identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
692487D1FF98FFAEFF4DFAABC174E37C.text	692487D1FF98FFAEFF4DFAABC174E37C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptorhynchinae	<div><p>3.1. Cryptorhynchinae tree</p><p>(Fig. 1)</p><p>Molecular analysis is based on 39 species. Concatenated sequences of COI, 16S and 28S (of D6-D7 domain) gene fragments were generated. Fourty two specimens were used in total, because for three species we needed two specimens each to provide all three gene sequences. Two flying outgroup species are included: Cionus sp. ( Curculionidae: Curculioninae) and Cryptorhynchus lapathi ( Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae). Collecting and vouchering information as well as GenBank accession numbers are given in Table 2. Voucher specimens and extracted genomic DNA are deposited at the Biobank of the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFMK). The laboratory routine followed ASTRIN &amp; STÜBEN (2008). PCR primers were taken from ASTRIN &amp; STÜBEN (2008), COI primer set is based on the FOLMER et al. (1994) region; 16S primer set is based on CRANDALL &amp; FITZPATRICK (1996), 28S primer set was developed in ASTRIN &amp; STÜBEN (2008). For detailed primer information see Table 3. As DNA barcoding region we define here the COI sequence which is, relative to the mouse mitochondrial genome, the 648 nucleotide (nt) region that starts at position 58 and stops at position 705 of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. This sequence area is commonly used for species identification in animal barcoding initiatives.</p><p>DNA sequence alignments for COI, 16S and 28S genes were performed with Geneious 5.5.6 Pro (DRUMMOND et al. 2012) using Muscle plugin with default parameters. Primer sequences were trimmed and single nucleotide polymorphisms and gaps of 16S and 28S alignments were manually shifted to minimize differences between sequences, especially to prevent gaps at the begining or end of a sequence. Missing data were filled up with “n” positions (whole gene or missing nucleotides in the beginning or end of a sequence). 16S sequence data were not available for one species ( Acallorneuma sardiniense, 1096). 28S sequence data were not available for two species ( Acallorneuma sardiniense, 1096; Paratorneuma aphroditae, 1014).</p><p>Poorly aligned positions and highly divergent regions (based on insertions or deletions) of 16S and 28S sequences were determined by Gblocks (CASTRESANA 2000; TALAVERA &amp; CASTRESANA 2007) with three options activated for less stringent selection compared to basic settings: allowing smaller final blocks, allowing gap positions within the final blocks and allowing less strict flanking positions. The ambiguous positions were not provided to subsequent jModeltest analysis and also excluded in Bayesian analysis. This served the purpose of improving positional homology over the whole alignment, so that it becomes more suitable for phylogenetic analysis (WÄGELE 2005).</p><p>Alignment length was 658 nucleotides (nt) for COI, 524 nt for 16S (excluding ambiguous data), and 365 nt for 28S (excluding ambiguous data). The best fitting nucleotide substitution model to use in Bayesian analysis was determined for every single gene alignment using jModelTest ver. 0.1.1 (POSADA 2008) implementing the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC; SCHWARZ 1978): for COI and 16S we identified the HKY+I+G (HASEGAWA et al. 1985), a submodel of the GTR+I+G, for 28S GTR+G (LANAVE et al. 1984); +G includes gamma distributed rates across sites, +I includes a proportion of invariable sites in the calculation.</p><p>Afterwards a concatenated sequence block was built from COI, 16S and 28S alignments. Poorly aligned positions of 16S and 28S were were excluded in the phylogenetic analysis, but were kept in the concatenated data block to ensure the reproducibility of the calculation based on the sequences of the corresponding Genbank accession numbers. The 16S data comprised eleven poorly aligned positions or regions (699–706, 808, 893–898, 909–910, 918–929, 944–945, 990–992, 1027–1033, 1075, 1132, 1160), the 28S data comprised seven (1250–1259, 1269–1272, 1352, 1499–1559, 1568–1571, 1578–1599, 1609–1651). Out of 1726 nucleotide positions 1537 were used for phylogenetic analysis.</p><p>We ran MrBayes ver. 3.1.2 (RONQUIST &amp; HUELSENBECK 2003) in two independent replicates, each with 1 cold chain and 3 chains of different temperature (standard setting). For the COI sequence block, the genetic code for metazoan mitochondrial DNA was used for Bayesian analysis. All gene partitions were unlinked in shape, revmat, statefreq and pinvar. The calculation was performed for 40 million generations (average standard deviation of split frequencies: 0.0016), sampling 40.000 trees. Negative log-likelihood score stabilisation was determined in a separate visualisation in Microsoft Excel 2003. Accordingly, we retained 39.990 trees after burn in (10.000 generations were discarded), from which a 50%-majority rule consensus tree with posterior probabilities was built (Fig. 1). FigTree 1.3.1 (RAMBAUT et al. 2009) was used for graphical display of the tree.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/692487D1FF98FFAEFF4DFAABC174E37C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stüben, Peter E.;Schütte, André;Astrin, Jonas J.	Stüben, Peter E., Schütte, André, Astrin, Jonas J. (2013): Molecular phylogeny of the weevil genus Dichromacalles Stüben (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 101-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.1
692487D1FF9EFFACFF4DFB4EC164E29C.text	692487D1FF9EFFACFF4DFB4EC164E29C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichromacalles	<div><p>3.2. Dichromacalles tree</p><p>(Fig. 2)</p><p>Molecular analysis is based on 32 specimens from 9 out of 12 known Dichromacalles species ( D. algecirasensis sp. n. included) and 5 outgroup species from other Cryptorhynchinae genera, all also included in the Cryptorhynchinae tree (Fig. 1). See Table 2 for collecting and vouchering information and GenBank accession numbers as well. A phylogeny of some Dichromacalles species in combination with the Madeiran clade and Canary clade of Acalles s.l. as sister group can be found in STÜBEN &amp; ASTRIN (2010b: fig. 1A.). Voucher specimens and extracted genomic DNA are deposited at the Biobank of the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFMK). The laboratory routine followed ASTRIN &amp; STÜBEN (2008). PCR primers were taken from ASTRIN &amp; STÜBEN (2008), COI is based on the FOLMER et al. (1994) region; 16S is based on the CRANDALL &amp; FITZPATRICK (1996) region, 28S is used from ASTRIN &amp; STÜBEN (2008). For detailed primer information see Table 3.</p><p>DNA sequence alignments for COI, 16S and 28S gene were performed with BioEdit 7.0.9 using ClustalW algorithm with default parameters. Primer sequences were trimmed; single nucleotide polymorphisms and gaps of 16S and 28S alignments were manually shifted to minimize differences between sequences, especially to prevent gaps at the beginning or end of a sequence. Missing data (whole gene or missing nucleotides at the beginning or end of a sequence) were filled up with “n”. 16S sequence data were not available for one specimen ( Dichromacalles diocletianus, 587). 28S sequence data were not available for four specimens ( D. boroveci, 921; D. diocletianus, 1057; D. dromedarius, 862; D. tuberculatus, 743).</p><p>Alignment length was 658 nt for COI, 524 nt for 16S (poorly aligned sequence data not counted), and 365 nt for 28S (poorly aligned sequence data not counted).</p><p>The nucleotide substitution model was determined for every single gene alignment using jModelTest ver. 0.1.1 (POSADA 2008) implementing the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC; SCHWARZ 1978), ambiguous sequence data of 16S and 28S was not provided to jModelTest. jModelTest calculation resulted in three submodels of GTR (LANAVE et al. 1984, COI: TrN+I+G, 16S: TIM3+I+G, 28S: TPM2uf+G), so we implemented the GTR+I+G model for COI and 16S and the GTR+G model for 28S.</p><p>Afterwards a concatenated sequence block was built from COI, 16S and 28S alignments, providing 1708 nucleotide positions. Ambiguous data of 16S and 28S were kept in the concatenated data block, but were excluded in the phylogenetic analysis. The 16S data contained four poorly aligned positions (699–705, 924–933, 1020–1026, 1208), the 28S data contained two (1244–1262 1493–1627), so 1528 nucleotide positions were used for phylogenetic analysis. Table 4 provides additional PCR product length information.</p><p>We ran MrBayes ver. 3.1.2 (RONQUIST &amp; HUELSENBECK 2003) in two independent replicates, each with 1 cold chain and 3 chains of different temperature (standard setting). For the COI sequence block, the genetic code for metazoan mitochondrial DNA was used. All gene partitions were unlinked in shape, revmat, statefreq and pinvar. The analysis was run for 40 million generations (average standard deviation of split frequencies: 0.001395), sampling 40.000 trees. Negative log-likelihood score stabilisation was determined in a separate visualisation in Microsoft Excel 2003. Accordingly, we retained 39.990 trees after burn in (10.000 generations were discarded), from which a 50%-majority rule consensus tree with posterior probabilities was built (Fig. 2). FigTree 1.3.1 (RAMBAUT et al. 2009) was used for graphical display of the tree. MEGA5 (Tamura et al. 2011) was used to calculate uncorrected p-distance values for all species involved in the dataset. We combined two datasets in one table, see Table 6: the lower left area shows the results of COI calculation only, with a total of 658 nucleotide positions in the COI dataset. The upper right area shows the results of the combined COI+16S+28S dataset, which were a total of 1528 nucleotide positions. All ambiguous positions and gaps were removed for each sequence pair to ensure the p-distance values are based on exactly the same data as the tree.</p><p>To determine whether the selection of slightly different ambiguous data blocks leads to a different tree topology we have also used the following software to determine the ambiguous positions to exclude: Aliscore (KÜCK et al. 2010) with options -r -n, Gblocks (CASTRESANA 2000; TALAVERA &amp; CASTRESANA 2007) with standard settings and with three options activated for less stringent selection: allowing smaller final blocks, allowing gap positions within the final blocks, allowing less strict flanking positions. Gblocks standard setting was closest to our manual selection. The topology of the Dichromacalles tree has been preserved between all generated trees (data not shown), regardless of which ambiguous data has been excluded in Bayesian analysis. The reason is that COI has the highest differentiation power of all genes used, and did not have any areas to exclude. In our Dichromacalles dataset COI shows up to 23% of genetic difference between species of the same genus (Table 6).</p><p>The phylogenetic analysis shows that the subgenus Dichromacalles s.str. is paraphyletic. However, at the present point in time we do not want to describe new subgenera as long as definite molecular analyses of the missing species (see cataloque above) are not yet available. Referring to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature (IRZN) it seems appropriate to speak of informal groups for the present.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/692487D1FF9EFFACFF4DFB4EC164E29C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stüben, Peter E.;Schütte, André;Astrin, Jonas J.	Stüben, Peter E., Schütte, André, Astrin, Jonas J. (2013): Molecular phylogeny of the weevil genus Dichromacalles Stüben (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 101-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.1
692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFEBAC7EDE63E.text	692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFEBAC7EDE63E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptorhynchinae Schoenherr 1825	<div><p>Subfamily: Cryptorhynchinae Schoenherr, 1825</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFEBAC7EDE63E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stüben, Peter E.;Schütte, André;Astrin, Jonas J.	Stüben, Peter E., Schütte, André, Astrin, Jonas J. (2013): Molecular phylogeny of the weevil genus Dichromacalles Stüben (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 101-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.1
692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFF40C76CE7F8.text	692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFF40C76CE7F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Curculionidae Latreille 1802	<div><p>Family: Curculionidae Latreille, 1802</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFF40C76CE7F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stüben, Peter E.;Schütte, André;Astrin, Jonas J.	Stüben, Peter E., Schütte, André, Astrin, Jonas J. (2013): Molecular phylogeny of the weevil genus Dichromacalles Stüben (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 101-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.1
692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFEF7C649E6C6.text	692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFEF7C649E6C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichromacalles Stuben 1998	<div><p>Genus: Dichromacalles Stüben, 1998</p><p>Type species: Rhynchaenus diocletianus Germar, 1817 (l.t.: Croatia)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFEF7C649E6C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stüben, Peter E.;Schütte, André;Astrin, Jonas J.	Stüben, Peter E., Schütte, André, Astrin, Jonas J. (2013): Molecular phylogeny of the weevil genus Dichromacalles Stüben (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 101-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.1
692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFD88C7B9E576.text	692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFD88C7B9E576.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichromacalles	<div><p>Subgenus: Dichromacalles s.str.</p><p>Species complex of Dichromacalles diocletianus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/692487D1FF90FFA0FF4DFD88C7B9E576	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stüben, Peter E.;Schütte, André;Astrin, Jonas J.	Stüben, Peter E., Schütte, André, Astrin, Jonas J. (2013): Molecular phylogeny of the weevil genus Dichromacalles Stüben (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 101-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.1
692487D1FF90FFA4FF4DFD56C4DDE61C.text	692487D1FF90FFA4FF4DFD56C4DDE61C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dichromacalles algecirasensis Stuben	<div><p>Dichromacalles algecirasensis Stüben sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 3–11)</p><p>Type material. Holotype. 1 ♂, SPAIN: Cádiz, 3 km S Algeciras, Punta del Carnero, cliff coast, under Carduus pycnocephalus, 36°05′29″ N 05°26′ 58″W, 30 m asl, 9.iv.2001, leg. Stüben (collecting site 9), coll. CURCULIO- Institut, D-Mönchengladbach.</p><p>Paratypes. 10 ♂, 9 ♀: data as for holotype, coll. Stüben (CURCULIO-Institut, D- Mönchengladbach), coll. ZFMK.</p><p>DNAtype. 1♂, SPAIN: Cádiz, 6,5 km S Algeciras, Punta del Carnero, cliff coast, under thistle, 36°04′35″ N 05°25′ 46″W, 34 m asl, 12.iv.2007, leg. Astrin &amp; Stüben (E-0204-dio), coll. ZFMK: ZFMK-DNA-JJ0178, ZFMK- TIS-cE0204; GenBank Acc. no COI: EU286500, 16S: EU286336.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. The new species from the cliff coast near Algeciras (Spain: Cádiz) belongs—from a morphological and molecular perspective—to the species complex of Dichromacalles diocletianus (cf. Germar, 1817) and is compared with the lectotype of D. diocletianus (coll. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg) from the type locality near Split (Croatia):</p><p>Dichromacalles algecirasensis sp. n.</p><p>1. Elytra white and beige, poor in contrast, and more obovate (Figs. 3, 4).</p><p>2. Pronotum with V-shaped, elongated humps and with a narrower and high longitudinal midline keel on the disc (Fig. 3).</p><p>3. Endophallus: background plate of the Π -shaped structure rounded (Fig. 7).</p><p>Dichromacalles diocletianus</p><p>1*. Elytra beige and dark brown, rich in contrast, cylindrical and towards the apex more ovally rounded (Fig. 16). 2*. Pronotum plane, without humps, keels or depressions on the disc (Fig. 16).</p><p>3*. Endophallus: background plate of the Π -shaped structure narrower, slightly pressed to the side (Figs. 26).</p><p>With Acalles affinis Meyer, 1896 (Italy: Sardinia, loc. typ.), a synonym of D. diocletianus (cf. BAHR 2001), the new species has the V-shaped, elongated humps on the pronotum in common (Fig. 12), but it differs from it by 1. the obovate (not cylindrical) elytra, which are poorer in contrast (Fig. 3 vs. 12) and 2. by a different structure of the endophallus (Fig. 7 vs. 13).</p><p>For a comparison with all other species see below: ‘Key to the species of Dichromacalles ’.</p><p>Description. Length. 3.5–4.7 mm (without rostrum).</p><p>Head &amp; rostrum. Eyes large, ovally rounded towards front and acuminate towards underside of rostrum. Rostrum of males dark brown, short, reaching at most 2/3 length of pronotum; length-width ratio of 3.0 (width measured between the insertions of the antennae); closely covered with white and beige scales in front of the base and finely punctured towards apex (Figs. 3, 4); rostrum of females clearly longer, shiny and even more finely punctured towards the apex (Fig. 17). The last two antennal segments preceding the club are wider than long, trapezoidal and not clearly separated from the club; the first two segments of the funicular antennomeres are elongated.</p><p>Pronotum. Length-width ratio 1.30–1.40; widest directly in front of the base (at the end of the apical quarter of the pronotum) uniformly rounded laterally towards the anterior margin and more strongly rounded towards the base; with a deep depression at the sides directly behind the anterior margin. In lateral view contour-line of pronotum and contour-line of the elytra not forming continuous curve but clearly separated; contour-line of pronotum flattened, towards the base with a high hump. In dorsal view with V-shaped, elongated humps and with a narrower and high midline keel on disc of pronotum (Figs. 3, 17); further smaller humps upon both sides of the pronotum. The vestiture consists of white and beige, slightly transparent scales, which completely disguise the integument. Pronotum with single tiny, raised and short bristles primarily on the humps.</p><p>Elytra. Length-width ratio 1.35 (holotype); widest at the end of the first fifth; sides of the obovate elytra more or less parallel only in the anterior part, humeri not prominent; behind the middle acuminate-ovally rounded towards the apex; laterally directly behind the base with a depression. In lateral view the contour-line of elytra flat behind the base, the contour-line of the elytral slope forming an arc towards the apex. The vestiture of the elytra is not rich in contrast and consists – like that of the pronotum – of white and beige, slightly transparent, circular and overlapping scales so that the integument is not visible. Always with a white spot directly behind the base on the first 2 intervals; here on the 2nd interval (not counting the suture interval) with a small elongated hump; on the anterior half of the elytra with a crescentic fascia. The most extensive white spots are located between the apex and the middle of the elytra, forming a broad fascia poor in contrast. Striae broader than the intervals, with rounded, deep and vast punctures. Bristles on the suture interval and on the intervals at most 3– 4 x longer than wide, forming sometimes small tufts, which have big gaps between them (distances between tufts 3– 5 x the length of a bristle).</p><p>Legs. Short; the apices of the fore femora reach the fore margin of the pronotum, the hind femora clearly not reaching the elytral apex. Legs completely covered with predominantly beige, overlapping scales and some white and raised scales which are 3– 4 x as long as wide on the tibiae.</p><p>Venter. 2nd exposed sternite clearly shorter than 1st and slightly longer than 3rd and 4th together (Fig. 5).</p><p>Female genitalia. Spermatheca, ovipositor, spiculum ventrale, see Figs. 8–10.</p><p>Aedeagus/Endophallus. See Figs. 6, 7.</p><p>Etymology. The species name refers to the city of Algeciras in the south of Spain (Prov. Cádiz), from where the type series originates.</p><p>Ecology. The specimens of the types series were found under the rosette leaves of Carduus pycnocephalus, the host plant of the new species.</p><p>Distribution. This species is so far only known from the coast between La Línea and Barbate on the southern tip of Spain; see map Fig. 11.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/692487D1FF90FFA4FF4DFD56C4DDE61C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Stüben, Peter E.;Schütte, André;Astrin, Jonas J.	Stüben, Peter E., Schütte, André, Astrin, Jonas J. (2013): Molecular phylogeny of the weevil genus Dichromacalles Stüben (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3718 (2): 101-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.1
