taxonID	type	description	language	source
6F2B87A7FFF9FFFEDEECB40058ECC773.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Scomber dentex Bloch and Schneider, 1801, by subsequent designation of Fowler, 1936: 692. Remarks. These fishes are presumed to comprise a monophyletic group, but the most appropriate generic classification for them is uncertain pending a well collaborated phylogeny of carangines. Citula Cuvier, 1816 (type species Citula banksii Risso, 1820 [= P. dentex] by subsequent monotypy) is an available senior synonym of Pseudocaranx (type species Scomber dentex) but this generic name has not been used for a nominal species of the group since Rissoʼs description. In the interest of nomenclatural stability, the junior name should continue to be used pending a petition to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the more familiar generic name. Other more recent synonyms of Pseudocaranx are Longirostrum Wakiya, 1924, Usa (as a subgenus of Caranx) Whitley, 1927, and Usacaranx Whitley, 1931. Within the Caranginae, Pseudocaranx and Caranx equula Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, which Kijima et al., 1986 and Gushiken, 1988 assign to the monotypic genus Kaiwarinus Suzuki, 1962, are exceptional in having very poorly developed inferior vertebral foramina, and may be a sister taxa.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2006): Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63 (1): 97-106, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2006.63.12, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-63-issue-1-2006/pages-97-106/
6F2B87A7FFF9FFFCDD4BB2C758E8C128.taxon	description	Figures 2, 3 A, 4, 5; Tables 1 – 3	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2006): Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63 (1): 97-106, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2006.63.12, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-63-issue-1-2006/pages-97-106/
6F2B87A7FFF9FFFCDD4BB2C758E8C128.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. NMV A. 1962 (245), SW of Shark Bay, 25 ˚ 28 ' S, 112 ˚ 27 ' E, 25 ˚ 19 ' S, 112 ˚ 17 ' E; trawled in 131 – 139 m; M. F. Gomon; sta. MFG- 71; 4 Mar 1981. Paratypes. 38 specimens, 77 – 230 mm FL. ANSP 148695 (2, 221 – 230), off Cape Farquhar, 23 ˚ 42 ' S, 113 ˚ 01 ' E, 23 ˚ 48 ' S, 112 ˚ 58 ' E; trawled in 156 – 160 m; M / V TM 71; 13 Sep 1979. WAM P. 22338 (217), Cape Cuvier, 24 ˚ 13 ' S, 113 ˚ 23 ' E; J. Penn; 29 Jul 1972. ANSP 148696 (20, 77 – 92) and USNM 385866 (15, 81 – 95.5), Houtman Abrolhos, Hummock I., 28 ˚ 48 ' S, 114 ˚ 02 ' E, trawled in 43 m; Nov 1980. Diagnosis. A species of Pseudocaranx with posterior margin of upper jaw nearly vertical; lachrymal naked and expanded part of maxilla only partially covered with scales; caudal vertebra 14; gill rakers 7 – 10 upper, 19 – 21 lower, 27 – 31 total; scales in curved part of lateral line 53 – 66. Description (values for holotype in parentheses). Dorsal fin rays VIII-I, (25) 23 – 25; anal-fin rays II-I, (21) 19 – 21; pectoral-fin rays (19) 18 – 20; vertebra 10 precaudal + 14 caudal; inferior vertebral foramina on caudal vertebra 7 or 8 – 10; scales in curved lateral line (61) 53 – 66; scales in straight LL (2) 2 – 11; scutes in straight LL (30) 19 – 31; total scales in LL (63) 58 – 74; total scales + scutes in LL (93) 86 – 99; developed gill rakers (8) 7 – 10 upper, (20) 19 – 21 lower, (28) 27 – 31 total, a single rudimentary raker rarely present on either end of gill arch. Chest completely scaly; bases of dorsal and anal fins with a wide scaly sheath anteriorly; lachrymal naked; dorsal 3 rd to half of expanded part of maxilla with a few embedded scales; cheeks, preopercle, opercle and interopercle covered with scales. Junction of curved and straight parts of lateral line below segmented dorsal-fin rays (13) 12 – 13; length of curved LL (0.57) 0.62 – 0.65 in straight LL; 1 st dorsal-fin spines weak, the 3 rd spine longest and slightly longer than height of 2 nd dorsal-fin lobe; last dorsal- and anal-fin rays slightly longer and more widely spaced than adjacent rays; 1 st anal-fin pterygiophore with anteroventral end short and bluntly rounded; 2 nd dorsal-fin lobe (3.1) 2.8 – 3.1 in head length; pectoral fin of holotype and larger paratypes (0.94) 0.91 – 0.94 in head length. Upper jaw (2.7) 2.8 – 2.9 in head length, ending slightly in front of anterior margin of eye (fig. 3 A); adipose eyelid weakly developed; lips slightly thickened and finely papillose. Jaw teeth (difficult to see clearly without dissection) in the holotype and 2 largest paratypes: upper jaw with a single row (21 left, 22 right) 19 – 22 of small conical teeth and (0) 1 inner tooth near symphysis; lower jaw with an outer row (21 left, 22 right) 25 – 27 of small conical teeth and an irregular inner row (11 left, 8 right) 13 – 18 of conical teeth on posterior half of jaw. (Based on observed changes in dentition with growth in other Pseudocaranx species, it is likely that an inner row of dentary teeth is absent in individuals of P. dinjerra larger than the holotype.) Vomerine tooth patch triangularshaped, without a median posterior extension, and sparsely covered with small teeth. Measurements of the holotype (in parentheses) and 2 paratypes, 221 – 230 mm, as percentages of FL: snout to D 1 O (39) 41 – 42; snout to D 2 O (54) 56; snout to P 2 O (35) 34 – 35; snout to A 2 O (57) 57; D 1 O to P 2 O (30) 30; D 1 O to A 2 O (39) 39 – 41; D 2 O to A 1 O (32) 33 – 35; D 20 to A 2 O (32) 33 – 35; D 2 base (35) 35 – 37; A 2 base (31) 30 – 31; height dorsal-fin lobe (10) 10 – 11; height anal-fin lobe (10) 9 – 10; pelvic-fin length (15) 14 – 15; pectoral-fin length (33) 34; head length (31) 31 – 32; postorbital head length (12) 12 – 13; snout length (12) 12; upper jaw length (11) 11; eye diameter (7) 7 – 8; curved lateral-line length (24) 24 – 25; and straight lateral-line length (24) 24 – 25. Preserved coloration. Holotype and larger paratypes uniformly pigmented, except spinous dorsal fin slightly dusky and opercle with a prominent dark pupil-sized spot at level of pupil. Juveniles with 7 – 9 dusky bands on body, extending ventrally from dorsum and fading out on ventral half of sides. Bands widest dorsally and equal or slightly wider than pale interspaces at mid-level of side. Dark opercular spot, intense, smaller than pupil and slightly vertically elongate. Inter-radial membranes of 1 st dorsal fin dusky, densely peppered with small melanophores. Life coloration (from an underwater photograph, probably of a subadult, from Shark Bay provided by J. B. Hutchins). Silvery blue-green dorsally, fading to silvery with iridescence below, faint mid-lateral yellow stripe from opercle to base of caudal fin; faint yellow stripe on base of dorsal fin extending slightly onto dorsum; prominent black spot on opercle at level of the pupil, approximately diameter of pupil and vertically elongate. Distribution. Endemic to WA (fig. 4). Definitely known from Houtman Abrolhos (28 ˚ 48 ' S) to off Cape Farquhar (23 ˚ 42 ' S), and reported (Allen and Swainston, 1988) to North-West Cape (~ 21 ˚ 47 ' S), but rare north of Shark Bay. Several photographs of Pseudocaranx taken by J. B. Hutchins off Green Head, WA (30 ˚ 04 ' S) are tentatively identified as P. dinjerra based on the tiny size of the opercular spot. We know of no collections of P. dinjerra from well-sampled Rottnest I. (Hutchins and Pearce, 1994), located at 32 ˚ S, where both P. wrighti and georgianus occur; but its occurrence there might be expected. Dispersal of temperate and subtropical species along the north-west coast of Australia is believed to be aided by countercurrents flowing inshore of the southward-flowing warm Leeuwin Current. Fluctuations of this current regimen – associated with glacial and interglacial periods may have contributed to reproductive isolation and eventual speciation of Western Australian endemic subtropical species (Hutchins, 1994; Hutchins, 2001 a), presumably including the new Pseudocaranx. Etymology. The trivial name dinjerra (west) is an Aboriginal word (Anon, 1969), in reference to the Western Australian endemic status of the species, and should be treated as an appositional noun. Remarks. This species is most similar to Pseudocaranx georgianus but differs in having 14 caudal vertebra, and little overlap in number of anal-fin rays (Table 1) and total lateral-line scales (Table 3). Sheared PCA (fig. 5) revealed good separation of the three analyzed taxa. Although 11 of the 15 specimens of P. georgianus used in the analysis were obtained from the Sydney Fish Market, according to Kailola et al., 1993 the main commercial fishery is located in New South Wales waters where this species appears to be resident and non-migratory. Pseudocaranx dinjerra has a relatively longer snout and upper jaw (PC 2) and shorter straight lateral line (PC 3) than P. georgianus and P. sp. “ dentex ”. However, fork length (PC 1) accounted for 97.5 % of the variation, while only 1.7 % was associated with PC 2 and PC 3. Differences were subtle, yet consistent in the three groups. Other than P. wrighti, the only other previously described Indo-Pacific Pseudocaranx with 14 caudal vertebra is P. cheilio Snyder, 1904, described from Honolulu, Hawaii. As mentioned in the introduction, at many locations in the Indo-west Pacific (including Hawaii and Easter Island) Pseudocaranx spp. invariably have either 14 or 15 precaudal vertebrae. In contrast, Yamaoka et al., 1991 found two distinct genetic morphs (identified by electrophoretic analysis) of “ P. dentex ” in Tosa Bay, Japan, each with different vertebral counts. The two morphs had strongly bimodal dorsal ray counts and the juveniles of one morph also appeared to have more distinct narrow bands on the body, leading these authors to strongly suspect that two species were involved. Masuda et al., 1995 also found significant mtDNA differences between the same two sympatric Japanese Pseudocaranx morphs. They implied that differences in spawning and recruitment locations and associated water temperatures may have affected the number of vertebrae. Vertebral counts are intraspecifically very constant in all other carangid genera (including 130 + species), so the situation in Pseudocaranx is very interesting if these morphs are not different species. Neither of the Japanese studies considered gill raker numbers, but our limited data indicate that they also differ between these two morphs. Pseudocaranx cheilio from Hawaii and the Japanese morph with 14 caudal vertebrae have higher numbers of lower gill rakers, 27 – 30 versus 19 – 21 in P. dinjerra.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2006): Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63 (1): 97-106, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2006.63.12, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-63-issue-1-2006/pages-97-106/
6F2B87A7FFFCFFFADEF3B71958EBC5AF.taxon	description	Figures 1 B, 3 B, 4, 5; Tables 1 – 3	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2006): Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63 (1): 97-106, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2006.63.12, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-63-issue-1-2006/pages-97-106/
6F2B87A7FFFCFFFADEF3B71958EBC5AF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 111 specimens, 45 – 495 mm FL. WAM P. 14755 (170), 0.8 km E. Lancelin I., 31 ˚ 33 ' S, 115 ˚ 19 ' E. WAM P. 14054 (187) and WAM P. 14762 - 3 (2, 122 – 132), Rottnest I. ANSP 148694 (234) and ANSP 178913 (3, 170 – 186) Perth vicinity. AMNH 55688 (2, 187 – 200) and ANSP 135419 (2, 145 – 139), Fremantle, Cockburn Sound. MNHN 5856 (217), holotype of Caranx platessa, “ mer des Indies, ” probably Geographe Bay. WAM P. 25064 - 004 (4, 45 – 90), Hardy Inlet. WAM P. 20253 (193), Broke Inlet. WAM P. 21824 - 25 (2, 160 – 162), Cherryup, 34 ˚ 58 ' S, 117 ˚ 26 ' E. WAM P. 20026 (219), Wilson Inlet. MNHN 5854 (2, 142 – 166), syntypes of Caranx georgianus, King George Sound. AMS IA. 653 (210), Albany, King George Sound. WAM P. 21673 (193), Brewer Bay, 34 ˚ 24 ' S, 119 ˚ 26 ' E. WAM P. 21681 (153), Stokes Inlet. ANSP 148693 (2, 102 – 174) and ANSP 148697 (7, 72 – 132), Duke of Orleans Bay. ANSP 138196 (2, 193 – 200), Cape Arid. ANSP 138194 (189) and ANSP 138195 (2, 114 – 170), Isralite Bay. ANSP 138197 (192), Coffin Bay. ANSP 49316 - 18 (3, 181 – 185), Melbourne. ANSP 135420 (82 C & S), TMH D. 197 (132), TMH D. 530 (4, 90 – 108), TMH D. 531 (189), TMH D. 774 (272), TMH D. 830 (187), TMH D. 1029 (67), USNM 222104 (15, 140 – 227), Tasmania. BMNH 1896.6.17.49 - 52 (4, 135 – 495), Flinders I., 33 ˚ 43 ' S, 134 ˚ 31 ' E. AMS I. 19890 - 002 (3, 201 – 263), Nadgee Nature Reserve, 37 ˚ 26 ' S, 149 ˚ 54 ' E. AMS I. 28734 - 002 (4, 191 – 210), Green Cape, Bittangabee Bay. ANSP 153525 (8, 156 – 180) Jervis Bay. USNM 177016 (2, 255 – 294), New South Wales, no specific locality. ANSP 138198 (2, 220 – 246), ANSP 147861 (2, 265 – 276), ANSP 153773 (6, 315 – 378), USNM 385513 (275), Sydney Fish Market. ANSP 135421 (2, 94 – 95 C & S), CAS-SU 7433 (2, 149 – 150), CAS-SU 8321 (163) Sydney. ANSP 147826 (2, 144 – 162) 24 km E. Sydney Harbour. AIM 262 (88), holotype of Usacaranx archeyi, N side of Motuihi I., Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Diagnosis. A species of Pseudocaranx with posterior margin of upper jaw nearly vertical (fig. 1 B); lachrymal naked and expanded part of maxilla naked or with a few partially embedded scales; caudal vertebra 15; gill rakers 8 – 13 upper, 19 – 23 lower, 28 – 35 total; scales in curved part of lateral line 55 – 78. Distribution. Known from New Zealand and the southern half of Australia from NSW to just north of Perth, WA, including Rottnest I. Remarks. Pseudocaranx dentex, described from Brazil, is the oldest available name for any species of Pseudocaranx while P. georgianus is the oldest name for a nominal species with an Indo-Pacific type locality. The type specimens of both species have 15 caudal vertebrae, as do all specimens from the Atlantic and western Indian Oceans and some from Japan. Australian specimens with the same vertebral count have fewer total gill rakers (except those from Queensland and Lord Howe Island, see Table 2) than do specimens from the latter localities, which have 35 – 42 gill rakers. Unlike similarly sized specimens of P. dentex from widely separate Atlantic localities, large adults (> 350 mm FL) from southern Australia and New Zealand usually have a pronounced hump on their foreheads that is correlated with hyperostosis of the supraoccipital bone, do not have blunt snouts (see following remarks), and the dark opercular spot, although variable in size and shape, is also usually diffuse and noticeably larger than the pupil diameter. Because of these differences, P. georgianus is here recognized as a valid species.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2006): Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63 (1): 97-106, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2006.63.12, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-63-issue-1-2006/pages-97-106/
6F2B87A7FFFEFFF9DD50B1D959B9C046.taxon	description	Figures 1 A, 3 D, 4; Tables 1 – 3	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2006): Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63 (1): 97-106, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2006.63.12, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-63-issue-1-2006/pages-97-106/
6F2B87A7FFFEFFF9DD50B1D959B9C046.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 125 specimens, 46 – 196 mm FL. CSIRO C. 2751 (119), Exmouth Gulf; ANSP 134668 (4, 105 – 143), ANSP 135418 (8, 141 – 169), WAM P. 14007 - 18 (11, 100 – 135), WAM P. 14019 - 26 (8, 110 – 144), WAM P. 14043 - 53 (11, 119 – 150), WAM P. 14055 (112), Rottnest I. vicinity; ANSP 153537 (6, 150 – 176), ANSP 182762 (4, 172 – 196), Perth vicinity; WAM P. 27679 (182), Swan-Avon R.; AMS I. 10336 (122.5, holotype of Usacaranx georgianus wrighti), W of Kingston, 36 ˚ 50 ' S, 139 ˚ 20 ' E; AMNH 37652 (2, 169 – 181), Cockburn Sound, Fremantle; ANSP 148691 (30 of 61, 46 – 159), Sepia Depression off Garden I., 32 ˚ 08 ' S, 115 ˚ 37 ' E; SAMA 196 (2, 116 – 139), Doubtful I. Bay; ANSP 145073 (186), Coffin Bay; SAMA 3110 (2, 120 – 122), SAMA 3147 (144), off Port Lincoln; SAMA 4777 (145) Adelaide outer harbour; SAMA 3930 (17, 97 – 125), St. Vincent Gulf; AMS I. 20194 - 032 (9, 92 – 123), Investigator Strait; SAMA 3620 (164), Kangaroo I.; AMS I. 10397 (125), Flinders I., 33 ˚ 45 ' S, 134 ˚ 30 ' E; TMH D. 535 (2, 94 – 103), Flinders I., 39 ˚ 50 ' S, 148 ˚ 00 ' E. Diagnosis. A species of Pseudocaranx with posterior margin of upper jaw canted posteroventrally (fig. 1 A); lachrymal and expanded part of maxilla densely covered with scales; caudal vertebra 14; gill rakers 10 – 15 upper, 24 – 28 lower, 35 – 43 total; scales in curved part of lateral line 37 – 48. Distribution. Endemic to Australia (fig. 4); eastern Bass Strait extending W at least to Rottnest I., WA. A single collection of P. wrighti from Exmouth Gulf (see material examined) at approximately 22 ˚ S extends its distribution well into that of P. dinjerra, if the record is not due to a specimen mix-up. Remarks. This species differs from other Australian congeners as indicated in the identification key and Table 3. It also differs in having a well defined opercular spot that is nearly solid black and approximately the diameter of the pupil (fig. 3 D), in never developing a yellow mid-lateral body stripe, and second dorsal and anal fins transparent or dusky green, never with yellow pigmentation. Pseudocaranx wrighti is the smallest species of Pseudocaranx, rarely exceeding 200 mm FL.	en	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2006): Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63 (1): 97-106, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2006.63.12, URL: https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-63-issue-1-2006/pages-97-106/
