taxonID	type	description	language	source
6A5787A7FF982E4CFE8A2C05FBEFF473.taxon	description	Remarkably elongate phasmids, body length 134 mm to 300 mm in females, 91 mm to 198 mm in males. Rather variable in length, tuberculation and spination, within species. Head longer than wide, ocelli conspicuous in male. Pronotum similar in length to head. Mesonotum very elongate, 5 to 7 times length of pronotum, sparsely to heavily tuberculated. Metanotum short. Antennae long, exceeding length of fore femora. Legs very long and spiny, all femora with pair of short apical spines. Fore femora particularly serrate in female. Forewings elongate, leaf­like. Hindwings full­sized (male), shorter than mid femora in females; pre­anal part of hindwings in female with conspicuous tessellated base, hindwings black and slightly tessellated to a varying degree; in male, wings uniform brown. Operculum elongate, reaching end of abdomen (male subgenital plate reaching about end of ninth abdominal segment). Cerci huge, several times longer than anal segment in female, shorter, but still leaf­like in male [no other known Australian genera have such long, leaf­like cerci in females]. Species included	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF982E4CFE8A2C05FBEFF473.taxon	description	1) Acrophylla aliena Redtenbacher, 1908: 456, pl. 22: 3, 3 a. This species was transferred to Ctenomorpha by Karny, 1923: 240, incorrectly attributed to Ctenomorphodes by Vickery, 1983: 5, hence returned to Ctenomorpha (Brock, 1998: 13, Otte & Brock, 2005: 111). This species is here returned to its original genus i. e. Acrophylla aliena Redtenbacher, 1908 stat. rev. after lectotype designation: Lectotype ♂, Australia ‘ New Holland’, Mus. Stuttgart (76 mm) (NHMW, No. 869), here designated. Paralectotype series: Ψ, Australia ‘ New Holland’, Mus. Stuttgart (misidentified Ψ of Ctenomorpha marginipennis Gray, with larger wings than normal (200 mm) [cerci are broken off, but figured by Redtenbacher on plate 22: 3 a, showing end of abdomen only]) (NHMW, No. 869), 3 ♂, Australia ‘ New Holland’ (SMNS) [This lectotype designation shall guarantee the stability of the name. It is the specimen figured by Redtenbacher on plate 22: 3]. Redtenbacher was, perhaps, influenced by the larger than normal hindwings of the female (otherwise almost identical to species in NHMW he identified as chronus) and the fact that it was with males from the Stuttgart collection, with the same data. The size difference alone makes a match extremely unlikely and when females of this species are traced, I would expect them to be in the region of 110 mm. 2) Based on careful checking of Gray’s brief descriptions (type (s) have not been traced) against nymphs and adults in collections (BMNH and P. Brock Coll. in particular), Ctenomorpha acheron Gray, 1834 is synonymised with Eurycnema goliath Gray, 1834 syn. nov., and Ctenomorpha macleayi Gray, 1835 is synonymised with Ctenomorphodes briareus Gray, 1834 syn. nov. (although specimens are on the small side at 80 mm (male) and 97 mm (female), briareus is very variable in size). After re­checking the faded holotype ♂ of Acrophylla salmacis Westwood, 1859 (BMNH), it is synonymised with Eurycnema osiris (Gray, 1834) syn. nov. 3) Anchiale marmorata (Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. nov. is transferred from Ctenomorpha (originally described in Acrophylla). Redtenbacher described the holotype Ψ from New Guinea in the genus Acrophylla (MCSN) [the only non­Australian species]; this and other species described as Acrophylla in Redtenbacher, were transferred to Ctenomorpha (Karny, 1923), but this species from New Guinea lacks large cerci amongst other differences and, in our view, belongs to Anchiale Stål, 1875.	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF992E48FE8A2BFFFBA6F2C3.taxon	description	In his catalogue on Australian phasmids, Vickery (1983) stated that ‘ all synonymy is from the literature; no new synonymy is presented in this work. ’ However, he went on to list several new synonyms, including five of chronus, presumably based on geographical range and / or examination of figures, as these synonyms have not been traced in the literature. Unfortunately, the author did not respond to written queries in the 1990 ’ s on entries in his catalogue. In case there is any doubt concerning the synonymy, it is confirmed for the four species above. However, variation is considerable, resulting in authors describing them as new species. Redtenbacher’s key to both sexes gives details of differences, i. e. they may have the thorax granulated, tuberculated or with irregular spines. Females have a short­winged form described as phyllocerca by Redtenbacher, lobes present or absent on tibiae.	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF992E48FE8A2BFFFBA6F2C3.taxon	materials_examined	Non­type material examined Detailed studies made on 22 specimens (9 ♂, 11 Ψ, 2 Ψ nymphs) in BMNH, with various data (details upon request), all identified as Ctenomorpha chronus (Gray) by K. H. L. Key, either in 1956 (donated specimens), or 1958, when he visited the BMNH). Specimens also examined in numerous museums in Australia and Europe, and the private collection of A. Hiller.	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF992E48FE8A2BFFFBA6F2C3.taxon	description	Male and female (Figs. 1 – 5) Gray, 1833 provided adequate descriptions and figures of both sexes. The size, degree of tuberculation of the thorax varies, depending on which locality specimens are from and probably the choice of host foodplant (s).	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF992E48FE8A2BFFFBA6F2C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution Apparently widespread in New South Wales, South­East Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria. There is even a possibility that they occur in north Queensland, if the five specimens (2 ♂, 3 Ψ) in RSME from Mossman are correctly labelled. Efforts will be made to obtain these insects and compare the eggs. Rentz (1996) comments: ‘ quite common in heath and woodland habitats’. Foodplants include Eucalyptus species (Clyne, 1979, Coleman, 1942 a & b, 1943 & 1944) and Prunus. Egg (Fig. 6) First described by Kaup (1871, a crude sketch of this species) and later figured by Coleman (1942 b), Key (1970, 1991) and Hughes & Westoby (1992), the egg is brown, capsule strongly sculptured, raised in a series of ribs. Micropylar plate almost circular, except sharply pointed at either end. Operculum flat, bearing small stalked capitulum. Average capsule length 3.5 mm, height 2.5 mm, width 2.0 mm. Notes Craddock (1972) discussed chromosomal diversity of some Australian phasmids and found a geographic pattern of karyotypic differentiation in this species.	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF922E43FE8A28DFFC64F46B.taxon	description	Ctenomorpha sp. Brock 1999: 122, pl. 8. Description Male (holotype) (Figs. 7 ­ 8): Elongate, dark brown insect with light blotches. Body length 189 mm. Head: Longer than broad, eyes large; three conspicuous ocelli present between eyes. Antennae with 26 segments; reaching half length of fore tibiae. Thorax: Elongate, with few sparse granulations and tubercles dorsally and laterally. Pronotum shorter than head, with bold central indentation and lines beneath. Mesonotum less than seven times length of pronotum, ventrally pale yellowish brown, with a glossy, central, oval black area, grey in the centre, with two black dashes within; this peculiar feature has not been seen in other phasmids (possibly useful in defence i. e. could be mistaken for a large eye, conspicuous ventrally or laterally). Metanotum short. Abdomen: Remarkably elongate, sparsely granulated. Abdominal segments 8 to 10 only marginally longer than segment 7. Segments 7 ­ 10 slightly hairy. Cerci broad, leaflike, almost three times longer than 10 th (anal) segment. Subgenital plate subtruncate at tip, not quite reaching end of 9 th abdominal segment. 9 th segment rather narrowed, but broadened at tip; anal segment shorter, boldly triangular incised in centre; claspers beneath with four short black teeth. Wings: Forewings long, leaf­like, with whitish margin. Pre­anal part of hindwings with continuing whitish margin, sometimes same as body colour, as are forewings. Hindwings brown, long, but only reaching end of 5 th abdominal segment (hence relatively short in male phasmids, but only due to the extremely elongated abdomen). Legs: Very slender and elongate, with series of small dentations, except fore tibiae. All femora with pair of bold apical spines. Central carina of fore femur with nine large dentations (left fore leg broken off and missing). Mid and hind femora with two bold central dentations on central and outer carina (except regenerated right mid leg). Two additional dentations on right femur. Tarsi long.	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF922E43FE8A28DFFC64F46B.taxon	materials_examined	Paratype males (8 specimens, fig. 9). Same as holotype except for minor size differences (body length 170 ­ 198 mm) and minor variation in number and size of dentations on legs (in some specimens there are up to two large dentations on mid and hind tibiae), and extent of granulations / tubercles. Notes on the female: (fig. 10) Unfortunately not available for description, the only definite female of this species is from photographs of a 300 mm specimen found in the Evelyn Tablelands, north Queensland, 3,000 ft., by Mr T. Fayne­Scott, on 28 March, 1996. The previous record for the longest Australian phasmid was Acrophylla titan Macleay, 1826 (up to 270 mm). The overall length of A. titan at c. 390 mm is dwarfed by C. gargantua at c. 525 mm, based on a tape measure used on one photograph. In fact, gargantua is only exceeded in body length by a new Phobaeticus species (357 mm) and Phobaeticus kirbyi (328 mm), both from Sabah. However, Asian species from the closely­related genera Nearchus Redtenbacher, 1908 and Phobaeticus Brunner, 1907, compete with C. gargantua for the rank of thirdlongest insect in the world. From the photograph, it is apparent that the specimen of gargantua has a protuberance mid­abdomen. This is a variable feature in C. marginipennis, but often absent. Holotype ♂, Australia: Mourilyan Harbour, n [orth] Q [ueensland], 1. xi. 1996, J. & P. Hasenpusch (QMBA). Paratypes: All Australia: ♂, Garradunga, n [orth] Q [ueensland], 28. xii. 1996, P. Hasenpusch (QMBA), 3 ♂, 16 º 48 ’ S, 145 º 38 ’ E (GPS), Qld, Kuranda (335 m elev.), (Top of the Range), 19 Butler Dr, 25 ­ 30. xi. 2004 (also 1 ­ 15. xii. 2005 & 1 ­ 15. ii. 2006), D. C. F. Rentz (ANIC), ♂, 16 º 48 ’ S, 145 º 38 ’ E (GPS), Qld, Kuranda (335 m elev.), (Top of the Range), 19 Butler Dr, 1 ­ 15. xi. 2005, D. C. F. Rentz (BMNH), ♂, Polly Creek, Garradunga, north Queensland, 16. i. 2005, J. Hasenpusch (P. Brock coll.), 2 ♂, Polly Creek, Garradunga, north Queensland, 18. xii. 2001 & 15. iii. 2000, J. Hasenpusch (J. Hasenpusch coll.).	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
6A5787A7FF922E43FE8A28DFFC64F46B.taxon	distribution	Distribution So far found in rainforest in a small part of northeast Queensland, where males are attracted to light. Likely to be much more widespread.	en	Hasenpusch, Jack, Brock, Paul D. (2006): Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species. Zootaxa 1282: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173413
