identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FA80892F22D35876B11F49C119249801.text	FA80892F22D35876B11F49C119249801.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palumbina acerosa Lee & Li 2018	<div><p>Palumbina acerosa Lee &amp; Li, 2018</p><p>Figs 1C, D, 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B, 11 Japanese name: Kita-mongin-hoso-kibaga</p><p>Palumbina acerosa Lee &amp; Li, 2018: Lee et al. 2018: 27, fig. 81. TL: Guizhou, China; TD: NKU.</p><p>Thyrsostoma pylartis: Inoue 1954: 67 (partim); Kuroko 1957: 7; Moriuti 1982: 281, pls 13-57 (partim).</p><p>Palumbina pylartis: Sakamaki 2013: 298 (partim).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan - Honshu [Kanagawa] • 1♂; Yamakita-cho, Lake. Tanzawa; 4 Jun. 2016; Y. Kitajima leg.; KGU. -[Shizuoka] • 1♀; Atami-shi, Himensosawa Koen; 10 Sep. 2002; T. Hirowatari, B. W. Lee, H. Mizukawa, S. Takaki &amp; K. Tateiwa leg.; gen. slide no. KM-426; OPU. • 1♀; Kannami-cho, Kannami-Genseirin; 10 Sep. 2002; T. Hirowatari, B. W. Lee, H. Mizukawa, S.Takaki &amp; K. Tateiwa leg.; OPU. • 1♀; Shibakawa-cho, Inago Iriyama; 20 Aug. 1999; T. Mano leg.; OPU. • 1♀; same data except 28 Aug. 1999; gen. slide no. KM-425; OPU. - [Aichi] • 2♂♂; Kitashidara-gun, Uradani (900m); 17 Sep. 1977; Y. Arita leg.; NSMT. • 1♂; Toyota, Mt. Rokusho-san; 28 Oct. 1976; Y. Arita leg.; NSMT. • 1♂; Higashihagihira, Asahi-cho, Sahara shrine; 30 May 1998; T. Mano leg.; OPU. • 1♂; Asahi-cho, Sakakino; 280m; 20 Jun. 1998; T. Mano leg.; OPU. - [Mie] • 4♂♂, 1♀; Iga-shi; Host: Quercus glauca; 8 Oct. 2019 em.; Y. Arita leg.; ELKU. - [Osaka] • 1♀; Tottori; 7 Jun. 1994; S. Kosino leg.; OPU. • 1♂; same data except 10 Sep. 1998; OPU. • 1♂; Mt. Inunaki; 22 Nov. 1998; S. Kosino leg.; OPU. - [Wakayama] • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Kozagawa; 22-28 Oct. 1974 em.; Host: Quercus glauca; T. Kumata leg.; SEHU. - Shikoku [Ehime] • 1♂, 3♀♀; Matsuyama-Castle areas, Matsuyama-shi; 23, 30 Aug. 2016, LT; J. Oku leg.; KGU. - [Kochi] • 1♂; Iwaidani; 16 Apr. 1964; S. Moriuti leg.; OPU. - Kyushu [Fukuoka] • 1♀; Nishi-ku Fukuoka, Ito Campus; 27 Jun. 2017; T. Hirowatari, S. Yagi, C. Tsuji &amp; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1♂, 1♀; same data except 17 Aug. 2018, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♂, 2♀♀; same data except 18 Sep. 2019, LT; J. Oku leg.; ELKU. • 1♂, 1♀; same data except 30 Oct. 2019, LT; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 2♀♀; same data except 20 Mar. 2021; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; Mt. Sefuri, Itaya, Sawara-Ward, Fukuoka-City; 2 Jun. 2019; S. Tomura, K. Sasaki leg.; ELKU. • 1♂; Mt. Hikosan, Soeda, Tagawa-Distinct; 25 Sep. 2014, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; same data except; 27 Jul. 2015, LT; ELKU. • 1♂; same data except 1 Jul. 2016; gen. slide no. KM-320.; ELKU. - [Oita] • 1♂; Yufu-shi, Meisuinotaki 850m, Mt. Kuro; 13 Jun. 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-321.; ELKU. - [Kumamoto] • 1♂; Tatsudayama; 29 Mar. 1960; T. Kawarabata leg.; ELKU. - [Miyazaki] • 1♂; Higashiusuki-gun, Shiiba-son, Research Forest; 4 Jun. 2018; K. Uemori leg.; ELKU. - [Kagoshima] • 1♀: Tanegashima Is., Nishinoomote; 13 Jun. 1965; T. Kumata leg.; gen. slide no. KM-376; SEHU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 2♂; Amamioshima Is., Santaro-toge ( Sumiyo-son); 30 Apr. 1999; T. Saito leg.; KM-319; OPU. • 2♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Mt. Yuwan, Uken-son; 6 Jul. 2016 larva; 20 Jul. 2016 em.; Host: Quercus glauca; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-381; ELKU. • 2♀♀; same data except 6 Jul. 2016 larva; 25 Jul. 2016 em.; gen. slide no. KM-332; SY-197; ELKU. - [Okinawa] • 1♀; Okinawajima Is., Ookuni-rindo ( Kunigami-son); 26 Mar. 2002; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM-331; ELKU .</p><p>For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), China, Korea (Lee and Jeun 2022), and Taiwan (Lee et al. 2018). The distribution overlaps that of P. pylartis but tends to be found in the northern regions.</p><p>Host plant.</p><p>Quercus myrsinaefolia Blume (Kuroko 1957, see the remarks of P. pylartis), Q. glauca Thunb. (new host record) ( Fagaceae).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>The larval biology is very close to that of P. pylartis except for the host plants. We found young larvae on the host plant Quercus glauca ( Fagaceae) on Amamioshima Island, behaving as a miner in the midrib of young leaves. This late-instar larva made a portable case by cutting the young leaf into small pieces, mainly around the upper portion (Fig. 11A, B).</p><p>The resting posture of the adult is similar to that of stathmopodid species, keeping their hindlegs upwards (Fig. 9B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA80892F22D35876B11F49C119249801	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon;Yagi, Sadahisa;Oku, Johei;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62.text	879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palumbina grandiunca Lee & Li 2018	<div><p>Palumbina grandiunca Lee &amp; Li, 2018</p><p>Figs 1E, F, 6C, 7C, 8C, 9C, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21 Japanese name: Hazenoki-ginhoso-kibaga</p><p>Palumbina grandiunca Lee &amp; Li, 2018: Lee et al. 2018: 15, fig. 68. TL: Hainan, China. TD: NKU.</p><p>Palumbina sp. 1: Oku et al. 2018: 58, fig. 46.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan - Honshu [Hyogo] • 1♂; Inaba ( Hidaka-tyo); 11 Jun. 1994; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM-305; OPU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 1♀; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son, Yuwandake; 21 Jul. 2003; T. Saito leg.; OPU. • 1♂; same locality; 19 Jun. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 7 May 2015; gen. slide no.KM-304; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 18 May 2015; gen. slide no.KM-306; KGU. • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son, Akatuti-yama; 18 Aug. 2012; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 8 Sep. 2012; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 18 Aug. 2012; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 21 May 2013; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 12 Jun. 2013; gen. slide no. KM-303; KGU. • 2♂♂; same data except 25 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM-308; KGU. • 1♀; same data except 26 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM-310; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 27 May 2015; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 1 Jun. 2015; KGU. • 2♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Sumiyo-son, Kamiya; 23 May 2015; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Buren; 14 Sep. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-302; KGU. • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Setouti-to-cho, Mt Yui-dake; 30 Sep. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-307; KGU. • 1♂; Tokunoshima Is. San, Tokunoshima; 12 Jul. 2016, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. [Okinawa] • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Benoki, Kunigami-son, Mt. Nishime 340m; 3 Aug. 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg., genitalia slide no. SY1454; ELKU. • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Sate, Kunigami-son, Mt. Terukubi 300m; 28 May 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♂; same data except 17 Mar. 2017; gen. slide no. KM-309; ELKU. • 1♀; Okinawajima Is., Yona, Kunigami-son; 6 May 2000; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM-312; OPU. • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Hentona, Kunigami-son; 15 Mar. 2017, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀, Okinawajima Is., Hizi, Kunigami-son; 3 Aug. 2002; T. Saito leg., gen. slide no. KM-311; OPU. • 1♂; Ishigakijima Is., Takeda-rindo; 5 Jul. 2017; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; Iriomotejima Is., Aira River; 26 Jun. 2019 larva; 22 Jul. 2019 em.; Host: Toxicodendron succedaneum; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; gen. slide no. SY1453; ELKU. • 2♂♂, 1♀; Iriomotejima Is., Sonai Forestry Park; 27 Jun. 2019 larva; 16-17 Jul. 2019 em.; Host: Toxicodendron succedaneum; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1♂; Iriomotejima Is., Shirahama; 8 May 2012, LT; T. Hirowatari, S. Kobayashi, K. Nakatsuka, T. Yoshida leg.; OPU .</p><p>For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Larva (Figs 12I, 16, 17). Length ~ 3.0 mm (n = 6), slender. Head subglobular; yellowish brown, with blackish pigmentations on ocellar area and on anterior margin of labrum. Body pale yellow in early instars and yellowish brown in late instars. Prothoracic shield yellowish brown, with blackish brown on caudal margin. Thoracic legs short, pale yellowish brown. Pinaculum more or less rounded, blackish brown on T1-T3, A1, A2, A8, and A9; paler on remaining abdominal segments. Anal shield heavily sclerotized, yellowish brown (Figs 16D, 17D). Anal fork present, deeply emarginated, forming two lateral lobes (Figs 16E, 17D). Anal prolegs armed with many minute spines on dorsal surface (Fig. 17C). Crochets uni-ordinal, 13-17 in number on ventral prolegs (Fig. 17B), 9-11 on anal prolegs (Fig. 17C).</p><p>Chaetotaxy (Fig. 16). Head (Fig. 16A, B): epicranial suture shorter than fontoclypeus; AF1 ~ ½ length of AF2; C2 slightly longer than C1; P1 dorsolateral to AF1, ~ 5 × longer than P2; P2 dorsolateral to AF2 and above P1; MD1-MD3 setae forming nearly in a line at the posterior margin of head capsule, MD1 slightly anteroventral to MD2 and MD3; mouthparts semi-hypognathous; genal area with six stemmata, forming a semicircular pattern; A1 dorso-anterior to stemma-3, slightly shorter than A3; A2 dorsolateral to A1 and shorter than A1 and A3; L1 dorsoposterior to stemma-1; distance between L1 from A3 slightly longer than distance between A3 from A2; S1 below stemma-3 and short as A2; S2 longer than S1 and S3, near the opening of the stemmatal semicircle; S3 slightly shorter than S1 and ventroposterior to stemma-6; SS1 near mandibular condyle, same length as SS2; SS2 between SS1 and SS3; SS3 ~ 3 × longer than SS1 and SS2; MGa present, close to MG1. Mandible with five teeth (Fig. 16C).</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 16F): Prothorax: Shield with SD1 ventrolateral to XD1 and XD2, all three along anterior margin; XD2 equal distance from XD1 and SD1; XD1 ~ 2 × longer than XD2; SD2 and D1 ca. equal in length, both setae less than ~ 2½-3× length of SD1 and D2; SD2 less than 1½ distance from XD2 than from SD1; L-group tri-setose on the same pinaculum, anteroventral to spiracle; L1 longest; L2 and L3 short, ca. equal in length; SV-group bi-setose on the same pinaculum; SV1 ~ 2- 2½ × longer than SV2; MV1 absent; MV2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin; V1 near to mesoposterior coxal margin. Mesothorax and metathorax (Fig. 16F): D1 and D2 on the same pinaculum; SD1 and SD2 on the same pinaculum; all arranged in a vertical line; D2 ~ 3½ -4 length of D1; SD1 ~ 3½-4× length of SD2; MD1 anteroventral to D2; MSD1 in a line with MSD2, anterior to SD2; MSD2 anterodorsal to SD1; L-group tri-setose; L1 and L2 on the same pinaculum, L1 ~ 2½-3× length of L2, slightly anterior to D- and SD-group pinaculum; L3 slightly longer than L2, in a vertical line with SV1; MV1, MV2, and MV3 anterior to coxa; MV2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin, MV3 slightly above V1.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 16F). A1 and A2 (not indicated) with D1 dorso-anterior to D2; D2 ~ 3½-4× longer than D1; MD1 slightly ventral to D1 and D2; SD1 above spiracle, ca. equal in length with D2; SD2 minute, anteroventral to SD1 and on different pinaculum; SD2 minute, anteroventral to SD1; L-group tri-setose; L1 and L2 on same pinaculum below spiracle, ventroposterior to SD group; L1 ~ 3½-4× longer than L2 and L3; L3 slightly longer than L2; SV-group on same pinaculum, bi-setose on A1 and tri-setose pinaculum on A2; SV1 ~ 2½-3× longer than SV2 on A1; MV3 dorso-anterior to V1. A3-A6 as in A2, except D2 dorsoposterior to D1; each segment bearing a pair of protuberant prolegs; planta bearing uni-ordinal, uniserial crochets in a circle (Fig. 17B). A7 as in A2 or A6 except with SV-group bi-setose and V1 ventral to SV pinaculum. A8 as A7 except SD1 in vertical line with D2; minute SD2 anteroventral and below spiracle; SD1 pinaculum slightly anterior to spiracle; spiracle dorsal to all spiracles on A1-A7; L1 ~ 3½-4× length of L2 and below spiracle; L2 and L3 on separate pinaculum; L2 anteroventral to L1 and in vertical line with D2 and SD1; L3 ventral to L2 and in vertical line with L2; SV and V group uni-setose. A9 as above except with D1 ventral to D2 and on same pinaculum; D2 ~ 2 × longer than D1; MD1 slightly anteroventral to D2; hair-like SD1 present; L-group bi-setose on same pinaculum, L1 ~ 3½-4× longer than L2.</p><p>Pupa (Figs 20, 21). Female. Length 3.9-4.2 mm (n = 3). Cylindrical, color yellowishbrown; dark brown before emergence. Head semi-globular. Vertex with many minute spines. Prothorax with a pair of triangular projections on dorsolateral corners of tergite (Fig. 21A). Antennae reaching near the posterior margin of A5. Forewing reaching near the anterior margin of A6. Maxilla (galea) basally broad, gradually narrowing and extending to A4. Prothoracic legs extending to A2; mesothoracic legs reaching A4; metathoracic legs extending to the posterior margin of A7. A5-A10 movable. A5 and A6 with a transverse row of dot-like spinules on the anterior margin (Fig. 20C). A7 with a transverse row of tergal spinules directed posteriorly at the anterior margin (Fig. 20A). Sternite A7 with a pair of oval pads armed with a row of spinules directed anteriorly (Fig. 20B). A10 delineated with a row of short spinules at the outer margin posteriorly (Fig. 20A), apically with three pairs of hooked setae on ventral surfaces of A9 and A10, without true cremaster.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Honshu, Ryukyus) and China.</p><p>Host plant.</p><p>Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze ( Anacardiaceae) (Fig. 12A).</p><p>Biology.</p><p>(Fig. 12A-L). First, the larva mines the petiole of its host plant and later makes a portable leaf case after leaving its mine. At the early instar stage, the larva first made a small hole to enter the petiole (Fig. 12B-D). After that, it started to mine, and larval feces were deposited inside the mine (Fig. 12E). After the larva gradually grows and develops into the late instar, it leaves from its mine (Fig. 12D) and then cuts the leaf into small irregularly shaped pieces (Fig. 12F). Later, many small leaf pieces were aggregated and stacked into a compact and circular leaf case. The larvae live and feed inside the case and can move from one place to another by carrying it (Fig. 12G, H); pupation also occurs inside it (Fig. 12J). The adult emerges by leaving the pupal exuvia inside the case (Fig. 12K). The resting posture of the adult was similar to that of the stathmopodid species, keeping its hindlegs upwards (Fig. 9C).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species has already been recorded as Palumbina sp. 1 (Oku et al. 2018) on Amamioshima Island in Japan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon;Yagi, Sadahisa;Oku, Johei;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
3B4AE5A98E5B5F0E9A0E215FB7E40615.text	3B4AE5A98E5B5F0E9A0E215FB7E40615.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palumbina macrodelta (Meyrick 1918)	<div><p>Palumbina macrodelta (Meyrick, 1918)</p><p>Figs 3A, B, 6E, 7E, 8E Japanese name: Futamon ginhoso-kibaga</p><p>Thyrsostoma macrodelta Meyrick, 1918: 121; Meyrick 1925a: 100; Gaede 1937: 301; Clarke 1969: 484. TL: Assam, India. TD: NHMUK.</p><p>Palumbina macrodelta: Sattler 1982: 25; Lee et al. 2018; 17, fig. 71.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son, Mt. Akatuti; 3 Mar. 2012; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-325; KGU. - [Okinawa] • 3♂♂ ; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Nosoko-dake, 25-29 Mar. 2020; S. Tomura leg.; gen. slide no. SY1455, SY1456, Palumbina No. 4; ELKU. • 3♂♂ ; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Omoto-dake; 2 May 1978; Y. Arita leg.; gen. slide no. KM-323; NSMT. • 3♂♂, 1♀ ; same data except 17 Nov. 1980; gen. slide no. KM-326 (♀); NSMT. • 1♂, 1♀; same locality; 1 Nov. 1979; A. Nakayama leg.; gen. slide no. KM-327(♀); NSMT. • 1♂; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Banna-dake; 3 Nov. 1979; A. Nakayama leg.; gen. slide no. KM-324; NSMT. • 1♀ ; same locality; 3 Nov. 1979; M. Yamashita leg.; NSMT. • 1♂; same locality; 7 May 1998, T. Ueda leg.; OPU. • 1♂, 2♀♀; same locality; 4-7 Apr. 2001, T. Ueda leg.; OPU. • 1♂; Ishigakijima Is., Mansei-rindo; 30 Mar. 2020; S. Tomura leg.; gen. slide no. Palumbina No. 3; ELKU. • 6♂♂, 1♀♀ ; Iriomotejima Is., Funaura; 21-25 Mar. 1995; T. Mano leg.; OPU. • 1♀ ; Iriomotejima Is., Uehara ( Taketomi-tyo); 24 Oct. 2000; T. Saito leg.; OPU. • 1♂ ; same data except 3 Oct. 2001; OPU. • 1♀; Iriomotejima Is., Mt. Tedou, Uehara; 8 Aug. 2017, LT; T. Hirowatari, S. Yagi &amp; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; gen. slide no. KM-328; ELKU .</p><p>For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).</p><p>Host plant.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>The adults were collected from March to November.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Ryukyus), China (Lee et al. 2018), and India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B4AE5A98E5B5F0E9A0E215FB7E40615	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon;Yagi, Sadahisa;Oku, Johei;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.text	E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palumbina muraseae Kyaw & Yagi 2023	<div><p>Palumbina muraseae Kyaw &amp; Yagi sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3C-F, 4, 5, 6F, 7F, 8F, 9D, 13, 22, 23 Japanese name: Murase-mongin-hoso-kibaga</p><p>Thyrsostoma sp.: Murase 2009: 140, figs 13-17.</p><p>Palumbina sp. 2: Oku et al. 2018: 32, fig. 47.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype: Japan - Ryukyus •♂; Kagoshima Pref., San Tokunoshima; 9. Jul. 2016; Sadahisa Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-374; ELKU. Paratypes: Japan - Kyushu [Kagoshima] • 2♂♂; Yakusima Is., Hirauti; 19 Sep. 1978; Y. Arita leg.; gen. slide no. KM-342; NSMT. • 1♂, 1♀; Yakusima, Satunan Is.; 17 Oct. 1973; T. Kumata; gen. slide no. KM-343; SEHU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 3♂♂, 1♀; Amamioshima Is., Mt. Yuwan-dake; 15 Nov. 2012; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-334(♂), 335(♂), 336(♂), 345(♀); KGU. • 1♀; same locality; 18 Nov. 2012; K. Tsuda &amp; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-349; KGU. • 1♂; same locality; 23 May 2014; gen. slide no. KM-341; KGU. • 1♀; same data except 5 May 2015; KGU. • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son, Ohata; 14 Sep. 2002; Host: Distylium racemosum; T. Ueda leg.; 27 Sep-3 Oct. 2002 em.; OPU. • 1♂; Amamioshima Is., Mt. Akatuti, Uken-Son; 21 Sep. 2012; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-337; KGU. • 2♂♂; Amamioshima Is., Mt. Akatuti; 19 Nov. 2012; K. Tsuda &amp; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-339; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 7 Mar. 2013; gen. slide no. KM-338; KGU. • 1♂; same data except 27 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM-340; KGU. • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Sumiyou-son, Yakukatsu; 12-15 Sep. 2002; Host: Distylium racemosum; T. Ueda leg.; 27 Sep. - 3 Oct. 2002 em.; OPU. • 2♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Kamiya, Sumiyo-Son; 23 May 2015; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM-346; KGU. • 1♀; Tokunoshima Is., Yamakubiri-rindo, Tokunoshima-Town; 2 May 2015; Y. Sakamaki leg.; gen. slide no. KM-344; KGU. • 1♂; same data as holotype, ELKU. - [Okinawa] • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Mt. Nishime, Benoki; 8 Aug. 2017, LT; S. Yagi, T. Hirowatari, K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1♂; Okinawajima Is., Kunigami-gun, Kunigami-son, Uka; 31 May 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; Okinawajima Is., Benoki, Kunigami-son, Mt. Terukubi, 330m; 4 Aug. 2015; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-348; ELKU. • 1♂, 1♀; Okinawajima Is., Kunigami-son, Yona; 23 Mar. 2002; Host: Distylium racemosum; 13-15 Apr. 2002 em.; gen. slide no. KM-427(♀); OPU. •1♀; same data except; 24 Mar. 2002; OPU. • 1♀; same locality; 24 Mar. 2002; T. Saito leg.; OPU. • 1♂1♀; Okinawa-Is., Iji, Kunigami-Gun; 2 Jun. 2017 (320m); Y. Kitajima leg.; KGU. • 3♀♀; same locality, 25 Mar. 2021, LT (317m); S. Tomura leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; Okinawajima Is., Ookuni-rindo (Kunigami-son); 2 May 2000; T. Saito leg.; OPU. • 8♂♂, 3♀♀; Okinawa Is., Yaka, Kin-cho, Kunigami-gun, 25 Mar. 2021 (larva); Host: Distylium racemosum; 15-21 Apr. 2021 em.; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; Ishigakijima Is., Mt Yarabu, Sakieda; 5 Jul. 2017; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♂1♀; Ishigakijima Is., Ishigaki-shi, Mt. Omoto; 18 Mar. 2002; I. Ohshima leg.; ELKU. •1♂; Ishigakijima Is., Ishigaki-shi, Funra, 15 Mar. 2002; I. Ohshima leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; Ishigakijima Is., Hirae, Oyamizu-hiroba; 4 Jul. 2017; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-347; ELKU.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>This species can be easily distinguished from other congeneric species by having a yellowish ocher or dark brown color with small white patches at the base and before the apex in the forewing, racket-shaped anellus lobes, uncus basally with a knob with numerous stout setae ventrally, extremely broad succus in the male genitalia, and rectangular process of signum in the female genitalia.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male (Figs 3C, E, 4A-C, 5A-C, E, 6F, 7F).</p><p>Head. glossy white to fuscous. Scape creamy-white to ocherous-white; flagellum fuscous; cilia as long as width (Fig. 4A); flagellomeres I and II usually not entirely separated (Fig. 5A, B). Labial palpus creamy white, recurved, sexually dimorphic and modified in male; stout, shorter than female; segment I with outer surface fuscous, shortest, and as thick as segment II; segment II with expansible hair pencils arising from furrow on the ventral surface, reaching sub apex of segment III (Fig. 4C); segment III as long as segment II, dorso-distal half fuscous. Proboscis scaly white.</p><p>Thorax. Dorsum of thorax and tegula white to yellowish ocher. Legs creamy white; fore femur creamy-white, fore tibia with fuscous on the outer surface and sometimes on the inner surface, fore tarsus black on the outer surface, each tarsomere ringed black apically on inner surface; mid-femur white on the outer surface and creamy yellowish on inner surface; mid-tibia creamy white with three black spots, mid tarsus creamy white; first tarsomere black at middle and apex, remaining tarsomeres ringed black apically; hind femur creamy white, hind tibia suffused with black at 1/3 and apex near tibial spur at ca. middle on outer surface; bearing long bristles along basal 2/3 of dorsal margin and with whorls of bristles at the apex (Fig. 4E); hind tarsus, mostly fuscous.</p><p>Forewing. Length 3.8 mm in holotype, 2.9-3.9 mm in paratypes (n = 9). Wing expanse 8.4 mm in the holotype, 6.1-8.5 mm in the paratypes (n = 9) (Fig. 3C, E). 11 veins: Sc reaching basal 1/2 of costa, R1 and R2 free, R3 and R4 short-stalked, R5 absent, M1 connate with R3+4, M2 remote from M3, CuA1 parallel to CuA2, CuA2 indistinct, 1A+2A forked at the base (Fig. 5E); ground color yellowish ocher to brown, mostly with yellowish ocher reflections in holotype, sometimes suffused with creamy white at ~ 1/4 near the base and ~ 1/4 before the apex, sometimes delineated with black scales throughout the costal margin from its base to ~ 1/2 forewing length before apex; expansible pale yellowish ocher hair pencils beneath costa on ventral surface (Fig. 4B); cilia well-fringed, yellowish ocher from its apex to tornus, yellowish white to the inner base of forewing.</p><p>Hindwing. Narrower than forewing, 8 veins, R1 join with Sc near the base, Rs and M1 stalked at distal 1/5, M2 remote from M3, CuA1 and CuA2 parallel (Fig. 5E), creamy white with yellowish brown margin from costal area to beyond tornus; with a row of bristles arising from basal 1/6 to 1/5 of costa; cilia well-fringed, yellowish brown throughout to tornus, yellowish white to the inner base of hind wing.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 7F). Coremata absent. Terga and sterna 1-7 unmodified. Sternum 8 large, rounded with sclerotized margin, slightly daunted at the middle on posterior margin.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 6F). Uncus fan-shaped, bearing a few setae on its dorsal surface, with a narrow furrow from its base to ~ 1/2 distance of its ventral surface, forming a long and small knob basoventrally, bearing numerous microtrichia ventrally with many stout setae apically. Culcitula present. Tegumen ~ 2.5 × longer than uncus, broadly concave on the anterior margin. Gnathos hook long and recurved upwards, moderately stout at ~ 2/3 basally, taper towards apically with slightly pointed tip. Valva ~ 1.3 × as long as tegumen, broadened basally, gradually narrowed to ~ 1/2 length, then elbowed at ca. its middle and slightly curved towards apex, uniformly elongated with rounded tip, densely setose with numerous short and long fine setae on the apical inner surface. Anellus lobe small and ~ 1/8 length of valva, racket-shaped with flexible long setae on the tip and numerous short setae on the ventral surface. Saccus extremely broad, sub-triangularly produced towards apex. Juxta with a pair of rather long and beak-shaped processes with pointed tip bearing fine setae apically. Phallus long, basal 1/4 dilated, 3/4 slender and sinuous, interior sclerite arising from its basal 1/4, nearly reaching the apex.</p><p>Female (Figs 3D, F, 4D, 5D). Forewing. Length 3.1-4.2 mm (n = 9), wing expanse 7.0-9.1 mm (n = 9).</p><p>Head. Similar to males, but it differs as follows: flagellum without ciliation, labial palpus slender; segment II dorso-distally fuscous; segment III brown to fuscous.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 8F). Papillae anales bilobed. Apophyses long. Apophysis anterioris ~ 3/5 length of apophysis posterioris. Tergum 8 divided into two sclerites, with their inner margins close posteriorly and remote anteriorly. Sternum 8 narrowly elongated and projected into funnel-shaped sclerotized structures. Antrum broad and heavily sclerotized. Ductus bursae moderately broad and short, dilated near antrum. Corpus bursae oblong; signum situated in the middle, basal plate more or less oblong with a sclerotized ridge medially on its surface, with a rectangular process inwardly bearing a row of teeth apically.</p><p>Larva (Fig. 13I). Length ~ 2.6-3.1 mm (n = 10), slender. Head semi-globular. Body pale yellow in early instars and yellowish brown with black pigmentation on ocellar area and on anterior margin of labrum in late instars. Prothoracic shield yellowish brown, blackish brown on caudal margin in later instars. Thoracic leg short, pale yellowish brown. Body creamy white. Pinaculum circular, blackish brown on T1-T3 and A1, A2, A8, and A9, and paler on remaining abdominal segments. Anal shield heavily sclerotized, yellowish brown. Anal fork present. Anal prolegs with many minute spines on the dorsal surface.</p><p>Pupa (Figs 22, 23). Length 3.5-4.2 mm (n = 4), cylindrical. Color yellowish, dark brown emergence. Head semi-globular. Vertex with many minute granular spines. Prothorax with a pair of more or less wedge-shaped projections on dorsolateral corners of tergite (Fig. 23A). Antennae extending to anterior margin of A6. Forewings extending to the middle of A6. Maxilla (galea) basally broad, gradually narrowing and extending to near posterior margin of A4. Prothoracic legs extending to near posterior margin of A2; mesothoracic legs extend to near posterior margin of A4; metathoracic legs extend to the posterior margin of A7. A5-A10 movable. A5 and A6 with a transverse row of dot-like spinules on the anterior margin (Fig. 22C). A7 with transverse tergal spinules directed anteriorly on the anterior margin (Fig. 22A). Sternite A7 with a pair of oval pads armed with a row of spinules directed anteriorly (Fig. 22B). A10 delineated with a row of short spinules at the outer margin posteriorly (Fig. 22A); apically with three pairs of hooked setae on ventral surfaces of A9 and A10; no true cremaster present.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The scientific name of the species is dedicated to Ms. Masumi Murase, who first collected the species and reported its biology.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Kyushu, Ryukyus).</p><p>Host plant.</p><p>Distylium racemosum Siebold et Zucc. ( Hamamelidaceae).</p><p>Biology</p><p>(Fig. 13). The larvae mine at the midrib of the leaf to complete their growth and development (Fig. 13C). The small holes seem to be used not only for entering the midrib but also for ejecting its feces. It leaves its mine after it gradually matures. After leaving, the larva cuts transversely at ~ 1/3 of the apical leaf and makes it into a shelter. The larva usually consumes leaves from its shelf around the radius it can reach. Eventually, the larva cut the leaf into a small and irregular shape to construct a portable case (Fig. 13E, F). Later, the larva repeats this process until pupation, accumulating and stacking these small leaf pieces into a compact and more or less circular shape (Fig. 13G, H). When the larva is close to pupating, it fixes its case and pupates in its case (Fig. 13K). The adult emerges and leaves the pupal exuvia inside (Fig. 13L). Murase (2009) pointed out that the resting posture of emerged adults is similar to that of stathmopodid species, keeping their hindlegs upwards, shown in Fig. 9D.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Murase (2009) reported this species as an undetermined species feeding on the host plant Distylium racemosum and described larval feeding: making a portable case on that host plant, wherein the larva cuts the young leaves into a circular shape and then feeding inside the case. Subsequently, the larva moved with its case and fixed it to the lower surface of the leaf or the wall of the rearing container. Finally, the larvae were transformed into pupae inside the case. This species has already been recorded as Palumbina sp. 2 (Oku et al. 2018) on Amami Oshima Island in Japan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon;Yagi, Sadahisa;Oku, Johei;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
AEB367506F5450A7B87BB7B96DC64ED8.text	AEB367506F5450A7B87BB7B96DC64ED8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palumbina operaria (Meyrick 1918)	<div><p>Palumbina operaria (Meyrick, 1918)</p><p>Figs 2A-F, 6D, 7D, 8D Japanese name: Midare-mongin-hoso-kibaga</p><p>Thiotricha operaria Meyrick, 1918: 125; Meyrick, 1925a: 103; Clarke, 1969: 463; Ivinskis et al. 1984: 39. TL: Assam, India. TD: NHMUK.</p><p>Palumbina operaria: Lee et al. 2018: 29, fig. 84.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan - Honshu [Mie] • 1♀; Nabari-shi, Kaochidani 280 m; 28 Jun. 2015; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. - [Yamaguchi] • 1♂, 1♀; Kawakami, Hagi, Chomonkyo; 10 Sep. 2013; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-389; ELKU. - Shikoku [Ehime] • 1♀; Narukawa-keikoku, Kihoku, Kitauwa-gun; 2 Sep. 2017; S. Yagi leg., gen. slide no. Palumbina No. 1; ELKU. - [Kochi] • 1♂; Kuroson; 18 Jun. 1964, S. Moriuti leg.; OPU. - Kyushu [Kagoshima] • 1♂, 1♀; Yakushima Is., Oko-Rindo 600m; 29 Jul. 2013; T. Terada leg.; KGU. • 1♂; same locality; 21 Jun. 2017, LT; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-313; ELKU. - Ryukyus [Okinawa] • 4♂♂; Ishikagijima Is., Mt. Omotodake; 15 Apr. 1962; Y. Arita leg.; gen. slide no. KM-314, 315; NSMT. • 1♂, 1♀; same data except 4 May 1978; NSMT. • 1♂; same data except 5 May 1978; gen. slide no. KM-316; NSMT. • 1♀; Ishikagijima Is, Mt. Bannadake; 7 May 1998; T. Ueda leg.; gen slide no. KM-317; OPU. • 2♀♀; same data except 4-7 Apr. 2001, gen. slide no. KM-318; OPU. • 1♀; Iriomotejima Is., Taketomi-cho, Mt. Komi; 13 Mar. 2011; T. Terada leg.; KGU. • 1♂; Iriomotejima Is., Funaura; 27 Mar. 2002; T. Hirowatari leg.; OPU. • 1♂, 2♀♀; Iriomotejima Is., Taketomi-cho, Uehara; 12 Mar. 2011; T. Terada leg.; KGU. • 2♂♂; Iriomotejima Is., Mt. Tedou, Uehara; 8 Jul. 2017, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU .</p><p>For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).</p><p>Host plant.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Biology.</p><p>The adults were collected from March to September.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), China and India.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This species has interspecific wing marking variations (Fig. 2A-F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AEB367506F5450A7B87BB7B96DC64ED8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon;Yagi, Sadahisa;Oku, Johei;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785.text	A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palumbina pylartis (Meyrick 1908)	<div><p>Palumbina pylartis (Meyrick, 1908)</p><p>Figs 1A, B, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19 Japanese name: Minami-mongin-hoso-kibaga</p><p>Thiotricha pylartis Meyrick, 1908: 441. TL: Assam, India. TD: NHMUK.</p><p>Thyrsostoma pylartis: Meyrick 1925a: 100; Gaede 1937: 301; Inoue 1954: 67 (partim); Clarke 1969: 487; Moriuti 1982: 281, pl. 13-57 (partim); Kanazawa and Hepper 1992: 70.</p><p>Palumbina pylartis: Sattler 1982: 25; Sakamaki 2013: 298 (partim).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Japan - Honshu [Gifu] • 1♀; 20 Oct. 1919; gen. slide no. KM-333; ELKU. - [Wakayama] • 1♂; Kozagawa; 11 Jun. 1970; host: Castanopsis cuspidata; T. Kumata; gen. slide no. KM-390; SEHU. • 2♀♀; same data except 9, 13 Jun. 1970; gen. slide no. KM-377; SEHU. - Kyushu [Fukuoka] • 1♀; Nishi-ku Fukuoka, Ito Campus; 27 Apr. 2017 larva; 1 Jun. 2017 em.; host: Castanopsis sieboldii; T. Hirowatari, S. Yagi, C. Tsuji &amp; K.M.M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1♂, 1♀; same locality, 5 May 2020 larva; 23 May 2020 em.; Host: Castanopsis sieboldii; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1♀; same locality, 3 Jul. 2021, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. [Kagoshima] • 1♂; Yakushima Is., Hirauti; 19 Sep. 1978; Y. Arita leg.; gen. slide no. KM-329; NSMT. • 1♂; Nakanoshima Is., Mt. Otake; 12 Sep. 2018; K. Sakagami leg.; gen. slide no. KM-330; ELKU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 1♀; Amamioshima Is., Oosima-gun, Uken-son, Mt. Akatsuchi; 5 Oct. 2020, LT; J. Oku leg.; ELKU. • 1♂; Tokunoshima Is., Yonama Amagi-cho; 11 Jul. 2016; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM-383; ELKU. - [Okinawa] • 1♂; Kunigami district, Oogimi, Oshikawa area; 27 Mar. 2021, LT; J. Oku leg.; ELKU. • 2♀♀; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Bannadake; 4-7 Apr. 2001; T. Ueda leg.; gen. slide no. KM-424; OPU. • 1♀; Iriomotejima Is., Airagawa forest road, Taketomi Yaeyama; 26 Aug. 2020; Y. Hisasue leg.; ELKU .</p><p>For the diagnosis of the adult and the detailed description of the adult and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Larva (Figs 10G, H, 14, 15). Length 3.5-3.6 mm (n = 2). Head subglobular, yellowish brown with blackish pigmentations on ocellar area and anterior margin of labrum. Body pale yellow in early instars and yellowish brown in late instars. Prothoracic shield yellowish brown, with blackish brown on caudal margin. Thoracic legs short, pale yellow (Fig. 15A). Pinacula more or less rounded, blackish brown on T1-T3, A1, A2, A8, and A9; paler on the remaining abdominal segments. Anal shield heavily sclerotized, yellowish brown (Figs 14D, 15D). Anal fork present, deeply emarginated posteriorly, forming two lateral lobes (Figs 14E, 15D). Anal prolegs armed with many minute spines on dorsal surface. Crochets in a circle, uniordinal, 10-14 in number on ventral prolegs (Fig. 15B), 6-8 on anal proleg (Fig. 15C).</p><p>Chaetotaxy (Fig. 14). Head (Fig. 14A, B). Epicranial suture shorter than frontoclypeus, AF1 ~ ½ length of AF2; C2 slightly longer than C1; P1 dorsolateral to AF1, ~ 5 × longer than P2; P2 dorsolateral to AF2 and above P1; MD1-MD3 setae forming nearly in a line at the posterior margin of the head capsule, MD1 slightly anteroventral to MD2 and MD3; mouthparts semi-hypognathous; genal area with six stemmata, forming a semicircular pattern; A1 dorsoanterior to stemma-3, slightly shorter than A3; A2 dorsolateral to A1 and shorter than A1 and A3; L1 dorsoposterior to stemma-1; distance between L1 from A3 slightly longer than distance between A3 from A2; S1 below stemma-3, short as A2; S2 longer than S1 and S3, near the opening of the stemmatal semicircle; S3 slightly shorter than S1 and ventroposterior to stemma-6; SS1 near a mandibular condyle, the same length as SS2; SS2 between SS1 and SS3; SS3 ~ 3 × longer than SS1 and SS2; MGa present, close to MG1. Mandible with five teeth (Fig. 14C).</p><p>Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 14F): shield with SD1 ventrolateral to XD1 and XD2, all three along anterior margin; XD2 less than 2½ distance from XD1 than from SD1; XD1 ~ 2 × longer than XD2; SD2 and D1 ca. equal in length, both setae ~ 2½-3× length of SD1 and D2; SD2 ca. twice the distance from XD2 than from SD1; L-group tri-setose on the same pinaculum, anteroventral to spiracle; L1 longest; L2 and L3 short, ca. equal in length; SV-group bi-setose on the same pinaculum; SV1 ~ 2- 2½ × longer than SV2; MV1 absent; MV2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin; V1 approximate mesoposterior coxal margin. Mesothorax and metathorax (Fig. 14F): D and SD group arranged in a vertical line; D1 and D2 on same pinaculum, D2 ~ 3½-4× length of D1; SD1 and SD2 on the same pinaculum, SD1 ~ 3½-4× length of SD2; MD1 anteroventral to D2; MSD1 in line with MSD2, anterior to SD2; MSD2 anterior to SD1; L-group trisetose; L1 ~ 2½-3× length of L2, each on separate pinaculum; pinaculum of L2 slightly anterior to SD group pinaculum; L3 slightly longer than L2, vertical line with SV1; MV1, MV2, and MV3 anterior to coxa; MV2 near to anterolateral coxal margin, MV3 slightly above V1.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 14F). A1 and A2 with D2 ~ 3½-4× longer than D1; D1 dorso-anterior to D2; MD1 slightly ventral to D1 and D2; SD1 ca. equal in length to D2; SD2 minute, anteroventral to SD1; SD1 above spiracle; L-group tri-setose; L1 and L2 on separate pinaculum, L2 in vertical line with SD1 and spiracle; L1 ~ 3½-4× longer than L2 and L3; L3 slightly longer than L2; SV-group bi-setose on A1, SV1 ~ 2½-3× longer than SV2 and on same pinaculum; SV-group tri-setose on A2, with SV1 and SV2 on the same pinaculum, SV3 on separate pinaculum (not shown); MV3 dorso-anterior to V1. A3-A6 as in A2, except D2 dorsoposterior to D1 and SV1-SV3 on separate pinaculum; each segment bearing a pair of protuberant prolegs; planta bearing uni-ordinal, uniserial crochets in a circle (Fig. 15B). A7 as in A3-A6 except with SV-group bi-setose on same pinaculum. A8 as A7 except: SD1 ~ 1/3 × length of D2 and in vertical line with D2; SD2 remote from spiracle and not vertical to MD1; minute SD2 anteroventral to SD1 and spiracle; SD1 pinaculum slightly anterodorsal to spiracle; spiracle dorsal to all spiracles on A1-A7; L1 ~ 3½-4× length of L2 and below spiracle; L2 and L3 on separate pinaculum; L2 anteroventral to L1 and in vertical line with D2 and SD1; L3 ventral to L2; SV and V group uni-setose. A9 as above except with D1 ventral to D2, D2 ~ 2 × longer than D1; D-group and MD1 on same pinaculum; MD1 in horizontal line with D2; SD1 absent; L-group bi-setose on same pinaculum, L1 ~ 3½-4× longer than L2.</p><p>Pupa (Figs 18, 19). Length 3.5-4.2 mm (n = 3). Cylindrical, yellowish brown, dark brown before emergence. Head semi-globular. Vertex with many minute spines. Prothorax with a pair of more or less wedge-shaped projections on the dorsolateral corner of tergite (Fig. 19A, D). Antennae and forewing reach the midway or near posterior margin of A6. Maxilla (galea) basally broad, gradually narrowing and extending to the posterior margin of A4. Prothoracic legs extending to A2; mesothoracic legs extending to near posterior margin of A4; metathoracic legs extending to midway or near posterior margin of A7. A5-A10 movable. A5 and A6 with a transverse row of tergal spinules directed posteriorly on the anterior margin in males (Fig. 18A, C) and with a transverse row of dot-like spinules in females (Fig. 18D, F). A7 with a transverse row of tergal spinules, directed posteriorly on the anterior margin in both males and females (Fig. 18A, D). Sternite A7 with a pair of oval pads armed with a row of spinules directed anteriorly in females (Fig. 18E) but absent in males (Fig. 18B). A10 delineated with a row of short spinules along its outer margin posteriorly in both males and females (Fig. 18C, F), apically with three pairs of hooked setae on ventral surfaces of A9 and A10.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu), China, Taiwan, and India.</p><p>Host plant.</p><p>Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky (new host record), C. sieboldii (Makino) Hatus. ex T. Yamaz. et Mashiba (new host record) ( Fagaceae).</p><p>Biology</p><p>(Fig. 10). We found one preserved specimen of this species with a label noting that it feeds on Castanopsis cuspidata ( Fagaceae) and a case of the leaf of its host plant. We found that the larvae fed on another host plant, C. sieboldii . In the latter host plant, the larva first makes a small hole (Fig. 10C, red arrow) to enter and feed on the plant tissue in the midrib of the leaf, and this hole also seems to eliminate its feces. After the larva gradually develops by feeding inside the midrib, it leaves the midrib by creating another small exit hole (Fig. 10C, black arrow). After leaving the mine, the larva crawls towards the upper tip of the leaf, cuts transversely from its outer margin to the inner part of the leaf (Fig. 10D, E), and then makes a shelter with it. The larva usually consumes the leaf by leaning halfway from its shelter. Subsequently, it cuts the leaf around the radius and reaches a small and regular shape to construct a portable case (Fig. 10F, G). After that, a number of these several small leaf pieces (5-7 pieces, n = 6) were accumulated and stacked into a compact, approximately circular leaf case until the final instar larva (Fig. 10I). The final larva fixes its case (Fig. 10J), and pupation occurs inside its case (Fig. 10K). The adult emerges by leaving the pupal exuvia (Fig. 10L). The resting posture of the adult is similar to that of the stathmopodid species, keeping its hindlegs upwards (Fig. 9A). This species overwinters in the adult stage, and adults are collected throughout the year (Sakamaki 2013).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The larva of P. pylartis was reported as a petiole-miner on the host plant Quercus myrsinaefolia Blume ( Fagaceae) on Mt. Hikosan, Fukuoka Pref. (Kuroko 1957). However, we could not find any specimens at ELKU and HBEF that were shown as the depositories in that study, and all specimens collected on Mt. Hikosan in the present study were identified as P. acerosa . Therefore, we conclude that the previous host record of " Thyrsostoma pylartis " reported by Kuroko (1957) was misidentified as P. pylartis because they are very similar to each other in external morphological characters and in the female genitalia.</p><p>According to previous records (e.g., Inoue 1954; Moriuti 1982; Sakamaki 2013), P. pylartis is distributed from Honshu to the Ryukyus in Japan. However, P. pylartis is not common in Honshu and Kyushu, whereas P. acerosa is expected in this region. Thus, previous distributional records must be reviewed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon;Yagi, Sadahisa;Oku, Johei;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
573A8B0712C75B578DED7902C61DCFEA.text	573A8B0712C75B578DED7902C61DCFEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palumbina Rondani 1876	<div><p>Genus Palumbina Rondani, 1876</p><p>Palumbina Rondani, 1876. Type species: Palumbina terebintella Rondani, 1876 (= Palumbina guerinii (Stainton, [1857])), by monotypy.</p><p>Thyrsostoma Meyrick, 1907. Type species: Thyrsostoma glaucitis Meyrick, 1907, by monotypy. Synonymized by Sattler 1982: 25.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/573A8B0712C75B578DED7902C61DCFEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon;Yagi, Sadahisa;Oku, Johei;Hirowatari, Toshiya	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
