taxonID	type	description	language	source
6408AC194D37F877FF2C5CD6C80E5854.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 55)	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D37F877FF2C5CD6C80E5854.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Staphylinus xanthopygus Nordmann, 1837, fixed by absolute tautonymy (Herman 2001).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D37F877FF2C5CD6C80E5854.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Staphylinus xanthopygus Nordmann, 1837, fixed by absolute tautonymy (Herman 2001). Species included: cognatus, luctuosus, major, max, oliveirae, pexus and xanthopygus.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D37F877FF2C5CD6C80E5854.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Modified from Chatzimanolis (2021). Xanthopygus can be distinguished from all other genera in Xanthopygina based on the combination of the following characteristics: head wider than long and rectangular in shape; head wider than pronotum; antennomeres 7 – 10 transverse; left mandible with two teeth separated by deep emargination; labial palpomere 3 parallel-sided, not securiform; eye size small (less than 2 / 5 length of head); superior marginal line of pronotal hypomeron not continuing to anterior margin; superior and inferior marginal line of pronotal hypomeron produce anterolateral angles not parallel to one other; postcoxal process present; elytra coloration black (except with blue metallic overtones in Xa. xanthopygus); dorsal 1 / 3 of metepisterstum without punctures throughout its length; with more than four spines on the posterior surface of metacoxae (except in X. xanthopygus, four); tergites 3 – 5 with arch-like carina; and sternite 7 in males with emargination at posterior margin. For a list of characters that distinguish Xanthopygus from Photinopygus, see Chatzimanolis (2021).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D37F877FF2C5CD6C80E5854.taxon	description	Description. Habitus as in Figs. 7, 15, 23, 30, 37, 40, 47. Body medium-sized to large, forebody 6.0 – 17.3 mm, without long bristle-like setae. Coloration dark brown to black except posterior abdominal segments orange. Head shape rectangular; head length in comparison to pronotum shorter (except X. luctuosus). Eye size small, less than 2 / 5 length of head. Postclypeus, in comparison to frons, not deflexed; anterior margin more or less straight. Middle of epicranium impunctate but with microsculpture. Postmandibular ridge laterally; with deep punctures demarcating raised postmandibular ridge present. Gular sutures not joined before neck, extended close to each other at base of head capsule. Posterior margin of head more or less at same level with neck border. Nuchal ridge incomplete dorsally. Neck disc without or with sparse punctures. Antennae (Figs. 10, 18, 26, 33, 39, 43, 50) with relative width of antennomere 1 equal or slightly wider than 2. Third antennomere 2.5 times as long as wide or less; antennomere 4 with tomentose pubescence absent (X. luctuosus, X. oliveirae) or present (other species); antennomeres 4 – 10 cylindrical in shape; antennomeres 5 – 10 without club; antennomere 5 subquadrate; antennomeres 7 – 10 symmetrical, transverse; antennomere 6 with curved, distinctly longer and thicker subapical setae than other macrosetae, forming a circlet; antennomere 11 in males subequal to 10. Mouthparts with labrum having broadly U-shaped emargination, lobes strongly separated. Mandibles (Figs. 1 – 2) with relative length typical (i. e., closed mandible not extending beyond lateral margin of head); without asymmetrical torsion. Mandibles in dorsal view curved from apical half in most species except more or less straight (except tip) in X. luctuosus and X. oliveirae; in lateral aspect straight; left mandible with two teeth separated by deep emargination; right mandible with one tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 3) with galea much shorter than palpus; maxillary palpus with palpomere 3 shorter than 2; palpomere 4 longer than 3; palpomere 4 not dilated (parallel-sided). Labial palpus (Fig. 4) with palpomere 3 widest before apex; palpomere 3 without long dense setae on entire lateral sides. Ligula small, entire. Mentum with alpha seta present; hypostomal cavity present; moderately delimited. Pronotum with shape of lateral margins in dorsal view posteriad of midpoint straight to sinuate; anterior angles in dorsal view not strongly acuminate and produced laterad. Pronotum near anterolateral angles without raised impunctate spots; anterolateral corners with punctation; disc of pronotum with punctation beyond midlength; punctation varies but with transverse lines of microsculpture; without coarse punctures impressed in flange at posterior angle of pronotum. Hypomeron with superior marginal line not continuous to anterior margin; superior marginal line without distinct deflection under anterior angles in ventral view; inferior marginal line of hypomeron continued as separate entity beyond anterior pronotal angles and curving around them. Superior and inferior marginal lines produce anterolateral angles not parallel to one other (see figs. 2 A – B in Chatzimanolis 2021). Postcoxal process present. Basisternum (Fig. 5) slightly longer than furcasternum; basisternum with pair of macrosetae, situated far from anterior margin of prosternum. Elytra well developed, longer than pronotum and together, not strongly transverse; hind wings present; hind wing venation with veins CuA and MP 4 fused in one vein. Elytra setae not reduced, easily seen at low magnification; without patches of white setae. Elytra without contiguous polygon-shaped meshed microsculpture. Mesoscutelum with dense cluster of punctures medially. Mesoventrite (Fig. 6) with apex of intercoxal process being broad and either rounded or pointed. Metepisternum with dorsal 1 / 3 without punctures throughout its length. Legs 5 - 5 - 5; profemora without lateroventral apical spines; protarsi with modified pale (adhesive) setae ventrally; protarsi with tarsomeres 1 – 4 dorsoventrally flattened. Mesocoxae strongly separated, intercoxal area on approximately same plane as both meso and metaventrital processes. Metacoxae without coxal shield; with more than four spines on posterior surface (except X. xanthopygus, less than four). Metatibia without thick and long apical spurs but smaller spurs present; with spines. Meso / metatarsi with symmetrically lobed tarsomeres 1 – 4; tarsomeres 3 – 5 of metatarsi with chaetotaxy developed only at margins of dorsal surface; dorsal surface of tarsomeres glabrous along midline. Pretarsal claws with empodial setae. Abdomen with lateral sides in dorsal view more or less parallel-sided; with protergal glands having well-developed acetabula. Anterior basal transverse carina on tergites 3 and 4 without pair of accessory ridges; tergite 3 without posterior basal transverse carina; tergites 3 – 5 with curved carina (arch-like) on disc; tergite 5 without pair of accessory ridges on anterior basal transverse carina; center of tergite 5 with punctation; posterior half of tergite 5 in lateral view not appearing bulging. Sternite 3 with straight to arcuate basal transverse carina medially; basal transverse carina laterally not sinuate. Sternite 4 without basal transverse carina medially. Sternite 5 with dense, meshed microsculpture anterolaterally, appearing different in texture to posterior portion. Males with secondary sexual structures (medial emargination) present on sternites 7 and 8; without porose structure (except X. xanthopygus). Aedeagus with long median lobe and single paramere; paramere with sensory peg setae; median lobe with single subapical tooth (except in X. cognatus and X. xanthopygus, no tooth), without apical tooth, carina or paired apex. Spermatheca not sclerotized.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D31F874FF2C5DBFCBFD5E70.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, female, with labels: “ Ega [Tefé, Amazonas; - 3.348 °, - 64.708 °] ” / “ Type ” [in pen someone has written the word “ Holo- before the word type but that was certainly not done by Sharp] / “ S. America Brazil ” / “ Sharp Coll. 1905 - 313 ” / “ Xanthopygus cognatus ♀ type DS ” / “ Holotype ♀ Xanthopygus cognatus Sharp, 1876 det. R. G. Booth 2014 ” / “ Xanthopygus phylogeny voucher SC- 014 ”. In the collection of NHMUK. Sharp (1876) mentioned that he had only one specimen, which is therefore the holotype. Additional Materials. BELIZE: Cayo: Belmopan [17.25 °, - 88.76 °], 20. viii. 1972, S. & J. Peck leg. (1 ♂ CNC); Stann Creek: Middlesex [17.016 °, - 88.50 °], 11. iv. 1965, FMNHINS 3975320, FMNHINS 3975332, FMNHINS 3975321 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ FMNH); Toledo: Toledo [16.133 °, - 88.816 °], 10 – 20. x. [19] 06, Peck leg. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ MCZ); BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Chapare [- 16.83 °, - 66.16 °], 400 m, 5. xii. 1946, R. Zischka leg., (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NMW); Cristal Mayu [- 17.002 °, - 65.632 °], 28. viii. 1949, L. Peña leg., Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW); La Paz: Coroico [- 16.183 °, - 67.733 °], 1800 m, x – xii. 1906, Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975888 (1 ♂ FMNH); Santa Cruz: Ichilo, Buena Vista [- 17.458 °, - 63.659 °], 7. v. 1989, P. Bettella leg., FMNHINS 3975314 (1 ♀ FMNH); BRAZIL: Amazonas: Ega [Tefé; - 3.348 °, - 64.708 °], Sharp coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, Sharp coll. (1 ♂, 2 ♀ NHMUK); Pará: Caninde, Rio Gurupi [- 2.7 °, - 46.6 °], 7 – 8. iv. 1963, dead spider monkey, B. Malkin leg., FMNHINS 3975326 (1 ♂ FMNH); Santarém [- 2.43 °, - 54.72 °] (1 ♂ CMNH); unknown state: unknown locality (1 ♂, 4 ♀ NMW; 1 ♀ NMNH); COLOMBIA: Cauca: San Andres (Tierradentro) [2.58 °, - 76.03 °], 1500 m, 20 – 21. xi. 1971, B. Malkin leg., FMNHINS 3975324, FMNHINS 3975323, FMNHINS 3975325 (1 ♂, 2 ♀ FMNH; 1 ♂ NHMD); La Guajira: Rio Villanueva [10.6 °, - 72.98 °], Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975890 (1 ♀ FMNH); Magdalena: Vista Nieve [11.081 °, - 74.082 °], 1524 m, 29. vii. [19] 20, Griveau coll. (1 ♂ MHNG); Meta: Villavicencio [4.15 °, - 73.633 °], 25. vii. [19] 38, H. Dybas leg., FMNHINS 3975315, FMNHINS 3975316 (2 ♂ FMNH); unknown department: unknown locality (2 ♀ NHMUK; 1 ♀ NMW; 1 ♂ NHMD); unknown locality, Moritz leg. (1 ♀ ZMHB); COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Peñas Blancas [10.364 °, - 84.665 °], 800 m, 19. v. 1989, FIT, J. Ashe, R. Brooks & R. Leschen leg., SM 0079971 (1 ♀ SEMC); San Carlos [10.620 °, - 84.512 °], Schild-Burgdorf coll. (1 ♂ NMW; 1 ♀ ZMHB )); 27 km N. & 8 km W. San Ramon [10.225 °, - 84.591 °], 1120 m, 29. vi. – 6. viii. 1999, rotting palm trunk, R. Anderson leg., SM 0186612 (1 ♀ SEMC); Cartago: Turrialba [9.88 °, - 83.68 °], 800 m, A. Hayne leg., Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975312 (1 ♀ FMNH); same locality and collector (3 ♀ ZMHB); same locality, 7. viii. [19] 65, under bark, A. Reske leg. (1 ♀ CNC); Guanacaste: Area de Conservación Guanacaste [10.880 °, - 85.389 °], 587 m, 15. viii. 2010, J. Skevington (1 ♂ CNC); Heredia: 3 km. S. Puerto Viejo, La Selva [10.416 °, - 84.000 °], 100 m, ii – iv. 1993, P. Hanson, SM 0080022 (1 ♀ SEMC); 9.7 km N. Heredia [9.99 °, - 84.11 °], 1280 m, 9. ii. 1985, litter near stream, L. Herman leg. (1 ♀ AMNH); Santo Domingo, INBio Cafetal [9.988 °, - 84.068 °], 25 – 28. vi. 1997, FIT, S. & J. Peck, SM 0330745, SM 0330729, SM 0330730 (3 ♀ SEMC); Limón: Finca Carlilla, vi. [19] 38, Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975313 (1 ♀ FMNH); Hamburg farm, R. Reventazón [10.25 °, - 83.45 °], 15. iii. [19] 23, on carrion, F. Nevermann leg., Tottenham coll. (1 ♂ NHMUK); same locality, 15. x. 1923, F. Nevermann leg., Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975906 (1 ♀ FMNH); Puntarenas: Corcovado National Park, Sirena Station, lower Ollas trail [8.480 °, - 83.588 °], 5 m, 24. vi. 2000, fogging rotting sap flow, Z. Falin leg., SM 0203172 (1 ♀ SEMC); San José: Escazú [9.91 °, - 84.14 °], 21 – 26. v. 1989, F. Parker leg., SM 0079972 (1 ♀ SEMC); same locality, 1400 m, 11. x. 1987, M. Cooper leg. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); La Caja [9.96 °, - 84.14 °], vi. [19] 38, Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975895 (2 ♀ FMNH; 1 ♀ AMNH); same locality, ii – iv. [19] 40, Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975896, FMNHINS 3975897 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ FMNH); Piedras Negras [9.897 °, - 84.312 °], Schild-Burgdorf coll., FMNHINS 3975887 (1 ♂ FMNH); San José [9.933 °, - 84.083 °], ii. [19] 32, 1000 – 1200 m, at light, F. Nevermann leg., Tottenham coll. (1 ♂ NHMUK); same locality, 1000 – 1200 m, 13. iv. [19] 33, on fermenting sap, F. Nevermann leg. (1 ♂, 3 ♀ NMNH) same locality (1 ♂, 2 ♀ AMNH); same locality, viii. [19] 45, Maller coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); same locality, E. Schmidt leg. (1 ♂, 17 ♀ AMNH); San Pedro, Montes de Oca [9.933 °, - 84.0469 °], 1. ii. [19] 39, Bierig leg., Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975899 (1 ♂ FMNH); unknown province: Cabolera, 13. xi. 1943, Bierig. coll., FMNHINS 3975898 (1 ♀ FMNH); La Ola, ii. 1940 (1 ♀ ZMHB); ECUADOR: Chimborazo: Pucay [Bucay: - 2.204 °, - 79.177 °], 300 m, xi. 1905, F. Ohs leg., FMNHINS 3975894 (1 ♀ FMNH; 3 ♂, 5 ♀ ZMHB); Cotopaxi: Las Damas [- 0.395 °, - 78.981 °], G. Onore leg. (1 ♀ AMNH); Esmeraldas: San Mateo [0.88 °, - 79.63 °], 14. ix. 1956, FMNHINS 3989872 (1 ♀ FMNH); Loja: Loja [- 3.98 °, - 79.2 °], Sharp coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); Los Rios: Santo Domingo, Rio Palenque Biological Station [- 0.586 °, - 79.364 °], 22 – 28. ii. 1976, J. Glaser coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CNC); same locality, 300 m, 22 – 28. ii. 1976, J. Campbell leg. (9 ♂, 4 ♀ CNC); Tiputini Biodiversity Station [- 0.638 °, - 76.15 °], 8. vi. 2011, on treefall, M. Caterino & A. Tischechkin leg. (1 ♂ UFSQ); Pastaza: Cusuimi, Rio Cusuimi, 150 km SE Puyo [- 2.42 °, - 77.00 °], 18 – 23. vii. 1971, freshly fallen palm, B. Malkin leg., FMNHINS 3975328 (1 ♀ FMNH); same locality, 300 m, 19 – 23. vii. 1971, under bark, B. Malkin leg., FMNHINS 3975302, FMNHINS 3975304, FMNHINS 3975303 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ FMNH); Jibaria Shurupe [- 1.93 °, - 77.78 °], 7. xi. 1987, M. Huybensz leg., FMNHINS 3975331 (1 ♀ FMNH); Sucumbios: Limoncocha [- 0.4 °, - 76.6 °], 250 m, 15 – 28. vi. 1976, S. & J. Peck leg. (4 ♂, 6 ♀ CNC); same locality and collector, 28. vi. 1976, fermenting stump pulp (1 ♂ CNC); Sacha Lodge [- 0.5 °, - 76.5 °], 270 m, 30. ix – 10. x. 1994, malaise, P. Hibbs leg., SM 0021922 (1 ♂ SEMC); EL SALVADOR: San Salvador: San Salvador [13.69 °, - 89.19 °], 5. ix. [19] 64, J. Quezada leg. (3 ♂, 3 ♀ AMNH); same locality and collector, 25. iii. [19] 65 (1 ♂ AMNH; 2 ♂ NMNH); same locality and collector, 5. iv. [19] 65 (2 ♂ NMNH); University of El Salvador [13.71 °, - 89.20 °], 700 m, 14. xii. [19] 64, rotten papaya, M. Irwin leg., TTU-Z 71412 (1 ♂ TTUZ); FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne [4.93 °, - 52.32 °], Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♀ NHMD); unknown locality, Kraatz coll. (1 ♀ SDEI); GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: Chacoj, Champion leg. (1 ♂ NHMUK); Chiacam [15.56 °, - 90.12 °], Champion leg. (1 ♀ NHMUK); Senahú [15.41 °, - 89.82 °], Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NHMD); Izabal: Las Escobas [15.683 °, - 88.633 °], 14. xii. 1986 (1 ♀ CNC); Petén: Parque Nacional El Rosario [16.524 °, - 90.157 °], 140 m, 23. xi. 2016, under recent fermenting bark, Z. Falin leg., SEMC 1563269, SEMC 1563270, SEMC 1563271, SEMC 1563268 (3 ♂, 1 ♀ SEMC); Suchitepequez: Pataleón [14.44 °, - 91.47 °], 518 m, Champion leg. (1 ♂ NHMUK); unknown department: unknown locality, M. Cameron coll. (2 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975889 (1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Conradt leg., Kraatz coll. (1 ♀ SDEI); Quatzaltenango: Las Mercedes [14.72 °, - 91.76 °], 914 m, Champion leg. (6 ♂, 2 ♀ NHMUK); HONDURAS: Atlantida: Finca Ulua [15.914 °, - 87.720 °], 22. iii. 1993, under rotten bananas, D. Ganaway leg., LSAM 0110417 (1 ♂ UTCI); Yoro: Olanchito [15.483 °, - 86.583 °], 28. ii. 1949, E. Becker leg. (2 ♂, 1 ♀ CNC); same locality and collector, 9. xi. 1948 (1 ♂ CNC); same locality and collector, 29. xi. 1948 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CNC); same locality and collector, 17. iii. 1949 (1 ♂ CNC); same locality and collector, 16. iii. 1949 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CNC); same locality and collector, 9. iii. 1949 (2 ♂ CNC); same locality and collector, 19. v. 1949 (2 ♀ CNC); same locality and collector, 20. vii. 1949 (1 ♀ CNC); MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocosingo Rd, 76 km S. Palenque [16.33 °, - 91.98 °], 5 – 29. vii. 1983, S. Peck & R. Anderson leg. (1 ♀ CNC); Oaxaca: Oaxaca [17.07 °, - 96.72 °], Höge leg. (3 ♂, 5 ♀ NHMUK); same locality and collector, FMNHINS 3975892 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ FMNH); Veracruz: Córdoba [18.894 °, - 96.934 °], Salle coll. (2 ♂ NHMUK); same locality, A. Fenyes leg., Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975334 (1 ♀ FMNH); Dos Amates [18.49 °, - 95.05 °], 15. viii. 1990, under bark of hardwood log, J. Frank & J. Navarrete-Heredia leg., UTCI 000003898 (1 ♂ UTCI); Lake Catemaco [18.421 °, - 95.115 °], 8 – 16. viii. 1960, H. Howden leg. (2 ♂ CNC); Los Tuxtlas Biological Station [18.532 °, - 95.162 °], 1. vii – 1. viii. 1983, ravine rainforest FIT, S. J. Peck leg. (1 ♀ CNC); Orizaba [18.85 °, - 97.1 °], 1871, Bilimek leg. (1 ♀ NMW); 1.7 km N. Teocelo [19.383 °, - 96.966 °], 1128 m, 22 – 24. vii. 1973, on rotting fruit, A. Newton leg., FMNHINS 3975295, FMNHINS 3975297, FMNHINS 3975298, FMNHINS 3975299, FMNHINS 3975300, FMNHINS 3975301, FMNHINS 3975911, FMNHINS 3975907, FMNHINS 3975296, FMNHINS 3975908, FMNHINS 3975909, FMNHINS 3975910, FMNHINS 3975294 (8 ♂, 5 ♀ FMNH); Xalapa [19.54 °, - 96.93 °], Höge leg. (1 ♂ NHMUK); unknown state: unknown locality (2 ♂, 6 ♀ NHMUK; 1 ♂ FMNH; 2 ♂ MCZ; 2 ♂, 2 ♀ SDEI; 2 ♂, 2 ♀ ZMHB); NICARAGUA: Chontales: unknown locality, Sharp coll., FMNHINS 3975891 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK; 1 ♀ FMNH); Estelí: 5 mi N. Estelí [13.08 °, - 86.35 °], 22. vii. [19] 65, under bark, A. Raske leg. (1 ♂, 3 ♀ CNC); unknown department: unknown locality (1 ♀ NMW); PANAMA: Bocas del Toro: Almirante [9.3 °, - 82.4 °], 30. iii. 1959, H. Dybas leg., FMNHINS 3975306 (1 ♀ FMNH); Chiriquí: Bugaba [8.48 °, - 82.62 °], Champion leg., FMNHINS 3975893 (1 ♂ FMNH; 10 ♂, 8 ♀ NHMUK; 1 ♂ ZMHB); Puerto Armuelles [8.283 °, - 82.866 °], Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975904, FMNHINS 3975905 (2 ♀ FMNH); Volcán de Chiriquí [8.808 °, - 82.542 °], 610 – 914 m, Champion leg. (1 ♂ NHMUK); Colón: Ciricito [9.03 °, - 80.08 °], 27. viii. [19] 31, Blackwelder coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); same locality, 13. iii. [19] 30, Blackwelder coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); Darién: Santa Fe [8.656 °, - 78.148 °], 6. vi. [19] 67, D. Delong & C. Triplehorn leg., FMNHINS 3975319, FMNHINS 3975318, FMNHINS 3975317 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ FMNH); Panama: Barro Colorado Is. [9.15 °, - 79.85 °], 26. viii. 1978, fermenting bark, Q. Wheeler leg., FMNHINS 3975329 (1 ♀ FMNH); same locality, 16 – 22. ii. 1976, under bark fermenting, A. Newton leg., FMNHINS 3975309, FMNHINS 3975307, FMNHINS 3975308 (1 ♂, 2 ♀ FMNH); same locality, 4. i. 1959, H. Dybas leg., FMNHINS 3975330 (1 ♂ FMNH; 1 ♀ NHMD); same locality, 1. viii. 1924, D. Banks leg. (1 ♂ MCZ); Fort Kobbe [8.9 °, - 79.583 °], 28. x. [19] 78, H. Stockwell leg., SM 0080031 (1 ♂ SEMC); Madden Forest [9.1 °, - 79.616 °], 15. x. [19] 69, under bark, H. Stockwell leg., SM 0080032 (1 ♂ SEMC); Parque Soberanía, old plantation trail km 3.5 [9.07 °, - 79.65 °], 150 m, 4. vii. 1995, A. Gillogly leg., SM 0018874 (1 ♀ SEMC); Parque Soberanía, 2.5 km N. of summit, Plantation Rd. km 0 – 2 [9.07 °, - 79.65 °], 30. ix. 2010, beating, L. Sekerka leg. (1 ♀ NHMUK); PERU: Amazonas: Rio Santiago [- 3.983 °, - 78.116 °], 18. i. [19] 24, H. Bassler coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); Cuzco: Consuelo, Manu Rd., km 165 [- 13.1 °, - 71.6 °], 2. x. 1982, litter under crown of felled tree, E Watrous & G. Mazurek leg., FMNHINS 3975305, FMNHINS 3975327 (2 ♂ FMNH); Marcapata [- 13.589 °, - 70.976 °], Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975311 (1 ♀ FMNH); Huánuco: Tingo Maria [- 9.29 °, - 75.99 °], 25. vi. – 5. vii. 1937, F. Woytkowski leg., SM 0079973 (1 ♂ SEMC); Junín: Chanchamayo [- 11.00 °, - 75.25 °], Sharp coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); 11 km NE. Puerto Ocopa, Los Olivos [- 11.05 °, - 74.258 °], 200 m, 24 – 26. iii. 2009, FIT, A Petrov leg. (1 ♀ NHMO); Satipo [- 11.25 °, - 74.63 °], x. [19] 39, F. Schade leg., Blackwelder coll. (1 ♂ AMNH); Loreto: Allpahuayo-Mishana National Park, 20 km S. of Iquitos [- 3.978 °, - 73.424 °], 100 – 200 m, 4. ix. 2017, sifting compost / fruits in rainforest, A. Hansen, J. Kypke & A. Solodovnikov leg. (1 ♂ MHN-UNMSM); middle Rio Ucayali [- 7.26 °, - 75.08 °], 30. i. [19] 27, Bassler coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); Madre de Dios: Amazonas Lodge, N. Atalaya [- 12.870 °, - 71.376 °], 480 m, 10 – 13. xi. 2007, FIT, D. Brzoska leg., SEMC 0870088 (1 ♂ SMEC); Tambopata, 15 km NE. Puerto Maldonaldo [- 12.446 °, - 69.208 °], 200 m, 12. vi. 1989, J. Ashe & R. Leschen leg., SM 0079975, SM 0079974, SM 0079976 (1 ♂, 2 ♀ SEMC); unknown department: unknown locality, Bang-Haas leg., Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975885 (1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975336 (1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Klima coll. (1 ♀ NMW); unknown locality, Kraatz coll. (1 ♂ SDEI); unknown locality, Thamm leg. (2 ♀ ZMHB); VENEZUELA: Aragua: Cuyagua, 10 km E. Ocumare [10.48 °, - 67.7 °], 20. ii. [19] 71, cacao pod litter, S. Peck leg. (1 ♀ CNC); same locality, 20. ii. 1971, H. & A. Howden leg. (1 ♀ CNC); Capital District: Caracas [10.48 °, - 66.90 °], Sharp Coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); same locality (2 ♀ NHMD); Miranda: Cafetal [10.466 °, - 66.833 °], v. 1922, L. Reynold leg., Psota coll., FMNHINS 3975333, FMNHINS 3975337 (2 ♀ FMNH).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D31F874FF2C5DBFCBFD5E70.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Xanthopygus cognatus can be easily distinguished from all other species of Xanthopygus due to the bright orange band posteriorly on abdominal segment 6. Other diagnostic characters include (in combination): antennomere 4 with tomentose pubescence, subquadrate; mandibles curved from apical half; eyes as long as 1 / 3 – 2 / 5 length of head; head and pronotum with medium to large size punctures (see Fig. 8); pronotum with 1 – 2 dense rows of punctures on each half beside median line; abdominal segments 4 – 6 with iridescent overtones under light; abdominal segment 7 orange; males without porose structure on sternite 7; and aedeagus with median lobe lacking subapical tooth.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D31F874FF2C5DBFCBFD5E70.taxon	description	Description. Forebody length 6.0 – 9.1 mm; HW / HL ratio = 1.32. Antennomere 3 subequal to 2; antennomere 4 subquadrate, with tomentose pubescence; antennomere 6 transverse. Mandibles curved from apical half. Eyes as long as 1 / 3 – 2 / 5 length of head; head appearing convex. Head and pronotum with medium to large size punctures; pronotum with 1 – 2 dense rows of punctures on each half beside median line; pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines. PW / PL ratio = 1.06. Mesoventrite with intercoxal process broad and pointed. Metacoxae with more than four spines (five or six) on posterior surface. EL / PL ratio = 1.2. Abdominal segments 4 – 6 with iridescent overtones; segment 6 with distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly; tergite 6 densely punctate; sternite 6 with single anterior transverse line; segment 7 orange. In males, sternite 7 without porose structure; sternite 8 with shallow Ushaped emargination posteriorly. Aedeagus as in Figs. 11 – 13; in dorsal view paramere converging to rounded apex; paramere much shorter and narrower than median lobe; in lateral view paramere almost straight; paramere with peg setae as in Fig. 13. Median lobe in dorsal view converging to rounded apex; median lobe without subapical tooth; in lateral view median lobe becoming narrower near apex.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D31F874FF2C5DBFCBFD5E70.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Belize, Bolivia, the states of Amazonas and Pará in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela. The map is shown in Fig. 14 and online at https: // www. simplemappr. net / map / 16395. FIGURESS 7 – 10. Xanthopygus cognatus Sharp. 7. Habitus photograph. 8. Pronotum. 9. Sternites 6 – 8. 10. Antenna. Not to scale. Habitat. Collected in lowland and cloud tropical rainforests (elevations 5 – 1800 m) using flight intercept and malaise traps, as well as shifting litter near streams, under felled trees or compost / fruits / cacao pods. Also hand collected from dead spider monkey, rotting palm trunk, under bark, carrion, fermenting stump pulp, rotten papaya, under rotten bananas or by fogging rotting sap flow.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D31F874FF2C5DBFCBFD5E70.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The larva and other immature stages of X. cognatus were described by Quezada et al. (1969) along with details on the biology of that species. The life cycle was estimated at 20 days (egg to adult) under laboratory settings (Quezada et al. 1969).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3CF879FF2C5E11C83F5E72.taxon	description	(Figs. 15 – 22)	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3CF879FF2C5E11C83F5E72.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Lectotype for Staphylinus luctuosus, male, with labels: “ 6322 [opposite side “ 34 ”] ” / “ Muséum Paris, Coll. Générale ” / “ Type ” / “ Lectotype Staphylinus luctuosus Bl. designated by Newton 1996 ” / “ genus = Xanthopygus (Lampropygus) det. Newton 1996 ” / “ S. luctuosus Blanch. Valle Grande, M. d’Orbigny ”. In the collection of MNHN. Newton (1996), after examining d’Orbigny field notes, hypothesized that the type locality of X. luctuosus is in Bolivia, Santa Cruz department, ‘ one of the two mountain passes between Chilón and Mataral’ (Newton 1996), with approximate coordinates - 18.0 °, - 64.4 °. Holotype for Lampropygus giganteus, female, with labels: “ Type ” / “ giganteus Brh Type unic det. Bernhauer ” / “ Xanthopygus phylogeny voucher SC- 001 ”. In the collection of NMW. Bernhauer (1906) indicated that he had only one specimen, therefore this specimen is the holotype. He also indicated that the specimen was from Brazil but without further details on the locality. Additional Materials. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Rio [de Janeiro] [- 22.91 °, - 43.20 °] (1 ♀ ZMHB); unknown state: unknown locality, Dal Borgo leg. (1 ♀ NHMD); BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Cochabamba [- 17.383 °, - 66.166 °], 2800 m, 6. xii. 1946, Zischka leg., Scheepeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW; this specimen was labeled as ms Type by Scheerpeltz); Unknown country: (1 ♀ ZMHB).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3CF879FF2C5E11C83F5E72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Xanthopygus luctuosus is (on average) the largest species in Xanthopygus but is rather similar to X. oliveirae. These two species (X. luctuosus and X. oliveirae) can be distinguished from all other species of Xanthopygus based on the following characters: antennomere 4 without tomentose pubescence; mandibles more or less straight except tip; eyes as long as 1 / 4 length of head; head appearing flat; and sternite 6 with two anterior transverse lines. Xanthopygus luctuosus can be distinguished from X. oliveirae based on the following: antennomere 3 clearly longer than 2 (antennomere 3 subequal to 2 in X. oliveirae); pronotum microsculpture polygon shaped (pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines in X. oliveirae); and tergite 6 sparsely punctate (tergite 6 densely punctate in X. oliveirae).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3CF879FF2C5E11C83F5E72.taxon	description	Description. Forebody length 12.4 – 17.3 mm; HW / HL ratio = 1.31. Antennomere 3 clearly longer to 2; antennomere 4 subquadrate, without tomentose pubescence; antennomere 6 transverse. Mandibles more or less straight except apical tip. Eyes as long as 1 / 4 length of head; head appearing flat. Head and pronotum with small size punctures (see Figs. 15 – 16); pronotum with one sparse row of punctures on each half beside median line; pronotum microsculpture polygon shaped. PW / PL ratio = 1.12. Mesoventrite with intercoxal process broad and rounded. Metacoxae with more than four spines (five or six) on posterior surface. EL / PL ratio = 1.38. Abdominal segments 4 – 6 without iridescent overtones; segment 6 without distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly; tergite 6 sparsely punctate; sternite 6 with two anterior transverse lines; segment 7 orange. In males, sternite 7 without porose structure; sternite 8 with shallow U-shaped emargination posteriorly. Aedeagus as in Figs. 19 – 21; in dorsal view paramere straight; apex emarginate; paramere slightly shorter and narrower than median lobe; in lateral view paramere almost straight; paramere with peg setae as in Fig. 21. Median lobe in dorsal view converging to pointed apex; median lobe with subapical tooth; in lateral view median lobe becoming narrower near apex.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3CF879FF2C5E11C83F5E72.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the departments of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz in Bolivia and the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The map is shown in Fig. 22 and online at https: // www. simplemappr. net / map / 16397. Habitat. Unknown.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3CF879FF2C5E11C83F5E72.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype of L. giganteus from NMW agrees with the type specimen of Staphylinus luctuosus examined in MNHM in every respect, thus L. giganteus is treated as a junior synonym of S. luctuosus. The non-type male specimen from Bolivia in NMW was labelled as manuscript name zischkai by Scheerpeltz, however, the specimen clearly belongs to X. luctuosus.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D39F87EFF2C5C9ECBB45D20.taxon	description	(Figs. 22 – 29)	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D39F87EFF2C5C9ECBB45D20.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Lectotype, here designated, male, with labels: “ Villavicencio [4.13 °, - 73.60 °], i. 1911, 440 m ” / “ ♂ ” / “ Columbia occ. Fassl ” / “ Lampropygus major Bernh. Typus ” / “ Chicago NHMus M. Bernhauer Collection ” / “ FMNHINS 3975383 Field Museum Pinned ” / “ Xanthopygus phylogeny voucher SC- 005 ” / “ Lectotype Lampropygus major Bernhauer des. Chatzimanolis 2021 ”. In the collection of FMNH. Paralectotype, here designated, female, with labels “ Villavicencio [4.13 °, - 73.60 °], i. 1911, 440 m ” / “ ♀ ” / “ Columbia occ. Fassl ” / “ Lampropygus major Bernh. Cotypus ” / “ Chicago NHMus M. Bernhauer Collection ” / “ FMNHINS 3975384 Field Museum Pinned ” / “ Xanthopygus phylogeny voucher SC- 006 ” / “ Paralectotype Lampropygus major Bernhauer des. Chatzimanolis 2021 ”. In FMNH.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D39F87EFF2C5C9ECBB45D20.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Xanthopygus major looks rather similar to X. max and X. pexus and it could be hard to distinguish these three species. In all of these species, abdominal segment 7 is black with posterior 1 / 2 or posterior 1 / 3 orange; in X. pexus it is typically 1 / 2 orange but the degree of coloration can vary. Xanthopygus major and X. max can be distinguished from X. pexus based on the following characteristics in combination: head and pronotum with small to medium size (see Figs. 23 – 24) punctures (medium to large size punctures in X. pexus); pronotum with one sparse row of punctures on each half beside median line (pronotum with 1 – 2 dense rows of punctures on each half beside median line in X. pexus); abdominal segments 4 – 6 not iridescent under strong light (abdominal segments 4 – 6 with iridescent overtones under strong light in X. pexus). Xanthopygus major can be confidently distinguished from X. max only by examining the paramere; in X. major the paramere is apically rounded, whereas in X. max it is apically emarginate.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D39F87EFF2C5C9ECBB45D20.taxon	description	Description. Forebody length 11.5 – 12.6 mm; HW / HL ratio = 1.27. Antennomere 3 longer to 2; antennomere 4 subquadrate, with tomentose pubescence; antennomere 6 transverse. Mandibles curved from apical half. Eyes as long as 1 / 3 length of head; head appearing convex. Head and pronotum with small to medium size punctures (see Figs. 23 – 24); pronotum with one sparse row of punctures on each half beside median line; pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines. PW / PL ratio = 1.10. Mesoventrite with intercoxal process broad and rounded. Metacoxae with more than four spines (five or six) on posterior surface. EL / PL ratio = 1.28. Abdominal segments 4 – 6 without iridescent overtones; segment 6 without distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly; tergite 6 densely punctate; sternite 6 with single anterior transverse line; segment 7 black with posterior 1 / 4 orange. In males, sternite 7 without porose structure; sternite 8 with shallow U-shaped emargination posteriorly. Aedeagus as in Figs. 27 – 29; in dorsal view paramere converging to rounded apex; paramere shorter and narrower than median lobe; in lateral view paramere almost straight; paramere with peg setae as in Fig. 29. Median lobe in dorsal view converging to rounded apex; median lobe with subapical tooth; in lateral view median lobe becoming narrower near apex.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D39F87EFF2C5C9ECBB45D20.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known from the type locality in the department of Meta in Colombia. The map is shown in Fig. 22 and online at https: // www. simplemappr. net / map / 16397. Habitat. Unknown.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3BF87CFF2C5C9ECBB45F0B.taxon	description	(Figs. 22, 30 – 36)	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3BF87CFF2C5C9ECBB45F0B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, male, with labels: “ ♂ ” / “ Peru, Chanchamayo [- 11.05 °, - 75.03 °], 1500 m, Al. Heyne ” / “ peruvianus Bernh. Typus unic ” / “ Chicago NHMus M. Bernhauer Collection ” / “ FMNHINS 3975386 Field Museum Pinned ” / “ Xanthopygus phylogeny voucher SC- 008 ”. In the collection of FMNH. Bernhauer (1916) indicated that he had only one specimen, therefore this specimen is the holotype.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3BF87CFF2C5C9ECBB45F0B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Xanthopygus max looks rather similar to X. major and X. pexus and it could be hard to distinguish these three species. In all of these species, abdominal segment 7 is black with posterior 1 / 2 or posterior 1 / 3 orange; in X. pexus it is typically 1 / 2 orange but the degree of coloration can vary. Xanthopygus major and X. max can be distinguished from X. pexus based on the following characteristics in combination: head and pronotum with small to medium size (see Figs. 30 – 31) punctures (medium to large size punctures in X. pexus); pronotum with one sparse row of punctures on each half beside median line (pronotum with 1 – 2 dense rows of punctures on each half beside median line in X. pexus); abdominal segments 4 – 6 not iridescent under strong light (abdominal segments 4 – 6 with iridescent overtones under strong light in X. pexus). Xanthopygus max can be confidently distinguished from X. major only by examining the paramere; in X. max the paramere is apically emarginate, whereas in X. major it is apically rounded.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3BF87CFF2C5C9ECBB45F0B.taxon	description	Description. Forebody length 11.6 mm; HW / HL ratio = 1.23. Antennomere 3 longer to 2; antennomere 4 subquadrate, with tomentose pubescence; antennomere 6 transverse. Mandibles curved from apical half. Eyes as long as 1 / 3 length of head; head appearing convex. Head and pronotum with small to medium size punctures (see Figs. 30 – 31); pronotum with one sparse row of punctures on each half beside median line; pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines. PW / PL ratio = 1.09. Mesoventrite with intercoxal process broad and pointed. Metacoxae with more than four spines (five or six) on posterior surface. EL / PL ratio = 1.53. Abdominal segments 4 – 6 without iridescent overtones; segment 6 without distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly; tergite 6 densely punctate; sternite 6 with single anterior transverse line; segment 7 black with posterior 1 / 4 orange. In males, sternite 7 without porose structure; sternite 8 with shallow U-shaped emargination posteriorly. Aedeagus as in Figs. 34 – 36; in dorsal view paramere converging to emarginate apex; paramere shorter and narrower than median lobe; in lateral view paramere almost straight; paramere with peg setae as in Fig. 36. Median lobe in dorsal view converging to narrowly rounded apex; median lobe with subapical tooth; in lateral view median lobe becoming narrower near apex.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3BF87CFF2C5C9ECBB45F0B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality in the department of Junín in Peru. The map is shown in Fig. 22 and online at https: // www. simplemappr. net / map / 16397. Habitat. Unknown.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3AF862FF2C5A85CE7E58E0.taxon	description	(Figs. 22, 37 – 39)	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3AF862FF2C5A85CE7E58E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Neotype, here designated, female, with labels: ” ♀ ” / “ Argentinien, Ang. Buenos Aires ” / “ Lampropygus oliveirae Lynch-Arribálzaga ” / “ ex coll Scheerpeltz ” / “ oliveirae Lynch-Arribálzaga ” / “ Xanthopygus phylogeny voucher SC- 009 ” / “ Neotype Xanthopygus oliveirae Lynch-Arribálzaga, des. Chatzimanolis 2021 ”. In the collection of NMW.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3AF862FF2C5A85CE7E58E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Xanthopygus oliveirae looks rather similar to X. luctuosus. These two species can be distinguished from all other species of Xanthopygus based on the following characters: antennomere 4 without tomentose pubescence; mandibles more or less straight except tip; eyes as long as 1 / 4 length of head; head appearing flat; and sternite 6 with two anterior transverse lines. Xanthopygus oliveirae can be distinguished from X. luctuosus based on the following: antennomere 3 subequal to 2 (antennomere 3 clearly longer than 2 in X. luctuosus); pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines (pronotum microsculpture polygon shaped in X. luctuosus); and tergite 6 densely punctate (tergite 6 sparsely punctate in X. luctuosus).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3AF862FF2C5A85CE7E58E0.taxon	description	Description. Forebody length 10.7 mm; HW / HL ratio = 1.2. Antennomere 3 subequal to 2; antennomere 4 subquadrate, without tomentose pubescence; antennomere 6 transverse. Mandibles more or less straight except apical tip. Eyes as long as 1 / 4 length of head; head appearing flat. Head and pronotum with small size punctures (see Figs. 37 – 38); pronotum with one sparse row of punctures on each half beside median line; pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines. PW / PL ratio = 1.13. Mesoventrite with intercoxal process broad and rounded. Metacoxae with more than four spines (five or six) on posterior surface. EL / PL ratio = 1.41. Abdominal segments 4 – 6 without iridescent overtones; segment 6 without distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly; tergite 6 densely punctate; sternite 6 with two anterior transverse lines; segment 7 orange. No males are known.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3AF862FF2C5A85CE7E58E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the original (lost) type and the neotype locality in Argentina. The map is shown in Fig. 22 and online at https: // www. simplemappr. net / map / 16397. Habitat. Unknown.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D3AF862FF2C5A85CE7E58E0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The primary type is considered lost (Chani-Posse pers. comm.; the type was also not listed in any of the recent publications that discuss type materials from Argentina (Fernandez et al. 2007; Bachmann et al. 2017), and thus the designation of a neotype is necessary. It is worth mentioning that the original type locality (given in the description) of Arrecifes [- 34.06, - 60.10] in Argentina has been transformed to agricultural fields and probably looks rather different now than just before 1884 when this species was described. The type locality (Arrecifes) is shown on the map, which is in close proximity to the neotype locality (‘ Buenos Aires’).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D24F867FF2C5E2BC9355D41.taxon	description	(Figs. 14, 40 – 46)	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D24F867FF2C5E2BC9355D41.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Neotype, here designated, male, with labels: “ COLOMBIA: Magdalena, PNN Tayrona Cañaveral, 30 m, 11 ° 20 ’ N, 74 ° 2 ’ W [11.33 °, - 74.03 °], malaise, 15. xii. 2000 – 2. i. 2001, R. Henriquez leg., M 963 ” / “ SM 0549128 ”. In the collection of SEMC. Additional Materials. ARGENTINA: Misiones: Campo Grande [- 27.2079 °, - 54.9797 °], xii. 1957, Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW); Iguazú P. N. [- 25.616 °, - 54.333 °], 2. i. 1991, S. & J. Peck leg., forest TV tower road, log and bark litter, 90 - 147, FMNHINS 3975545, FMNHINS 3975547, FMNHINS 3975544, FMNHINS 3975548, FMNHINS 3975546 (1 ♂, 4 ♀ FMNH); same locality, iv. 1981, S. Bolle leg., FMNHINS 3975562 (1 ♂ FMNH); Posadas [- 27.36 °, - 55.9 °], vii. 1954, FMNHINS 3975426, FMNHINS 3975427 (2 ♀ FMNH); Reserva Vida Silvestre Urugua- 1, [- 25.97 °, - 54.11 °], 400 m, 15 – 17. xii. 2003, B. Brown, G. Kung, L. Gonzalez leg., SM 0765027 (1 ♂ SEMC); BRAZIL: Bahia: Itabuna [- 14.785 °, - 39.28 °], rotting cacao pods (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, Cameron coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK) Espírito Santo: unknown locality, Fruhstorfer leg., FMNHINS 3975424 (1 ♂ SDEI; 1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Bang-Haas leg., FMNHINS 3975413 (1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Descourtilz [leg.], Fry coll., FMNHINS 3975418 (1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Sharp coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); Mato Grosso: unknown locality; Rohde [leg.] (3 ♀ ZMHB); Minas Gerais: unknown locality (1 ♂ NHMD); unknown locality, Reinhardt leg. (1 ♂ NHMD); Pará: Faz. Taperinha [- 2.491 °, - 54.303 °], 19 – 22. xi. 1969, J. & B. Campbell leg. (2 ♀ CNC); same locality, 16 – 18. xi. 1969, J. & B. Campbell leg. (2 ♀ CNC); Santarém [- 2.4394 °, - 54.6987 °] (1 ♀ CMNH); Paraná: Londrina [- 23.31 °, - 51.1628], viii. 1939, E. Reitter leg., Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW); Virmond [25.38 °, - 52.19 °] (1 ♀ ZMHB); Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaya [Itatiaia, - 22.496 °, - 44.563 °], 700 m, 20. iii. 1924, on fallen bananas, J. Zikan leg., FMNHINS 3975423 (1 ♀ FMNH); Nova Friburgo [- 22.281 °, - 42.531 °], Schaufuss coll. (1 ♂ ZMHB); Rio [de] Jan [eiro] [- 22.91 °, - 43.20 °], Fry coll., FMNHINS 3975335, FMNHINS 3975421, FMNHINS 3975420, FMNHINS 3975492, FMNHINS 3975493 (1 ♂, 4 ♀ FMNH); same locality, Sharp coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); Santa Catarina: Hansa Humboldt [- 26.425 °, - 49.242 °], viii. 1939, E. Reitter leg., Scheerpeltz coll. (2 ♂, 6 ♀ NMW); same locality, xii. 1944, A. Maller leg. (1 ♀ AMNH); same locality, iv. 1948, A. Maller leg. (1 ♀ AMNH); Nova Teutônia [- 27.25 °, - 50.33 °], 1868 [likely erroneous], F. Plaumann leg. Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♀ NMW); same locality, 300 – 500 m, ix. 1950, F. Plaumann (1 ♀ CNC); unknown locality, Fry coll., FMNHINS 3975431 (1 ♀ FMNH); Rio Laeiss, A. Hepp leg., Blackelder coll. (1 ♂ AMNH); São Paulo: Butantâ [- 23.57 °, - 46.72 °], 16. v. 1920, R. Fischer leg. (1 ♀ SDEI); Cantareira [- 23.40 °, - 46.59 °], J. Guerin leg., FMNHINS 3975903 (1 ♂ FMNH); Caraguatatuba [- 23.62 °, - 45.413 °], 40 m, 22. v – 1. vi. 1962 (1 ♀ CNC); Indiana [- 22.174 °, - 51.251 °], J. Guerin leg., FMNHINS 3975902 (1 ♂ FMNH); São Paulo [- 23.55 °, - 46.63], 26. vi. 1927 (4 ♀ SDEI); same locality, Mráz leg. (2 ♀ AMNH); same locality, Mráz leg., Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975402, FMNHINS 3975399, FMNHINS 3975397, FMNHINS 3975398, FMNHINS 3975400, FMNHINS 3975401, FMNHINS 3975403, FMNHINS 3975404 (2 ♂, 6 ♀ FMNH); Umgbg. v. Ribeirâo Preto [- 21.178 °, - 47.806 °], iii – vii. 1899, Riedel [leg.], Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3975405, FMNHINS 3975406, FMNHINS 3975407, FMNHINS 3975408 (2 ♂, 2 ♀ FMNH); Unknown state: unknown locality, Sharp coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, FMNHINS 3975414 (1 ♀ FMNH); COLOMBIA: Magdalena: Santa Marta [11.241 °, - 74.205 °], Fry coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown department: unknown locality, M. Cameron coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, Sharp coll. (1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality (1 ♀ CNC; 1 ♂ MHNG; 1 ♂ NMW); FRENCH GUIANA: Kourou (roches de) [5.16 °, - 52.65 °], W. Chapman leg., Griveau coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ MHNG); Goudronville [5.01 °, - 52.65 °], Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW); Nouveau Chantier (1 ♀ MHNG); same locality, Le Moult leg. (3 ♀ MHNG); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni [5.499 °, - 54.031 °] (1 ♀ MHNG); unknown locality (1 ♀ MHNG; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMD; 2 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); GUYANA: Region 8: Iwokrama Forest, Pakatau hills [4.748 °, - 59.026 °], 70 m, 25 – 29. v. 2001, FIT, R. Brooks & Z. Falin leg., SM 0253206 (1 ♂ SEMC); Tukeit [5.20 °, - 59.45 °], 21. xii. 1911 (1 ♂ AMNH); PARAGUAY: Cazaapá: San Rafael Reserve, Estancia Condesa / Toro Blanco, [- 26.307 °, - 55.674 °], 110 m, 9. xii. 2000, Z. Falin leg., fermenting tree stump, SM 0235560, SM 0235558, SM 0235562, SM 0235553 (1 ♂, 2 ♀ SEMC; 1 ♀ UTCI); Reserve, Hermosa prop. Sosa family, [- 26.3208 °, - 55.7486 °], 90 m, 5. xii. 2000, Z. Falin leg., fermenting tree wound, SM 0567905 (1 ♂ SEMC); Guairá: Calle Florida [- 25.739 °, - 56.265 °], 9. ix. 1994, U. Drechsel leg., SM 0671382 (1 ♀ SEMC); Villarica [- 25.750 °, - 56.433 °], xii. 1925, F. Schade leg. Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW); Itapúa: Hohenau [- 27.078 °, - 55.645 °], i. 1995 (1 ♂ NHMD); unknown department: unknown locality, Drake leg. (1 ♀ SDEI); unknown locality, Plason leg., FMNHINS 3975900 (1 ♂ FMNH); SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES: Saint Vincent: unknown locality, H. Smith (1 ♀ NHMUK; 1 ♂ NMW); SURINAME: Paramaribo: Paramaribo [5.852 °, - 55.203 °], Crampton leg. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ MCZ); unknown locality, Bierig coll., FMNHINS 3975901 (1 ♀ FMNH); TRINIDAD and TABAGO: Trinidad: Balandra Bay [10.715 °, - 60.99 °], 23. iii. [19] 22, F. Psota coll., FMNHINS 3975428, FMNHINS 3975429, FMNHINS 3975430 (3 ♂ FMNH); Brasso [10.399 °, - 61.317 °], 28. v. 1941, from banana stem with Cosmopolites sordidus, E. McG. Callan leg., (1 ♀ NMNH); Caparo [10.449 °, - 61.328 °], Heyne [leg.], FMNHINS 3975412, FMNHINS 3975410, FMNHINS 3975411, FMNHINS 3975415, FMNHINS 3975416, FMNHINS 3975409 (1 ♂, 5 ♀ FMNH); same locality, Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♀ NMW); same locality, Blackwelder coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); Four Roads [10.686 °, - 61.549 °], R. Thaxter leg. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ MCZ); Guaico (Sangre Grande) [10.587 °, - 61.144 °], 26. viii. 1969, H. & A. Howden leg. (2 ♀ CNC); Maracas [10.757 °, - 61.440 °], 16. iii. 1961, N. Gopaul leg. (1 ♂ CNC); Morne Bleu [10.716 °, - 61.283 °], 823 m, 21. viii. 1969, H. & A. Howden leg. (1 ♀ CNC); Mt. Tucuche [10.732 °, - 61.417 °], vi. 1929, Darlington leg. (1 ♀ MCZ); Port of Spain [10.659 °, - 61.508 °], 30. i. [19] 12, G. Marshall leg. (1 ♂ NHMUK); Port of Spain, Ariapata Vall. [10.66 °, - 61.52 °], Blackwelder coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); St. Augustine [10.647 °, - 61.399 °], vi. 1929, Darlington leg. (1 ♀ MCZ; 2 ♀ NMNH); Arima, Vardant Vale [10.685 °, - 61.281 °], vi. [19] 13, R. Thaxter leg. (2 ♂, 2 ♀ MCZ); same locality, 28. xii. 1912, R. Thaxter leg. (1 ♀ MCZ); unknown locality, i. 1903, G. Bryant leg., FMNHINS 3975422 (1 ♀ FMNH; 2 ♂, 2 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, A. Busck leg. (1 ♀ NMNH); unknown locality, 1904, F. Birch leg., Sharp coll. (3 ♀ NHMUK); VENEZUELA: Capital District: Caracas [10.48 °, - 66.90 °], 1938, G. Vivas, FMNHINS 3975433 (1 ♀ FMNH); same locality, ii. [19] 50, Marcuzzi leg., Scheerpeltz coll. (2 ♀ NMW); same locality, 7. v. [19] 50, Marcuzzi leg., Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♀ NMW); Vargas: La Guaira [10.6 °, - 66.933 °], 2. vii – 10. viii. 1900, W. Robinson leg. (1 ♀ MCZ); Unknown state: Chacoa, FMNHINS 3975417 (1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Sharp coll. (2 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, Fry coll., FMNHINS 3975419, FMNHINS 3975432 (2 ♂ FMNH); unknown locality, FMNHINS 3975425 (1 ♂ FMNH); unknown locality, 1858, D. Moritz leg. (2 ♂, 2 ♀ NMW); unknown locality, Kraatz coll. (2 ♂, 1 ♀ SDEI); unknown locality, Scheepeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D24F867FF2C5E2BC9355D41.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Xanthopygus pexus looks rather similar to X. major and X. max and it could be hard to distinguish these three species. In all of these species, abdominal segment 7 is black with posterior 1 / 2 or posterior 1 / 3 orange; in X. pexus it is typically 1 / 2 orange but the degree of coloration can vary. Xanthopygus major and X. max can be distinguished from X. pexus based on the following characteristics in combination: head and pronotum with small to medium size punctures (medium to large size punctures in X. pexus); pronotum with one sparse row of punctures on each half beside median line (pronotum with 1 – 2 dense rows of punctures on each half beside median line in X. pexus); abdominal segments 4 – 6 not iridescent under strong light (abdominal segments 4 – 6 with iridescent overtones under strong light in X. pexus). Xanthopygus pexus might also be confused with X. cognatus (due to overall habitus similarities) but X. cognatus has abdominal segment 7 orange and abdominal segment 6 with a distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly (abdominal segment 7 never completely orange, typically anterior half dark or light brown and abdominal segment 6 without a distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly in X. pexus); aedeagus with median lobe lacking subapical tooth (aedeagus with median lobe having a subapical tooth in X. pexus); and paramere in lateral view much shorter than median lobe (paramere in lateral view slightly shorter than median lobe in X. pexus).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D24F867FF2C5E2BC9355D41.taxon	description	Description. Forebody length 7.1 – 10.0 mm; HW / HL ratio = 1.32. Antennomere 3 subequal to 2; antennomere 4 subquadrate, with tomentose pubescence; antennomere 6 transverse. Mandibles curved from apical half. Eyes as long as 2 / 5 length of head; head appearing convex. Head and pronotum with medium to large size punctures (see Figs 40 – 41); pronotum with 1 – 2 dense rows of punctures on each half beside median line; pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines. PW / PL ratio = 1.09. Mesoventrite with intercoxal process broad and pointed. Metacoxae with more than four spines (five or six) on posterior surface. EL / PL ratio = 1.25. Abdominal segments 4 – 6 with iridescent overtones; segment 6 without distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly; tergite 6 densely punctate; sternite 6 with single anterior transverse line; segment 7 coloration varies, in most specimens 1 / 2 black, 1 / 2 orange. In males, sternite 7 without porose structure; sternite 8 with shallow U-shaped emargination posteriorly. Aedeagus as in Figs. 44 – 46; in dorsal view paramere converging to rounded apex; paramere shorter and much narrower than median lobe; in lateral view paramere almost straight; paramere with peg setae as in Fig. 46. Median lobe in dorsal view converging to broadly rounded apex; median lobe with subapical tooth; in lateral view median lobe becoming narrower near apex.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D24F867FF2C5E2BC9355D41.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, the island of St. Vincent of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, the island of Trinidad of Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. The map is shown in Fig. 14 and online at https: // www. simplemappr. net / map / 16395. Habitat. Collected in lowland tropical rainforests (elevations 5 – 823 m) using flight intercept and malaise traps, as well as sifting log and bark litter. Also, hand collected from rotting cacao pods, fallen bananas, and fermenting trees.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D24F867FF2C5E2BC9355D41.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The original type is considered lost (personal communication with curators in St. Petersburg and Moscow) and thus a designation of a neotype is necessary.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D21F86AFF2C58C8CB895B0C.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 6, 47 – 55)	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D21F86AFF2C58C8CB895B0C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Lectotype, here designated, male, with labels: “ Mexico, Deppe ” / “ Hist. - Coll. (Coleoptera) Nr. 6161 Philonthus xanthopygus Nordm. Mexico, Deppe, Zool. Mus. Berlin ” / “ SYNTYPE Staphylinus xanthopygus Nordmann, 1837 labelled by MFNB 2020 ” / “ Xanthopygus phylogeny voucher SC- 018 ” / “ Lectotype Staphylinus xanthopygus Nordmann des. Chatzimanolis 2021 ”. In the collection of ZMHB. Paralectotype, here designated, female, with labels: “ Hist. - Coll. (Coleoptera) Nr. 6161 Philonthus xanthopygus Nordm. Mexico, Deppe, Zool. Mus. Berlin ” / “ SYNTYPE Staphylinus xanthopygus Nordmann, 1837 labelled by MFNB 2020 ” / “ Paralectotype Staphylinus xanthopygus Nordmann des. Chatzimanolis 2021 ”. In ZMHB. Lectotype, here designated, for Xanthopygus cacti with labels: “ Ariz. [ona] ” / “ TYPE 3050 ” / “ Horn Coll ” / “ Xanthopygus cacti Horn ” / “ MCZ TYPE 8255 ”. In the collection of MCZ, photographs of this specimen can be found here: https: // mczbase. mcz. harvard. edu / guid / MCZ: Ent: 8255. Additional Materials. EL SALVADOR: La Libertad: Quezaltepeque [13.83 °, - 89.26 °], 7. ix. [19] 64, J. Quezada leg. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ AMNH); San Salvador: San Salvador [13.69 °, - 89.19 °], 5. ix. [19] 64, J. Quezada leg. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ AMNH); BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Chapare [- 16.83 °, - 66.16 °], 400 m, R. Zischkai leg., Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW) [likely mislabelled]; GUATEMALA: Baja Verapaz: San Geronimo [15.061 °, - 90.240 °], Champion leg. (1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown department: unknown locality, (1 ♂, 1 ♀ ZMHB; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); HONDURAS: Francisco Morazán: Zamorano [14.00 °, - 87.00 °], 820 m, 7. vi. 1994, breadfruit fall, J. Ashe & R. Brooks leg., SM 0080001, SM 0080002, SM 0080003, SM 0080057, SM 0080004 (3 ♂, 1 ♀ SEMC; 1 ♂ UTCI); MEXICO: Chiapas: Comitan, 26 km NW on Hwy 190, km 145 [16.25 °, - 92.13 °], 4. viii. 1991, T. Philips & P. Kovarik leg., FMNHINS 3989863 (1 ♂ FMNH); Chihuahua: Parral [26.93 °, - 105.66 °] (1 ♂ NMW); Guanajuato: Guanajuato [21.01 °, - 101.26 °], Salle coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); Guerrero: Acapulco [16.863 °, - 99.882 °], Höge leg., Sharp coll. (2 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); 9 mi NE Iguala, Microondas Tuxpan Rd. [18.40 °, - 99.483 °], 1341 m, 29. viii. – 4. ix. 1971, human dung trap in oak-tropical deciduous woodland, A. Newton leg., FMNHINS 3989865 (1 ♂ FMNH); Hidalgo: Tula [20.05 °, - 99.35 °], Höge leg. (1 ♂ NHMUK); Jalisco: Guadalajara [20.67 °, - 103.34 °], 1901, M. Diguet leg. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ AMNH); La Huerta, El Tecuán Rd, 7 km from Ruta Mex. 200 [19.318 °, - 104.917 °], 5 m, 12. ix. 1999, A. Newton & M. Thayer leg., under rotting mangoes, FMNHINS 3989859, FMNHINS 3989861, FMNHINS 3989860 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ FMNH); 1 mi SW. La Resolana [19.602 °, - 104.436 °], 20. xi. 1950, R. Smith leg. (1 ♀ AMNH); Volcan de Colima [19.51 °, - 103.61 °], 1918, J. Lohe leg., Scheerpeltz coll. (1 ♂ NMW); Morelos: Cuernavaca [18.918 °, - 99.234 °], Salle coll. (1 ♂ NHMUK); Tlayacapan y Tlalnepantla, Camino a San José de los Laureles [18.981 °, - 99.002 °], 15. viii. 1998, from prickly pear cactus, R. Toledo & J. Márquez leg. (1 ♂ NHMD); Oaxaca: Rio Hondo [16.16 °, - 96.5 °], 6. vii. 1970, R. Beer leg., SM 0079999 (1 ♂ SEMC); 5 mi W. Tequisistlán [16.4 °, - 95.61 °], 335 m, 5. ix. [19] 73, on rotting cacti columnar, A. Newton leg., FMNHINS 3989862 (1 ♂ FMNH); Oaxaca [17.07 °, - 96.72 °], Höge leg., Sharp coll., FMNHINS 3989871 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ FMNH; 12 ♂, 8 ♀ NHMUK); same locality, 13 – 20. ix. 1947, B. Malkin leg. (1 ♀ AMNH); 20 mi E. San Pedro Totolapan [16.66 °, - 96.3 °], 17. ix. 1973, W. Hanson & B. Haws leg., SM 0080000 (1 ♀ SEMC); Valerio Trujano [17.76 °, - 96.98 °], 27. vii. [19] 37, A. Mead leg., FMNHINS 3989870 (1 ♀ FMNH); 2.1 km NW San Pedro Totolapan [16.69 °, - 96.32 °], 1068 m, 6. ix. 1973, on rotting columnar cacti, A. Newton leg., FMNHINS 4159024 (7, larvae and adults, FMNH); San Luis Potosí: El Banito [21.92 °, - 98.95 °], 22. vi. 1975, UV light, L. Watrous leg., FMNHINS 3989868 (1 ♀ FMNH); Sinaloa: Plan del Rio [25.59 °, - 108.43 °], Höge leg., Sharp coll. (2 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); Sonora: Sierra Alamos [27.018 °, - 108.934 °], 11. xi. 1972, V. Roth leg., Stephen coll., FMNHINS 3989869 (1 ♂ FMNH); Tamaulipas: Ciudad Victoria, Municipio Villa de Casas [23.34 °, - 98.30 °], 500 m, 15 – 30. vi. 1986, carrion trap, R. Jones & R. Trevino leg., FMNHINS 3989864 (1 ♀ FMNH); Veracruz: Dos Amates [18.491 °, - 95.059 °], 16 – 17. vi. 1969, D. Bright & J. Campbell leg. (1 ♀ CNC); El Mirador [19.206 °, - 96.842 °], Höge leg., Sharp coll. (1 ♂ NHMUK); 32 mi W. San Cristobál, Jct. Hwy 190 - 195 [17.81 °, - 95.03 °], 8. v. 1969, J. Martin leg. (1 ♀ CNC); 1.7 km N. Teocelo [19.383 °, - 96.966 °], 1128 m, 23. vii. 1973, on rotting fruit, A. Newton leg., FMNHINS 4159031 (1 ♂ FMNH); unknown state: unknown locality, Becker coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ ZMHB); unknown locality, Flohr coll. (3 ♂, 3 ♀ ZMHB; 2 ♂, 1 ♀ NHMUK); unknown locality, Fry coll., Bernhauer coll., FMNHINS 3989866 (1 ♀ FMNH); unknown locality, Brucard leg., FMNHINS 3989867 (1 ♀ FMNH; 1 ♂ NMW; 1 ♀ MZH); unknown locality, Cameron coll. (2 ♀ MNHUK); unknown locality, Bowditch coll. (1 ♂ MCZ); unknown locality, Kraatz coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ SDEI); NICARAGUA: Granada: Reserva Natural Volcan Mombacho entrance [11.841 °, - 86.012 °], 375 m, 1. vi. 2002, under fermenting guanacaste lumber, R. Brooks, Z. Falin & S. Chatzimanolis leg., SM 0413217 (1 ♂ SEMC); León: León [12.43 °, - 86.88 °], xii. [19] 90, B. Garcete leg. (1 ♂ CNC); Masaya: Laguna de Apoyo [11.929 °, - 86.060 °], 10 – 15. i. 1992, blacklight, E. van den Berghe leg., UTCI 000004415 (1 ♂ UTCI) Matagalpa: 6 km N Matagalpa, Selva Negra Hotel [12.999 °, - 85.908 °], 1350 m, 21. v. 2002, under bark, R. Brooks, Z. Falin & S. Chatzimanolis leg., SM 0540966 (1 ♀ SEMC); USA: Arizona: Maricopa Co.: Mesa [33.42 °, - 111.82 °], 6. iii. 2003, rotting saguaro cactus, T. Rogers, SM 0629854, SM 0615928, SM 0615929, SM 0615927, SM 0629853 (2 ♂, 2 ♀ SEMC; 1 ♀ UTCI); Phoenix [33.448 °, - 112.073 °], 2. ix. [19] 28, E. Leach leg., Klages coll. (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNH); Tempe desert [32.24 °, - 111.95 °], Liebeck leg., Fall coll (2 ♂, 1 ♀ MCZ); Pima Co.: Redington Pass [32.307 °, - 110.6 °], 11. x. 1970, K. Stephen leg., Stephen coll., FMNHINS 3989836 (1 ♂ FMNH); Saguaro National Park, Rincon Mt. Sect. [32.186 °, - 110.587 °], 10. viii. [19] 79, A. Smetana (2 ♀ CNC); same locality, 25. xii. [19] 37, Van Dyke coll. (2 ♂, 1 ♀ CNC); Bear Canyon, Sta. Catalina foothills [32.321 °, - 110.810 °], 29. xii. [19] 37, Van Dyke coll. (1 ♂ CNC); foothills of Sta. Catalina Mts. [32.36 °, - 110.91 °], 7. iii. 1973, K. Stephen leg., Stephen coll., FMNHINS 3989835 (1 ♂ FMNH); same locality, 25. ii. 1968, K. Stephen leg. Stephen coll., FMNHINS 3989834 (1 ♀ FMNH); same locality, 7. i [19] 38, Van Dyke coll. (1 ♀ CNC); Santa Catalina Mts. [32.36 °, - 110.91 °], 27. xi. [19] 27, F. Parker leg., Blackwelder coll. (1 ♀ AMNH); same locality, 914 m, 11. v. 1968, dead cactus, L. Herman leg. (1 ♀ AMNH); Santa Rita Mts., Florida Canyon [31.78 °, - 110.88 °], 3 – 11. ix. 1970, 1098 m, on decaying barrel cactus Ferrocactus wislizeni, A. Newton leg., FMNHINS 3989827 (1 ♀ FMNH); Santa Rita Mts., [31.78 °, - 110.88 °], 21. i. [19] 24, C. Dury leg. (1 ♂ MCZ); same locality, 12 – 24. vii. [19] 15, Frost coll. (1 ♂ MCZ); Tucson [32.221 °, - 110.926 °], 11. viii. 1968, saguaro, W. Suter leg., FMNHINS 3989828 (1 ♂ FMNH); same locality, 30. viii. 1968, K. Stephen leg., Stephen coll., FMNHINS 3989830, FMNHINS 3989831, FMNHINS 3989832 (3 ♀ FMNH); same locality, 23. ii. 1969, K. Stephen leg., Stephen coll., FMNHINS 3989829 (1 ♂ FMNH); same locality, 12. x. 1968, K. Stephen leg., Stephen coll., FMNHINS 3989833 (1 ♂ FMNH); same locality, 27. i. 1935, dead giant cactus, Bryant leg. (1 ♂ CNC); same locality, Hubbard & Schwarz leg. (4 ♂, 2 ♀ NMNH); 12 mi W. of Tucson [32.207 °, - 111.180 °], 5. ii. 1966, rotting saguaro, J. Vertrees leg. (4 ♀ AMNH); Tucson Mts., E. Gates Pass [32.22 °, - 111.10 °], 1. iii. 1965, rotting saguaro, J. Burger leg. (1 ♂ CNC); Pinal Co.: 20 mi. S. Florence [32.71 °, - 111.38 °], 20. viii. 1978, saguaro, W. Suter leg., FMNHINS 3989826 (1 ♀ FMNH); Yavapai Co.: Prescott [34.54 °, - 112.46 °], 1. ix. [19] 28, Blackwelder coll. (1 ♂ AMNH); unknown county: unknown locality (1 ♂, 3 ♀ AMNH); Texas: Brooks Co.: Rachal [26.89 °, - 98.135 °], 29. vi. 1974, J. Wappes leg., FMNHINS 3989837 (1 ♂ FMNH).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D21F86AFF2C58C8CB895B0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male specimens of X. xanthopygus can be easily identified from all other Xanthopygus species due to the presence of a porose structure on sternite 7 (absent in all other species). Both sexes of X. xanthopygus can be easily distinguished from other species due to the densely punctate pronotum, typically with three rows of punctures on each half beside median line (other species with two rows or less).	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D21F86AFF2C58C8CB895B0C.taxon	description	Description. Forebody length 7.7 – 10.6 mm; HW / HL ratio = 1.65. Antennomere 3 subequal to 2; antennomere 4 longer than wide, with tomentose pubescence; antennomere 6 subquadrate. Mandibles curved from apical half. Eyes as long as 2 / 5 length of head; head appearing convex. Head and pronotum with medium to large size punctures (see Figs. 47 – 48); pronotum with 3 – 4 dense rows of punctures on each half beside median line; pronotum microsculpture with transverse lines. PW / PL ratio = 1.09. Mesoventrite with intercoxal process broad and pointed. Metacoxae with four spines on posterior surface. EL / PL ratio = 1.28. Abdominal segments 4 – 6 without (or with faint) iridescent overtones; segment 6 without distinct bright band of orange coloration posteriorly; tergite 6 densely punctate; sternite 6 with single anterior transverse line; segment 7 orange. In males, sternite 7 with porose structure; sternite 8 with deep U-shaped emargination posteriorly. Aedeagus as in Figs. 51 – 53; in dorsal view paramere expanding medially and then converging to rounded apex; paramere longer and wider than median lobe; in lateral view paramere concave apically; paramere with peg setae as in Fig. 53. Median lobe in dorsal view converging to narrowly rounded apex; median lobe without subapical tooth; in lateral view median lobe becoming much narrower near apex. Late instar larva as in Fig. 54.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D21F86AFF2C58C8CB895B0C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from El Salvador, Bolivia (but see remarks below), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, many states in Mexico, and the states of Arizona and Texas in USA. The map is shown in Fig. 55 and online at https: // www. simplemappr. net / map / 16396. Habitat. Collected in desert, oak and tropical woodlands (elevations 5 – 1350 m) using UV lights, and hand collected under bark, from rotting prickly pear cacti or saguaro cacti, under rotting mangoes and breadfruit, as well as under carrion and baited pitfall traps.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
6408AC194D21F86AFF2C58C8CB895B0C.taxon	discussion	Remarks: There is a specimen of X. xanthopygus from Bolivia (recorded above) but it is possible that this specimen was mislabeled, since no other specimens are known from Bolivia. All other South America specimens that I examined and were previously identified as X. xanthopygus were either X. cognatus or X. pexus. Additionally, some specimens were identified as X. xanthopygus from Colombia (Torres Rodríguez et al. 2012) but most specimens listed in that paper were female. While it is certainly possible that X. xanthopygus is found in northern South America, I would have expected to see specimens of X. xanthopygus from Costa Rica and Panama in various collections, and the species probably has a more restricted distribution than previously reported in Herman (2001). There is a specimen in MCZ designated as paralectotype for X. cacti; however, this designation is invalid since it was never published.	en	Chatzimanolis, Stylianos (2022): A revision of the genus Xanthopygus Kraatz (Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina). Zootaxa 5099 (2): 151-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5099.2.1
