taxonID	type	description	language	source
68115F0DB372FFF4FE66B3E0FC9621BE.taxon	description	(Figure 2 (a – h ))	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB372FFF4FE66B3E0FC9621BE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Adult holotype female from station 1 located in the harbour of Trieste (Figure 1, Table 1), North Adriatic Sea, partially dissected, appendages mounted on slides in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Date of collection: 15 July 2015. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009521.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB372FFF4FE66B3E0FC9621BE.taxon	description	Description of adult female Body moderately elongated, slender (Figure 2 (a )); body length of holotype female 1.13 mm. Cephalothorax 0.65 mm long, representing 60 % of total body length. Midventral oral papilla located at 26 % of cephalothorax length. Pair of relatively large ocelli present, pigment cups well developed, medially conjoined, strongly pigmented; ventral cup and lateral cups equally sized (Figure 2 (a, b )). Cephalic area with slightly produced, rounded ‘ forehead ’, ornamented dorsally with relatively deep curved striations arranged in a symmetrical, opposite pattern (Figure 2 (d )); ventral surface of forehead with shallow transverse striations (Figure 2 (b, c )) and with pair of sensilla (Figure 2 (b )). Cephalic cuticular ornamentation including: (1) pair of unguiform scars between bases of antennules, (2) pair of symmetrical nipple-like processes on anterior ventral surface in preoral area, with transverse adjacent striation, (3) small, medial pair of papillalike processes, and (4) shallow cuticular ridges overlying anterior surface of oral papilla (Figure 2 (b, c )). Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite and anal somite, together representing 17 % of total body length. Relative lengths of urosomites (fifth pedigerous, genital-double and free somites) as: 28.6: 47.6: 23.8 = 100, respectively. Fifth pedigerous somite with medial constriction and ventral peripheral striations (Figure 2 (f )), fifth legs inserted on distal 1 / 3 of somite. Genital double-somite with smooth dorsal and ventral surfaces (Figure 2 (e )), except for shallow ventral striations anterior to insertion of ovigerous spines. Anterior half of genital double-somite expanded, with rounded margins; posterior half with straight margins (Figure 2 (a, f )). Caudal ramus subrectangular, 1.2 - times longer than wide, armed with three subequally long, sparsely setulated caudal setae. Ovigerous spines paired, relatively short, representing 20 % of total body length. Spines basally separated, slender, straight at their base and along shaft, without distal expansions. Antennule length 0.26 mm, representing about 22 % of total body length and 38 % of cephalothorax length in the specimen examined; antennule 4 - segmented, but lacking suture between segments 3 and 4 (Figure 2 (d )). Relative length of distal antennulary segment: 46 %. In terms of pattern described by Grygier and Ohtsuka (1995) for female monstrilloid antennulary armature, setae (Roman numerals) and spines (Arabic numerals), stout, remarkably short spiniform element 1 present on first segment; elements on second segment: 2 d 1 – 2, 2 v 1 - 3, and IId. Third segment with stout element 3 as long as spiniform elements of the 2 v group; setal elements IIId and IIIv present. Segment 4 bearing elements 4 d 1,2, 4 v 1 – 2, element 4 v 1 longest of 4 v-d group. Setae IVd, IVv, Vd and Vv present. Aesthetasc 4 aes not observed in specimen. Element 5 spiniform, relatively slender. Subterminal elements b 1 - 4 present, unbranched; elements 61 and 62 and 6 aes present in apical position (Figure 2 (d )). Incorporated first pedigerous somite and succeeding three free pedigerous somites each bearing a pair of biramous legs. Pedigerous somites 2 – 4, together accounting for 22.5 % of total body length in dorsal view. Legs 1 – 4 slightly increasing in size posteriorly. Intercoxal sclerites of legs 1 – 4 subrectangular, widest at base, tapering distally, frontal surface with subquadrate fields of minute spinules (Figure 2 (g, h )). Bases of legs 1 – 4 articulating with large, rectangular coxa along oblique line; with outer basipodal seta; on leg 3, this seta is about 4 - times longer than in the other legs, biserially setulated from proximal 1 / 3 and slightly thicker than those on the other legs (Figure 2 (h )). Endopods and exopods of legs 1 – 4 triarticulated. Ramal setae all biserially plumose except spiniform outer seta on exopodal segments 1 and 3, and inner seta of first exopodal segment, these latter being short, slender, and sparsely setulated. Spine on distal exopodal segment of leg 1 and 3 short (arrows in Figure 2 (g, h )). Outermost apical exopodal setae of legs 1 – 4 with inner margin ornamented with short setules, outer margin spinulose. Armature formula of legs 1 – 4: basis endopod exopod leg 1 1 – 0 0 – 1; 0 – 1; 1,2,2 I- 1; 0 – 1; I, 2,2 legs 2 – 4 1 – 0 0 – 1; 0 – 1; 1,2,2 I- 1; 0 – 1; I, 1,2,2 Fifth legs medially separate, indistinctly bilobate, inner (endopodal) lobe inconspicuous, unarmed, represented by low inner rounded protuberance separated from fifth leg only at its distal end, lobe barely reaching midlength of outer lobe ’ s inner margin. Outer (exopodal) lobe subrectangular, slender, armed with three subequally long setae on distal position, innermost slightly shorter than adjacent setae (Figure 2 (e, f )). Male. unknown.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB372FFF4FE66B3E0FC9621BE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Harbour of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea (45 ° 36 ʹ 41.04 ” N, 13 ° 47 ʹ 3.78 ” E) (Figure 1).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB372FFF4FE66B3E0FC9621BE.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name makes reference to the ancient name of Trieste (Tergeste), Adriatic Sea; the epithet has a neuter ending to match the genus name.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB372FFF4FE66B3E0FC9621BE.taxon	discussion	Remarks This female monstrillid from Trieste was easily assigned to the genus Cymbasoma by its possession of three caudal setae and three urosomites (fifth pedigerous, genitaldouble and anal somites). Most of the known species of Cymbasoma have a fifth leg, bearing an outer lobe armed with two or three setae and an inner lobe developed to different degrees. The Trieste specimen is assignable to a group of species related to the C. rigidum complex (Suárez-Morales 2006); the size and shape of the inner lobe has been used to separate species in this complex (Suárez-Morales 2006; Suárez- Morales and McKinnon 2016). In our new species from Trieste, the inner lobe is weakly developed. This kind of short, poorly defined inner lobe has been depicted in records of C. rigidum (Thompson 1888) by Scott (1904) from Scotland and Bernier et al. (2002) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Another variable character of the fifth legs in the group is the relative length of the inner terminal seta of the outer lobe; it can be nearly as long as the other setae, as in C. germanicum (Timm, 1893) (Suárez-Morales 2006), and in reports of C. rigidum by Bourne (1890) and Scott (1904) or about half the length of the other two setae, as in Sars (1921), Wilson (1932), Sekiguchi (1982) and Bernier et al. (2002), all of them as C. rigidum. It is clear that this complex still contains many different species. This appears to be the case of the Trieste species described here; previous local records like that by Hure and KršiniĆ (1998) should be revised to determine its identity. A fifth leg with a very weakly developed inner lobe, represented by a marginal expansion of the outer lobe or reaching less than halfway of inner margin of the outer lobe, is also present in C. thompsoni Giesbrecht, 1893, C. reticulatum Giesbrecht, 1893, C. tropica Wolfenden, 1906, C. bali Desai and Krishnaswamy, 1962, C. tirmizae Khan and Kamran, 1974, and C. striifrons Chang 2012, but also in the recently described Australian species C. curticrus Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016 and C. lentilum Suárez-Morales and McKinnon, 2016. Cymbasoma reticulatum can be readily distinguished among other species of the genus by its reticulated cephalosome and antennules, a character absent in the new species. In C. reticulatum, C. bali and C. constrictum the three setae of the fifth leg outer lobe are equally long and wide (Giesbrecht 1893; Desai and Krishnaswamy 1962, fig 10; Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016), differing from C. tergestinum, in which the innermost seta is slightly shorter and thinner than the other two. In C. thompsoni (Giesbrecht 1893; Sars 1921), C. tropica (Martin Thompson and Easterson 1983), C. tirmiziae (Khan and Kamran 1974), C. striifrons (Chang 2012) and C. lentilum (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016), the innermost seta is clearly shorter than the other setae, in most cases reaching about halflength of adjacent seta, thus differing from the new species. In C. curticrus the innermost seta is only slightly shorter and narrower than the other fifth leg setae, thus resembling the pattern found in the new species from Trieste. In addition, the shape of the genital double-somite is different in these species; in C. reticulatum, C. tropica, C. bali, C. tirmiziae and C. striifrons the lateral margins are moderately produced and rounded (Giesbrecht 1893; Desai and Krishnaswamy 1962; Martin Thompson and Easterson 1983; Chang 2012; Suárez- Morales and McKinnon 2016), whereas in the new species the anterior half is clearly expanded and the posterior half has straight margins (Figure 2 (f )). In the Australian C. curticrus, the genital double-somite is also expanded anteriorly, but margins are angular, not rounded (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016). The antennule segmentation differs among these species, particularly in the fusion of segments 3 – 4. A complete suture is present in C. curticrus, C. bali and C. thompsoni and C. tirmiziae, whereas an incomplete suture is found in C. striifrons (Chang 2012); these segments are fused in the new species (Figure 2 (d )). Overall, the new species most closely resembles the Australian C. curticrus on the structure and armature of the fifth legs, but diverge in the shape of the genital double-somite, the antennule segmentation and in the body proportions: the cephalothorax represents 58 % of the body in the new species vs 70 % in C. curticrus (Suárez- Morales and McKinnon 2016). The unique combination of characters present in this specimen from Trieste justifies the proposal of a new taxon.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB376FFF8FE30B35FFD2B21BE.taxon	description	(Figure 3 (a – h ))	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB376FFF8FE30B35FFD2B21BE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Adult holotype female from station 4, located in the harbor of Trieste (Figure 1, Table 1), North Adriatic Sea, specimen partially dissected, appendages mounted on slide in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Date of collection: 15 July 2015. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009522.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB376FFF8FE30B35FFD2B21BE.taxon	description	Description of adult female Body moderately elongated, slender (Figure 3 (a )); total body length = 1.31 mm. Cephalothorax 0.79 mm long, representing 60 % of total body length. Midventral oral papilla located at 26 % of cephalothorax length. Pair of relatively large ocelli present, pigment cups well developed, medially conjoined, strongly pigmented; ventral cup slightly larger than lateral cups (Figure 3 (a, c )). Cephalic area with slightly produced, rounded ‘ forehead ’, ornamented dorsally with simple transverse striations; ventral surface of forehead with shallow transverse striations and with pair of frontal sensilla (Figure 3 (b )). Cephalic cuticular ornamentation including (1) pair of unguiform scars between bases of antennules, (2) pair of symmetrical nipple-like processes on anterior ventral surface in preoral area, with transverse adjacent striation, (3) small, medial pair of papilla-like processes, (4) striated ventral surface between nipple-like processes and oral papilla (Figure 3 (c, d), )) and (5) shallow striation including distal half of cephalothorax (Figure 3 (a, b )). Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite and anal somite, together representing 17 % of total body length. Relative lengths of urosomites (fifth pedigerous, genital-double and free somites) as: 25: 43: 32 = 100, respectively. Fifth pedigerous somite with medial constriction (Figure 3 (f )), fifth legs inserted on distal 1 / 3 of somite. Genital double-somite with marginal cuticular ridges on lateral surfaces (Figure 3 (f – h )) and shallow ventral striations anterior to insertion of ovigerous spines. Genital double-somite constricted, anterior half expanded, with rounded margins; posterior lateral margins produced into rounded processes (arrow in Figure 3 (h )). Anal somite about 74 % as long as genital double-somite, medially constricted, with transverse lateral ridges. Caudal ramus subquadrate, 1.1 - times longer than wide, armed with three subequally long, sparsely setulated caudal setae. Ovigerous spines paired, relatively short, 19 % of total body length. Spines basally separated, relatively wide, robust, one slightly longer than the other, straight at their base and along shaft, both tapering distally. Antennule length 0.27 mm, representing about 21 % of total body length and 34 % of cephalothorax length in the specimen examined; antennule 4 - segmented, suture between segments 3 and 4 present (Figure 3 (e )). Relative length of distal antennulary segment: 42 %. In terms of pattern described by Grygier and Ohtsuka (1995) for female monstrilloid antennulary armature, setae (Roman numerals) and spines (Arabic numerals), stout, short spiniform element 1 present on first segment; elements on second segment: 2 d 1 - 2, 2 v 1 - 3 and IId. Third segment with stout, long element 3, clearly longer than elements of the 2 v group. Setal elements IIId and IIIv present. Segment 4 bearing elements 4 d 1,2, but elements 4 v 2,3 not observed; element 4 v 1 present. Setae IVd, IVv, Vd, and Vv present. Aesthetasc 4 aes present, slender. Element 5 spiniform, short. Subterminal elements b 1 - 4 present, unbranched; apical elements 61 and 62 and 6 aes present (Figure 3 (e )). Incorporated first pedigerous somite and succeeding three free pedigerous somites each bearing a pair of biramous legs. Pedigerous somites 2 – 4, together accounting for 21 % of total body length in dorsal view. Legs 1 – 4 slightly increasing in size posteriorly. Intercoxal sclerites of legs 1 – 4 subrectangular, smooth. Legs 1 – 4 articulating with large, rectangular coxa along oblique line; with outer basipodal seta; on leg 3, this seta is about 3.5 - times longer than in the other legs, biserially setulated from proximal 1 / 3 and slightly thicker than those on the other legs. Endopods and exopods of legs 1 – 4 triarticulated. Ramal setae all biserially plumose except spiniform outer seta on exopodal segments 1 and 3, and inner seta of first exopodal segment, these latter being short, slender, and sparsely setulated. Also, outermost apical exopodal setae of legs 1 – 4 with inner margin ornamented with short setules, outer margin spinulose. Armature formula of legs 1 – 4: basis endopod exopod leg 1 1 – 0 0 – 1; 0 – 1; 1,2,2 I- 1; 0 – 1; I, 2,2 legs 2 – 4 1 – 0 0 – 1; 0 – 1; 1,2,2 I- 1; 0 – 1; I, 1,2,2 Fifth legs basally separate, distinctly bilobate, inner (endopodal) lobe conspicuous, unarmed, arising proximally, reaching slightly beyond midlength of long outer lobe. Outer (exopodal) lobe elongated, slender, armed with three subequally long setae on distal position, innermost slightly longer than adjacent setae (Figure 3 (f, g )). Male. unknown.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB376FFF8FE30B35FFD2B21BE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Harbour of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea (45 ° 37 ʹ 47.22 ” N, 13 ° 46 ʹ 10.98 ” E) (Figure 1).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB376FFF8FE30B35FFD2B21BE.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is warmly dedicated to Professor Mario Specchi who was Professor of Zoology at the University of Trieste; he inspired generations of marine biology students. As a marine ecologist he always stressed the importance of zooplankton research, carrying out studies ranging from taxonomy to fishery ecology.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB376FFF8FE30B35FFD2B21BE.taxon	discussion	Remarks This female monstrillid from Trieste also belongs to the C. rigidum species complex by its possession of three subequal setae on the fifth leg and a well-defined fifth leg inner lobe, among other characters (Suárez-Morales 2006). As described for the previous species, this fifth leg structure and ornamentation pattern resembles some records of C. rigidum, but some comments should be added first about this nominal species before comparing it further with the specimen from Trieste. The incomplete original description of C. rigidum by Thompson (1888) from the Canary Islands has represented an obstacle to morphologically define the true C. rigidum. Among the discernible characters of the original description, the large, unconstricted anal somite, representing about 70 % of the genital double-somite length (Thompson 1888, figs. 1 and 4), the unconstricted genital double-somite with weakly expanded anterior half, the strongly pigmented inner half of the medially conjoined lateral eye cups, and the relatively short antennulary element 3, allow some comparison. The structure of the fifth legs was incompletely described by Thompson (1888), but Bourne (1890) stated that his specimens from Plymouth are identical to those from the Canary Islands and added that they have ‘ ... relatively long endopodites ’; thus, he illustrated the Plymouth specimens as having a well-defined fifth leg inner lobe and three equally long setae on the outer lobe (Bourne, 1890). So, a relatively large, unconstricted anal somite is an additional character related to the true C. rigidum. This strict pattern diverges in one or more characters from the reports assigned to this species by Scott (1904), Sars (1921), Wilson (1932) and Bernier et al. (2002), which should be revised (see Suárez-Morales 2006). This new species from Trieste, C. specchii, has affinities with C. rigidum, with a clearly defined inner lobe reaching about halfway of the inner margin of outer lobe and three subequally long setae. It has also a long anal somite, representing 74 % of the genital double-somite length. The new species differs from the strict C. rigidum pattern in the following characters: (1) the anal somite has a medial constriction; (2) the genital double-somite is also constricted and has posterolateral processes; (3) the antennulary element 3 is noticeably long (Figure 3 (e )); (4) the fifth leg inner lobe does not reach the distal margin of the outer lobe (as in Bourne 1890, fig. 12). The Australian species C. constrictum Suárez-Morales and McKinnon, 2016 closely resembles the new species; both share a fifth leg with subequally long setae, a well-defined fifth leg inner lobe reaching about halfway of the outer lobe, a long, constricted anal somite, a similar genital doublesomite with posterolateral processes and a similar arrangement of cephalic ventral structures (i. e. nipple-like and papilla-like structures) (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016). They differ in several characters: (1) the body is clearly more robust and compact in C. constrictum (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, fig. 37 E) than in the new species; (2) the anal somite is as long as the preceding genital double-somite in the Australian species (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, fig. 37 E) vs a shorter anal somite in the female from Trieste (73 % of genital double-somite) (Figure 3 (h )); (3) the fifth pedigerous somite is expanded and ornamented with posterior ridges in C. constrictum, whereas it is constricted and with a smooth dorsal surface in the new species; (4) the antennule segments 3 – 4 are separate in the new species and fused in C. constrictum; also, the antennulary element 3 is relatively longer in the new species (Figure 3 (e )) than in C. constrictum (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, fig. 37 B); (5) the cuticular ventral ornamentation is weak in C. constrictum (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figure 37 A) when compared with the striation pattern covering the anterior half of the cephalothorax in the new species (Figure 3 (c, d )). Another Australian species with a long, constricted anal and genital compound somites and a similar fifth leg structure and ornamentation is C. paraconstrictum (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016), but it can be distinguished by the presence of a dorsal protuberance that is absent from most other species of the genus; it also has a remarkably short distal antennulary segment, representing 35 % of the appendage length vs 43 % in the new species; the fifth leg inner lobe is long, reaching the distal margin of the outer lobe, thus diverging from the condition observed in the new species from Trieste.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB37AFFE2FE48B35FFBB320C3.taxon	description	(Figures 4 (a – g), 5 (a – i ))	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB37AFFE2FE48B35FFBB320C3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Adult holotype female from LTER-C 1 station, Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea (45 ° 42 ʹ 2.99 ” N, 13 ° 42 ʹ 36.00 ‘ E) (Figure 1, Table 1), partially dissected, appendages mounted on slide in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Date of collection: 26 August 2015. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 000000. Adult male allotype from station 2, harbour of Trieste (45 ° 37 ʹ 4.08 ’ N, 13 ° 46 ʹ 30.96 ” E) (Figure 1), date of collection: 12 May 2014. Specimen mounted on semi-permanent slide (ECO-CHZ- 009523).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB37AFFE2FE48B35FFBB320C3.taxon	description	Description of adult female Body moderately elongated, slender (Figure 4 (a, b )); total body length = 0.78 mm. Cephalothorax = 0.48 mm long, representing 61.6 % of total body length. Midventral oral papilla located at 27.5 % of cephalothorax length. Pair of relatively large eyes present, pigment cups well developed, separated by one eye diameter, weakly pigmented; ventral cup slightly larger than lateral cups (Figure 4 (a )). Cephalic area moderately produced, with flat ‘ forehead ’, frontal surface smooth, with pair of sensilla. Cephalic cuticular ornamentation reduced, including (1) pair of small, symmetrical nipple-like ventral processes on preoral area and (2) unguiform scars and nipple-like processes at each side of oral papilla (Figure 4 (b, d )). Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite and anal somite, together representing 15 % of total body length. Relative lengths of urosomites (fifth pedigerous, genital-double and free somites) as: 34: 44: 22 = 100, respectively. Fifth pedigerous somite with straight lateral margins (Figure 4 (e )), fifth legs inserted on distal 1 / 3 of somite. Genital double-somite moderately expanded medially, with widely rounded margins; ventral surface expanded (Figure 4 (f )). Postero-lateral margins with small subtriangular processes (arrowed in Figure 4 (e )). Anal somite about half as long as genital doublesomite, ventrally produced (Figure 4 (f )). Caudal ramus subquadrate, 1.1 - times longer than wide, armed with three subequally long, sparsely setulated caudal setae. Ovigerous spines paired, relatively long, representing 30 % of total body length. Spines basally separated, slender, equally long, straight at their base and along shaft, both tapering distally. Antennule length 0.2 mm, representing about 26 % of total body length and 44 % of cephalothorax length; antennule 4 - segmented, suture between segments 3 and 4 absent (Figure 4 (c )). Relative length of distal antennulary segment: 42 %. In terms of pattern described by Grygier and Ohtsuka (1995) for female monstrilloid antennulary armature, setae (Roman numerals) and spines (Arabic numerals), short spiniform element 1 present on first segment; elements on second segment: 2 d 1 - 2, 2 v 1 - 3, and IId; element 2 v 1 remarkably long, longest of 2 v-d group. Third segment with robust, long element 3, as long as elements of 2 v group. Setal elements IIId and IIIv present. Segment 4 bearing elements 4 d 1,2, 4 v 1 - 3. Setae IVd, IVv, Vd and Vv present. Aesthetasc 4 aes present, slender. Element 5 spiniform, strong. Subterminal elements b 1 - 5 present, unbranched; apical elements 61 and 62 and 6 aes present (Figure 4 (c )). Incorporated first pedigerous somite and succeeding three free pedigerous somites each bearing a pair of biramous legs. Pedigerous somites 2 – 4, together accounting for 24 % of total body length in dorsal view. Legs 1 – 4 slightly increasing in size posteriorly. Intercoxal sclerites of legs 1 – 4 subrectangular, with smooth surface, decreasing in size (Figure 4 (i )). Legs 1 – 4 articulating with large, rectangular coxa along oblique line; with outer basipodal seta; on leg 3, this seta about 3.5 - times longer than in the other legs, biserially setulated. Endopods and exopods of legs 1 – 4 triarticulated. Ramal setae all biserially plumose except spiniform apical seta on exopodal segment 3, with inner margin naked (Figure 4 (j )). Armature formula of legs 1 – 4 as in previous species. Fifth legs basally conjoined, distinctly bilobate, inner (endopodal) lobe conspicuous, unarmed, arising proximally, digitiform, reaching slightly beyond midlength of long outer lobe. Outer (exopodal) lobe elongated, slender, armed with two subequally long setae on distal position (Figure 4 (f, g )). Description of adult male Total body length: 0.74 mm. Cephalothorax 0.33 mm long, representing 44.8 % of total body length (Figure 5 (a )). Midventral oral papilla moderately developed, located at 24 % of cephalothorax length. Cephalic region slightly protuberant bilaterally in dorsal view. Pair of dorsal ocelli present, weakly developed; pigment cups medium-sized. Ocelli separated by the length of slightly less than one eye diameter, faintly pigmented. Ventral cup larger than lateral cups. Pair of sensilla observed between antennulary bases. Forehead area as in female, i. e. produced with flat lightly striated surface (Figure 5 (b, c )). Ventral rounded protuberance between antennule bases, similar to that of the female (Figure 5 (c )). Perioral ornamentation as in female, with reduced nipple-like processes at both sides of oral papilla plus small preoral papilla-like elements (arrow in Figure 5 (d )). Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous, genital (carrying genital complex), preanal and anal somites (Figure 5 (e – g )). Fifth pedigerous somite with smooth ventral and dorsal surfaces. Genital somite slightly shorter than fifth pedigerous somite. Genital complex of type II (Suárez- Morales and McKinnon 2014), represented by pair of divergent, digitiform genital lappets (Figure 5 (f )), these being slightly asymmetrical, right ramus slightly narrower than left in ventral view (Figure 5 (f )); lappets barely reaching to midlength of long anal somite. Pair of small medial thumb-like processes present at common basal joint of lappets, lappets surface smooth. Anal somite with weak constriction, moderately expanded ventrally, about 1.2 - times as long as preanal somite in dorsal and lateral views, comprising 30 % of urosome length; no suture visible on ventral or dorsal surfaces. Caudal rami subrectangular, approximately 1.3 - times as long as wide, about as long as anal somite. Each ramus with three caudal setae. Antennule length 0.22 mm. Antennules relatively long, representing 29 % of total body length, and 66 % of cephalothorax length (Figure 5 (a )); 5 - segmented, segments 1 – 2 and 2 – 3 separated, segments 3 – 4 fused, as in female. Segment 5 located distal to geniculation (Figure 5 (b )). Setal element 1 on first segment slender, moderately long, reaching halfway along second segment. Antennulary elements 2 v 1 - 3, 2 d 1,2 and IId present on second segment, with elements of group 2 v-d long. Setal elements IIId, IIIv and long element 3 present on third segment. Fourth segment with elements 4 d 1 - 2, 4 v 1 – 3, IVd and IVv; element 4 v 1 longest of 4 v-d group, as in female. Fifth segment with 5 unbranched ‘ b ’ - group setae (A – D in Figure 5 (b )) (as in female). As for Huys et al. (2007) setal nomenclature of the distal segment, elements A – E and 1, 2, 4 present. Incorporated first pedigerous somite and succeeding three pedigerous somites, each bearing well-developed biramous legs. Pedigerous somites 2 – 4, together accounting for 34 % of total body length in dorsal view. Coxae of each pair unarmed, joined by intercoxal sclerite, which is slightly longer than wide and ornamented with small quadrate fields of spinules (Figures 5 (i, h )). Bases of legs 1 – 4 separated from coxae posteriorly by oblique articulation; with outer basal seta; on leg 3, this seta about 7 - times longer, sparsely setulated (Figure 5 (i )). Endopods and exopods of legs 1 – 4 triarticulated. Outer spine on distal exopodal segment of legs 1 – 4 about 0.3 - times as long as segment. Armature formula of legs as in female.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB37AFFE2FE48B35FFBB320C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Station LTER-C 1 (45 ° 42 ʹ 2.99 ” N, 13 ° 42 ʹ 36.00 ” E) in the Gulf of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea (Figure 1).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB37AFFE2FE48B35FFBB320C3.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name makes reference to the close resemblance of this species with its Australian congener C. bidentatus by adding the prefix ‘ pseudo’.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB37AFFE2FE48B35FFBB320C3.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species of Cymbasoma can be distinguished from its congeners by a unique combination of the following features: (1) the presence of small posterodorsal subtriangular processes on the female genital double-somite; (2) a medial ventral cephalic protuberance; (3) fused antennulary segments 3 – 4 in both the male and the female; (4) female outer fifth leg lobe armed with two subequally long setae plus a small, slender innermost seta; (5) a ventrally expanded anal somite in both the male and the female; (6) male genital complex with a pair of distinctive medial thumb-like processes. There are only two other known species of Cymbasoma with posterior processes on the female genital double-somite. One is the Australian C. bidentatum Suárez-Morales and McKinnon, 2016, a species with which the new species shares other characters like the general body proportions, antennule relative length, an anteroventral process between the antennule bases. The new species and C. bidentatum clearly diverge in the armature of the fifth legs (i. e. two setae in the new species, three in C. bidentatum), the shape of the genital double-somite (evenly rounded and with no ventral processes in the new species, with marginal notches and ventral processes in C. bidentatum) and the antennule segmentation (segments 3 – 4 fused in the new species, unfused in C. bidentatum) (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figs. 20 and 21). The other species with such a process on the genital double-somite is from Trieste, as described below. The processes on the genital double-somite are clearly different in these two species; wider, less pronounced and in a more lateral position in C. clauderazoulsi sp. nov. (Figure 6 (f, g )) than in C. pseudobidentatum sp. nov. (Figure 4 (e )). Because of the very small, inconspicuous female fifth leg inner seta, C. bidentatum sp. nov. can be confused with other species bearing only two long setae on the fifth leg outer lobe; this is a condition found in only a few Cymbasoma (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon, 2016): C. agoense Sekiguchi, 1982 from Japan and the Australian C. tharawalorum Suárez- Morales and McKinnon, 2016, C. lourdesae Suárez-Morales and McKinnon, 2016, C. dakini Suárez-Morales and McKinnon, 2016 and Cymbasoma sp. Suárez-Morales and McKinnon, 2016. A brief comparison is made here to distinguish the new species C. pseudobidentatum from this small group of species. It differs from C. agoense and C. tharawalorum in the body shape and proportions; in these two congeners, belonging to the agoense species complex, the cephalothorax is clearly short and robust and antennules are very short (Sekiguchi 1982, figure 6 A; Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figs. 56 and 65). The new species differs from C. lourdesae by the relative length of the fifth legs; in the new species they do not reach the insertion of the ovigerous spines (Figure 4 (f )), whereas they reach beyond this point in C. lourdesae (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, fig. 25 E). In C. lourdesae the antennule resembles that of the new species, including a complete fusion of segments 3 – 4, but in the Australian species the antennulary elements b 1 - 3 are branched (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figure 24 C) vs unbranched in the new species (Figure 4 (c )). A frontal cephalic process is present in C. lourdesae (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figs. 24 B, C) and is absent in the new species; in addition, the genital double-somite is strongly globose in C. lourdesae, with a conspicuous ventral projection (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, fig. 24 F), thus differing from the moderately rounded margins and weak ventral expansion observed in the same somite in the new species. The new species differs from C. dakini in the following characters: (1) the genital double-somite has a distinctive anteroventral process in C. dakini (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figure 7 D), which is absent in the new species (Figure 4 (f )), (2) the female antennule segments 3 – 4 are fused in the new species vs a complete suture in C. dakini (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, fig. 7 G). In addition, the preoral ornamentation differs in both species, with a heavy cuticular striation pattern and a striated frontal process in C. dakini (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figs. 7 A, B) vs a weak ornamentation and a smooth frontal process in the new species (Figure 4 (d )). The new species has affinities with Cymbasoma sp. from Australia (Suárez-Morales & McKinnon 2016), including a similar structure of the female fifth leg, a moderately rounded genital double-somite and a ventral cephalic rounded process. These species differ in the body proportions; in Cymbasoma sp. the cephalothorax represents 66 % of the total body length vs 61 % in the new species. In Cymbasoma sp. the cephalic area has a reticulate fringe (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016, figures 70 B, C) that is absent in the new species (Figure 4 (b, d )). The eye cups are smaller than the ventral cup and more separated in Cymbasoma sp. than in the new species, with cups having the same diameter as the ventral cup (Figure 4 (a )). The antennule length, segmentation and armature of the new species could not be compared with Cymbasoma sp. because the Australian specimen is incomplete (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2016). The male C. pseudobidentatum closely resembles C. tenue (Isaac 1975), known from England and the Mediterranean (Suárez-Morales and Riccardi 1997; Suárez-Morales 2000 c). These two species differ in subtle characters. In C. tenue the medial processes on the base of the genital lappets are clearly acute (Suárez-Morales and Riccardi 1997, fig. 3 F; Suárez-Morales 2000 c, fig. 6 E) and smaller than in the new species, in which these processes are apically rounded, thumb-like and relatively larger (Figure 5 (f )). The anal somite has a medial constriction in the new species, thus differing from C. tenue, lacking this character (Suárez-Morales and Riccardi 1997, fig. 3 E; Suárez-Morales 2000 c, fig. 6 F). In addition, the b-group setae on the outer margin of the last segment of the antennule are unbranched in the new species (Figure 5 (b )) and branched in C. tenue (Suárez- Morales and Riccardi 1997, fig. 2 D; Suárez-Morales 2000 c, fig. 6 D). The male and female of C. pseudobidentatum sp. nov. were linked as being conspecific, based on the several morphologic characters they share, as follows: (1) the anteriorly produced but apically flat forehead with a pair of sensilla on the same position and with a similar adjacent cuticular ornamentation; (2) the position of the oral papilla and the arrangement of the reduced perioral ornamentation; (3) the presence of an anteroventral rounded process in the preoral area; (4) the antennulary segmentation, with segments 3 – 4 fused; (5) very long antennulary elements 2 v 1 and particularly element 4 v 1 being the longest of group 4 v-d; and (6) anal segment expanded ventrally. A similar set of characters was used to match the male and female of C. quintanarooense in the Caribbean Sea (Suárez-Morales 2000 a).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB360FFE6FE65B3A4FCE524F9.taxon	description	(Figure 6 (a – i ))	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB360FFE6FE65B3A4FCE524F9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Adult holotype female from station 8, harbour of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea (Figure 1, Table 1), partially dissected, appendages mounted on slide in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Date of collection: 4 May 2016. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009524.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB360FFE6FE65B3A4FCE524F9.taxon	description	Description of adult female Body elongated, slender (Figure 6 (a, b )); body length of holotype female 1.28 mm. Cephalothorax 0.82 mm long, representing 64 % of total body length. Midventral oral papilla located at 25 % of cephalothorax length. Pair of relatively small ocelli present, pigment cups moderately developed, medially separated by one eye diameter, weakly pigmented; ventral cup larger than lateral cups (Figure 6 (a, c )). Cephalic area with weakly produced ‘ forehead ’, ornamented with shallow transverse striations (Figure 6 (c )) and pair of sensilla. Wide, dorsal symmetrical rounded protuberances surrounding ocelli (arrowed in Figure 6 (c )) and adjacent lateral expansions in cephalic section. Low ventral rounded protuberance with adjacent transverse striae (arrows in Figure 6 (d )). Additional cephalic cuticular ornamentation including transverse, shallow cuticular striation overlying anterior ventral surface of oral papilla (Figure 6 (j )). Pair of symmetrical nipple-like processes on anterior ventral surface at each side of oral area (Figure 6 (j )). Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite and anal somite, together representing 10 % of total body length. Relative lengths of urosomites (fifth pedigerous, genital-double and anal somite) as: 36.1: 41.3: 22.6 = 100, respectively. Genital double-somite with smooth dorsal and ventral surfaces, with rounded posterior process on lateral margin, visible in dorsal view (arrows in Figure 6 (f, g )); insertion of ovigerous spines with adjacent curved row of slender, short spinules. Caudal ramus subquadrate, armed with three subequally long, sparsely setulated caudal setae (Figure 6 (h )). Ovigerous spines paired, relatively short (0.28 mm), representing 21 % of total body length (Figure 6 (b )). Spines basally separated, slender, straight at their base and along shaft, without distal expansions and tapering distally, spines subequally long (Figure 6 (i )). Antennule length 0.34 mm, relatively long, remarkably divergent, representing about 25.6 % of total body length and 41 % of cephalothorax length (Figure 6 (a )). Antennule 4 - segmented, segments 3 – 4 completely fused; intersegmental division between these segments marked by elongated, relatively narrow section. Distal antennulary segment longest, representing 49 % of antennule length. In terms of pattern described by Grygier and Ohtsuka (1995) for female monstrilloid antennulary armature, setae (Roman numerals) and spines (Arabic numerals), stout, spiniform element 1 present on first segment; elements on second segment: 2 d 1 - 2, 2 v 1 - 3 and IId. Third segment with slender, long element 3 plus elements IIId and IIIv. Segment 4 bearing elements 4 d 1,2, 4 v 1 - 3; setae IVd, IVv, Vd, Vm present. Element 5 spiniform, short. Subterminal elements b 1 - 6 present, unbranched; elements 61 – 2 and 6 aes present in specimens (Figure 6 (e )). Incorporated first pedigerous somite and succeeding three free pedigerous somites each bearing a pair of biramous legs. Pedigerous somites 2 – 4, together accounting for 17 % of total body length in dorsal view. Legs 1 – 4 slightly increasing in size posteriorly. Intercoxal sclerites of legs 1 – 4 subrectangular, widest at base, tapering distally, surface and posterior margin smooth. Bases of legs 1 – 4 articulating with large, rectangular coxa along oblique line; with outer basipodal seta; on leg 3, this seta about 2.2 - times longer, slightly setulated from proximal half and slightly thicker than those on the other legs. Endopods and exopods of legs 1 – 4 triarticulated. Ramal setae all biserially plumose except spiniform outer seta on exopodal segments 1 and 3, and inner seta of first exopodal segment, these latter being short, slender and sparsely setulated. Spine on distal exopodal segment of right leg 4 acute; outermost apical exopodal setae of legs 1 – 4 with inner margin sparsely setulated, outer margin spinulose (Figure 6 (k )). Armature formula of legs as in previous species. Fifth legs medially conjoined, bilobate, inner (endopodal) lobe elongate, thumb-like, unarmed, rounded distally, reaching about ¾ the length of outer lobe. Outer (exopodal) lobe elongated, slender, armed with two long setae on distal position plus short, slender innermost seta (Figure 6 (h )). Male. unknown.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB360FFE6FE65B3A4FCE524F9.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Harbour of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea (45 ° 39 ʹ 06.08 ” N, 13 ° 45 ʹ 22.63 ” E) (Figure 1).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB360FFE6FE65B3A4FCE524F9.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species is warmly dedicated to Dr Claude Razouls, an esteemed French copepodologist who has created and constructed, for over 30 years, a comprehensive database and site on the Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Marine Planktonic Copepods (http: // copepodes. obs-banyuls. fr), thus making a very valuable, solid contribution to the discipline worldwide.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB360FFE6FE65B3A4FCE524F9.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species resembles the female of the previously described congener C. pseudobidentatum sp. nov. in the presence of: (1) the same fifth leg structure and armature, with the outer lobe armed with two long subequal setae and a minute innermost seta; (2) similar body proportions, with a cephalothorax representing 60 – 64 % of body length; (3) diverging antennules representing 25 % of body length; and (4) a similar shape and proportion of the genital compound and anal somites, particularly with a pair of posterolateral processes. There are, however, several differences between these two species: (1) the different antennulary segmentation, with a distinctive elongated intersegmental section of segments 3 – 4 in the new species (Figure 5 (e )), a character that is absent in C. pseudobidentatum (Figure 4 (c )); (2) antennulary element 3 is relatively short, thick in C. pseudobidentatum and long, slender in the new species; also, element 2 v 1 is remarkably long in C. pseudobidentatum, longer than all the elements of group 2 v-d, whereas this element is shorter than other elements of the group in the new species (Figure 6 (e )); (3) the shape and size of the posterolateral processes on the genital double-somite; these are small, subtriangular in C. pseudobidentatum (Figure 4 (e )) and larger, widely rounded in the new species (Figure 6 (f )); (4) the anal somite is ventrally produced in C. pseudobidentatum and flat in the new species, C. clauderazoulsi (Figure 6 (g )); (5) the new species is smaller (0.78 mm) than C. pseudobidentatum (1.28 mm) and the cephalothorax shape is different in these species, the former with a narrower cephalic section and relatively smaller eyes (Figure 6 (a )). The fifth leg with an inner lobe present and an outer lobe armed with two long seta and an inconspicuous minute inner seta is present in C. nicolettae Suárez-Morales, 2002, C. thompsonii (Giesbrecht 1893; Sars 1921) and in records of C. rigidum (Sars 1921; Wilson 1932; Isaac 1975) in which the innermost seta is slender and very small (i. e. less than half the length of the other setae). The new species can be distinguished from this group of species by the presence of the posterolateral processes on the genital double-somite, but also by other characters. Among these species, only the Mediterranean C. nicolettae (Suárez-Morales 2002) has a long, divergent set of antennules and a similar fifth leg (with short innermost seta) and similar body shape and proportions. It differs from C. clauderazoulsi sp. n. in the mammiliform shape of the fifth leg inner lobe, thus diverging from the simple thumb-like condition observed in the new species. Also, the innermost seta is noticeably longer and more conspicuous in C. nicolettae (Suárez-Morales 2002, figure 8) than in the new species. The antennulary structure is similar in both species, with an elongated intersegmental section between segments 3 – 4, but in C. nicolettae elements 3 (short, robust) and 2 v 1 (shorter than other elements of group 2 v-d) (Suárez-Morales 2002, figures 5 and 6) differ from the elements observed in C. clauderazoulsi (both elements 3 and 2 v 1 are long and slender, as described).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB364FFEBFE12B79FFD172026.taxon	description	(Figure 7 (a – h ))	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB364FFEBFE12B79FFD172026.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Adult holotype female from station 8 (Figure 1), harbour of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea, specimen partially dissected, appendages mounted on slide in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Date of collection: 20 July 2016. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009525.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB364FFEBFE12B79FFD172026.taxon	description	Description of adult female Body elongated, slender (Figures 7 (a, b )); body length of holotype female 1.04 mm. Cephalothorax 0.61 mm long, representing 58.7 % of total body length. Midventral oral papilla located at 14 % of cephalothorax length. Pair of large ocelli present, pigment cups moderately developed, medially separated by less than half of one eye diameter, pigmented only on inner margin; ventral cup slightly larger than lateral cups (Figure 7 (d )). Cephalic area with strongly produced ‘ forehead ’, ornamented with relatively deep ridges on anteriormost end (Figure 7 (c, d )); frontal sensilla absent. Cephalic section not constricted, but narrower than medial part of cephalothorax (Figure 7 (b, c )). Paired ventral papilla-like processes between antennule bases with few adjacent transverse striae (arrow in Figure 7 (e )). Nipple-like processes on preoral surface surrounded by striae arranged in incomplete concentric pattern (Figure 7 (c )). Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous somite, genital double-somite and anal somite, together representing 18 % of total body length. Relative lengths of urosomites (fifth pedigerous, genital-double and anal somite) as: 34.2: 42.4: 23.4 = 100, respectively. Fifth pedigerous somite subrectangular, with shallow striation on dorsal surface (Figure 7 (g )). Genital double-somite with globose anterior part; somite with anteroventral protuberance visible in lateral view (Figure 7 (g, h )), with shallow ventral suture line and small rounded posterolateral process (arrow in Figure 7 (h )). Caudal ramus subquadrate, armed with three subequally long, sparsely setulated caudal setae (Figure 7 (g )). Ovigerous spines paired, relatively long (0.48 mm), representing 47 % of total body length, reaching well beyond distal end of caudal setae (Figure 7 (a )). Spines basally separated, slender, straight at their base and along shaft, without distal expansions and tapering distally, both spines subequally long. Anal somite unconstricted, with smooth dorsal and ventral surfaces. Antennule length 0.20 mm, relatively short, not divergent, representing about 19 % of total body length and 30 % of cephalothorax length. Antennule 4 - segmented, all segments completely separate. Distal antennulary segment relatively short, representing 37 % of antennule length. In terms of pattern described by Grygier and Ohtsuka (1995) for female monstrilloid antennulary armature, setae (Roman numerals) and spines (Arabic numerals), slender spiniform element 1 present on first segment; elements on second segment: 2 d 1 - 2, 2 v 1 - 3 and IId; all subequally long, except for relatively longer element 2 v 3. Third segment with strong, long element 3 plus elements IIId and IIIv. Segment 4 bearing elements 4 aes, 4 d 1,2, 4 v 1 - 3; elements 4 v 1,2 remarkably long. Setae IVd, Vv, Vd present. Element 5 not observed. Subterminal elements b 1 - 3, 4, 6 present, unbranched; elements 61 – 2 relatively large; aesthetasc 6 aes present in specimens (Figure 7 (d )). Legs 1 – 4 as described by Suárez-Morales and Riccardi (1997) and Suárez-Morales (2002) (as C. tumorifrons). Fifth legs basally separate, represented by a single subrectangular lobe armed with three subequally long biserially setulated setae on distal position (Figure 7 (f )). Male. unknown.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB364FFEBFE12B79FFD172026.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality Harbour of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea (45 ° 39 ʹ 06.08 ” N, 13 ° 45 ʹ 22.63 ” E) (Figure 1).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB364FFEBFE12B79FFD172026.taxon	etymology	Etymology The name makes reference to the Mediterranean Sea, the geographic area from which this species has been previously reported under a different name.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB364FFEBFE12B79FFD172026.taxon	discussion	Remarks The new species was originally described as C. tumorifrons by Isaac (1974) from material collected in Emborios Bay, Aegean Sea. He determined that the four males and three females collected belonged to the same species, based on its co-occurrence in the same sample and probably in the relatively common character of a produced forehead in both genders, but overlooking other characters. In the redescription of the males of this species (holotype and three paratypes), Suárez-Morales (1999) argued that the name, published in Isaac ’ s (1974) doctoral dissertation, was, thus, nomenclaturally unavailable and it was explicitly deemed as a nomen nudum there. The subsequent mention of this species and the application of the most recent rules of the ICZN with respect to nomenclatural acts validates Cymbasoma tumorifrons as a name that is attributed to Suárez-Morales (1999) (Grygier and Suárez-Morales in preparation). This name, however, exclusively refers to the male type specimens, thus excluding the females mentioned by Isaac (1974) from the type series, because the conspecificity of these males and the female specimens was unlikely (Suárez-Morales 1999). Hence, the three adult female specimens designated as (1) allotype and (2) paratypes by Isaac (1974) are not part of the type specimens of C. tumorifrons and, thus, represent an undescribed species. A redescription of these female specimens was published by Suárez-Morales (2002), who at that time attributed these females as C. tumorifrons based on Isaac ’ s type specimens, plus a female found in Toulon Bay. A comparison of the original illustrations by Isaac (1974) and Suárez-Morales ’ (2002) redescription of these female specimens from the Aegean Sea and Toulon Bay allowed us to determine that our specimen from Trieste clearly belongs to the same species. They share the same body shape and proportions, a protuberant forehead, large eyes, a fifth leg with a single segment armed with three long setae, long ovigerous spines reaching well beyond the distal end of caudal setae and also characters of the antennule armature (i. e. the relatively strong apical elements 61,2, the moderately long, strong element 3 and the unbranched b-group setae) (Isaac 1974; figures A – E; Suárez-Morales 2002, figs. 12 – 21). Other species of Cymbasoma with uniramous female P 5 armed with 3 setae include: C. claparedei Giesbrecht, 1893, C. striatum Isaac, 1974, C. boxshalli Suárez-Morales, 1993, C. quintanarooense Suárez-Morales, 1994, C. bowmani Suárez-Morales and Gasca, 1998, C. concepcionae Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez, 2003, C. guerrerense Suárez-Morales, 2009 and C. cocoense Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez, 2009. In C. claparedei (Giesbrecht 1893, fig. 5) and in C. quintanarooense (Suárez-Morales 1994, fig. 1 F; Suárez- Morales and Escamilla 2001, fig. 2 E), the fifth leg setae are equally long, thus diverging from the pattern observed in the new species. In addition, in C. boxshalli the innermost fifth leg seta is very short (i. e. as long as bearing segment) (Suárez-Morales 1993, 2001 a), also diverging from the new species. Cymbasoma striatum has a distinctive, conspicuous fringe of cuticular striation around the anterior half of the cephalothorax (Suárez-Morales 2000 b), a character clearly absent in the new species. Cymbasoma bowmani has a distinctive expanded cephalothorax with a protuberant oral papilla (Suárez-Morales and Gasca 1998, fig. 1 A), which differs from the new species; also, the shape of the genital double-somite (weakly expanded in C. bowmani vs anteriorly globose in the new species) and the perioral ornamentation (Suárez-Morales and Gasca 1998, fig. 2 B) are useful to separate them. Cymbasoma guerrerense was first reported as C. tumorifrons by Suárez-Morales and Alvarez-Silva (2001) from the Mexican Pacific, but was later recognised as an undescribed species (Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez 2009). The new species differs from C. guerrerense in several characteristics (i. e. antennule relative size and features of selected elements, cephalothorax shape and proportions), as already discussed by Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez (2009). In C. concepcionae the genital double somite has an expanded proximal half with straight margins (Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez 2003, fig. 2 B), thus differing from the globose anterior half of the same somite in the new species (Figure 7 (g )); also, it has a field of ventral and lateral protuberances on the fifth pedigerous somite and a distinctive field of striae running around the ‘ neck ’ area (Suárez-Morales and Morales- Ramírez 2003, figs. A – D), a character absent in the new species (Figure 7 (a, b )). Cymbasoma cocoense closely resembles the new species from Trieste, but differs in the following respects. The genital double-somite is weakly expanded anteriorly, with softly rounded margins (Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez 2009, fig. 1 C), thus diverging from the clearly globose condition observed in the new species (Figure 7 (g )). The position of the oral papilla differs in the two species: located at 0.21 of way back along cephalothorax in C. cocoense and 14 % in the new species; also, the preoral ornamentation is different in the two species (see Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez 2009, figs. 2 A, B). In addition, several elements on the antennulary armature (i. e., 3, 2 d 1,2, 2 v 1,3, 61,2) show differences in relative size and compliments (Suárez-Morales and Morales-Ramírez 2009, fig. 2 C) with respect to the pattern observed in the new species (Figure 7 (d )). The new species is known only from the Mediterranean, in Toulon and the Aegean Sea.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB369FFEFFE0AB3C8FD21213F.taxon	description	(Figures 8 (a – f) and 9 (a – c ))	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB369FFEFFE0AB3C8FD21213F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype: adult male from station LTER-C 1 station, Gulf of Trieste, North Aegean Sea (45 ° 42 ʹ 2.99 ” N, 13 ° 42 ʹ 36.00 ” E; Figure 1), specimen partially dissected, mounted on slides in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Date of collection: 9 January 2014. Slides deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009526.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB369FFEFFE0AB3C8FD21213F.taxon	description	Description of adult male Total body length: 1.32 mm. Cephalothorax 0.71 mm long, representing 54 % of total body length (Figure 8 (a, b )). Midventral oral papilla well developed, located at 27 % of cephalothorax length (Figure 8 (b )). Cephalic region not protuberant bilaterally in dorsal view, as wide as cephalothorax. Pair of dorsal ocelli present; pigment cups medium-sized. Ocelli medially conjoined by strong pigmentation; ventral ocellus about same size and diameter as eyes. No sensilla observed between antennulary bases. Forehead area moderately produced, with rounded protuberance with marginal row of minute bud-like structures (Figure 8 (c )). Other cuticular processes weak, represented by two nipple-like processes with adjacent faint striae on perioral area (Figure 8 (c )). Urosome consisting of fifth pedigerous, genital somite (carrying genital complex), two free somites, and anal somite (Figure 8 (b, e, f )). Fifth pedigerous somite with moderately corrugated ventral surface, dorsal surface smooth. Genital somite slightly shorter than fifth pedigerous somite; genital complex of type I (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2014), represented by an elongated or short cylindrical shaft with a short distal bifurcate rounded expansion with reduced lappets (Figure 8 (b )). In ventral view lappets short, rounded, lacking processes or ornamentations at common basal joint (Figure 8 (e )). Incomplete intersegmental suture between second free (preanal) and anal somites (arrows in Figure 8 (f )), suture visible only on ventral and dorsal surfaces. Anal somite about as long as preanal somite. Caudal rami subrectangular, approximately 1.4 - times as long as wide, about as long as anal somite. Each ramus with five subequally long caudal setae (Figure 8 (e )). Antennulary length 0.53 mm. Antennules relatively long, representing 42 % of total body length and 79 % of cephalothorax length; 5 - segmented, segments 1 – 2 separated by suture, segments 2 – 4 fused, intersegmental divisions marked by constrictions (arrows in Figure 8 (d )); segment 5 located distal to geniculation (Figure 8 (d )). Element 1 on first segment slender, setiform, long, reaching halfway along second segment. Antennulary elements 2 v 1 - 3, 2 d 1,2 and IId present on second segment, with elements 2 d 1,2 being longest of 2 v-d group. Setal elements IIId, IIIv and 3 present on third segment; element 3 slender, long. Fourth segment with elements 4 d 1 - 2, 4 v 1 – 3, IVd and IVv; all elements on this group small, spiniform. Fifth segment with 5 ‘ b ’ - group setae (setae A – D in Figure 8 (d )), elements b 1 - 3 unbranched. As for Huys ’ et al. (2007) setal nomenclature of the distal segment, elements A – D and 1 – 3 present. Incorporated first pedigerous somite and succeeding three pedigerous somites, each bearing well-developed biramous legs. Pedigerous somites 2 – 4, together accounting for 33 % of total body length in dorsal view (Figure 8 (b )). Coxae of each pair unarmed, joined by intercoxal sclerite, which is slightly longer than wide and ornamented with fields of spinules (Figure 9 (a – c )). Bases of legs 1 – 4 separated from coxae posteriorly by oblique articulation; with basipodal outer seta; on leg 3 (Figure 9 (c )), this seta about 7 - times longer, sparsely setulated and slightly thicker than those on the other legs. Endopods and exopods of legs 1 – 4 triarticulated. Exopods of legs 1 – 4 longer than endopods. Inner seta on first exopodal segment of legs 1 – 4 absent. Outer spine on distal exopodal segment of legs 1 – 4 acute, about 0.3 - times as long as segment. Also, outermost apical exopodal setae of legs 1 – 4 with inner margin smooth, outer margin sparsely spinulose. Armature formula of legs as in male of Cymbasoma pseudobidentatum. Female. unknown.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB369FFEFFE0AB3C8FD21213F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality LTER-C 1 station (45 ° 42 ʹ 2.99 ” N, 13 ° 42 ʹ 36.00 ” E), Gulf of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea (Figure 1).	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB369FFEFFE0AB3C8FD21213F.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species is warmly dedicated to Professor Elvezio Ghirardelli, an esteemed Italian marine biologist who strongly contributed to the revival of the plankton research in the Gulf of Trieste after the Second World War and was the first director of the Laboratory of Marine Biology of Trieste.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB369FFEFFE0AB3C8FD21213F.taxon	discussion	Remarks Type I male genital complex (Suárez-Morales and McKinnon 2014) is known only in a few species of Monstrilla, i. e. M. reidae Suárez-Morales, 1993, M. pygmaea Suárez-Morales, 2000 c, M. bahiana Suárez-Morales and Dias, 2001, M. globosa Suárez-Morales, 2003 and M. patagonica Suárez-Morales et al., 2008 and in one species of Monstrillopsis (M. fosshageni Suárez-Morales and Dias, 2001). The specimen from Trieste shows some differences with respect to these other species of Monstrilla. It differs from M. bahiana in the number of caudal setae: 5 in the new species, 6 in M. bahiana (Suárez-Morales and Dias 2001, figure 18), in the perioral ornamentation, a ventral protuberance is absent and elements like two pair of papilla-like processes are present in M. bahiana (Suárez-Morales and Dias 2001, fig. 17), thus diverging from the condition observed in the new species. In addition, the genital complex is clearly more elongated than in the new species (Suárez-Morales and Dias 2001, fig. 18) and the antennules have branched setae on the distal segment vs simple setae in the new species. In M. reidae the shaft of the genital complex is also clearly longer and narrower than that in the new species, the antennule segmentation is complete (i. e. no fused segments) (Suárez-Morales 1993, figs. 1 b, j), and it has 6 caudal setae (vs 5 in the new species). In M. pygmaea and M. patagonica the body proportions are different; both species have a more robust, short cephalothorax (Suárez-Morales 2000 c, figs. 1 A, B; Suárez-Morales et al. 2008, figs. 1 A, B) than that of the new species from Trieste. In addition, the last antennulary segment in these two species has distinctive rows of spinules on subdistal position, a character absent in the new species. Also, the terminal lappets are subquadrate in M. pygmaea, thus diverging from the rounded condition of these structures in the new species (Figure 8 (f )). Monstrilla patagonica has 6 caudal setae (Suárez-Morales et al. 2008, fig. 2 D) vs 5 in the new species. Monstrilla globosa can be easily distinguished from the new species by the presence of a reduced fifth leg lobe (Suárez- Morales 2003), a character absent in the new species.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB36DFFD2FE6AB2D0FB9220EC.taxon	description	(Figures 9 (d – f) and 10 – 13)	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB36DFFD2FE6AB2D0FB9220EC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Adult male from NIS collected on 20 July 2016 at station 6 (Figure 1), harbour of Trieste, North Adriatic Sea, specimen partially dissected, mounted on slides in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009527. Adult male and adult female from station 1 collected 12 May 2014 from same locality, specimen partially dissected, mounted on slides in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009528. Adult male and adult female from station PALOMA (Figure 1) collected 22 August 2014 from the Gulf of Trieste, specimen partially dissected, mounted on slides in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®. Slide deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009529. Four adult males and adult female from station 3 (Figure 1) collected 13 July 2010, harbour of Trieste, specimen undissected, ethanol-preserved, vial deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009530. Three adult females from station 1 collected 30 June 2014, harbour of Trieste, specimen undissected, ethanol-preserved, vial deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009531. Twelve adult males, eight adult females from station 1, same locality, collected 15 July 2015, same locality, three specimens partially dissected, mounted on slides in glycerine, sealed with Entellan ®, slides deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009532; remaining specimens undissected, ethanol-preserved (ECO-CHZ- 009533). Five adult males, one adult female from station 3 (Figure 1) collected 8 July 2009, harbour of Trieste, Adriatic Sea, undissected, ethanolpreserved, vial deposited in ECO-CHZ- 009534.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
68115F0DB36DFFD2FE6AB2D0FB9220EC.taxon	discussion	Remarks The male and female specimens from Trieste were easily identified as M. grandis following the valuable illustrated reports of the species by Dolgopolskaya (1948), Shen and Bai (1956), Ramírez (1971) and Suárez-Morales (2000 c). Our specimens have the same body shape, proportions, fifth leg structure and armature as described and depicted in previous taxonomic reports (Shen and Bai 1956; Ramírez 1971; Suárez- Morales 2000 c; Suárez-Morales et al. 2013). This presumably widespread species was originally described from the southwestern Atlantic at 49 S, 65 W by Giesbrecht (1891), but only a brief diagnosis was published at that time; the male was depicted from specimens collected at the Gulf of Naples (Giesbrecht 1893). Based on specimens from Toulon Bay, in the Mediterranean, Suárez- Morales (2000 c) described the male following upgraded standards. The species has been recorded from different geographic areas of the world, including the Black Sea (Dolgopolskaya 1948), the China Seas (Shen and Bai 1956), the Caribbean area (Fish 1962; Nutt and Yeaman 1975), Argentina (Ramírez 1971), the Mediterranean (Rose 1933; Isaac 1974, 1975), Chile (Marín and Antezana 1985), Costa Rica (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013) and Korea (Chang 2014). The record by Ramírez (1971) is the geographically closest to the type locality. Based on the analysis of our male and female specimens from Trieste, we provide additional comparative data and notes on the variability of this species in order to contribute to completing the morphologic background of the nominal M. grandis. This information is expected to support an eventual distinction of new species. In their respective reports on M. grandis from Costa Rica and Korea, Suárez-Morales et al. (2013) and Chang (2014) recognised that the apparently cosmopolitan distribution of this species could be concealing a complex of cryptic species. Rose (1933) recognised that the report of the male of M. grandis by Scott (1904) could refer to a different species. Suárez-Morales et al. (2013) detected some differences in the males from different geographic areas, to which we add our analysis of the male specimens. These characters include the relative length of the cephalothorax with respect to the total body length: the shortest cephalothorax (43 % of body length) is known in the Costa Rica population (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013, fig. 2 B), followed by specimens reported by Giesbrecht (1893) from Naples and by Ramírez (1971) from Argentina (47 %), by Suárez-Morales (2000 c) from Toulon (48 %), Dolgopolskaya (1948) from the Black Sea (48.7 %), Shen and Bai (1956) from China (49 %) and a range of 49.2 – 50.5 % was observed in the male specimens from Trieste (Figures 10 a and 11 a). The antennule length with respect to the total body length shows some variation: 48 % (Naples), 55 % (Argentina), 56 % (China), 57 % (Black Sea), 60 % (Costa Rica), 61 % (Toulon), 59.3 % – 64.8 % (Trieste). There are subtle differences on the position of the oral papilla along the cephalothorax: 44 % (Naples), 45 – 43 % (Trieste), 46 % (Costa Rica), 49 % (China), 53 % (Toulon); and in the relative lengths of the male fourth antennular segment: 20 % (Black Sea), 23 % (China), 24.4 % (Argentina), 26 % (Naples), 26.6 % (Toulon), 27 % (Costa Rica) and 28 – 32 % in our specimens from Trieste. The body size is also remarkably variable, less than 0.8 mm (Naples, Black Sea, Costa Rica) up to more than 1.5 mm (Naples, Barbados, Argentina, Brazil, Scotland) (see Scott 1904; Dolgopolskaya 1948; Fish 1962; Ramírez 1971; Suárez-Morales 2000 c; Razouls et al. 2005 – 2017). In the samples from Trieste, the male specimens length ranged between 0.64 – 1.05 mm (average = 0.86 mm, n = 15). The cuticular ornamentation of the ventral surface of the cephalothorax was described only in the specimens from Toulon Bay (Suárez-Morales 2000 c) and the pattern differs from the Costarrican male (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013); in the former specimens, there is only one pair of strongly chitinised nipple-like processes vs three pairs of such structures (plus an additional medial one) in the Costarrican specimen, these arranged in a relatively tight pattern (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013, fig. 2 E). In our specimens from Trieste the ornamentation resembles that of the Costarrican specimens, with three pairs of nipple-like processes, but in our specimens these are arranged in a more separate pattern and, instead of having a single medial papilla-like structure posterior to this group, there are additional bud-like structures grouped either in a transverse row of three (arrows in Figure 9 (b, e, f )) or in two symmetrical inclined rows each with 2 – 4 such elements (Figure 11 (b – d )). These bud-like groups are associated to a ventral cephalic protuberance, which is pronounced in our specimens (arrows in Figures 9 (f) and 11 (b )) and in those reported by Giesbrecht (1893), but is weakly developed in the specimens from Toulon (Suárez-Morales 2000 c, fig. 2 C) and Costa Rica (Suárez- Morales et al. 2013, fig. 2 D). Also, the Toulon male specimens have a pair of protuberant processes on the inner and outer margins of the caudal rami (Suárez-Morales 2000 c, fig. 3 G); these have not been reported in any other of the examined records, including the males from Trieste (Figures 10 (f) and 11 (g )). The length of the single fifth leg seta is similar in all cases, reaching midlength of the caudal rami or even slightly beyond it when stretched backwards (Figures 10 (f, g) and 11 (g, i )). Details of the male antennulary armature (Grygier and Ohtsuka 1995) of our specimens can be compared only with records from Toulon (Suárez-Morales 2000 c) and Costa Rica (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013). In the first segment, element 1 has some variation, even in individuals from Trieste; it can be as long a segment (Figure 10 (b )) as in the Toulon specimens (Suárez-Morales 2000 c, fig. 2 E) or about half its length (Figure 11 (e )) as in the Costarrican specimen (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013, fig. 2 C). In the three groups compared, elements 2 v 2,3 are the longest of group 2 v-d. This is also discernible from illustrations by Giesbrecht (1893) (Naples), Shen and Bai (1956) (China) and Ramírez (1971) (Argentina). On the fourth segment, element 4 v 1 is consistently the longest of the setal group 4 v-d in the populations compared (Giesbrecht 1893; Ramírez 1971; Suárez-Morales 2000 c; Suárez-Morales et al. 2013), but showed some variation in size among the specimens from Trieste (Figures 10 (b) and 11 (e )). At least two of the males from Trieste showed a modified (proximally expanded) caudal seta (Figure 10 (d, e )), but the other specimens observed have normal caudal setae (Figure 10 (a, f) and 11 (a, g )). It is noteworthy to mention that some female specimens showed an expansion on two caudal setae (arrows in Figure 13 (i )). In addition, the leg 3 basipodal seta is relatively longer in our specimens (Figure 11 (f )) than in the specimen from Costa Rica (Suárez-Morales et al. 2013, fig. 3 C). A comparison of the females of M. grandis was presented by Chang (2014), who correctly concluded that a complete redescription of the type specimens or topotypic specimens of both sexes should be performed in order to fully compare them with the European and Asian specimens to clarify the taxonomic status of this species. Molecular studies should also be used to determine if there is in fact a divergence among these populations. We noticed a certain degree of variation among the female specimens from Trieste; their size ranged between 1.3 – 1.9 mm (average = 1.55, n = 14), they are longer than the Korean specimen (1.3 mm excluding caudal rami) (Chang 2014), the Toulon specimens, exhibiting a wide size range (0.8 – 1.5 mm) (Suárez-Morales 2000 c), but smaller than the Argentinian specimens (2.6 mm) and those reported from Barbados (Fish 1962) (4.2 mm). The comparative analysis of the cephalic ornamentation showed some variation among specimens from Trieste, always resembling the pattern observed in the males, with an anteriormost set of bud-like processes arranged in two vertical rows, with 4 or 5 elements on each row (Figures 12 (c) and 13 (c )) or with an asymmetrical alignment of these rows (Figure 12 (d )), the latter pattern depicted also by Huys and Boxshall (1991) and Chang (2014). A similar, but tighter pattern of these elements was observed by Suárez-Morales (2000 c) in material from Toulon. The presence of frontal sensilla (Figures 12 (c) and 13 (g )) is also a variable intra-population character, it was absent in some specimens from Trieste (Figure 12 (d )). In all populations compared female M. grandis lack a cephalic ventral protuberance (Figures 12 (b) and 13 (c )) described in some males of this species. The female antennule armature of our specimens from Trieste showed some coincidences when compared with that of the male in pre-geniculation segments; elements 2 v 2,3 are the longest of group 2 v-d (Figures 12 (a) and 13 (b )) and element 4 v 1 is the longest of group 4 v-d. Also, the female genital double-somite has an incomplete suture visible on dorsal view and reaching halfway around the lateral margin (Figures 12 (f) and 13 (d )) and observed in other populations as well (Dolgopolskaya 1948; Huys and Boxshall 1991; Suárez-Morales 2000 c; Chang 2014), but not in the report on the Argentinian specimens, in which the suture appears to be more extended around the ventral surface of the somite (Ramírez 1971, figs. 2 and 4). The female fifth leg has, in all the populations compared, a thumb-like inner process on the exopodal lobe; it was clearly present in the specimens from Trieste (arrows in Figures 12 (h) and 13 (d – f, h, i )). As noticed by Chang (2014), Giesbrecht ’ s (1893) illustration of this appendage could be deemed as incomplete, because this is a species character. As mentioned by Suárez-Morales et al. (2013), part of the morphometric variations revealed in this analysis could be attributed to the different techniques of observation, preservation or illustration processes related to these records. The size and morphometric variations found in male and female M. grandis, even in geographically adjacent areas (i. e. the Mediterranean, the Aegean), its wide distribution in three geographic separate regions (Mediterranean – Black Sea – Europe, Southwestern Atlantic and Western Pacific) and the degree of intraspecific variability in the same locality as observed in the Gulf of Trieste (the northernmost gulf of the Mediterranean) strengthens the need to define if this nominal species represents a species complex, as has been proved in other ‘ cosmopolitan ’ nominal species. This is probably one of those cases in which molecular evidence is needed to solve a taxonomic problem in which morphological patterns are not informative enough.	en	Suárez-Morales, Eduardo, Goruppi, Alenka, de Olazabal, Alessandra, Tirelli, Valentina (2017): Monstrilloids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Mediterranean Sea (Northern Adriatic Sea), with a description of six new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 51 (31 - 32): 1795-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1359698
