taxonID	type	description	language	source
FA80892F22D35876B11F49C119249801.taxon	description	Figs 1 C, D, 6 B, 7 B, 8 B, 9 B, 11 Japanese name: Kita-mongin-hoso-kibaga	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
FA80892F22D35876B11F49C119249801.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Japan - Honshu [Kanagawa] • 1 ♂; Yamakita-cho, Lake. Tanzawa; 4 Jun. 2016; Y. Kitajima leg.; KGU. - [Shizuoka] • 1 ♀; Atami-shi, Himensosawa Koen; 10 Sep. 2002; T. Hirowatari, B. W. Lee, H. Mizukawa, S. Takaki & K. Tateiwa leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 426; OPU. • 1 ♀; Kannami-cho, Kannami-Genseirin; 10 Sep. 2002; T. Hirowatari, B. W. Lee, H. Mizukawa, S. Takaki & K. Tateiwa leg.; OPU. • 1 ♀; Shibakawa-cho, Inago Iriyama; 20 Aug. 1999; T. Mano leg.; OPU. • 1 ♀; same data except 28 Aug. 1999; gen. slide no. KM- 425; OPU. - [Aichi] • 2 ♂♂; Kitashidara-gun, Uradani (900 m); 17 Sep. 1977; Y. Arita leg.; NSMT. • 1 ♂; Toyota, Mt. Rokusho-san; 28 Oct. 1976; Y. Arita leg.; NSMT. • 1 ♂; Higashihagihira, Asahi-cho, Sahara shrine; 30 May 1998; T. Mano leg.; OPU. • 1 ♂; Asahi-cho, Sakakino; 280 m; 20 Jun. 1998; T. Mano leg.; OPU. - [Mie] • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Iga-shi; Host: Quercus glauca; 8 Oct. 2019 em.; Y. Arita leg.; ELKU. - [Osaka] • 1 ♀; Tottori; 7 Jun. 1994; S. Kosino leg.; OPU. • 1 ♂; same data except 10 Sep. 1998; OPU. • 1 ♂; Mt. Inunaki; 22 Nov. 1998; S. Kosino leg.; OPU. - [Wakayama] • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Kozagawa; 22 - 28 Oct. 1974 em.; Host: Quercus glauca; T. Kumata leg.; SEHU. - Shikoku [Ehime] • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Matsuyama-Castle areas, Matsuyama-shi; 23, 30 Aug. 2016, LT; J. Oku leg.; KGU. - [Kochi] • 1 ♂; Iwaidani; 16 Apr. 1964; S. Moriuti leg.; OPU. - Kyushu [Fukuoka] • 1 ♀; Nishi-ku Fukuoka, Ito Campus; 27 Jun. 2017; T. Hirowatari, S. Yagi, C. Tsuji & K. M. M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data except 17 Aug. 2018, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same data except 18 Sep. 2019, LT; J. Oku leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data except 30 Oct. 2019, LT; K. M. M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 2 ♀♀; same data except 20 Mar. 2021; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♀; Mt. Sefuri, Itaya, Sawara-Ward, Fukuoka-City; 2 Jun. 2019; S. Tomura, K. Sasaki leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂; Mt. Hikosan, Soeda, Tagawa-Distinct; 25 Sep. 2014, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♀; same data except; 27 Jul. 2015, LT; ELKU. • 1 ♂; same data except 1 Jul. 2016; gen. slide no. KM- 320.; ELKU. - [Oita] • 1 ♂; Yufu-shi, Meisuinotaki 850 m, Mt. Kuro; 13 Jun. 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 321.; ELKU. - [Kumamoto] • 1 ♂; Tatsudayama; 29 Mar. 1960; T. Kawarabata leg.; ELKU. - [Miyazaki] • 1 ♂; Higashiusuki-gun, Shiiba-son, Research Forest; 4 Jun. 2018; K. Uemori leg.; ELKU. - [Kagoshima] • 1 ♀: Tanegashima Is., Nishinoomote; 13 Jun. 1965; T. Kumata leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 376; SEHU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 2 ♂; Amamioshima Is., Santaro-toge (Sumiyo-son); 30 Apr. 1999; T. Saito leg.; KM- 319; OPU. • 2 ♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Mt. Yuwan, Uken-son; 6 Jul. 2016 larva; 20 Jul. 2016 em.; Host: Quercus glauca; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 381; ELKU. • 2 ♀♀; same data except 6 Jul. 2016 larva; 25 Jul. 2016 em.; gen. slide no. KM- 332; SY- 197; ELKU. - [Okinawa] • 1 ♀; Okinawajima Is., Ookuni-rindo (Kunigami-son); 26 Mar. 2002; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 331; ELKU. For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
FA80892F22D35876B11F49C119249801.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), China, Korea (Lee and Jeun 2022), and Taiwan (Lee et al. 2018). The distribution overlaps that of P. pylartis but tends to be found in the northern regions.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
FA80892F22D35876B11F49C119249801.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The larval biology is very close to that of P. pylartis except for the host plants. We found young larvae on the host plant Quercus glauca (Fagaceae) on Amamioshima Island, behaving as a miner in the midrib of young leaves. This late-instar larva made a portable case by cutting the young leaf into small pieces, mainly around the upper portion (Fig. 11 A, B). The resting posture of the adult is similar to that of stathmopodid species, keeping their hindlegs upwards (Fig. 9 B).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62.taxon	description	Figs 1 E, F, 6 C, 7 C, 8 C, 9 C, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21 Japanese name: Hazenoki-ginhoso-kibaga	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Japan - Honshu [Hyogo] • 1 ♂; Inaba (Hidaka-tyo); 11 Jun. 1994; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 305; OPU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 1 ♀; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son, Yuwandake; 21 Jul. 2003; T. Saito leg.; OPU. • 1 ♂; same locality; 19 Jun. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 7 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM- 304; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 18 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM- 306; KGU. • 1 ♂; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son, Akatuti-yama; 18 Aug. 2012; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 8 Sep. 2012; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 18 Aug. 2012; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 21 May 2013; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 12 Jun. 2013; gen. slide no. KM- 303; KGU. • 2 ♂♂; same data except 25 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM- 308; KGU. • 1 ♀; same data except 26 May 2015; gen. slide no. KM- 310; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 27 May 2015; KGU. • 1 ♂; same data except 1 Jun. 2015; KGU. • 2 ♀♀; Amamioshima Is., Sumiyo-son, Kamiya; 23 May 2015; S. Sameshima leg.; KGU. • 1 ♂; Amamioshima Is., Buren; 14 Sep. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 302; KGU. • 1 ♂; Amamioshima Is., Setouti-to-cho, Mt Yui-dake; 30 Sep. 2014; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 307; KGU. • 1 ♂; Tokunoshima Is. San, Tokunoshima; 12 Jul. 2016, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. [Okinawa] • 1 ♂; Okinawajima Is., Benoki, Kunigami-son, Mt. Nishime 340 m; 3 Aug. 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg., genitalia slide no. SY 1454; ELKU. • 1 ♂; Okinawajima Is., Sate, Kunigami-son, Mt. Terukubi 300 m; 28 May 2015, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂; same data except 17 Mar. 2017; gen. slide no. KM- 309; ELKU. • 1 ♀; Okinawajima Is., Yona, Kunigami-son; 6 May 2000; T. Saito leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 312; OPU. • 1 ♂; Okinawajima Is., Hentona, Kunigami-son; 15 Mar. 2017, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♀, Okinawajima Is., Hizi, Kunigami-son; 3 Aug. 2002; T. Saito leg., gen. slide no. KM- 311; OPU. • 1 ♂; Ishigakijima Is., Takeda-rindo; 5 Jul. 2017; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♀; Iriomotejima Is., Aira River; 26 Jun. 2019 larva; 22 Jul. 2019 em.; Host: Toxicodendron succedaneum; K. M. M. Kyaw leg.; gen. slide no. SY 1453; ELKU. • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Iriomotejima Is., Sonai Forestry Park; 27 Jun. 2019 larva; 16 - 17 Jul. 2019 em.; Host: Toxicodendron succedaneum; K. M. M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂; Iriomotejima Is., Shirahama; 8 May 2012, LT; T. Hirowatari, S. Kobayashi, K. Nakatsuka, T. Yoshida leg.; OPU. For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62.taxon	description	Description. Larva (Figs 12 I, 16, 17). Length ~ 3.0 mm (n = 6), slender. Head subglobular; yellowish brown, with blackish pigmentations on ocellar area and on anterior margin of labrum. Body pale yellow in early instars and yellowish brown in late instars. Prothoracic shield yellowish brown, with blackish brown on caudal margin. Thoracic legs short, pale yellowish brown. Pinaculum more or less rounded, blackish brown on T 1 - T 3, A 1, A 2, A 8, and A 9; paler on remaining abdominal segments. Anal shield heavily sclerotized, yellowish brown (Figs 16 D, 17 D). Anal fork present, deeply emarginated, forming two lateral lobes (Figs 16 E, 17 D). Anal prolegs armed with many minute spines on dorsal surface (Fig. 17 C). Crochets uni-ordinal, 13 - 17 in number on ventral prolegs (Fig. 17 B), 9 - 11 on anal prolegs (Fig. 17 C). Chaetotaxy (Fig. 16). Head (Fig. 16 A, B): epicranial suture shorter than fontoclypeus; AF 1 ~ 1 / 2 length of AF 2; C 2 slightly longer than C 1; P 1 dorsolateral to AF 1, ~ 5 x longer than P 2; P 2 dorsolateral to AF 2 and above P 1; MD 1 - MD 3 setae forming nearly in a line at the posterior margin of head capsule, MD 1 slightly anteroventral to MD 2 and MD 3; mouthparts semi-hypognathous; genal area with six stemmata, forming a semicircular pattern; A 1 dorso-anterior to stemma- 3, slightly shorter than A 3; A 2 dorsolateral to A 1 and shorter than A 1 and A 3; L 1 dorsoposterior to stemma- 1; distance between L 1 from A 3 slightly longer than distance between A 3 from A 2; S 1 below stemma- 3 and short as A 2; S 2 longer than S 1 and S 3, near the opening of the stemmatal semicircle; S 3 slightly shorter than S 1 and ventroposterior to stemma- 6; SS 1 near mandibular condyle, same length as SS 2; SS 2 between SS 1 and SS 3; SS 3 ~ 3 x longer than SS 1 and SS 2; MGa present, close to MG 1. Mandible with five teeth (Fig. 16 C). Thorax (Fig. 16 F): Prothorax: Shield with SD 1 ventrolateral to XD 1 and XD 2, all three along anterior margin; XD 2 equal distance from XD 1 and SD 1; XD 1 ~ 2 x longer than XD 2; SD 2 and D 1 ca. equal in length, both setae less than ~ 21 / 2 - 3 x length of SD 1 and D 2; SD 2 less than 11 / 2 distance from XD 2 than from SD 1; L-group tri-setose on the same pinaculum, anteroventral to spiracle; L 1 longest; L 2 and L 3 short, ca. equal in length; SV-group bi-setose on the same pinaculum; SV 1 ~ 2 - 21 / 2 x longer than SV 2; MV 1 absent; MV 2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin; V 1 near to mesoposterior coxal margin. Mesothorax and metathorax (Fig. 16 F): D 1 and D 2 on the same pinaculum; SD 1 and SD 2 on the same pinaculum; all arranged in a vertical line; D 2 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 length of D 1; SD 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x length of SD 2; MD 1 anteroventral to D 2; MSD 1 in a line with MSD 2, anterior to SD 2; MSD 2 anterodorsal to SD 1; L-group tri-setose; L 1 and L 2 on the same pinaculum, L 1 ~ 21 / 2 - 3 x length of L 2, slightly anterior to D- and SD-group pinaculum; L 3 slightly longer than L 2, in a vertical line with SV 1; MV 1, MV 2, and MV 3 anterior to coxa; MV 2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin, MV 3 slightly above V 1. Abdomen (Fig. 16 F). A 1 and A 2 (not indicated) with D 1 dorso-anterior to D 2; D 2 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x longer than D 1; MD 1 slightly ventral to D 1 and D 2; SD 1 above spiracle, ca. equal in length with D 2; SD 2 minute, anteroventral to SD 1 and on different pinaculum; SD 2 minute, anteroventral to SD 1; L-group tri-setose; L 1 and L 2 on same pinaculum below spiracle, ventroposterior to SD group; L 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x longer than L 2 and L 3; L 3 slightly longer than L 2; SV-group on same pinaculum, bi-setose on A 1 and tri-setose pinaculum on A 2; SV 1 ~ 21 / 2 - 3 x longer than SV 2 on A 1; MV 3 dorso-anterior to V 1. A 3 - A 6 as in A 2, except D 2 dorsoposterior to D 1; each segment bearing a pair of protuberant prolegs; planta bearing uni-ordinal, uniserial crochets in a circle (Fig. 17 B). A 7 as in A 2 or A 6 except with SV-group bi-setose and V 1 ventral to SV pinaculum. A 8 as A 7 except SD 1 in vertical line with D 2; minute SD 2 anteroventral and below spiracle; SD 1 pinaculum slightly anterior to spiracle; spiracle dorsal to all spiracles on A 1 - A 7; L 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x length of L 2 and below spiracle; L 2 and L 3 on separate pinaculum; L 2 anteroventral to L 1 and in vertical line with D 2 and SD 1; L 3 ventral to L 2 and in vertical line with L 2; SV and V group uni-setose. A 9 as above except with D 1 ventral to D 2 and on same pinaculum; D 2 ~ 2 x longer than D 1; MD 1 slightly anteroventral to D 2; hair-like SD 1 present; L-group bi-setose on same pinaculum, L 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x longer than L 2. Pupa (Figs 20, 21). Female. Length 3.9 - 4.2 mm (n = 3). Cylindrical, color yellowishbrown; dark brown before emergence. Head semi-globular. Vertex with many minute spines. Prothorax with a pair of triangular projections on dorsolateral corners of tergite (Fig. 21 A). Antennae reaching near the posterior margin of A 5. Forewing reaching near the anterior margin of A 6. Maxilla (galea) basally broad, gradually narrowing and extending to A 4. Prothoracic legs extending to A 2; mesothoracic legs reaching A 4; metathoracic legs extending to the posterior margin of A 7. A 5 - A 10 movable. A 5 and A 6 with a transverse row of dot-like spinules on the anterior margin (Fig. 20 C). A 7 with a transverse row of tergal spinules directed posteriorly at the anterior margin (Fig. 20 A). Sternite A 7 with a pair of oval pads armed with a row of spinules directed anteriorly (Fig. 20 B). A 10 delineated with a row of short spinules at the outer margin posteriorly (Fig. 20 A), apically with three pairs of hooked setae on ventral surfaces of A 9 and A 10, without true cremaster.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Ryukyus) and China.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
879DE2ADA2B052A0B5468480E9E8AE62.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. (Fig. 12 A-L). First, the larva mines the petiole of its host plant and later makes a portable leaf case after leaving its mine. At the early instar stage, the larva first made a small hole to enter the petiole (Fig. 12 B-D). After that, it started to mine, and larval feces were deposited inside the mine (Fig. 12 E). After the larva gradually grows and develops into the late instar, it leaves from its mine (Fig. 12 D) and then cuts the leaf into small irregularly shaped pieces (Fig. 12 F). Later, many small leaf pieces were aggregated and stacked into a compact and circular leaf case. The larvae live and feed inside the case and can move from one place to another by carrying it (Fig. 12 G, H); pupation also occurs inside it (Fig. 12 J). The adult emerges by leaving the pupal exuvia inside the case (Fig. 12 K). The resting posture of the adult was similar to that of the stathmopodid species, keeping its hindlegs upwards (Fig. 9 C).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
3B4AE5A98E5B5F0E9A0E215FB7E40615.taxon	description	Figs 3 A, B, 6 E, 7 E, 8 E Japanese name: Futamon ginhoso-kibaga	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
3B4AE5A98E5B5F0E9A0E215FB7E40615.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Japan - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 1 ♂; Amamioshima Is., Uken-son, Mt. Akatuti; 3 Mar. 2012; S. Sameshima leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 325; KGU. - [Okinawa] • 3 ♂♂; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Nosoko-dake, 25 - 29 Mar. 2020; S. Tomura leg.; gen. slide no. SY 1455, SY 1456, Palumbina No. 4; ELKU. • 3 ♂♂; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Omoto-dake; 2 May 1978; Y. Arita leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 323; NSMT. • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data except 17 Nov. 1980; gen. slide no. KM- 326 (♀); NSMT. • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality; 1 Nov. 1979; A. Nakayama leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 327 (♀); NSMT. • 1 ♂; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Banna-dake; 3 Nov. 1979; A. Nakayama leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 324; NSMT. • 1 ♀; same locality; 3 Nov. 1979; M. Yamashita leg.; NSMT. • 1 ♂; same locality; 7 May 1998, T. Ueda leg.; OPU. • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality; 4 - 7 Apr. 2001, T. Ueda leg.; OPU. • 1 ♂; Ishigakijima Is., Mansei-rindo; 30 Mar. 2020; S. Tomura leg.; gen. slide no. Palumbina No. 3; ELKU. • 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀♀; Iriomotejima Is., Funaura; 21 - 25 Mar. 1995; T. Mano leg.; OPU. • 1 ♀; Iriomotejima Is., Uehara (Taketomi-tyo); 24 Oct. 2000; T. Saito leg.; OPU. • 1 ♂; same data except 3 Oct. 2001; OPU. • 1 ♀; Iriomotejima Is., Mt. Tedou, Uehara; 8 Aug. 2017, LT; T. Hirowatari, S. Yagi & K. M. M. Kyaw leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 328; ELKU. For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
3B4AE5A98E5B5F0E9A0E215FB7E40615.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The adults were collected from March to November.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
3B4AE5A98E5B5F0E9A0E215FB7E40615.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Ryukyus), China (Lee et al. 2018), and India.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.taxon	description	Figs 3 C-F, 4, 5, 6 F, 7 F, 8 F, 9 D, 13, 22, 23 Japanese name: Murase-mongin-hoso-kibaga	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from other congeneric species by having a yellowish ocher or dark brown color with small white patches at the base and before the apex in the forewing, racket-shaped anellus lobes, uncus basally with a knob with numerous stout setae ventrally, extremely broad succus in the male genitalia, and rectangular process of signum in the female genitalia.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.taxon	description	Description. Male (Figs 3 C, E, 4 A-C, 5 A-C, E, 6 F, 7 F). Head. glossy white to fuscous. Scape creamy-white to ocherous-white; flagellum fuscous; cilia as long as width (Fig. 4 A); flagellomeres I and II usually not entirely separated (Fig. 5 A, B). Labial palpus creamy white, recurved, sexually dimorphic and modified in male; stout, shorter than female; segment I with outer surface fuscous, shortest, and as thick as segment II; segment II with expansible hair pencils arising from furrow on the ventral surface, reaching sub apex of segment III (Fig. 4 C); segment III as long as segment II, dorso-distal half fuscous. Proboscis scaly white. Thorax. Dorsum of thorax and tegula white to yellowish ocher. Legs creamy white; fore femur creamy-white, fore tibia with fuscous on the outer surface and sometimes on the inner surface, fore tarsus black on the outer surface, each tarsomere ringed black apically on inner surface; mid-femur white on the outer surface and creamy yellowish on inner surface; mid-tibia creamy white with three black spots, mid tarsus creamy white; first tarsomere black at middle and apex, remaining tarsomeres ringed black apically; hind femur creamy white, hind tibia suffused with black at 1 / 3 and apex near tibial spur at ca. middle on outer surface; bearing long bristles along basal 2 / 3 of dorsal margin and with whorls of bristles at the apex (Fig. 4 E); hind tarsus, mostly fuscous. Forewing. Length 3.8 mm in holotype, 2.9 - 3.9 mm in paratypes (n = 9). Wing expanse 8.4 mm in the holotype, 6.1 - 8.5 mm in the paratypes (n = 9) (Fig. 3 C, E). 11 veins: Sc reaching basal 1 / 2 of costa, R 1 and R 2 free, R 3 and R 4 short-stalked, R 5 absent, M 1 connate with R 3 + 4, M 2 remote from M 3, CuA 1 parallel to CuA 2, CuA 2 indistinct, 1 A + 2 A forked at the base (Fig. 5 E); ground color yellowish ocher to brown, mostly with yellowish ocher reflections in holotype, sometimes suffused with creamy white at ~ 1 / 4 near the base and ~ 1 / 4 before the apex, sometimes delineated with black scales throughout the costal margin from its base to ~ 1 / 2 forewing length before apex; expansible pale yellowish ocher hair pencils beneath costa on ventral surface (Fig. 4 B); cilia well-fringed, yellowish ocher from its apex to tornus, yellowish white to the inner base of forewing. Hindwing. Narrower than forewing, 8 veins, R 1 join with Sc near the base, Rs and M 1 stalked at distal 1 / 5, M 2 remote from M 3, CuA 1 and CuA 2 parallel (Fig. 5 E), creamy white with yellowish brown margin from costal area to beyond tornus; with a row of bristles arising from basal 1 / 6 to 1 / 5 of costa; cilia well-fringed, yellowish brown throughout to tornus, yellowish white to the inner base of hind wing. Abdomen (Fig. 7 F). Coremata absent. Terga and sterna 1 - 7 unmodified. Sternum 8 large, rounded with sclerotized margin, slightly daunted at the middle on posterior margin. Male genitalia (Fig. 6 F). Uncus fan-shaped, bearing a few setae on its dorsal surface, with a narrow furrow from its base to ~ 1 / 2 distance of its ventral surface, forming a long and small knob basoventrally, bearing numerous microtrichia ventrally with many stout setae apically. Culcitula present. Tegumen ~ 2.5 x longer than uncus, broadly concave on the anterior margin. Gnathos hook long and recurved upwards, moderately stout at ~ 2 / 3 basally, taper towards apically with slightly pointed tip. Valva ~ 1.3 x as long as tegumen, broadened basally, gradually narrowed to ~ 1 / 2 length, then elbowed at ca. its middle and slightly curved towards apex, uniformly elongated with rounded tip, densely setose with numerous short and long fine setae on the apical inner surface. Anellus lobe small and ~ 1 / 8 length of valva, racket-shaped with flexible long setae on the tip and numerous short setae on the ventral surface. Saccus extremely broad, sub-triangularly produced towards apex. Juxta with a pair of rather long and beak-shaped processes with pointed tip bearing fine setae apically. Phallus long, basal 1 / 4 dilated, 3 / 4 slender and sinuous, interior sclerite arising from its basal 1 / 4, nearly reaching the apex. Female (Figs 3 D, F, 4 D, 5 D). Forewing. Length 3.1 - 4.2 mm (n = 9), wing expanse 7.0 - 9.1 mm (n = 9). Head. Similar to males, but it differs as follows: flagellum without ciliation, labial palpus slender; segment II dorso-distally fuscous; segment III brown to fuscous. Female genitalia (Fig. 8 F). Papillae anales bilobed. Apophyses long. Apophysis anterioris ~ 3 / 5 length of apophysis posterioris. Tergum 8 divided into two sclerites, with their inner margins close posteriorly and remote anteriorly. Sternum 8 narrowly elongated and projected into funnel-shaped sclerotized structures. Antrum broad and heavily sclerotized. Ductus bursae moderately broad and short, dilated near antrum. Corpus bursae oblong; signum situated in the middle, basal plate more or less oblong with a sclerotized ridge medially on its surface, with a rectangular process inwardly bearing a row of teeth apically. Larva (Fig. 13 I). Length ~ 2.6 - 3.1 mm (n = 10), slender. Head semi-globular. Body pale yellow in early instars and yellowish brown with black pigmentation on ocellar area and on anterior margin of labrum in late instars. Prothoracic shield yellowish brown, blackish brown on caudal margin in later instars. Thoracic leg short, pale yellowish brown. Body creamy white. Pinaculum circular, blackish brown on T 1 - T 3 and A 1, A 2, A 8, and A 9, and paler on remaining abdominal segments. Anal shield heavily sclerotized, yellowish brown. Anal fork present. Anal prolegs with many minute spines on the dorsal surface. Pupa (Figs 22, 23). Length 3.5 - 4.2 mm (n = 4), cylindrical. Color yellowish, dark brown emergence. Head semi-globular. Vertex with many minute granular spines. Prothorax with a pair of more or less wedge-shaped projections on dorsolateral corners of tergite (Fig. 23 A). Antennae extending to anterior margin of A 6. Forewings extending to the middle of A 6. Maxilla (galea) basally broad, gradually narrowing and extending to near posterior margin of A 4. Prothoracic legs extending to near posterior margin of A 2; mesothoracic legs extend to near posterior margin of A 4; metathoracic legs extend to the posterior margin of A 7. A 5 - A 10 movable. A 5 and A 6 with a transverse row of dot-like spinules on the anterior margin (Fig. 22 C). A 7 with transverse tergal spinules directed anteriorly on the anterior margin (Fig. 22 A). Sternite A 7 with a pair of oval pads armed with a row of spinules directed anteriorly (Fig. 22 B). A 10 delineated with a row of short spinules at the outer margin posteriorly (Fig. 22 A); apically with three pairs of hooked setae on ventral surfaces of A 9 and A 10; no true cremaster present.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The scientific name of the species is dedicated to Ms. Masumi Murase, who first collected the species and reported its biology.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Kyushu, Ryukyus).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
E7BD038105155261BB38A088E2A49EA1.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology (Fig. 13). The larvae mine at the midrib of the leaf to complete their growth and development (Fig. 13 C). The small holes seem to be used not only for entering the midrib but also for ejecting its feces. It leaves its mine after it gradually matures. After leaving, the larva cuts transversely at ~ 1 / 3 of the apical leaf and makes it into a shelter. The larva usually consumes leaves from its shelf around the radius it can reach. Eventually, the larva cut the leaf into a small and irregular shape to construct a portable case (Fig. 13 E, F). Later, the larva repeats this process until pupation, accumulating and stacking these small leaf pieces into a compact and more or less circular shape (Fig. 13 G, H). When the larva is close to pupating, it fixes its case and pupates in its case (Fig. 13 K). The adult emerges and leaves the pupal exuvia inside (Fig. 13 L). Murase (2009) pointed out that the resting posture of emerged adults is similar to that of stathmopodid species, keeping their hindlegs upwards, shown in Fig. 9 D.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
AEB367506F5450A7B87BB7B96DC64ED8.taxon	description	Figs 2 A-F, 6 D, 7 D, 8 D Japanese name: Midare-mongin-hoso-kibaga	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
AEB367506F5450A7B87BB7B96DC64ED8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Japan - Honshu [Mie] • 1 ♀; Nabari-shi, Kaochidani 280 m; 28 Jun. 2015; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. - [Yamaguchi] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Kawakami, Hagi, Chomonkyo; 10 Sep. 2013; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 389; ELKU. - Shikoku [Ehime] • 1 ♀; Narukawa-keikoku, Kihoku, Kitauwa-gun; 2 Sep. 2017; S. Yagi leg., gen. slide no. Palumbina No. 1; ELKU. - [Kochi] • 1 ♂; Kuroson; 18 Jun. 1964, S. Moriuti leg.; OPU. - Kyushu [Kagoshima] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Yakushima Is., Oko-Rindo 600 m; 29 Jul. 2013; T. Terada leg.; KGU. • 1 ♂; same locality; 21 Jun. 2017, LT; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 313; ELKU. - Ryukyus [Okinawa] • 4 ♂♂; Ishikagijima Is., Mt. Omotodake; 15 Apr. 1962; Y. Arita leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 314, 315; NSMT. • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data except 4 May 1978; NSMT. • 1 ♂; same data except 5 May 1978; gen. slide no. KM- 316; NSMT. • 1 ♀; Ishikagijima Is, Mt. Bannadake; 7 May 1998; T. Ueda leg.; gen slide no. KM- 317; OPU. • 2 ♀♀; same data except 4 - 7 Apr. 2001, gen. slide no. KM- 318; OPU. • 1 ♀; Iriomotejima Is., Taketomi-cho, Mt. Komi; 13 Mar. 2011; T. Terada leg.; KGU. • 1 ♂; Iriomotejima Is., Funaura; 27 Mar. 2002; T. Hirowatari leg.; OPU. • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Iriomotejima Is., Taketomi-cho, Uehara; 12 Mar. 2011; T. Terada leg.; KGU. • 2 ♂♂; Iriomotejima Is., Mt. Tedou, Uehara; 8 Jul. 2017, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. For the diagnosis and detailed description of the adults and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
AEB367506F5450A7B87BB7B96DC64ED8.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. The adults were collected from March to September.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
AEB367506F5450A7B87BB7B96DC64ED8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu), China and India.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785.taxon	description	Figs 1 A, B, 6 A, 7 A, 8 A, 9 A, 10, 14, 15, 18, 19 Japanese name: Minami-mongin-hoso-kibaga	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Japan - Honshu [Gifu] • 1 ♀; 20 Oct. 1919; gen. slide no. KM- 333; ELKU. - [Wakayama] • 1 ♂; Kozagawa; 11 Jun. 1970; host: Castanopsis cuspidata; T. Kumata; gen. slide no. KM- 390; SEHU. • 2 ♀♀; same data except 9, 13 Jun. 1970; gen. slide no. KM- 377; SEHU. - Kyushu [Fukuoka] • 1 ♀; Nishi-ku Fukuoka, Ito Campus; 27 Apr. 2017 larva; 1 Jun. 2017 em.; host: Castanopsis sieboldii; T. Hirowatari, S. Yagi, C. Tsuji & K. M. M. Kyaw leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality, 5 May 2020 larva; 23 May 2020 em.; Host: Castanopsis sieboldii; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♀; same locality, 3 Jul. 2021, LT; S. Yagi leg.; ELKU. [Kagoshima] • 1 ♂; Yakushima Is., Hirauti; 19 Sep. 1978; Y. Arita leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 329; NSMT. • 1 ♂; Nakanoshima Is., Mt. Otake; 12 Sep. 2018; K. Sakagami leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 330; ELKU. - Ryukyus [Kagoshima] • 1 ♀; Amamioshima Is., Oosima-gun, Uken-son, Mt. Akatsuchi; 5 Oct. 2020, LT; J. Oku leg.; ELKU. • 1 ♂; Tokunoshima Is., Yonama Amagi-cho; 11 Jul. 2016; S. Yagi leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 383; ELKU. - [Okinawa] • 1 ♂; Kunigami district, Oogimi, Oshikawa area; 27 Mar. 2021, LT; J. Oku leg.; ELKU. • 2 ♀♀; Ishigakijima Is., Mt. Bannadake; 4 - 7 Apr. 2001; T. Ueda leg.; gen. slide no. KM- 424; OPU. • 1 ♀; Iriomotejima Is., Airagawa forest road, Taketomi Yaeyama; 26 Aug. 2020; Y. Hisasue leg.; ELKU. For the diagnosis of the adult and the detailed description of the adult and genitalia, see Lee et al. (2018).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785.taxon	description	Description. Larva (Figs 10 G, H, 14, 15). Length 3.5 - 3.6 mm (n = 2). Head subglobular, yellowish brown with blackish pigmentations on ocellar area and anterior margin of labrum. Body pale yellow in early instars and yellowish brown in late instars. Prothoracic shield yellowish brown, with blackish brown on caudal margin. Thoracic legs short, pale yellow (Fig. 15 A). Pinacula more or less rounded, blackish brown on T 1 - T 3, A 1, A 2, A 8, and A 9; paler on the remaining abdominal segments. Anal shield heavily sclerotized, yellowish brown (Figs 14 D, 15 D). Anal fork present, deeply emarginated posteriorly, forming two lateral lobes (Figs 14 E, 15 D). Anal prolegs armed with many minute spines on dorsal surface. Crochets in a circle, uniordinal, 10 - 14 in number on ventral prolegs (Fig. 15 B), 6 - 8 on anal proleg (Fig. 15 C). Chaetotaxy (Fig. 14). Head (Fig. 14 A, B). Epicranial suture shorter than frontoclypeus, AF 1 ~ 1 / 2 length of AF 2; C 2 slightly longer than C 1; P 1 dorsolateral to AF 1, ~ 5 x longer than P 2; P 2 dorsolateral to AF 2 and above P 1; MD 1 - MD 3 setae forming nearly in a line at the posterior margin of the head capsule, MD 1 slightly anteroventral to MD 2 and MD 3; mouthparts semi-hypognathous; genal area with six stemmata, forming a semicircular pattern; A 1 dorsoanterior to stemma- 3, slightly shorter than A 3; A 2 dorsolateral to A 1 and shorter than A 1 and A 3; L 1 dorsoposterior to stemma- 1; distance between L 1 from A 3 slightly longer than distance between A 3 from A 2; S 1 below stemma- 3, short as A 2; S 2 longer than S 1 and S 3, near the opening of the stemmatal semicircle; S 3 slightly shorter than S 1 and ventroposterior to stemma- 6; SS 1 near a mandibular condyle, the same length as SS 2; SS 2 between SS 1 and SS 3; SS 3 ~ 3 x longer than SS 1 and SS 2; MGa present, close to MG 1. Mandible with five teeth (Fig. 14 C). Thorax. Prothorax (Fig. 14 F): shield with SD 1 ventrolateral to XD 1 and XD 2, all three along anterior margin; XD 2 less than 21 / 2 distance from XD 1 than from SD 1; XD 1 ~ 2 x longer than XD 2; SD 2 and D 1 ca. equal in length, both setae ~ 21 / 2 - 3 x length of SD 1 and D 2; SD 2 ca. twice the distance from XD 2 than from SD 1; L-group tri-setose on the same pinaculum, anteroventral to spiracle; L 1 longest; L 2 and L 3 short, ca. equal in length; SV-group bi-setose on the same pinaculum; SV 1 ~ 2 - 21 / 2 x longer than SV 2; MV 1 absent; MV 2 approximate to anterolateral coxal margin; V 1 approximate mesoposterior coxal margin. Mesothorax and metathorax (Fig. 14 F): D and SD group arranged in a vertical line; D 1 and D 2 on same pinaculum, D 2 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x length of D 1; SD 1 and SD 2 on the same pinaculum, SD 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x length of SD 2; MD 1 anteroventral to D 2; MSD 1 in line with MSD 2, anterior to SD 2; MSD 2 anterior to SD 1; L-group trisetose; L 1 ~ 21 / 2 - 3 x length of L 2, each on separate pinaculum; pinaculum of L 2 slightly anterior to SD group pinaculum; L 3 slightly longer than L 2, vertical line with SV 1; MV 1, MV 2, and MV 3 anterior to coxa; MV 2 near to anterolateral coxal margin, MV 3 slightly above V 1. Abdomen (Fig. 14 F). A 1 and A 2 with D 2 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x longer than D 1; D 1 dorso-anterior to D 2; MD 1 slightly ventral to D 1 and D 2; SD 1 ca. equal in length to D 2; SD 2 minute, anteroventral to SD 1; SD 1 above spiracle; L-group tri-setose; L 1 and L 2 on separate pinaculum, L 2 in vertical line with SD 1 and spiracle; L 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x longer than L 2 and L 3; L 3 slightly longer than L 2; SV-group bi-setose on A 1, SV 1 ~ 21 / 2 - 3 x longer than SV 2 and on same pinaculum; SV-group tri-setose on A 2, with SV 1 and SV 2 on the same pinaculum, SV 3 on separate pinaculum (not shown); MV 3 dorso-anterior to V 1. A 3 - A 6 as in A 2, except D 2 dorsoposterior to D 1 and SV 1 - SV 3 on separate pinaculum; each segment bearing a pair of protuberant prolegs; planta bearing uni-ordinal, uniserial crochets in a circle (Fig. 15 B). A 7 as in A 3 - A 6 except with SV-group bi-setose on same pinaculum. A 8 as A 7 except: SD 1 ~ 1 / 3 x length of D 2 and in vertical line with D 2; SD 2 remote from spiracle and not vertical to MD 1; minute SD 2 anteroventral to SD 1 and spiracle; SD 1 pinaculum slightly anterodorsal to spiracle; spiracle dorsal to all spiracles on A 1 - A 7; L 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x length of L 2 and below spiracle; L 2 and L 3 on separate pinaculum; L 2 anteroventral to L 1 and in vertical line with D 2 and SD 1; L 3 ventral to L 2; SV and V group uni-setose. A 9 as above except with D 1 ventral to D 2, D 2 ~ 2 x longer than D 1; D-group and MD 1 on same pinaculum; MD 1 in horizontal line with D 2; SD 1 absent; L-group bi-setose on same pinaculum, L 1 ~ 31 / 2 - 4 x longer than L 2. Pupa (Figs 18, 19). Length 3.5 - 4.2 mm (n = 3). Cylindrical, yellowish brown, dark brown before emergence. Head semi-globular. Vertex with many minute spines. Prothorax with a pair of more or less wedge-shaped projections on the dorsolateral corner of tergite (Fig. 19 A, D). Antennae and forewing reach the midway or near posterior margin of A 6. Maxilla (galea) basally broad, gradually narrowing and extending to the posterior margin of A 4. Prothoracic legs extending to A 2; mesothoracic legs extending to near posterior margin of A 4; metathoracic legs extending to midway or near posterior margin of A 7. A 5 - A 10 movable. A 5 and A 6 with a transverse row of tergal spinules directed posteriorly on the anterior margin in males (Fig. 18 A, C) and with a transverse row of dot-like spinules in females (Fig. 18 D, F). A 7 with a transverse row of tergal spinules, directed posteriorly on the anterior margin in both males and females (Fig. 18 A, D). Sternite A 7 with a pair of oval pads armed with a row of spinules directed anteriorly in females (Fig. 18 E) but absent in males (Fig. 18 B). A 10 delineated with a row of short spinules along its outer margin posteriorly in both males and females (Fig. 18 C, F), apically with three pairs of hooked setae on ventral surfaces of A 9 and A 10.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu), China, Taiwan, and India.	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
A3F49742A7575397A6D40E6FFA2DD785.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology (Fig. 10). We found one preserved specimen of this species with a label noting that it feeds on Castanopsis cuspidata (Fagaceae) and a case of the leaf of its host plant. We found that the larvae fed on another host plant, C. sieboldii. In the latter host plant, the larva first makes a small hole (Fig. 10 C, red arrow) to enter and feed on the plant tissue in the midrib of the leaf, and this hole also seems to eliminate its feces. After the larva gradually develops by feeding inside the midrib, it leaves the midrib by creating another small exit hole (Fig. 10 C, black arrow). After leaving the mine, the larva crawls towards the upper tip of the leaf, cuts transversely from its outer margin to the inner part of the leaf (Fig. 10 D, E), and then makes a shelter with it. The larva usually consumes the leaf by leaning halfway from its shelter. Subsequently, it cuts the leaf around the radius and reaches a small and regular shape to construct a portable case (Fig. 10 F, G). After that, a number of these several small leaf pieces (5 - 7 pieces, n = 6) were accumulated and stacked into a compact, approximately circular leaf case until the final instar larva (Fig. 10 I). The final larva fixes its case (Fig. 10 J), and pupation occurs inside its case (Fig. 10 K). The adult emerges by leaving the pupal exuvia (Fig. 10 L). The resting posture of the adult is similar to that of the stathmopodid species, keeping its hindlegs upwards (Fig. 9 A). This species overwinters in the adult stage, and adults are collected throughout the year (Sakamaki 2013).	en	Kyaw, Khine Mon Mon, Yagi, Sadahisa, Oku, Johei, Hirowatari, Toshiya (2023): Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. ZooKeys 1165: 61-99, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983
