taxonID	type	description	language	source
EFA15EF28C24E1B94D33308EE8A36B7F.taxon	diagnosis	WORKER DIAGNOSIS (after Bolton, 1987: 289; Heterick, 2001: 363 - 364). Monomorphic to polymorphic. Minute to moderately large in total length. Mandibles with 4 to 5 teeth. Maxillary palps with 2 to 4 segments. Median clypeal seta present, sometimes displaced or absent. Median portion of clypeus raised, longitudinally bicarinate, the carinae rarely effaced. Frontal carinae absent past frontal lobes. Antennal scrobes absent. Antennae with 11 - 12 segments and with club of 3 (rarely 4) segments. Eyes present, sometimes reduced. Metapleural glands never bulging or hypertrophied. Metapleural lobes usually small, rounded. Propodeum normally unarmed, sometimes angulated to dentate, rarely with lamelliform process. Propodeal spiracle usually circular and at about midlength of the sclerite, rarely in another position. Petiole pedunculated, the petiolar spiracle usually close to or at node. Sting functional. Nothidris was created by Ettershank (1966) and further delimited by Snelling (1975), who created Antichthonidris to accomodate some species. Bolton (1987: 284 - 285) discussed the traits proposed for the latter, demonstrating their weakness and dubious value as generic-level characters: a vestibulated propodeal spiracle appears to be present in some Australian Monomorium species (Bolton, 1987), for instance, as well as in M. delabiei. Moreover, the inclusion of Antichthonidris in Monomorium, as proposed by Heterick (2001), leaves no justification for maintaining Nothidris as a separate genus. Phacota has been a taxonomic problem in the myrmicines, due to its poor description, the disappearance of the type specimen, and the lack of collected material referable to P. sichelii (Bolton, 1987), all of which have impeded an evaluation of its taxonomic status. Ettershank (1966) considered this name a junior synonym of Monomorium. Bolton (1987) subsequently revived the genus, citing the few attributes that can be retrieved from Roger's (1862) original description; nevertheless, he made explicit his strong suspicion that the putative species is based on a wingless, ergatoid Monomorium female, perhaps from the M. salomonis group. Both the meager description (e. g., that the gaster is bigger than the head) and the important fact that the species has not been rediscovered in Spain or any other nearby location, are consistent with this interpretation. Given that the European ant fauna can be considered acceptably collected and studied, and in light of the group's importance, samples assignable to Phacota would surely have been detected and described by now. According to its description, Phacota is characterized by 11 - segmented antennae with a 2 - segmented club. Some Neotropical Solenopsis females possess this combination, but it is an antennal configuration unknown in Monomorium, and it is highly probable that the description of the number of flagellomeres in the antenna and club is erroneous. It would not be the only inadvertent mistake of this type in the history of ant systematics, especially given the size of the ants and the optical resolution possible in the 19 th century. It seems of little practical use to maintain a badlydescribed genus, with no associated type material, and no other collected material, and I recommend that Phacota once again be demoted as proposed by Ettershank (1966) until and unless more material is discovered, or the type specimen (in good condition) reappears. Epelysidris is a monotypic genus of eastern Malaysia, easily separable by the distinctive pair of lobules on the basal border of each mandible, mandibular and clypeal structure, and palpal formula (Bolton, 1987). Although this taxon is undoubtedly monophyletic, its continued recognition as a separate genus would create the same dilemmas that characterize Antichthonidris, Nothidris, and some others. It is preferable to leave brocha as one additional (although highly apomorphic) species within Monomorium; I propose here that Epelysidris thus be considered a junior synonym of Monomorium.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
D3DB5CFE7047606433AB72A3BD6F0210.taxon	discussion	Heterick (2001) synonymized Antichthonidris under Monomorium, but did not make the appropriate nomenclatural changes in the two species assigned to that genus.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
C79DFE94E92B21507F4B289E3162F1F2.taxon	discussion	Bolton (1987) did not study the type of this species, nor the possibly corresponding native Monomorium material. The Monomorium native to South America are moderate to large in size; M. inusuale and M. delabiei are small but with HW greater than 0.60 mm. There is a possibility that M. brasiliense might in fact be a tramp species, erroneously described by Forel as a different (subspecific) taxon.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
E1F33B863DE1EBB3253D6C2FEC4F137A.taxon	discussion	M. chilensis is the new name proposed for bicolor, a name preoccupied by Monomorium bicolor Emery, 1877: 368.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
11A81C98EB54FBB28446DCA43737A91F.taxon	discussion	It is not easy to separate M. cyaneum from M. ebeninum and M. depressum. In the syntypes of M. cyaneum examined (LACM) the mesopleuron is smooth, whereas the DuBois (1986) diagnosis and keys indicate punctate mesopleura for the species. There are Mexican workers (LACM) with punctate mesopleura identified as M. cyaneum, but other material referable to this species (Mexico, LACM) lacks this attribute. Perhaps there is variability in the character, but the limited material is insufficient to evaluate this possibility. In M. cyaneum the propodeum is more weakly angled than in the other two species and supposedly there are 8 or fewer hairs on the mesosoma (DuBois, 1986). The pilosity varies somewhat in samples referable to these three species. M. cyaneum and M. depressum share a petiole that is slightly curved in frontal view, as well as a petiolar node that is thicker in lateral view. M. ebeninum has a petiole that is flat or weakly concave in frontal view. Thus the problem is how to separate M. cyaneum and M. depressum. As pointed out above, the punctate sculpturing of the mesopleura does not seem to be universal in cyaneum (three syntypes examined, LACM, do not have appreciable sculpturing on the mesopleura). A characteristic of the syntypes and other specimens (from Hatillo, Mexico, LACM) is the presence of a light metallic blue sheen on the entire body (from which the species name derives). A specimen labeled as cyaneum (LACM) by DuBois has mesopleural sculpturing but does not have the blue sheen.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
59E9FAA5CC853B71655EB25C43E3D097.taxon	description	Description Worker measurements (mm): HW 0.65; HL 0.73; SL 0.53; EL 0.16; WL 1.03; PL 0.36; PPL 0.24; GL 1.00; TL 3.50. Indices: CI 89; SI 82. Head slightly longer than wide. Sides of head slightly convex, evenly rounded into the posterior border, latter more or less straight with a small medial concavity. Mandibles with four teeth: the apical larger than the others, the subapical separated by a space from the basal teeth. Maxillary palps 2 segmented. Clypeus convex with no trace of carinae, extended posteriorly as smooth and shiny frontal area. Clypeus anteriorly convex. Antenna 12 - segmented with club 3 - segmented. Frontal carinae short. Eyes large, well developed, with about 11 ommatidia in the maximum diameter, situated in the middle of the head. In lateral view mesosoma with promesonotum convex. Metanotal groove deep, well marked. Propodeum unarmed. Declivity of propodeum devoid of transverse carinae. Propodeal spiracle with a thin walled vestibule anteriorly. Metapleural lobes small, rounded. Petiole with short peduncle, node rounded above. Petiolar spiracle at beginning of node. Petiolar ventral process consisting of anterior median keel. In dorsal view postpetiole wider than petiole. In side view postpetiole subcampaniform, with a ventral strong median tubercle, pointed anteriorly. Sting developed. Entire body smooth and shining. Moderate erect pilosity on head, promesonotum, petiole, postpetiole and gaster, very few on propodeum. Larger hairs about 0.15 mm, those of head shorter. Clypeus with two series of transverse setae, those of anterior margin increasing in size toward the somewhat larger median apical setae. Body brown, most of gaster dark brown. Queen and male unknown.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
59E9FAA5CC853B71655EB25C43E3D097.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype worker, Brazil, Bahia, Fazenda Amarillina, Guaratinga, 28. vii. 1993 (Pula / Michelli No. 4675 - D) (CEPLAC).	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
59E9FAA5CC853B71655EB25C43E3D097.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Eastern Brazil.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
59E9FAA5CC853B71655EB25C43E3D097.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This species is named for my friend and colleague Dr. Jacques Delabie, for his continuous supply of interesting ants.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
59E9FAA5CC853B71655EB25C43E3D097.taxon	discussion	Comments In M. delabiei there are two transverse rows of hairs on the clypeus. In the row on the anterior border, the hairs increase in length from the lateral ones towards the midpoint, where they are longest (although not very much longer than the rest); in other words, there is no single medial hair that stands out, a characteristic typical of the tribe. This is also typical of some Megalomyrmex, and in at least some “ Antichthonidris ” workers, there is no apical medial seta. The clypeus forms a medial convexity with only a very weak trace of carinae. The tentorial pit is more than halfway between antennal receptacles and mandibular base (as in some “ Antichthonidris ”), rather than near the antennal alveolus (as in some Neotropical Monomorium). The form of the propodeal spiracle is somewhat similar to that of Nothidris (Bolton, 1994: 104), with a visible vestibule preceding anteriorly the spiracle proper: in typical Monomorium and Megalomyrmex the spiracle is round and without anterior vestibules. The postpetiole has a robust, pointed ventral tubercle, a characteristic apparently not shared with other members of the genus or with Megalomyrmex. The absence of the transverse propodeal carina excludes, by definition, the inclusion of this species in the typical Megalomyrmex, although the character is not universal within the genus, and can be present in some Monomorium.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
7C545CA97E994B500A98527D9B12C81B.taxon	discussion	A widespread tramp species, M. destructor is readily recognized by the fine transverse striae on the vertex, as well as the deep metanotal groove.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
12181B59CA62CA70CE3B371321DC2C02.taxon	discussion	This species is similar to M. compressum and, to a lesser extent, to M. cyaneum. A characteristic that appears to separate it from similar species is the petiolar profile, which in frontal view is flat to weakly concave.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
8ECB91D2BFD8406D1A92FF12E76A7AF5.taxon	discussion	This is a small adventive Old World species, as is M. monomorium, with HW less than 0.35 mm. In M. floricola the pale mesosoma is in sharp contrast to the darker head and gaster.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
4465EC127FE954A4E21FBF5EC4EC5FD7.taxon	discussion	Known only from queen and male castes. DuBois (1986) suggests that this species is a social parasite of M. cyaneum. Known only from the type locality, between Mexico City and Queretaro, Mexico.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
39F4175AD077C454E5FD39A04EDFAD0A.taxon	description	Figures 1 - 2 Description Worker, measurements (mm), holotype (paratypes, n = 3): HW 0.48 (0.46 - 0.48); HL 0.57 (0.57 - 0.62); SL 0.37 (0.37 - 0 - 41); EL 0.03 (0.03); WL 0.72 (0.70 - 0.72); PL 0.25 (0.25); PPL 0.18 (0.18); GL 0.73 (0.73 - 0.80); TL 2.58 (2.58 - 2.61). Indices: CI 84 (74 - 84); SI 77 (77 - 89). Head longer than wide. Sides of head parallel, very slightly wider anteriorly, broadly rounded into the posterior border, which is more or less straight. Mandibles with four teeth: the three apical separated from isolated basal by a large diastema. Maxillary palps 2 segmented. Median lobe of clypeus strong, bicarinate, narrowing posteriorly to narrow strip between frontal lobes. Clypeus with apical median seta and several paracarinal setae. Antenna 12 segmented with strong 3 segmented club; scapes fail to reach the vertexal border. Antennal insertions close together. Frontal carinae and antennal scrobes absent. Eyes reduced to indistinct ommatidia, placed in front of head midline. In lateral view promesonotum slightly convex. Metanotal groove very deep, well marked. Propodeum unarmed, with a faint cuticular crest, from the meeting point of dorsal and declivity faces, extended and slightly higher, continuous with the small metapleural lobes. Propodeal spiracle circular, opened posteriorly. Bullae of metapleural glands large. Petiole with peduncle and node well differentiated, the node more or less with the sides parallel, dorsum convex. Petiolar spiracle at beginning of node. Petiolar ventral process tooth-like. Postpetiole subcampaniform, with a ventral strong transverse carina. Apical portion of penultimate tergite with four small pegs or teeth, hairs arising from outermost. Mandibles, most of promesonotum, dorsum of petiole and postpetiole and gaster smooth and shining. Head with longitudinal rugulae mixed with dense foveae. Posterior promesonotum with feeble short rugulae. Most of mesopleura with irregular short longitudinal striae, mixed with fine reticulation. Most of propodeum and sides of petiole and postpetiole densely reticulated. Declivity of propodeum with several fine transverse carinae, the most posterior more marked. Moderate erect pilosity on head, promesonotum, petiole, postpetiole and gaster, very few on propodeum. Scapes with several erect hairs. Larger hairs about 0.15 mm, those of head shorter. Body brown, appendages lighter. Queen and male unknown.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
39F4175AD077C454E5FD39A04EDFAD0A.taxon	materials_examined	Type data: Holotype worker, Brazil, Bahia, Barrolandia, 16 - 23.07.1994 (S. Lacau) (CEPLAC). Paratypes, 1 worker, same data as holotype, deposited in ICN; 3 workers, Brazil, Amazonas, Benjamin Constant, 21. ix. 1962 (W. L. Brown Jr.) (MZSP); 2 workers, Ecuador, Napo, Limoncocha, 1973 (M. Rettenmeyer) (MZSP, BMNH).	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
39F4175AD077C454E5FD39A04EDFAD0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Ecuador and Brazil.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
39F4175AD077C454E5FD39A04EDFAD0A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name refers to the unusual traits of the ant, and the taxonomical difficulties for their generic placement.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
39F4175AD077C454E5FD39A04EDFAD0A.taxon	discussion	Comments This species presents a series of unusual characters that are interesting in the context of the Solenopsidini, and especially Monomorium and its allied genera. The long diastema between the 3 apical teeth and the basal tooth does not appear to be common in the genus or any other close genera. The same can be said for the much reduced eyes, since large, multifaceted eyes are common in the genus, although some Afrotropical species have reduced eyes (Snelling, personal communication). The narrow carina or propodeal crest that extends down to join the metapleural lobes is reminiscent of Epelysidris. The anterior and posterior sides of the petiolar node are more or less straight; in other species in this and neighboring genera, they tend to be rounded. The postpetiole has a strong transverse keel in the ventral part, which is reminiscent of Adelomyrmex. The head sculpturing is also unusual, with longitudinal rugules mixed with obvious foveae, a trait which is absent in other Neotropical Monomorium. The most outstanding feature is the series of minute teeth or pegs in the last abdominal tergum, from at least the outermost of which arise hairs. This appears to be an autapomorphic structure, absent in other Solenopsidini and probably in Myrmicinae; it is somewhat like the pygidial pegs of Cerapachyinae and Pachycondyla crassinoda workers. The Brazilian specimens are uniform in size and general aspect. Nevertheless, the two Ecuadorian specimens differ somewhat in size and some measurements (slightly shorter dorsal side of the propodeum, for instance) and the visible micropegs of the last tergum are less conspicuous than those of Benjamin Constant, Brazil. These structures are well-developed in the type specimen, from Bahia, but the propodeum is intermediate between the other Brazilian specimens and those from Ecuador. Given that in the other essential characteristics all samples are similar, I prefer to consider these differences as within-species variability, instead of creating a new taxon that might result in a paraphyletic species. Is M. inusuale truly a Monomorium? I recently was loaned two interesting myrmicines from CEPLAC. The first of these, a worker from Guaramiranga (Brazil, Ceara) is reminiscent in general form of the Australian M. sublamellatum, although without a single apical clypeal seta and clypeus so conspicuously bicarinate. The Brazilian specimen could pass as an unusual Monomorium. However, the discovery of a preoccipital carina — supposedly apomorphic in Rogeria — could require the inclusion of the species in the latter genus, in spite of the fact that other characteristics do not coincide (Kugler, 1994). Or, alternatively, the Australian species possibly does not belong in Solenopsidini; Heterick (2003) places sublamellatum in Monomorium by default, since it does not fit in any other genus of the tribe. The paraphyletic nature of Monomorium renders it a “ basket ” or “ catch-all ” genus. Maybe sublamellatum, like this Ceara worker, belongs to Stenammini (Bolton, personal communication). The second CEPLAC specimen from Bahia (Brazil, S. Jose Victoria, No. 2139, provisionally determined as Monomorium sp.) has a general aspect typical of Monomorium, the genus to which the Bolton (1994) key leads, if one ignores the absence of the apical clypeal seta (which is variable in Solenopsidini). Nevertheless, as in the above case, this specimen might better be associated with some Stenammini, possibly Rogeria, although it is impossible to confirm the preoccipital carina in the unique dry-mounted specimen, and the total absence of color and other traits make it difficult to place in Rogeria (as defined by Kugler, 1994). Bolton (personal communication) suggests that M. inusuale might be a member of Stenammini, which was my first suspicion due to the overall resemblance with members of this tribe. The traits of frontal lobes and toruli, as well as clypeal posterior border, places inusuale in the Stenammini as diagnosed in Bolton (2003: 58). However, the first gastral tergite clearly overlapping the first sternite on ventral surface, and the single medial clypeal seta puts the taxon in the Solenopsidini, again sensu Bolton (2003: 59 - 60). Although the solenopsidine tribe group (Bolton 2003: 57) may be a monophyletic group, the tribes proposed by Bolton (2003) as Stenammini and Solenopsidini currently lack synapomorphies. Perhaps the mixed traits of inusuale, the Australian species, and the Brazilian specimens referred to above may justify merging the two tribes. On the other hand, moving these taxa from Monomorium to Stenammini simply transfers the problem of generic allocation from one tribe to the other. Bolton (2003) has clarified some of the uncertainties in the systematics of the myrmicines allied to Solenopsidini and Stenammini. However, there are many problems to be resolved only when the limits of the Myrmicine tribes are clearly defined. For these reasons, I think that the only option at the moment is to leave inusuale as a member of Monomorium.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
6DA5C04AB6E50C078904EF3F90FC6FA9.taxon	discussion	The worker caste of this species is indistinguishable from those of M. minimum and M. wheelorum. However, M. marjoriae is the only species (of these three) recorded for Mexico (DuBois, 1986).	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
98EC9E94E050776E468D0DE75AE17D42.taxon	discussion	Kempf (1972) recorded this species from Paraguay, following Forel (1917). However, I know of no confirmed records of this species from Paraguay or any other Neotropical country and it is not included in the key below.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
023E5BF5DD92D3D09F57A463C0F2CB45.taxon	discussion	Wilson and Taylor (1967) mention the presence of this Old World species (as M. minutum Mayr) from Brazil. However, I know of no confirmed records in the literature. It has also been recorded from Barbados (Kempf, 1972).	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
EC8E3FC241F49E6723F2FB0A75B0238A.taxon	discussion	Monomorium pharaonis, M. salomonis and M. subopacum are the only species in the Neotropics with head and mesosoma with fine reticulate-punctate sculpturation and mandibular dorsum with coarse longitudinal rugulae. M. pharaonis has two rows of hairs on the head between the vertex and carinae, which distinguishes this species from the other two. M. pharaonis is one of the best-known Old World tramp species.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
98D99E844B6FDA6D9F37DE3AFAF7D086.taxon	discussion	The body is sculptured as in M. pharaonis and M. subopacum. It differs from these by the lack of hairs on the dorsum, and presence of a medial notch in the anterior clypeal margin. It is a widespread species, introduced in the Neotropics.	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
7486C382E7DC62A05FAC40FA6FAA70D0.taxon	discussion	This is a minute, pale ant, with propodeum angles well marked. Mesopleuron sculptured. Body with abundant pilosity. It was described from St. Thomas in the Lesser Antilles, but is found also in Puerto Rico (R. R. Snelling, pers. comm.).	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
D58E961E478E3138BDE4A7E7EF6C8EDE.taxon	discussion	Similar in general form as M. pharaonis and the body is without erect hairs; clypeus without the medial notch as in M. salomonis. Originally described from the Azores, M. subopacum has been recorded from Antigua in the Lesser Antilles (Kempf, 1972).	en	Fernández, F. (2007): Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., Fisher, B. L., Ward, P. S. (Eds): Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Homage to E. O. Wilson - 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80: 128-145, URL: http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/15383
