL), RTAL (72.5% SVL), RMTAH (9.8% SVL), RFLL (23.2% SVL), and RHLL (29.1% SVL) than in females (16.0, 13.6, 6.6, 5.2, 5.2, 5.4, 70.7, 8.9, 21.8, and 27.6% SVL, respectively). Males had shorter RAGD (median=52.8% SVL) and RTRL (76.7% SVL) than females (55.0 and 77.4% SVL, respectively). Third toe was usually longer than the fourth like holotype. Fifth toe was almost always present but usually poorly developed. Combined series of vomerine teeth were similar between sexes (medians of VTW / VTL =106.7% SVL in males and 105.9% SVL in females). Dorsal color and markings were usually reddish purple or dark blue ground color with bright yellow continuous markings on trunk and tail. Geographic and individual variations in color were not remarkable (Tominaga et al. 2005).</p><p>Eggs and egg sacs: The egg sac morphology of Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. is shown in Fig. 9B. Egg sacs were string-like in shape with thin envelope, and lacked a distinct whiptail structure on the free end. The clutch size was small, ranging from 19–28 (mean ± SD =22.6 ± 3.6, n = 13). The diameter of ova from one female was 6.0 mm in average (n =10) mm. Both the animal and the vegetal poles were cream in color.</p><p>Larvae: SVL and TAL of larvae (n=4) after hatching ranged from 12.4–13.0 (mean ± SD = 12.7± 0.2) mm and 8.8–10.2 (9.5± 0.8) mm, respectively. The hatched larvae had no balancers. SVL and TAL of fully grown larvae (n=3) at St. 61–63 of Iwasawa &amp; Yamashita (1991) of the first year in late July to late August ranged from 14.6–16.1 (15.4± 0.7, n = 3) mm and 12.6–13.9 (13.1± 0.7, n = 3) mm, respectively. Head rounded in dorsal and lateral views (Fig. 9G, H); snout short and broadly rounded; eyes slightly protruded, inset from edge of head in dorsal view; labial fold indistinct; external gills developed; caudal fin slightly higher than head; dorsal fin higher than ventral fin; origin of dorsal fin at half of trunk; ventral fin originating from vent; tail tip weakly pointed; limbs short but slightly robust; claws on fingers and toes absent. In life, dorsum dark brown with a few tiny white dots; venter whitish and transparent; lateral side of the trunk usually brown without markings, caudal fine transparent with small brown dots. SVL and TAL of metamorphosing juveniles (n=3) in middle of September ranged from 19.0–19.6 (19.3± 0.3) mm and 14.5–15.7 (15.1±0.6) mm, respectively.</p><p>Range: Known from mountain regions of Shikoku district, Western Japan (Fig. 10), from Mt. Tsurugi, Mt. Maruzasa, and Mt. Takashiro, Tokushima Prefecture, and Kami-shi (formerly Monobe-son) Kochi Prefecture. Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. seems to be largely sympatrically distributed with H. hirosei and Onychodactylus kinneburi but allopatric from its relative, H. kuishiensis sp. nov.</p><p>Morphological Comparisons: Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. is distinct from all 37 lentic breeding Hynobius species with having cylindrical tail at base and small number of large unpigmented eggs per clutch. Hynobius tsu- rugiensis sp. nov. is different from other lotic breeding Japanese congeners, including H. boulengeri, H. hirosei, H, shinichisatoi, H. ikioi, H. osumiensis, H. amakusaensis, H. kimurae, H. fossigenus, H. katoi, H. naevius, H. sematonotos, and H. oyamai by combination of the presence of continuous bright yellow dorsal markings, white ventral marking on the trunk, and smaller body size (Matsui et al. 2004; Nishikawa &amp; Matsui, 2014; Matsui et al. 2017; Okamiya et al. 2018; Tominaga et al. 2019). Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. is similar in color to H. ikioi (Nakamura &amp; Uéno 1963), but the new species has smaller body size (SVL: 51.1–71.8 mm in males and 59.2–73.8 mm) than H. ikioi (SVL: (69.0– 93.2 in males and 79.9–93.0 mm in females) (Matsui et al. 2017).</p><p>Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. is slightly larger (SVL= 51.1–71.8 mm in males, 59.2–73.8 mm in females) than all Taiwanese species, although ranges of SVL overlapped (adult SVL usually 50–60 mm and less than 69 mm [Lai &amp; Lue, 2008]). However, H. tsurugiensis sp. nov. differs in color and in longer (RHL 21.5–25.0%) and wider (RHW 15.4 –18.3 %) head and longer forelimb (RFLL=20.4–25.0%) and hindlimb (RHLL=26.3–31.4%) from all five Taiwanese species (mean RHL= 18.3–23.9%, mean RHW= 15.0–16.5%, mean RFLL= 19.1–25.0%, and mean RHLL= 22.4–28.9% [calculated from data of Lai &amp; Lue 2008]).</p><p>Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. is genetically close to H. guttatus sp. nov. from Chubu-Kinki districts but is clearly distinguished from the latter by color and size of dorsal and ventral marking, larger body size, relatively smaller head, smaller number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth, and relatively shallower vomerine tooth series. Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. is morphometrically similar to H. kuishiensis sp. nov. described below, also from Shikoku but is also distinguishable from the latter by color and size of dorsal and ventral marking, smaller number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth. Hynobius tsurugiensis sp. nov. differs from H. stejnegeri by color and size of dorsal and ventral marking, smaller number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth, relatively lager snout and tail, and larger VTW/VTL values, and relatively shallower vomerine teeth series.</p><p>Natural history: Breeding occurs from May to June, when egg sacs are attached to stones under the ground around headwater of mountain streams. Larvae can metamorphose in early autumn without feeding like H. stejnegeri, H. guttatus sp. nov., and H. kuishiensis sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787A3FFEAFFFFFF54FC89FD62FC78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tominaga, Atsushi;Matsui, Masafumi;Tanabe, Shingo;Nishikawa, Kanto	Tominaga, Atsushi, Matsui, Masafumi, Tanabe, Shingo, Nishikawa, Kanto (2019): A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 4651 (3): 401-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.1
672787A3FFE8FFF0FF54FBD6FD02FC80.text	672787A3FFE8FFF0FF54FBD6FD02FC80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hynobius kuishiensis Tominaga & Matsui & Tanabe & Nishikawa 2019	<div><p>Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Japanese name: Iyoshima-sansyou-uwo)</p><p>(English name: Iyoshima salamander)</p><p>(Figs. 7 F–J, 8C, 9C, I)</p><p>Pseudosalamandra naevia (part): Tago 1931: 170–180.</p><p>Hynobius naevius (part, Shikoku local form): Sato, 1943: 206.</p><p>H. naevius (part, samples 8–10 in Group B): Tominaga et al. 2005a: 921–937.</p><p>H. naevius (part, samples 9–11 in Group B): Tominaga et al. 2005b: 1229–1244.</p><p>H. naevius (part, samples 8–9 of Clade 3 and sample 10 of Clade 4): Tominaga et al. 2006: 677–684.</p><p>H. yatsui (part): Tominaga &amp; Matsui, 2008: 107.</p><p>H. stejnegeri (part): Matsui et al. 2017: 538.</p><p>Holotype: KUHE 18035 (Fig. 7F), an adult male from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.5/lat 33.666668)">Mt. Kuishi</a>, Kochi-shi (formerly Tosayama-mura), Kochi Prefecture (33 o 40’ N, 133 o 30’ E, alt. 1030 m a.s.l.) collected by M. Matsui, S. Tanabe, and Y. Misawa on 1 June 1994.</p><p>Paratypes: All from Mt. Kuishi, Kochi-shi (formerly Tosayama-mura), Kochi Prefecture: KUHE10205–10211, six males and one juvenile by M. Matsui and T. Hayashi on 2 June 1989 ; KUHE 18036–18042, five males, one female and one juvenile by M. Matsui, S. Tanabe, Y. Misawa on 1 June 1994; KUHE 24201 (Fig. 8G, H), 24202– 24204, two males and two juveniles by K. Nishikawa on 30-31 May 1998; T2118, one female by T. Okayama on 13 August 1990; T2707–T2709, one male and two females by M. Matsui, S. Tanabe, Y. Misawa, and K. Araya on 1 June 1994; T2960–T2961, two females from Mt. Okukuishi, Motoyama-cho, Kochi Prefecture by S. Tanabe and K. Nishikawa on 6 June 1999 .</p><p>Referred specimens: T1436, T1946–T1954, T2995 (Fig. 7I, J), T2016, T–2996-3001 from Mt. Ishizuchi, Kumakogen-cho (formerly Omogo-mura), Ehime Prefecture; T3487–3489 from Shikokuchuo-shi, Ehime Prefecture; KUHE 21712, 21785, T2689 (Fig. 7K, L), T 2956–2959 from Uchiko-cho (formerly Oda-cho), Ehime Prefecture ; T3338, T3370–3371, T3373, T3606–3608 from Mt. Takamaru, Kamikatsu-cho, Tokushima Prefecture .</p><p>Etymology: The specific name " kuishiensis " refers to Mt. Kuishi, the type locality of the species.</p><p>Diagnosis: A small-sized species (adult SVL 52–66 mm in males and 53–70 mm in females) within the lotic breeding Hynobius, breeding in montane underground streams; dorsum maculated with small to continuous brownish-white; limbs and tail long; tips of fore- and hindlimbs adpressed on body separated (overlap of -2.0 to -0.5 costal folds in males and -2.5 to - 0.5 in females); fifth toe well developed; ova large, pigmentless; egg sacs short and string-like, without distinct whiptail structure on free end; morphometrically most similar to H. tsrugiensis sp. nov., but with larger number of upper and lower jaw teeth, and vomerine teeth, relatively longer fifth toe, and reddish purple or dark blue ground color with small to continuous brownish-white dorsal marking of their trunk and tail.</p><p>Description of holotype (measurements in mm): Head-body small (SVL 65.9); head oval and moderately depressed, distinctly longer (HL 15.1, 22.9% SVL) than wide (HW 11.3, 17.1%); snout rounded, slightly projecting beyond lower jaw; nostril close to snout tip; labial fold absent; eye large, prominently protruded, slightly inset from edge of head in dorsal view; upper eyelid well developed (UEW 2.1, 3.2% SVL), shorter (UEL 3.6, 5.5% SVL) than snout (SL 4.5, 6.8% SVL); gular fold distinct, curving slightly anteriorly; parotoid gland evident, extending from angle of jaw to gular fold; postorbital grooves distinct, branching posterior to angle of jaw, one short and running down to lower jaw, the other long and posteriorly to parotoid gland; vomerine tooth series slightly wider (VTW 3.4, 5.2% SVL) than long (VTL 3.1, 4.6% SVL), vomerine tooth deep V-shaped, series nearly touching at midline (Fig. 8C), tongue broad, both sides free from mouth floor; fore- and hindlimbs long and thick (FLL 15.3, 23..2% SVL; HLL 18.6, 28.2% SVL); number of costal grooves between axilla and groin 13; depressed limbs separated by two costal folds; relative length of fingers I&lt;IV&lt;III&lt;II, toes V&lt;I&lt;II=IV&lt;III; fifth toe moderately developed (5TL 1.7, 2.6% SVL); cloaca longitudinal slit; genital tubercle on anterior cloaca absent; tail long (TAL 45.3, 68.7% SVL), cylindrical at base and middle (BTAW 7.5, 11.4% SVL; BTAH 6.9, 10.5% SVL, MTAW 6.0, 9.1% SVL; MTAH 7.2, 10.9% SVL), slightly compressed posteriorly, caudal fin never developed; tip of tail slightly sharpened in lateral view.</p><p>Additional Measurements and counts of the holotype: IND (3.5, 5.3% SVL); IOD (3.6, 5.5% SVL); AGD (34.2, 51.9% SVL); TRL (50.8, 77.1% SVL); MXTAH (7.2,10.9% SVL); 2FL (2.6, 4.0% SVL); 3FL (2.7, 4.1% SVL); 3TL (4.6, 7.0% SVL); UJTN (58); LJTN (59); VTN (52).</p><p>Color: In life, dark brown in dorsal ground color, with large discontinuous brownish-white markings (Fig. 7F). Underside of body lighter than dorsum with white marking. The ground color of ventral side dark gray with relatively small white markings. In preservative, dorsal and ventral ground color tending to fade.</p><p>Variation: This species includes two divergent mtDNA lineages, although their morphological and nuclear genomic differentiations are not distinct. Morphometric data are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Sexual size and morphometric dimorphism is obscure. Males tended to have slightly wider RHW (median=17.1% SVL) than in females (16.7% SVL). RFLL (median=23.8% SVL) and RHLL (29.3% SVL) in males are comparable to those of females (22.8% SVL and 29.2% SVL, respectively). Third toe was usually longer than the fourth like holotype. Fifth toe was almost always present and usually well developed, but a few individuals from the type locality had poorly developed fifth toe. Dorsal markings were usually smaller or large discrete (Fig. 7F, G, K) in individuals from most part of Shikoku (Shikokuchuo-shi, Motoyama-cho, Kochi-shi, Uchiko-cho, Kamikatsu-cho) but individuals from Mt. Ishizuchi, Ehime Prefecture usually have continuous brown markings on their dorsum (Fig. 7I).</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Eggs and egg sacs: The egg sac morphology of Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. from Mt. Kuishi is shown in Fig. 9C. Egg sacs were string-like in shape with thin envelope, and lacked a distinct whiptail structure on the free end. The clutch size was small, ranging from 17–27 (mean ± SD =21.5 ± 3.9, n = 10). The average diameter of ova from one female was c.a. 6.0 mm. Both the animal and the vegetal poles were cream in color.</p><p>Larvae: SVL and TAL of a hatching larva from Mt. Kuishi were 10.6 mm and 7.9 mm, respectively. The hatched larvae often had balancers. SVL and TAL of each one fully grown larva from Mt. Kuishi at St. 63-65 of Iwasawa &amp; Yamashita (1991) of the first year in early August were about 18 and 15 mm, head rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 9I); snout short and broadly rounded; eyes slightly protruded, inset from edge of head in dorsal view; labial fold indistinct; external gills developed; caudal fin higher than head; dorsal fin higher than ventral fin; origin of dorsal fin at middle of trunk; ventral fin originating from vent; tail tip weakly pointed; limbs short but slightly robust; claws on fingers and toes absent. In life, dorsum dark brown without marking; venter whitish and transparent; caudal fin transparent with small dots.</p><p>Range: Known from Mt. Ishizuchi, Saijo-shi and Kumakogen-cho, Ehime Prefecture; Iyomishima, Shikokuchuo-shi, Ehime Prefecture; Mt. Okukuishi, Motoyama-cho, Kochi Prefecture; Mt. Kuishi, Tosayama, Kochi-shi, Kochi Prefecture; Uchiko-cho (formerly Oda-cho), Ehime Prefecture; Mt. Takamaru, Kamikatsu-cho, Tokushima Prefecture (Fig. 10). Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. seems to be sympatrically distributed widely with H. hirosei and Onychodactylus kinneburi but allopatrically distributed from H. tsurugiensis sp. nov.</p><p>Morphological Comparisons: Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. is differentiated from all 37 lentic breeding Hynobius species by having cylindrical tail at base and small number per clutch of large, unpigmented eggs. Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. (SVL = 52.1–67.7 in males, 51.9–70.2 mm in females) is slightly larger than all the Taiwanese species although their ranges overlap (adult SVL usually 50–60 mm and less than 69 mm [Lai &amp; Lue 2008]). Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. differs from all the five Taiwanese species (data calculated from Lai &amp; Lue 2008) in longer and wider head (RHL 22.1–25.2% and RHW 15.2–18.8% vs. mean RHL = 18.3–23.9% and mean RHW = 15.0– 16.5%), longer forelimb and hindlimb (RFLL =20.2–25.7% and RHLL =27.3 – 31.6% vs. mean RFLL = 19.1–25.0% and mean RHLL = 22.4–28.9%). Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. also differs from Taiwanese species in coloration.</p><p>Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. is also different from other lotic breeding congeners, including H. boulengeri, H. hirosei, H, shinichisatoi, H. ikioi, H. osumiensis, H. amakusaensis, H. kimurae, H. fossigenus, H. katoi, H. naevius, H. sematonotos, and H. oyamai by combination of the presence of small to continuous brownish-white dorsal markings, white ventral marking on the trunk, and smaller body size (Matsui et al. 2004; Nishikawa &amp; Matsui, 2014; Matsui et al. 2017; Okamiya et al. 2018; Tominaga et al. 2019). Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. is morphometirically similar to H. tsurugiensis sp. nov., but they differ in color with the former has usually with brownish-white dorsal markings whereas the latter with continuous bright yellow color on dorsum. Hynobius kuishiensis sp. nov. is similar to H. guttatus sp. nov. and H. stejnegeri in color, but has shorter vomerine teeth series and smaller number of vomerine teeth than the latter two.</p><p>Natural history: Breeding occurs from May to June, when egg sacs are attached to stones under the ground in the headwater of mountain streams. Larvae can metamorphose in early autumn without feeding like H. stejnegeri, H. guttatus sp. nov., and H. tsurugiensis sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/672787A3FFE8FFF0FF54FBD6FD02FC80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tominaga, Atsushi;Matsui, Masafumi;Tanabe, Shingo;Nishikawa, Kanto	Tominaga, Atsushi, Matsui, Masafumi, Tanabe, Shingo, Nishikawa, Kanto (2019): A revision of Hynobius stejnegeri, a lotic breeding salamander from western Japan with a description of three new species (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 4651 (3): 401-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.3.1
