taxonID	type	description	language	source
6E6AB6166F79FF9CFF065AC6FF41CFE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution data are extracted from antmaps. org (Janicki et al. 2016; Guénard et al. 2017). The record of P. tenuis from Guizhou by Zhou (2006) is here considered doubtful because this species is distributed in the tropical regions of Australasia, including New Guinea and North Queensland, and is thus excluded from the following list. The records of P. takaminei and P. bishamon by Lin & Wu (2003) and Terayama (2004) in Taiwan are provisionally excluded from the Taiwanese fauna. The type localities of P. bishamon and P. takaminei are all located in the Iriomote-jima and Miyako-jima islands (Okinawa Prefecture), and though these islands are geographically close to Taiwan, we were unable to confirm their presence in Taiwan from recent sampling or through the examination of existing collections. Moreover, voucher specimens of these two species could not be located within Dr. Maromu Terayama or Dr. Chung-Chi Lins’ collections when examined by the first author (CML).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F79FF9CFF065AC6FF41CFE2.taxon	synonymic_list	This synoptic list of East Asian Ponera contains 32 species. The 16 species from Taiwan and Japan are highlighted in bold. W = worker, Q = queen, M = male, ─ = previously described, x = examined in this study, √ = redescribed in this study, * = newly described. W Q M P. alisana Terayama, 1986 √ √ * - China (Yunnan), Japan (Satsunan Islands), Taiwan P. baka Xu, 2001 a - China (Xizang, Yunnan) P. bawana Xu, 2001 b - China (Yunnan) P. bishamon Terayama, 1996 √ * - Taiwan, Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa Islands, Yaeyama Islands) P. chapmani Taylor, 1967 - Oceanian region: New Guinea; Oriental region: Philippines P. chiponensis Terayama, 1986 √ x - Taiwan P. diodonta Xu, 2001 b - China (Xizang, Yunnan) P. guangxiensis Zhou, 2001 - China (Guangxi) P. hubeiensis Wang & Zhou, 2009 - China (Hubei) P. incerta (Wheeler, 1933) - Australian region: Australia (Queensland); Oceanian region: New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji); Oriental region: Philippines, Borneo, Malaysia, Singapore, Java P. japonica Wheeler, 1906 √ ─ - China (Guizhou), Japan, South Korea, North and Eastern Russia, Taiwan P. kohmoku Terayama, 1996 √ √ - Japan (Kyushu, Satsunan Islands, Shikoku, Tsushima Island) P. longlina Xu, 2001 a: - China (Xizang, Yunnan) P. menglana Xu, 2001 a - China (Xizang, Yunnan) P. nangongshana Xu, 2001 a - China (Yunnan) P. oreas (Wheeler, 1933) - Philippines P. paedericera Zhou, 2001 - China (Guangxi, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh) P. pentodontos Xu, 2001 a - China (Shaanxi, Yunnan) P. pianmana Xu, 2001 b - China (Xizang, Yunnan) P. rishen Terayama, 2009 √ * - Taiwan P. scabra Wheeler, 1928 b √ ─ ─ - China (Guizhou, Henan, Yunnan), Japan, North and South Korea P. shennong Terayama, 2009 √ - Taiwan P. sinensis Wheeler, 1928 a √ * - China (Guangxi, Hong Kong, Yunnan) P. swezeyi Wheeler, 1933 x - Africa (Tanzania), Christmas Island, Fiji, Japan (Ogasawara Islands), Madagascar, Solomon Islands P. szaboi Wilson, 1957 √ * - Oceanian region: New Guinea; Oriental region: Philippines P. taiyangshen Terayama, 2009 √ * - Taiwan P. takaminei Terayama, 1996 - Japan (Okinawa Islands, Yaeyama Islands), Taiwan P. tamon Terayama, 1996 √ √ - Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa Islands, Satsunan Islands, Yaeyama Islands), Taiwan P. terayamai sp. n. * * - Taiwan P. wui sp. n. * * - Taiwan P. xantha Xu, 2001 b - China (Yunnan) P. yuhuang Terayama, 2009 √ - Taiwan	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F7AFF82FF065FFDFA2ACC2A.taxon	discussion	The worker key to East Asian Ponera species is modified and updated based on the previous keys and species descriptions provided in Wheeler (1928 a, b), Taylor (1967); Xu (2001 a, b), Zhou (2001), Terayama (1986, 1996, 2009), Wang et al. (2009) and Yoshimura et al. (2009). The key provides general directions for the identification of Ponera species in Eastern Asia. However, due to a potentially high number of undescribed species in the region, the readers should refer to specific species diagnoses to confirm their identification. Head width (HW), which has been widely used for diagnosis in past studies, and which is positively correlated with body size (e. g. Taylor 1967, Terayama 1996), is an important identification aid. We plotted mean and range of HW for all the species included in this study (Figure 5). The simultaneous use of the key and figure 5 is suggested.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F65FF8CFF065BA6FBA9CBB5.taxon	description	(Fig. 31: worker; Figs. 32, 33: dealate queen; Figs. 34, 35: male)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F65FF8CFF065BA6FBA9CBB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: TAIWAN. Paratypes, 1 worker and 1 alate queen, Chiayi county, Fenchihu, ca. 1400 m alt., 3 III 1980, M Terayama leg (TARI), 1 worker and 1 alate queen, same collecting data (NIAES). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 3 workers, 6 alate queens and 1 male, Chiayi county, Fenchihu, ca. 1400 m alt., 8 X 1997, WH Tsai leg (NTU: CMPon 046, CMPon 047, CMPon 048, CMPon 049, CMPon 050, CMPon 051, CMPon 052, CMPon 053, CMPon 054, CMPon 055). Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n = 4): HL 0.76 – 0.81; HW 0.62 – 0.65; SL 0.61 – 0.66; A 06 L 0.05; A 07 L 0.06; A 08 L 0.09; A 09 L 0.10; A 10 L 0.11; PrW 0.45 – 0.53; WL 1.05 – 1.16; PeH 0.45 – 0.49; PeNL 0.24 – 0.27; PeW 0.35 – 0.38; ATL 0.53 – 0.55; ATW 0.61 – 0.65; CI 78 – 83, SI 98 – 105, PeI 70 – 79, LPeI 51 – 60, DPeI 141 – 151, ATI 85 – 89. Queens (n = 6): HL 0.82 – 0.84; HW 0.65 – 0.70; SL 0.64 – 72; A 06 L 0.06; A 07 L 0.07; A 08 L 0.09; A 09 L 0.10; A 10 L 0.12; PrW 0.60 – 0.65; WL 1.28 – 1.32; PeH 0.53 – 0.56; PeNL 0.25 – 0.29; PeW 0.42 – 0.43; ATL 0.62 – 0.64; ATW 0.72 – 79; CI 79 – 83, SI 103 – 106, PeI 66 – 72, LPeI 45 – 52, DPeI 146 – 171, ATI 81 – 87. Male (n = 1): HL 0.62; HW 0.55; SL 0.06; PrW 0.77; WL 1.27; PeH 0.37; PeNL 0.20; PeW 0.30; ATL 0.62; ATW 0.60; CI 88, SI 11, PeI 39, LPeI 53, DPeI 151, ATI 104.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F65FF8CFF065BA6FBA9CBB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). This large species (HW: 0.58 – 0.65 mm) is characterized by a long antennal scape exceeding the posterior margin of the head; a clypeus with acute medial tooth; a subpetiolar process with large teeth; and a deeply incised metanotal groove. Ponera alisana presents similarities with P. nangonshan but can be distinguished from the latter by the long antennal scape, which exceeds the posterior margin of head and the presence of an acute medial tooth on the clypeus (blunt medial tooth in P. nangonshan).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F65FF8CFF065BA6FBA9CBB5.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 78 – 83), with concave posterior margin, convex lateral margins and strongly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 31 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 3 – 4 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with strong and acute medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 15 indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, exceeding by about 10 % of the scape length past the posterodorsal corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.19: 1.93: 2.17: 2.26 (n = 4). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view almost straight (Fig. 31 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 31 B). Metanotal groove in dorsal view and lateral view strongly and broadly incised. Lateral mesopleural suture in lateral view deeply incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight lateral margins, narrow anteriad. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum in lateral view angular, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with slightly convex anterior margin, almost straight posterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 31 B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and rectangular, with straight anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex dorsum, posterodorsal corner higher than anterodorsal corner (Fig. 31 A). Subpetiolar process with big and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 85 – 89), with straight anterior margin and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Pronotum and mesonotum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron and metapleuron weakly striate. Propodeal dorsum sparsely punctate. Propodeum in lateral view with weakly striate lower portion and evenly punctate upper portion. Propodeal declivity smooth with few punctures. Lateral and anterior faces of petiole evenly punctate, smooth posterior face, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs; mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color reddish brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster lighter. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 32 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.20 mm with 11 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.20: 1.54: 1.82: 2.07 (n = 6). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 32 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 32 B). Scutum subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad, with moderately convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus distinctly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thin and broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 32 B). Petiolar node in lateral view thin and trapezoidal, with straight anterior and posterior margins; posterodorsal corner higher than anterodorsal corner (Fig. 32 A). Subpetiolar process with big and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, distinctly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 81 – 87). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Wing. Forewing (Fig. 33 A): Rsf 1 and Mf 1 forming a blunt angle; Rsf 1 long, Mf 1 distinctly straight. Mf 2 long and straight, Rs + M juncture Mf 2 with distad 1 m-cu, cell dc 1 subrectangular. 2 rs-m juncture with Rsf 4 distad 2 r-rs; Rsf 4 and Rsf 2 – 3 with triangular gap. Mf 1 diverging from M + Cu distad cu-a. Cell smc 2 distinctly shorter than cell mc 1. Hindwing (Fig. 33 B): A vein reaching wing outer margin, but Rsf, Cuf, Mf almost reaching outer margin. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Head. In full-face view, head circular and longer than broad (CI: 88), excluding eye (Fig. 34 C). Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Compound eye in lateral view big and oval, with convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin, the maximum diameter of each eye about 0.28 mm with 20 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Labrum suboval, with convex anterior margin, and as long as the mandible. Palpal formula 4, 2; third maxillary palpomere slightly shorter than fourth maxillary palpomere; second labial palpomere broader than first labial palpomere, and 1 / 3 times as long as first labial palpomere. Mandible subtriangular with convex medial margin and straight lateral margins, masticatory margin edentate with sharp apex. A total of 13 antennal segments, scape short; the average ratio of the length of antennomeres approximately 1 st to 13 th = 1.0: 1.3: 4.1: 3.4: 3.9: 3.7: 3.7: 3.7: 4.2: 3.6: 3.6: 3.6: 5.9 from base (n = 1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view uneven, with sub-right anterior corner (Fig. 34 A). Scutum in dorsal view well-developed and large, with broadly convex anterior margin, slightly convex lateral and posterior margins (Fig. 34 B). Scutum in lateral view broadly convex. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum subcircular. Anapleural sulcus distinctly and clearly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Each fore, middle and hind leg bearing one pectinate tibial spur. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thin, and broader than long. Petiolar node in lateral view look subtriangular (broken), with straight and sloping anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 34 A). Subpetiolar process subtriangular without fenestra. Third abdominal tergum arched (ATI: 64), and third abdominal sternum prior with a small spine. Helcium broad and crossribbed. Pygidium triangular, apex forming a median spine. Hypopygium subtriangular. Sculpture. Head sparely punctate. Pronotum in dorsal view with abundance short striae forming two striped lines, with longitudinal striate on their posterior portion. Posterior portion of scutum with longitudinal striae. Anepisternum evenly punctate. Katepisternum and mesopleuron with scattered striae. Posterodorsal portion of propodeum evenly punctate. Propodeal declivity smooth with few punctures. Dorsal face of petiole smooth evenly punctate, smooth posterior face. The third and fourth abdominal segments with sparsely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Body with evenly distributed short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Wing. Similar to gyne caste, except for Cu 1 f 1 slightly convex in forewing (Figs. 33, 35). Color. Body color reddish brown; mandible, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster lighter.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F65FF8CFF065BA6FBA9CBB5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Yakushima Island), Taiwan (Chiyai county: Fenchihu).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6BFF88FF065986FCF1CFAB.taxon	description	(Fig. 36: worker; Fig. 37: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6BFF88FF065986FCF1CFAB.taxon	materials_examined	Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 3 workers and 1 dealate queen, Okinawa Pref., Yaeyama Is., Yonaguni- Jima, VIII 1989, H Takamine leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 06), identified by Dr. Mamoru Terayama. Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n = 3): HL 0.47 – 0.49; HW 0.38 – 0.39; SL 0.30 – 0.31; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.03; A 09 L 0.05; A 10 L 0.06; PrW 0.29 – 0.30; WL 0.64 – 0.65; PeH 0.30 – 0.32; PeNL 0.17 – 0.18; PeW 0.24 – 0.25; ATL 0.39 – 0.41; ATW 0.37 – 0.38; CI 77 – 84, SI 79, PeI 82 – 85, LPeI 54 – 58, DPeI 135 – 149, ATI 105 – 109. Queen (n = 1): HL 0.52; HW 0.42; SL 0.31; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.04; A 09 L 0.05; A 10 L 0.07; PrW 0.36; WL 0.73; PeH 0.34; PeNL 0.17; PeW 0.28; ATL 0.46; ATW 0.44; CI 82, SI 73, PeI 77, LPeI 50, DPeI 163, ATI 105.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6BFF88FF065986FCF1CFAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). This species is characterized by a short antennal scape; a clypeal margin with a blunt tooth; the third abdominal tergum longer than broad; and a petiolar node subtrapezoidal with slightly convex posterior margin. Ponera bishamon is similar to P. yuhuang, P. taiyangshen, P. japonica, P. pianmana, and P. terayamai sp. n., but can be distinguished from P. yuhuang, P. taiyangshen, P. japonica, and P. pianmana by its third abdominal tergum longer than broad. In dorsal view, the petiolar node is narrower in P. bishamon than in P. terayamai sp. n., and the medial tooth on the clypeal margin is blunt.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6BFF88FF065986FCF1CFAB.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 77 – 84), with slightly convex posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 36 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 3 – 4 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 13 indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 10 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.16: 1.97: 3.19: 3.84 (n = 3). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 36 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin and moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 36 B). Metanotal groove distinctly and finely incised. Lateral mesopleural suture superficially incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view arched, with well convex anterior margin, slightly concave posterior margin, and convex lateral margins (Fig. 36 B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and subtrapezoid, with straight anterior margin, slightly convex posterior margin, and convex dorsal margin; posterodorsal corner lower than anterodorsal corner (Fig. 36 A). Subpetiolar process with medium and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. Third abdominal tergum slightly longer than broad (ATI: 105 – 109), with moderately convex anterior margin and well convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Pronotum and mesonotum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron evenly striate. Metapleuron with weakly striate lower portion and smooth upper portion. Propodeum with smooth lower portion and evenly punctate upper portion. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum sparsely punctate. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered short hairs, but glabrous in the lower portion of propodeum. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster yellowish orange. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 37 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.09 mm with 7 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.20: 2.47: 3.27: 4.40 (n = 1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 37 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 37 B). Scutum subtrapezoidal, narrow posteriad, with moderately convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum suboval. Anapleural sulcus weakly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeum broad with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view very thin, broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin, slightly concave posterior margin (Fig. 37 B). Petiolar node in lateral view subtrapezoidal and thin, with straight anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 37 A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 105). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6BFF88FF065986FCF1CFAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Iriomote-Jima and Yonaguni-Jima).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6FFFB7FF065DB2FCC7CEC3.taxon	description	(Fig. 38: worker; Fig. 39: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6FFFB7FF065DB2FCC7CEC3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: TAIWAN. Paratypes, 2 workers, Taitung City, Chihpen, 22 VII 1982, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 17). 1 worker, Taitung city, Chihpen, 24 VII 1982, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM _ MT- Ponera- 18). 1 dealate queen, Taitung city, Chihpen, 24 VII 1982, M Terayama leg (TARI). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 1 worker, Taitung county, Chihpen, 8 IX 1988, CC Lin leg. 2 workers, 22.16 ° N; 120.73 ° E, ca. 700 m alt., Pingtung county, Lilung, 31 I 2016, FC Hsu leg (CMPon 061, CMPon 062, CMPon 063). Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n = 6): HL 0.50 – 0.56; HW 0.39 – 0.43; SL 0.32 – 0.37; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.04; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.07; PrW 0.32 – 0.33; WL 0.64 – 0.71; PeH 0.30 – 0.34; PeNL 0.18 – 0.22; PeW 0.26 – 0.29; ATL 0.39 – 0.40; ATW 0.40 – 0.41; CI 77 – 78, SI 81 – 86, PeI 81 – 86, LPeI 61 – 67, DPeI 128 – 148, ATI 93 – 98. Queen (n = 1): HL 0.53; HW 0.42; SL 0.36; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.04; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.37; WL 0.81; PeH 0.35; PeNL 0.21; PeW 0.29; ATL 0.41; ATW 0.43; CI 78, SI 86, PeI 86, LPeI 67, DPeI 148, ATI 98.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6FFFB7FF065DB2FCC7CEC3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). This species is characterized by a short antennal scape; a petiolar node in lateral view thick and trapezoid, with a slightly convex posterior margin; a subpetiolar process with large fenestra and large teeth; and its third abdominal tergum as long as broad. Ponera chiponensis presents similarities with Ponera baka, P. xantha, and P. swezeyi, but the body size of P. chiponensis (HW: 0.39 – 0.43 mm) is larger than P. baka (HW: ca. 0.33 mm), P. xantha (HW: ca. 0.35 mm), and P. swezeyi (HW: 0.32 – 0.34 mm). The posterior margin of the petiolar node is convex in Ponera chiponensis, but straight in P. baka, P. xantha, and P. swezeyi.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6FFFB7FF065DB2FCC7CEC3.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head rectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 77 – 78), with almost straight posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins, and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 38 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 3 – 4 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about seven indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 10 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.06: 1.88: 2.69: 3.39 (n = 6). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view almost straight (Fig. 38 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin and moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 38 B). Metanotal groove distinctly and finely incised. Lateral mesopleural suture in lateral view weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 125 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view trapezoidal and remarkably thick, with almost straight anterior margin, slightly convex posterior margin, and slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 38 B). Petiolar node in lateral view remarkably thick and trapezoid, with straight anterior margin, moderately convex posterior margin, and slightly convex dorsal margin; posterodorsal corner as high as anterodorsal corner (Fig. 38 A). Subpetiolar process large with very big and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, ventral margin concave, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed and acute teeth. Third abdominal tergum slightly broader than long (ATI: 93 – 98), with straight anterior margin and almost straight lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Pronotum and mesonotum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron, metapleuron evenly striate. Propodeal dorsum sparsely punctate. Propodeum in lateral view with evenly striate lower portion and evenly punctate upper portion. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum sparsely punctate. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs; mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster yellowish orange. Description of queen. See Terayama (1996); the morphology similar to worker caste as shown in Fig. 39, but the exoskeleton of the examined specimens cannot be examined in order to redescribe. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F6FFFB7FF065DB2FCC7CEC3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan (Taitung county: Chihpen and Lilung).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F50FFB5FF065B5AFD60C819.taxon	description	(Fig. 40: worker)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F50FFB5FF065B5AFD60C819.taxon	materials_examined	Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 1 worker, Hakone, Kanagawa Pref., Ashigarashimo Dist., 23 V 1986, T. Tanabe leg (CMPon 173). 1 worker, Kagoshima Pref Kirishima Mts., Ohnamino-ike trl., 24 IX 2008, Sk Yamane leg (CMPon 174). 1 worker, Tokyo, Itsukaichi, Ina, 6 X 1994, H Takamine leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 07). TAIWAN. 1 worker, 18 X 2016, Nantou county, Xitou, PC Hsu leg (CMPon 086). 1 worker, Taipei city, Yangmingshan, 25.188 ° N; 121.567 ° E, 390 m alt., 15 V 2016, CM Leong leg (CMPon 045). Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n = 5) HL 0.50 – 0.58; HW 0.41 – 0.47; SL 0.32 – 0.38; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.30 – 0.36; WL 0.69 – 0.76; PeH 0.31 – 0.35; PeNL 0.16 – 0.19; PeW 0.24 – 0.28; ATL 0.33 – 0.39; ATW 0.39 – 0.47; CI 79 – 83, SI 78 – 86, PeI 80 – 84, LPeI 51 – 56, DPeI 143 – 154, ATI 82 – 86.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F50FFB5FF065B5AFD60C819.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). This species is characterized by a short antennal scape; a posterior margin of head convex; a petiolar node in dorsal view arched with a straight posterior margin; and a petiolar node in lateral view with a straight and slightly sloping posterior margin. Ponera japonica presents similarities with P. incerta, P. tenuis, P. pianmana, P. taiyangshen, and P. yuhuang, however the following differences are noted. The median clypeal tooth is distinct and developed in P. japonica, but indistinct in P. incerta. Ponera japonica has a five segmented club, but four segmented club in P. tenuis. The posterior margin of the petiolar node in lateral view is straight in P. japonica, but slightly convex in P. pianmana. Ponera japonica presents a blunter posterodorsal corner of the petiolar node in lateral view than in P. taiyangshen; with also the posterior margin of the petiolar node straight in P. japonica, but slightly convex in P. taiyangshen. Ponera japonica also presents a subpetiolar teeth, which is absent in P. yuhuang.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F50FFB5FF065B5AFD60C819.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 79 – 83), with concave posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins, and rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 40 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 to 6 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 11 indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 12 – 14 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.18: 2.11: 2.93: 4.06 (n = 5). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex. Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin and slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 40 B). Metanotal groove thin and clearly incised. Lateral mesopleural suture distinctly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight lateral margins. Propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 125 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with well convex anterior margin, and straight posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and trapezoidal, with straight anterior and posterior margins, and convex dorsal margin. Subpetiolar process with medium-sized and oval fenestra, blunt anteroventral corner, slightly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with small teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 82 – 86), with slightly convex anterior margin, and straight posterior margin. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Propodeum evenly punctate. Mesonotum and propodeal dorsum scatteredly punctate. Mesopleuron with weakly striate lower portion and scatteredly punctate upper portion. Metapleuron with weakly striate lower portion, but with smooth upper portion. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Petiolar node sparsely punctate, with smooth posterior face, dorsum with few superficial punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head with dense short hairs. Mesosoma with evenly distributed short hairs; lower metapleuron with few short hairs, but glabrous in upper portion. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster yellowish orange. Description of queen. See Wheeler (1906). Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F50FFB5FF065B5AFD60C819.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South Korea, North Korea, Japan, and Taiwan (record confirmed with specimens collected from Nantou county: Xitou, Taipei city: Yangmingshan).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F52FFB1FF065A1AFE59CC33.taxon	description	(Fig. 41: worker; Fig. 42: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F52FFB1FF065A1AFE59CC33.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: JAPAN. Paratypes, 6 workers and 1 dealate queen, Kurio, Yaku-shima, Kagoshima Pref., 23 III 1981, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 13, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 14, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 15). 1 worker, Sata-Misaki, Kagoshima Pref., 10 III 1981, M Terayama leg (LCM _ MT-Ponera- 16).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F52FFB1FF065A1AFE59CC33.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera kohmoku can be easily distinguished by the large eye, consisting of about 20 indistinct facets. Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n = 6): HL 0.83 – 0.89; HW 0.70 – 0.77; SL 0.61 – 0.68; A 06 L 0.05; A 07 L 0.05; A 08 L 0.08; A 09 L 0.10; A 10 L 0.11; PrW 0.57 – 0.65; WL 1.06 – 1.29; PeH 0.62 – 0.65; PeNL 0.34 – 0.37; PeW 0.44 – 0.51; ATL 0.63 – 0.71; ATW 0.76 – 0.80; CI 80 – 87, SI 82 – 91, PeI 73 – 82, LPeI 54 – 58, DPeI 124 – 143, ATI 81 – 89. Queen (n = 1): HL 0.94; HW 0.81; SL 0.71; A 06 L 0.06; A 07 L 0.06; A 08 L 0.09; A 09 L 0.11; A 10 L 0.11; PrW 0.75; WL 1.52; PeH 0.74; PeNL 0.37; PeW 0.55; ATL 0.80; ATW 0.90; CI 86, SI 88, PeI 74, LPeI 50, DPeI 150, ATI 88.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F52FFB1FF065A1AFE59CC33.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 80 – 87), with straight posterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins, and bluntly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 41 C). Eye large; composed of a total of 18 – 22 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with strong and blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about ten indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, exactly reaching the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.16: 1.68: 1.98: 2.24 (n = 6). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 41 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with broadly convex anterior margin, and moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 41 B). Metanotal groove deeply and broadly incised. Lateral mesopleural suture clearly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view narrow, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view subcircular and thick, with well convex anterior margin, and moderately convex posterior margin (Fig. 41 B). Petiolar node in dorsal view well thick and subtrapezoid, with straight anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex dorsal margin (Fig. 41 A). Subpetiolar process thick with medium-sized and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of medium-sized teeth. Third abdominal tergum broader than long (ATI: 81 – 89) and narrow anteriad, with broadly convex anterior margin, and well convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosomal dorsum in dorsal view evenly punctate. Mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum evenly striate. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum rough and evenly punctate. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gaster with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color dark. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster orange. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 42 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.21 mm with 15 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming a subequilateral triangle. In full-face view, scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.07: 1.53: 1.80: 1.85 (n = 1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 42 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with convex anterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 42 B). Scutum suboval and narrow posteriad, with moderately convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum suboval. Anapleural sulcus clearly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 42 B). Petiolar node in lateral view subrectangular and moderately thick, with straight anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 42 A). Subpetiolar process with large and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, ventral margin straight, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 88). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F52FFB1FF065A1AFE59CC33.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Kagoshima Pref.).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F52FFB1FF065A1AFE59CC33.taxon	discussion	Remark. A specimen collected from KiuShiu, Shiroyama, Japan, is mistakenly labeled as a type of Ponera scabra at NHMB (AntWeb images, specimen CASENT 0915299). Ponera scabra was described from Mt. Maya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Santschi (1937: 364) identified the KiuShiu specimen as a gynecoid worker of P. scabra. However, this specimen can be easily identified as P. kohmoku Terayama, 1996 by the combination of the following characters: large compound eye (ca. 30 facets), distinct metanotal groove and subcircular petiolar node in dorsal view; in contrast to P. scabra, which has small compound eye (ca. 5 facets), an indistinct metanotal groove and an arched petiolar node in dorsal view. Thus, there are no records of gynecoid workers in Ponera after the exclusion of Santschi’s record.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F56FFBCFF065E0AFBFDC83A.taxon	description	(Fig. 43: worker; Fig. 44: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F56FFBCFF065E0AFBFDC83A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: TAIWAN. Holotype, 1 worker, Riyuetan, Nantou Pref., 28 VII to 2 VIII 1988 (NIAES). Paratypes, 2 workers, Riyuetan, Nantou Pref., 28 VII to 2 VIII 1 988, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 24). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 4 workers and 1 dealate queen, 24.700 ° N; 121.589 ° E, Lun Bei, Yilan county, 1 IX 2016, FC Hsu leg (CMPon 56, CMPon 57, CMPon 58, CMPon 59, CMPon 60). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.66; HW 0.54; SL 0.46; A 06 L 0.04; A 07 L 0.04; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.08; A 10 L 0.09; PrW 0.49; WL 0.97; PeH 0.51; PeNL 0.28; PeW 0.46; ATL 0.54; ATW 0.63; CI 81, SI 86, PeI 94, LPeI 54, DPeI 167, ATI 84. Workers (n = 6): HL 0.65 – 0.73; HW 0.54 – 0.60; SL 0.45 – 0.51; A 06 L 0.03; A 07 L 0.04; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.07; A 10 L 0.09; PrW 0.46 – 0.49; WL 0.92 – 1.01; PeH 0.48 – 0.54; PeNL 0.25 – 0.27; PeW 0.44 – 0.48; ATL 0.50 – 0.54; ATW 0.61 – 0.65; CI 82 – 84, SI 82 – 85, PeI 94 – 100, LPeI 47 – 55, DPeI 166 – 188, ATI 79 – 84. Queen (n = 1): HL 0.74; HW 0.64; SL 0.54; A 06 L 0.05; A 07 L 0.06; A 08 L 0.07; A 09 L 0.09; A 10 L 0.10; PrW 0.56; WL 1.14; PeH 0.54; PeNL 0.27; PeW 0.51; ATL 0.61; ATW 0.75; CI 87, SI 83, PeI 91, LPeI 49, DPeI 193, ATI 82.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F56FFBCFF065E0AFBFDC83A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). This large species (HW: 0.54 – 0.60 mm) is characterized by a long antennal scape; a metanotal groove indistinct; a thick petiolar node when observed in lateral view, the upper portion of the posterior margin protunding backward and convex; and a posterior margin of petiolar node in dorsal view slightly concave. Ponera rishen presents similarities with P. scabra, however the upper portion of the posterior margin of the petiolar node in lateral view is bulging in P. rishen, but not in P. scabra.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F56FFBCFF065E0AFBFDC83A.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 82 – 84), with almost straight posterior margin, convex lateral margins, and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 43 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 3 to 4 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with strong and blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about ten indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.27: 1.83: 2.42: 3.114 (n = 6). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view almost straight (Fig. 43 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with broadly convex anterior margin, and convex lateral margins (Fig. 43 B). Metanotal groove very indistinct. Lateral mesopleural suture distinctly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view slightly narrow with concave lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively; a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with broadly convex anterior margin, and slightly concave posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view trapezoidal and thick, with straight anterior margin, and moderately convex posterior margin; with upper portion bulging, and anterodorsal corner distinctly higher than posterodrosal corner (Fig. 43 A). Subpetiolar process large with large and suboval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, and slightly concave ventral margin with a pair of well developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 79 – 84), with straight anterior margin, and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosoma densely punctate. Mesopleuron with densely striate lower portion, evenly punctate upper portion. Metapleuron and propodeum striate, but particular decreasing in the portion between metapleuron and propodeum. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with few short hairs, in particular glabrous in the upper portion of mesopleuron. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color black. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma lightly brown. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 44 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and circular Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.13 mm with 11 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.27: 1.56: 2.04: 2.27 (n = 1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 44 A), but with straight propodeal dorsum. Pronotum in dorsal view with broadly convex anterior margin, concave posterior margin and convex lateral margins (Fig. 44 B). Scutum inverted-subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad. Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum subrectangular. Anapleural sulcus and propodeal-metapleural suture weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view moderately broad with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 125 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick, with slightly convex anterior margin and almost straight posterior margin (Fig. 44 B). Petiolar node in lateral view trapezoidal and moderately thick, with straight anterior margin, and convex posterior margin. Subpetiolar process with large and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, ventral margin slightly concave, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed and acute teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 82). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Mostly like worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F56FFBCFF065E0AFBFDC83A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan (Yilan county: Lun Bei, Nantou county: Sun Moon Lake).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5BFFBAFF065A03FCF0CA59.taxon	description	(Fig. 45: worker)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5BFFBAFF065A03FCF0CA59.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: JAPAN. 1 syntype, Hyogo Pref., Mte. Maya, “ 6.28.25 ”, Silvestri leg (MCZ: cotype 20482) [images examined]. Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 1 worker, Shiroyama, Kiu-Shiu, M Yano leg (NHMB: ANTC 40459; Antweb. org: CASENT 0915299) [images examined]. 2 workers, Kagoshima Pref., Kirishima Mts., Ohnamino-ike trl., 31 VIII 2008, Sk Yamane leg (CMPon 170, CMPon 171). 1 worker, Tochigi Pref., Utsunomiya city, Tsuruta- Numa, 10 VI 1991 (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 11). 1 worker, Chiba Pref., Abiko, Konoyama, Katori Shrine, 4 IX 1991 (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 12). Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n = 3): HL 0.74 – 78; HW 0.61 – 0.64; SL 0.53 – 0.54; A 06 L 0.04; A 07 L 0.05; A 08 L 0.07; A 09 L 0.08; A 10 L 0.10; PrW 0.48 – 0.52; WL 0.97 – 1.05; PeH 0.48 – 0.53; PeNL 0.27 – 0.29; PeW 0.42 – 0.47; ATL 0.57 – 0.60; ATW 0.64 – 0.68; CI 78 – 85, SI 84 – 92, PeI 87 – 92, LPeI 53 – 56, DPeI 151 – 166, ATI 88 – 93.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5BFFBAFF065A03FCF0CA59.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). This species is characterized by a long antennal scape; a clypeus with an acute median tooth; a petiolar node in lateral view thick with straight anterior and posterior margins. Ponera scabra presents similarities with P. rishen, P. kohmoku, and P. takaminei. Ponera scabra can be distinguished from P. takaminei by its indistinct metanotal groove, while distinct in P. takaminei. Ponera scabra is distinct from P. kohmoku by its small eyes consisting of 5 – 7 facets, but about 20 facets in P. kohmoku. Ponera scabra is distinct from P. takaminei by the straight posterior margin of petiolar node in lateral view, while convex in P. takaminei.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5BFFBAFF065A03FCF0CA59.taxon	description	Description of worker. In full-face view, head rectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 78 – 85), with slightly convex posterior margin, convex lateral margins and angularly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 45 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 5 to 7 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with strong and acute medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 15 indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, almost reaching posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.25: 1.69: 2.93: 3.40 (n = 3). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 45 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with broadly convex anterior margin, and well convex lateral margins (Fig. 45 B). Metanotal groove indistinct. Lateral mesopleural suture distinctly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view slightly narrow with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with broadly convex anterior margin, and concave posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view trapezoidal and thick, with straight anterior and posterior margins; anterodorsal corner convex and higher than posterodrosal corner (Fig. 45 A). Subpetiolar process large with large and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, almost straight ventral margin with a pair of well developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 88 – 93), with straight anterior margin, and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosoma densely punctate. Mesopleuron with densely striate and punctate. Metapleuron and propodeum striate. Propodeal declivity shining, but sparsely punctate. Lateral face of petiole densely punctate, posterior face smooth. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with few short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color black. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma brown. Description of queen. See Wheeler (1928 b). Description of male. See Ogata (1987).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5BFFBAFF065A03FCF0CA59.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guizhou, Henan and Yunnan), North Korea, South Korea, Japan (except of Okinawa and Yaeyama Islands).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5BFFBAFF065A03FCF0CA59.taxon	discussion	Remarks. First of all, we found that a specimen (ANTC 40459 collected from KiuShiu, Shiroyama, Japan) which was mistakenly pinned with the type label of Ponera scabra (see: Antweb. org 2017), deposited in the Natural History Museum of Basel (NHMB), Switzerland. Regarding the type locality of P. scabra Wheeler, 1928, the species was described based on specimens collected from Mt. Maya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Therefore, the specimen (ANTC 40459) does not belong to type series. Secondly, this specimen was reported by Santschi in 1937, who identified it as a gynecoid worker of P. scabra (see: Santschi, 1937: 364). However, this specimen is not P. scabra and can be easily identified as P. kohmoku Terayama, 1996 by the combination of the following characters: large compound eye (ca. 30 facets), distinct metanotal groove and subcircular petiolar node in dorsal view; in contrast to P. scabra, which present small compound eye (ca. 5 facets), an indistinct metanotal groove and an arched petiolar node in dorsal view. In summary, we assume that the other specimens of P. kohmoku workers were also misidentified as P. scabra gynecoid by Santschi (1937). Thus, no valid record of gynecoid worker exist in the Ponera genus after the exclusion of Santschi’s record (1937).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5CFFBBFF065FF2FBACCA5F.taxon	description	(Fig. 46: worker)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5CFFBBFF065FF2FBACCA5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: TAIWAN. Holotype. 1 worker, Kending, Pingtung Pref., Taiwan, 28 VII to 2 VIII 1988 (NIAES). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 2 workers, ca. 25.02 ° N; 121.75 ° E, Pingxi, New Taipei city, 3 XII 1989, YC Shiao leg (CMPon 043, CMPon 044). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.34; HW 0.27; SL 0.19; A 06 L 0.01; A 07 L 0.01; A 08 L 0.02; A 09 L 0.03; A 10 L 0.05; PrW 0.20; WL 0.45; PeH 0.19; PeNL 0.13; PeW 0.15; ATL 0.27; ATW 0.28; CI 79, SI 72, PeI 77, LPeI 68, DPeI 116, ATI 96. Worker (n = 1): HL 0.36; HW 0.28; SL 0.23; A 06 L 0.01; A 07 L 0.01; A 08 L 0.02; A 09 L 0.03; A 10 L 0.04; PrW 0.22; WL 0.44; PeH 0.22; PeNL 0.14; PeW 0.0.17; ATL 0.27; ATW 0.28; CI 78, SI 81, PeI 77, LPeI 64, DPeI 119, ATI 96.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5CFFBBFF065FF2FBACCA5F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera shennong can be easily distinguished by its short antennal scape, a posterior margin of the petiolar node convex when observed in lateral view, a posterior margin of the petiolar node straight in dorsal view, a subpetiolar teeth indistinct, its abdominal tergum III as long as broad, and its small body size (HW: 0.27 – 0.28 mm).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5CFFBBFF065FF2FBACCA5F.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and longer than broad (CI: 78), with concave posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins and angularly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 46 C). Eye absent or with a small facet. Anterior clypeal margin without developed medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with series of numerous indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 35 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.27: 1.74: 3.23: 4.61 (n = 2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view moderately convex (Fig. 46 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin and convex lateral margins (Fig. 46 B). Metanotal groove distinct. Lateral mesopleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view very broad, with straight and subparallel lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view very thick and subsquare, with slightly convex anterior margin, and straight posterior margin (Fig. 46 B). Petiolar node in lateral view trapezoidal and remarkably thick, with straight and slightly sloping anterior and posterior margins, long and straight dorsal margin, and anterodorsal corner as high as posterodorsal corner (Fig. 46 A). Subpetiolar process with small and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, almost straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with teeth extremely reduced. Third abdominal tergum almost as long as large (ATI: 96) with straight anterior margin, and almost straight lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosomal dorsum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, and lateral face of propodeum with superficial striae. Lateral and dorsal faces of petiolar node with few punctures, smooth posterior face. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs, but scattered on the lateral portion of mesosoma. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long and erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color yellowish brown. Description of queen. Unknown. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5CFFBBFF065FF2FBACCA5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan (Pingtung county: Kending, New Taipei city: Pingxi).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5EFFA5FF065FF2FB37C989.taxon	description	(Figs. 47, 48: worker; Fig. 49: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5EFFA5FF065FF2FB37C989.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: HONG KONG. Holotype, worker, “ X 11 24 ” (MCZ: ENT 20483) [images examined]. Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 1 worker, Kenting Bot. G., Pingtung county, 12 VIII 1969, M Kubota leg (MCZ: ENT 000594458). 3 workers, 24.0803 ° N; 121.0209 ° E, 762 m alt., Huisun, Nantoung county, 21 V 2016, CM Leong leg (CMPon 074, CMPon 075, CMPon 076). 2 workers, Huisun, Nantoung county, 21 VI 1994, CC Lin leg (CMPon 077; CMPon 078). 4 workers, 24.9888 ° N; 121.6790 ° E, 300 m alt., Huangdidian, New Taipei city, 23 VI 2016, CM Leong (CMPon 088, CMPon 091; CMPon 092, CMPon 093). 4 workers and 1 dealate queen, 24.9673 ° N; 121.6185 ° E, 626 m alt., Ergeshan, New Taipei city, 23 VII 2016, via Winkler extractor, CM Leong leg (CMPon 112, CMPon 113, CMPon 114, CMPon 115, CMPon 111). 3 workers, 25.0162 ° N; 121.5521 ° E, 34 m alt., Fujhoushan, Taipei city, 0 9 IX 2016, CM Leong (CMPon 117, CMPon 118, CMPon 119). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.61; HW 0.55; SL 0.43; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.07; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.38; WL 0.82; PeH 0.39; PeNL 0.19; PeW 0.34; ATL N. A.; ATW N. A.; CI 90, SI 78, PeI 90, LPeI 50, DPeI 178, ATI N. A. [measured from images] Non-type specimens. Workers (n = 16): HL 0.57 – 0.61; HW 0.49 – 0.56; SL 0.40 – 0.44; PrW 0.36 – 0.43; A 06 L 0.03; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; WL 0.73 – 0.88; PeH 0.38 – 0.45; PeNL 0.18 – 0.22; PeW 0.31 – 0.38; ATL 0.41 – 0.48; ATW 0.46 – 0.53; CI 86 – 94, SI 77 – 85, PeI 81 – 94, LPeI 46 – 54, DPeI 159 – 181, ATI 80 – 92. Non-type specimens. Queen (n = 1): HL 0.64; HW 0.59; SL 0.47; A 06 L 0.03; A 07 L 0.04; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.07; A 10 L 0.09; PrW 0.54; WL 1.07; PeH 0.48; PeNL 0.24; PeW 0.44; ATL 0.56; ATW 0.66; CI 91, SI 80, PeI 83, LPeI 49, DPeI 188, ATI 85.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5EFFA5FF065FF2FB37C989.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera sinensis is characterized by its antennal scape almost reaching the posterior corner of the head, a triangular petiolar node with a broadly convex posterior margin when observed in lateral view; and in dorsal view a petiolar node remarkably thin and arched. P onera sinensis presents similarities with P. tamon, P. oreas and P. guangxiensis, but P. sinensis can be distinguished by its remarkable thin petiolar node in dorsal view and triangular petiolar node in lateral view; with its dorsum forming an acute corner.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5EFFA5FF065FF2FB37C989.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and longer than broad (CI: 86 – 94), with slightly concave posterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins, and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 47 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 to 7 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct and blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible edentate (Fig. 48 D), but with three large teeth on the apical part (Fig. 48 D). Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.16: 1.81: 2.55: 3.14 (n = 17). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 48 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with well convex anterior margin and moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 48 B). Metanotal groove in dorsal view distinctly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view moderately broad, with straight lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum in lateral view angular, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view remarkably thin and arched, with broadly convex anterior margin, and moderately concave posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view (Fig. 48 A), moderately thick and triangular, with straight anterior margin, broadly convex posterior margin, and dorsum forming an acute corner. Subpetiolar process with small and suboval / circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, slightly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 80 – 92), with almost straight anterior and posterior margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Pronotum and mesonotum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron with weakly striate lower portion and sparsely punctate upper portion. The portion contained between metapleuron and propodeum very smooth. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole sparsely punctate, with smooth posterior face, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head with dense and short hairs. Mesosoma with evenly distributed short hairs; mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum with scattered short hairs. Petiolar node with scattered short hairs in lateral and anterior faces, posterior and dorsal faces with few short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color dark to dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster orange brown. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 49 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.18 mm with 12 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.21: 1.59: 1.82: 2.31 (n = 1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex. Pronotum in dorsal view with broadly convex anterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 49 B). Scutum subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad, with moderately convex anterior margin and slightly convex posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum subtrapezoidal. Anapleural sulcus superficially incised (Fig. 49 A). Propodeal-metapleural suture very weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with slightly concave lateral margins. Propodeal corner angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view remarkably thin, with broadly convex anterior margin, moderately concave posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view thin and triangular, with straight anterior margin, well convex posterior margin, and dorsum forming an acute corner (Fig. 49 A). Subpetiolar process with small and suboval fenestra, with anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 85). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except metapleuron and lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Color. Similar to worker caste.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F5EFFA5FF065FF2FB37C989.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guangxi, Hong Kong, Taiwan (new records from Nantou county: Huisun, Pingtung county: Kenting, New Taipei city: Huangdidian, Ergeshan, Taipei city: Fujhoushan), and Yunnan.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F42FFA3FF065B9FFD85CEE6.taxon	description	(Fig. 50: worker)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F42FFA3FF065B9FFD85CEE6.taxon	materials_examined	Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 2 workers, Okiminato, Hahajima, Ogasawara Is., 19 III 1977, M Shindo leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 05). Measurements (mm) and indices. Worker (n = 1): HL 0.41; HW 0.34; SL 0.26; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.03; A 09 L 0.04; A 10 L 0.05; PrW 0.25; WL 0.51; PeH 0.26; PeNL 0.14; PeW 0.19; ATL 0.28; ATW 0.32; CI 82, SI 76, PeI 77, LPeI 53, DPeI 142, ATI 90.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F42FFA3FF065B9FFD85CEE6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera swezeyi can be easily distinguished by a short antennal scape and the presence of a five segmented club, a metanotal groove distinct, a petiolar node in lateral view thick and trapezoidal with straight anterior and posterior margins, its small body size (HW: 0.32 – 0.34 mm), and the yellowish brown body color.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F42FFA3FF065B9FFD85CEE6.taxon	description	Description of worker. See Wheeler (1933). Description of queen. See Wheeler (1933). Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F42FFA3FF065B9FFD85CEE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Australian: Tanzania, Sino-Japanese: Ogasawara Islands; Oriental: Christmas Island; Oceanai: Fiji, Hawaii, Solomon Islands; Madagascan: Madagascar.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F42FFA3FF065B9FFD85CEE6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ponera swezeyi belongs to the P. japonica species group defined by Taylor (1967), which includes P. japonica, P. incerta and P. swezeyi. These three species have a five segmented antennal club, yellow to brown body color and are widely distributed within the Sino-Japanese, Oriental and Oceanian regions. Recently, three Oriental species, P. baka Xu, 2001 and P. xatha Xu, 2001 from Yunnan; P. shennong Terayama, 2009 from Taiwan were discovered, and show important similarities with P. swezeyi (yellowish brown body color, five segmented antennal club, small body size and thick petiolar node). Here, our morphological comparison suggests that P. swezeyi is similar to P. baka, P. shennong and P. xatha, instead of P. japonica and P. incerta for the following reasons: (1) Head width in P. baka (HW: 0.33 mm), P. xatha (HW: 0.35 mm), P. shennong (HW: 0.28 mm) and P. swezeyi (HW: 0.32 – 0.33 mm) is distinctly smaller than P. incerta (HW: 0.36 – 0.40 mm) and P. japonica (HW: 0.41 – 0.50 mm) (see the references in Table 1); (2) Petiolar node in lateral view very thick in P. baka, P. shennong, P. swezeyi and P. xatha, but moderately thick in P. incerta and P. japonica; (3) Antennal scape short in P. baka, P. shennong, P. swezeyi and P. xatha (when laid backward, with a remaining distance of more than 30 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner), but relatively long in P. incerta and P. japonica (when laid backward, with a remaining distance of less than 15 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner); (4) Body color yellowish in P. baka, P. shennong, P. swezeyi and P. xatha, but brown in P. incerta and P. japonica. These morphological similarities suggest that P. swezeyi might be closer to the Oriental species than to P. japonica and P. incerta. Although the reported distribution of P. swezeyi is wide (antmaps. org 2017), this species may be native to the Oriental region.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F44FFAFFF065B7EFC18CD9E.taxon	description	(Fig. 51: worker; Fig. 52: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F44FFAFFF065B7EFC18CD9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: TAIWAN. Holotype. Worker, Taipingshan, Yilan Pref., 28 VII to 2 VIII 1988 (NIAES). Paratypes. 5 workers, Taipingshan, Yilan Pref., 28 VII to 2 VIII 1 988 (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 22, LCM _ MT- Ponera- 23). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 4 workers and 1 dealate queen, 24.51 ° N, 121.60 ° E, Cuifenghu, Yilan county, 6 IX 1989, YC Shiao leg (CMPon 037, CMPon 039, CMPon 166, CMPon 167, CMPon 168). 4 workers, ca. 24.49 ° N; 121.53 ° E, Taipingshan, Yilan county, 6 IV 2016, via. Winkler extractor, JJ Liu leg (CMPon 033, CMPon 036, CMPon 038, CMPon 040). 1 worker and 1 dealate queen, Cuifenghu trail 14.5 k, Yilan county, 3 XI 2016, via. Winkler extractor, JJ Liu leg (LCM 00027, LCM 00028). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Workers: HL 0.44; HW 0.37; SL 0.29; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.03; A 09 L 0.05; A 10 L 0.06; PrW 0.30; WL 0.60; PeH 0.29; PeNL 0.15; PeW 0.22; ATL N. A.; ATW N. A.; CI 83, SI 79, PeI 72, LPeI 53, DPeI 143, ATI N. A. Workers (n = 14): HL 0.49 – 0.55; HW 0.39 – 0.46; SL 0.30 – 0.36; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.03; A 09 L 0.05; A 10 L 0.07; PrW 0.31 – 0.36; WL 0.62 – 0.73; PeH 0.30 – 0.35; PeNL 0.15 – 0.18; PeW 0.23 – 0.26; ATL 0.34 – 0.40; ATW 0.38 – 0.44; CI 81 – 87, SI 73 – 82, PeI 70 – 81, LPeI 47 – 56, DPeI 135 – 162, ATI 85 – 96. Queens (n = 2): HL 0.56; HW 0.48 – 0.49; SL 0.36; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.04; A 09 L 0.05; A 10 L 0.07; PrW 0.42; WL 0.89 – 0.90; PeH 0.37 – 0.38; PeNL 0.17 – 0.18; PeW 0.29; ATL 0.47 – 0.48; ATW 0.50 – 0.51; CI 85 – 87, SI 73 – 76, PeI 68, LPeI 46, DPeI 164 – 168, ATI 91 – 96.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F44FFAFFF065B7EFC18CD9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). This species is characterized by a short antennal scape; a posterior margin of head moderately concave; a petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and rectangular, the anterodorsal corner slightly higher than the posterodorsal corner; and a subpetiolar teeth distinctly visible. Ponera taiyangshen can be distinguished from P. yuhuang by the presence of a five segmented club, versus four-segmented club in P. yuhuang.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F44FFAFFF065B7EFC18CD9E.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81 – 87), moderately concave posterior margin, convex lateral margins, and rounded posterolateral corners, (Fig. 51 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 – 5 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about ten indistinct denticles, and three large on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 15 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.17: 1.77: 2.60: 3.58 (n = 15). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 51 A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with acutely convex anterior margin and moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 51 B). Metanotal groove distinct with a fine suture. Lateral mesopleural suture distinct and fine. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum angular, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 125 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view arched, with broadly convex anterior margin and slightly concave posterior margin. Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and rectangular, with straight anterior margin and slightly convex posterior margin, anterodorsal corner forming a right angle, posterodorsal corner moderately convex with a projection, anterodorsal corner slightly higher than posterodorsal corner (Fig. 51 A). Subpetiolar process with small and suboval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, almost straight ventral margin, posterovental corner concave with small teeth. Third abdominal tergum broader than long (ATI: 85 – 96) with slightly convex anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosomal dorsum evenly punctate. Mesopleuron with weakly striate lower portion and sparsely punctate upper portion. Metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum striate, but especially smooth in the portion contained between metapleuron and propodeum. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with few short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color black brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma lighter. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 52 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and circular Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.13 mm with about 10 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.20: 1.60: 2.31: 2.96 (n = 2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 52 A). Pronotum in dorsal view pentagonal, with bluntly convex anterior margin, acutely convex posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 52 B). Scutum subpentagonal. Transcutal suture distinct and fine. Scutellum subrectangular with moderately convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin. Anapleural sulcus indistinct and weakly incised. Propodealmetapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner angular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 125 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view very thin and subrectangular, with slightly convex anterior margin and almost straight posterior margin (Fig. 52 B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and subtrapezoidal, with straight anterior margin and convex posterior margin (Fig. 52 A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, almost straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 91 – 96). Sculpture. Mostly like worker caste, but the sculpture more increase especially in the lateral view of mesosoma. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F44FFAFFF065B7EFC18CD9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan (Yilan county: Cuifenghu and Taipingshan).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F48FFAAFF065E66FDDCCE82.taxon	description	(Fig. 53: worker; Fig. 53: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F48FFAAFF065E66FDDCCE82.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: JAPAN. Paratype. 1 worker, Miyako-jima, Okinawa Pref., 10 XI 1985, Y Hashimoto leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 04). Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 6 workers and 1 dealate queen, Kume Island, Okinawa Pref., 10 VII 1983, H Takamine leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 01, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 02, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 03). Measurements (mm) and indices. Worker (n = 7): HL 0.68 – 0.75; HW 0.57 – 0.64; SL 0.47 – 0.52; A 06 L 0.04; A 07 L 0.04; A 08 L 0.06; A 09 L 0.08; A 10 L 0.09; PrW 0.44 – 0.50; WL 0.90 – 1.05; PeH 0.48 – 0.49; PeNL 0.27 – 0.30; PeW 0.41 – 0.60; ATL 0.55 – 0.60; ATW 0.55 – 0.62; CI 81 – 86, SI 77 – 82, PeI 93 – 95, LPeI 55 – 62, DPeI 145 – 171, ATI 94 – 101. Queen (n = 1): HL 0.79; HW 0.67; SL 0.46; A 06 L 0.04; A 07 L 0.05; A 08 L 0.09; A 09 L 0.10; A 10 L 0.12; PrW 0.56; WL 1.22; PeH 0.50; PeNL 0.28; PeW 0.49; ATL 0.70; ATW 0.67; CI 85, SI 69, PeI 88, LPeI 57, DPeI 173, ATI 105.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F48FFAAFF065E66FDDCCE82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera takaminei is a large species (HW: 0.57 – 0.64 mm) that can be distinguished by its long antennal scape, a distinct metanotal groove, a petiolar node thick when observed in in lateral view with upper portion of the posterior margin bulging, and with a convex posterior margin of the petiolar node in dorsal view.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F48FFAAFF065E66FDDCCE82.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81 – 86), with convex posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 53 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 3 – 5 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with very strong and blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 12 indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 8 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.19: 1.61: 2.16: 2.68 (n = 7). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view slightly convex (Fig. 53 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with well convex anterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins (Fig. 53 B). Metanotal groove distinctly and clearly incised. Lateral mesopleural suture in lateral view deeply incised. Propodeal dorsum broad, with straight lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rounded, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with slightly convex anterior margin, moderately concave posterior margin, and slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 53 B). Petiolar node in lateral view very remarkably and trapezoid, with straight anterior margin and moderately convex posterior margin; with upper portion bulging, anterodorsal corner higher than posterodorsal corner (Fig. 53 A). Subpetiolar process thick with large and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, slightly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed teeth. Third abdominal tergum as long as large (ATI: 94 – 101), with broadly convex anterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosomal dorsum evenly punctate, particular rough in propodeal dorsum. Mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum evenly striate. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face shining, dorsum rough and evenly punctate. The third and fourth abdominal segments densely punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with scattered short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node and gastral with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color reddish brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster orange. Description of queen (dealate queen). Head. (Fig. 54 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.17 mm with 13 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming a subequilateral triangle; median eye larger than lateral eye. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.07: 1.53: 1.80: 1.85 (n = 1). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 54 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with moderately convex anterior margin and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 54 B). Scutum subpentagonal, with moderately convex anterior margin, almost straight posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus weakly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin, moderately concave posterior margin (Fig. 54 B). Petiolar node in lateral view trapezoidal and moderately thick, with straight anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 54 A). Subpetiolar process with large and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, slightly concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of medium-sized teeth. The ratio of third abdominal segment slightly longer than worker caste (ATI: 105). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F48FFAAFF065E66FDDCCE82.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Okinawa Pref.).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F4DFFA9FF065C9BFE23CAC5.taxon	description	(Fig. 55: worker; Fig. 56: dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F4DFFA9FF065C9BFE23CAC5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: JAPAN. Paratypes, 2 workers, Okinoerabu-jima, Kagoshima Pref., 17 III 1989, M Terayama leg (MTC). 1 worker, Sonai, Iriomote-jima, Okinawa Pref., 31 III 1 985, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 25). 1 dealate queen and 2 workers, Uken-son, Amami-oshima, Kagoshima Pref., 1 VII 1983, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 26, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 28). 3 workers, Nago, Okinawai Is., 3 X 1984, M Terayama leg (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 27). 9 workers, Sumiyo-son, Amami-oshima, Kagoshima Pref., VII 1983, M Terayama (MTC: LCM _ MT-Ponera- 29, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 30, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 31, LCM _ MT-Ponera- 32). Non-type material examined: JAPAN. 4 workers and 1 dealate queen, Okuyona forest road, Okinawa Pref., 20 IV 2001, CC Lin leg (CMPon 175, CMPon 176, CMPon 177, CMPon 178, CMPon 179). 2 workers, Naha, Okinawa Pref., 18 IV 2001, CC Lin leg (CMPon 180, CMPon 181). 1 worker, Aminoko-toge, Setouchi-cho, Amami-Oshima Island, Kagoshima Pref., 26 I 2008, Sk Yamane leg (CMPon 169). TAIWAN. 2 workers, Taroko Nat. Par. (Wenshan), Hualien county, 23 I 1989, CC Lin leg (CMPon 68; CMPon 69). 1 worker and 1 dealate queen, 23.3549 ° N; 121.1867 ° E, Maravi, Hualien county, 31 X 2016, WH Lin leg (CMPon 161, CMPon 162). Measurements (mm) and indices. Workers (n = 22): HL 0.51 – 0.59; HW 0.44 – 0.52; SL 0.32 – 0.41; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.04; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.07; PrW 0.33 – 0.40; WL 0.66 – 0.84; PeH 0.30 – 0.42; PeNL 0.16 – 0.21; PeW 0.26 – 0.33; ATL 0.37 – 0.45; ATW 0.41 – 0.52; CI 83 – 91, SI 71 – 86, PeI 74 – 87, LPeI 46 – 55, DPeI 152 – 184, ATI 76 – 93. Queens (n = 3): HL 0.59 – 0.61; HW 0.52 – 0.55; SL 0.40 – 0.45; A 06 L 0.03; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.44 – 0.50; WL 0.88 – 1.11; PeH 0.33 – 0.47; PeNL 0.19 – 0.21; PeW 0.27 – 0.39; ATL 0.40 – 0.54; ATW 0.46 – 0.65; CI 89 – 92, SI 77 – 81, PeI 65 – 80, LPeI 45 – 57, DPeI 150 – 185, ATI 84 – 90.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F4DFFA9FF065C9BFE23CAC5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera tamon can be easily by its short antennal scape not reaching the posterior margin of the head, a clypeus with blunt medial tooth, a metanotal groove distinctly visible, a subtriangular petiolar node when observed in lateral view with a moderately convex posterior margin, and its brown body color.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F4DFFA9FF065C9BFE23CAC5.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head structure subrectangular and slightly longer than broad (CI: 84 – 91), with slightly convex posterior margin, moderately convex lateral margins and broadly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 55 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 to 5 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about ten indistinct denticles, and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.17: 1.89: 2.41: 3.08 (n = 22). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 55 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with acutely convex anterior margin, and convex lateral margins (Fig. 55 B). Metanotal groove distinctly incised with fine suture. Lateral mesopleural suture weakly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view rounded; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view arched and moderately thin, with broadly convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 55 B). Petiolar node in lateral view subtriangular and moderately thick, with straight anterior margin, and moderately convex posterior margin; with distinct projection on posterodorsal corner, dorsum forming a blunt angle (Fig. 55 A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, concave ventral margin with small teeth. Third abdominal tergum generally broader than long (ATI: 76 – 93), with slightly convex anterior margin, almost straight lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosoma evenly punctate. Mesopleuron with weakly striate lower portion and sparsely punctate upper portion. Metapleuron with weakly striate lower portion and smooth upper portion. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with few short hairs, and with glabrous upper portion of mesopleuron. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma lighter. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 56 C) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of each eye about 0.13 mm with 10 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.22: 1.74: 2.16: 2.75 (n = 3). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 56 A). Pronotum in dorsal view with convex anterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 56 B). Scutum subtrapezoidal, narrow posteriad, with broadly convex anterior margin, and concave posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct and broad. Scutellum subrectangular. Anapleural sulcus clearly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner rounded and almost forming approximatively 115 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view oval and moderately thin, broader than long, with broadly convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 56 B). Petiolar node in lateral view subconical and moderately thick, moderately convex anterior and posterior margins, dorsum well convex (Fig. 56 A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, concave ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 105). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste. Color. Similar to worker caste. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F4DFFA9FF065C9BFE23CAC5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Kyushu, Okinawa Is., Satsunan Is., and Yaeyama Is.) and Taiwan (Taitung county: Maravi and Wenshan).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F31FFD2FF065FF2FEA6CFE3.taxon	description	(Figs. 59, 61: holotype worker; Figs. 60, 62: paratype worker; Figs. 63, 64: paratype dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F31FFD2FF065FF2FEA6CFE3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype. Worker: TAIWAN. 1777 to 1787 m alt., Fenghuang Shan, Xitou, Nantou county, 18 X 2016, via Winkler extractor, PC Hsu leg (NMNS: CMPon 163). Paratypes (12 workers and 2 dealate queens). TAIWAN. 3 workers, same collection data as holotype (NTU: CMPon 159, CAS: CMPon 160, TARI: CMPon 164). 1 worker, 23.6592 ° N; 120.8074 ° E, 1786 m alt., Fenghuang Shan, Xitou, Nantou county, 12 I 2016, via Winkler extractor, PC Hsu leg (HKUBM: CMPon 019). 1 worker, 23.6595 ° N; 120.8074 ° E, 1787 m alt., Fenghuang Shan, Xitou, Nantou county, 12 I 2016, via Winkler extractor, PC Hsu leg (NMNS: CMPon 021). 1 worker, 23.6592 ° N; 120.8074 ° E, 1786 m alt., Fenghuang Shan, Xitou, Nantou county, 15 II 2016, via Winkler extractor, PC Hsu leg (NMNS: CMPon 022). 1 dealate queen, 23.6598 ° N; 120.8057 ° E, 1777 m alt., Fenghuang Shan, Xitou, Nantou county, 22 III 2016, via Winkler extractor, PC Hsu leg (NMNS: CMPon 018). 5 workers and 1 dealate queen, ca. 1400 m alt., Fenchihu, Chiayi county, 8 X 1994, WH Tsai leg (NTU: CMPon 006; NMNS: CMPon 007, CAS: CMPon 008; TARI: CMPon 009; HKUBM: CMPon 011; TARI: CMPon 014). Non-type material: TAIWAN. 1 worker, 24.5054 ° N; 121.1140 ° E, 2085 m alt., Xuejian Recreation area, Miaoli county, VIII 2016, via pit-fall trap, JY Tsai leg (NIAES: CMPon 026). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.56; HW 0.44; SL 0.36; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.04; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.07; PrW 0.33; WL 0.73; PeH 0.33; PeNL 0.20; PeW 0.25; ATL 0.45; ATW 0.39; CI 78, SI 83, PeI 76, LPeI 61, DPeI 162, ATI 116. Paratype workers (n = 11): HL 0.53 – 0.57; HW 0.43 – 0.47; SL 0.32 – 0.38; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.04; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.32 – 0.35; WL 0.68 – 0.76; PeH 0.33 – 0.36; PeNL 0.18 – 0.21; PeW 0.24 – 0.27; ATL 0.44 – 0.48; ATW 0.38 – 0.44; CI 76 – 82, SI 73 – 86, PeI 72 – 83, LPeI 53 – 58, DPeI 143 – 178, ATI 106 – 117. Paratype gynes (n = 2): HL 0.58 – 0.61; HW 0.47 – 0.50; SL 0.40 – 0.41; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.42 – 0.43; WL 0.88 – 0.92; PeH 0.39; PeNL 0.21 – 0.22; PeW 0.30; ATL 0.54 – 0.56; ATW 0.49 – 0.50; CI 81 – 83, SI 82 – 85, PeI 70 – 71, LPeI 54 – 57, DPeI 133 – 142, ATI 110 – 112.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F31FFD2FF065FF2FEA6CFE3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera terayamai can be easily distinguished by the combination of the following characters: in P. terayamai, (1) the clypeus presents an acute anterior margin, (2) in dorsal view, the petiolar node is not forming an arch and has an anterior margin almost straight, (3) the dorsum of the petiolar node forms an arch in lateral view and has a posterior margin broadly convex, (4) the antennal scape is short; far to reach the posterior margin of head, and (5) the third abdominal tergum distinctly longer than broad. Although P. terayamai presents similarities with P. bishamon, both species can be distinguished by the shape of their petiolar node and body size; when observed in lateral view, the petiolar node of P. terayamai is subtrapezoidal with a clearly convex posterior margin (Fig. 57 A), while P. bishamon has a rectangular petiolar node with a slightly convex posterior margin (Fig. 57 B). In dorsal view, the petiolar node of P. terayamai is relatively broader than P. bishamon. Ponera terayamai is also larger (HW: 0.43 – 0.47 mm; n = 12) than P. bishamon (HW: 0.38 – 0.39 mm; n = 4 with single type worker included). Moreover, P. terayamai presents a relatively acute tooth on its clypeus which is less developed in P. bishamon (Fig. 58).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F31FFD2FF065FF2FEA6CFE3.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 76 – 82), with slightly convex posterior margin and lateral margins, rounded posterolateral corner (Fig. 59). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 to 5 indistinct facets (Fig. 60 C). Anterior clypeal margin with acute medial tooth (Fig. 60 A). Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about 11 to 12 indistinct denticles (Fig. 60 B) and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 10 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.08: 1.96: 2.74: 3.56 (n = 12). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view straight (Fig. 61 A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with slightly convex lateral margins of pronotum (Fig. 62 B). Metanotal groove weakly incised, with fine suture (Fig. 62 B). Lateral mesopleural suture weakly incised (Fig. 62 B). Propodeal dorsum broad, with straight lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rounded, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view trapezoidal and distinctly broader than long (Fig. 61 B), with almost straight anterior margin, slightly concave posterior margin, and slightly convex lateral margins. Petiolar node in lateral view (Fig. 61 A) moderately thick and subtrapezoid, with straight anterior margin, broadly convex posterior margin, and dorsum forming an arch. Subpetiolar process with median-sized and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, ventral margin straight, with a series of indistinct denticles (Fig. 60 D), and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of small teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly longer than broad (ATI: 106 – 117), with slightly convex anterior margin and straight lateral margins (Fig. 61 C). Sculpture. Head densely punctate (Fig. 60 AC). Mandible sparsely punctate (Fig. 60 B). Mesosomal dorsum evenly punctate, but scattered on propodeum. Mesopleuron striate; more densely striate in its lower portion. Metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum striate (Fig. 62 A); with denser striae present on the lower portion. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole sparsely punctate, smooth posterior face, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma and gaster with dense short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron and propodeum with few short hairs (Fig. 62 A). Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of gaster yellowish orange. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 63) Similar to worker caste, but with large and rounded Eye; maximum diameter of each eye about 0.10 mm with 8 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.11: 2.20: 2.92: 3.89 (n = 2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 64 A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with distinctly convex anterior margin, and convex lateral margins (Fig. 64 B). Scutum subtrapezoidal and strongly narrow posteriad, with convex anterior margin, and slightly convex posterior margin. Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus weakly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad, with right posterolateral corner, and straight posterior margin. Propodeal corner almost forming a sub-right angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thin and subrectangular; strongly broader than long, with almost straight anterior and posterior margins, and convex lateral margins (Fig. 64 B). Petiolar node in lateral view thin and subtriangular, with straight anterior margin, and moderately convex posterior margin (Fig. 64 A). Subpetiolar process with middle and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, ventral margin slightly concave, and posteroventral corner concave with strong and acute teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (Fig. 64 B) (ATI: 110 – 112). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste. Pubescence. Mostly like worker caste, except for metapleuron and propodeum with scattered short decumbent hairs. Color. Similar to worker caste.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F31FFD2FF065FF2FEA6CFE3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type specimens of P. terayamai were collected in five separate Winker samples from leaf litter in primary forest. In Xuejian Recreation area, additional specimens were collected with pitfall traps. Other paratypes are from Fenchihu (ca. 1400 m; primary forest) but without further information on habitat type. While this species was collected with both Winkler extractors and pitfall traps, Winkler extractors seem most useful to collect this cryptobiotic ant. P. terayamai prefers mature forests at middle to high elevation habitats based on current knowledge of collecting information (1777 to 2085 m elevation).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F31FFD2FF065FF2FEA6CFE3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is given in honor of the Japanese entomologist, Dr. Mamoru Terayama for his contribution to the myrmecological research in Taiwan and the taxonomic study of Ponera.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F31FFD2FF065FF2FEA6CFE3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan (Miaoli county: Xuejian Recreation area, Nantou county: Xitou- and Chiayi county: Fenchihu).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F36FFDAFF065B7EFC9DC8CE.taxon	description	(Figs. 65, 67: holotype worker; Figs. 66, 68: paratype worker; Figs. 69, 70: paratype dealate queen)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F36FFDAFF065B7EFC9DC8CE.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Worker. TAIWAN. Orchid Island, Taitung county, 11 IX 1997, WH Tsai leg (NMNS: CMPon 029). Paratypes. TAIWAN. 2 alate queens, (NMNS: CMPon 004; NIAES: CMPon 030) and 3 workers, same collection data as holotype, NTU: CMPon 002; NIAES: CMPon 031; CAS: CMPon 032). 1 worker, Orchid Island, Taitung county, 17 V 1997, WH Tsai leg (HKUBM: CMPon 005). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. Worker: HL 0.61; HW 0.51; SL 0.42; A 06 L 0.03; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.38; WL 0.85; PeH 0.38; PeNL 0.20; PeW 0.31; ATL 0.42; ATW 0.49; CI 83, SI 84, PeI 82, LPeI 51, DPeI 159, ATI 85. Paratype workers (n = 4): HL 0.60 – 0.62; HW 0.49 – 0.52; SL 0.40 – 0.45; A 06 L 0.03; A 07 L 0.03; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.06; A 10 L 0.08; PrW 0.38 – 0.40; WL 0.80 – 0.86; PeH 0.39 – 0.41; PeNL 0.21 – 0.22; PeW 0.31 – 0.34; ATL 0.39 – 0.41; ATW 0.48 – 0.51; CI 81 – 84, SI 78 – 88, PeI 81 – 86, LPeI 52 – 57, DPeI 147 – 157, ATI 77 – 85. Paratype alate queens (n = 2): HL 0.65 – 0.67; HW 0.54 – 0.56; SL 0.42 – 0.46; A 06 L 0.04; A 07 L 0.04; A 08 L 0.05; A 09 L 0.07; A 10 L 0.09; PrW 0.49 – 0.50; WL 0.95 – 0.99; PeH 0.46; PeNL 0.23 – 0.24; PeW 0.39 – 0.40; ATL 0.48 – 0.51; ATW 0.59 – 0.60; CI 82 – 83, SI 75 – 86, PeI 77 – 81, LPeI 50 – 52, DPeI 160 – 174, ATI 79 – 86.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F36FFDAFF065B7EFC9DC8CE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Ponera wui can be distinguished from other Asian Ponera species by the combination of the following characters: in P. wui, (1) the subpetiolar process has an acute and well-developed subpetiolar teeth, (2) the petiolar node is moderately thick and trapezoid, (3) the clypeal margin presents an acute median tooth, (4) the antennal scapes almost reach the posterior margin of head, and (5) in lateral view the propodeum is shining and smooth. Based on its morphology, Ponera wui is most similar to P. alisana, P. japonica, P. scabra, P. diodonta, P. chapmani and P. oreas. However, P. wui is distinct by the absence of a metanotal groove (strongly distinct in P. alisana, P. japonica, P. chapmani and P. oreas) and its thick petiolar node when observed in dorsal view (thin in P. diodonta). Also Ponera wui can be distinguished from P. scabra by its indistinctly incised mesopleural suture (Fig. 65 B) and relatively thin petiolar node in lateral view (Fig. 65 B), contrasting with the distinctly incised lateral mesopleural suture (Fig. 65 A) and well thick petiolar node (Fig. 65 A) of P. scabra.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F36FFDAFF065B7EFC9DC8CE.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head subrectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81 – 84), with almost straight posterior margin, convex lateral margins and bluntly rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 66). Eye small; composed of a total of 4 – 5 indistinct facets (Fig. 67 C). Anterior clypeal margin with distinctly acute medial tooth (Fig. 67 A). Masticatory margin of mandibles with a series of about eight indistinct teeth (Fig. 67 B) and three large teeth on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 5 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.42: 2.23: 2.74: 3.59 (n = 5). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 68 A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with convex lateral margins (Fig. 68 B). Metanotal groove indistinct and almost obliterated (Fig. 69 B). Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view moderately broad, with straight lateral margins. Lateral mesopleural suture indistinctly incised and almost obliterated (Fig. 69 B). Posterodorsal corner in lateral view augular; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 130 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view broader than long, with convex anterior margin, straight posterior margin, and broadly convex lateral margins (Fig. 68 B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and trapezoidal, with straight anterior margin, slightly convex posterior margin, and broadly convex dorsum (Fig. 68 A). Subpetiolar process with medium and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, and posteroventral corner concave with a pair of developed and acute teeth (Fig. 67 D). The third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 77 – 85) and moderately narrow anteriad, with slightly convex anterior and posterior margins, and slightly convex lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate (Fig. 67 A). Mandible sparsely punctate (Fig. 67 B). Mesosomal dorsum densely punctate. Mesopleuron with moderately striate lower portion, weakly striate and evenly punctate upper portion. Metapleuron with weakly striate lower portion and smooth upper portion (Fig. 69 A). Lateral face of propodeum sparsely punctate. Propodeal declivity smooth. Lateral face of petiole with sparsely punctate, posterior face smooth, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments with evenly punctate, others segments smooth and shining with sparsely punctate. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs; but upper portion of metapleuron smooth and glabrous (Fig. 69 A). Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with numerous long erected hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Color dark brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma yellowish brown. Description of queen. Head. (Fig. 70 A) Similar to worker caste, but with large and oval Eye, maximum diameter of eye about 0.18 mm with 8 ommatidia along the maximum diameter. Three ocelli present, and forming an equilateral triangle. Antennal scape similar to worker; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.26: 2.09: 2.96: 4.15 (n = 2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view broadly convex (Fig. 71 A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with broadly convex lateral margins. Scutum subtrapezoidal and narrow posteriad, with broadly convex anterior margin, and straight posterior margin (Fig. 71 B). Transcutal suture distinct. Scutellum oval. Anapleural sulcus distinctly incised. Propodeal-metapleural suture indistinct. Propodeal dorsum broad, with straight lateral margins. Propodeal corner in lateral view round; propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 120 degree angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and subrectangular, distinctly broader than long, with slightly convex anterior margin, straight posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins. Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and subtrapezoidal, with straight anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 71 A). Subpetiolar process with middle and oval fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, straight ventral margin, and posteroventral corner concave with big teeth. The third abdominal segment similar to worker caste (ATI: 79 – 86). Sculpture. Similar to worker caste; except lateral propodeum with increased puncture and striation. Pubescence. Similar to worker caste; except lateral propodeum with increased short decumbent hairs. Wing. Forewing (Fig. 70 B): Rsf 1 and Mf 1 forming a blunt angle; Rsf short, Mf 1 distinctly straight. Mf 2 very short; almost absent, Rs + M with second abscissa distad 1 m-cu, cell dc 1 rectangular. 2 rs-m juncture with Rsf 4 distad 2 r-rs. Mf 1 diverging from M + Cu distad cu-a. Cell smc 2 distinctly shorter than cell mc 1. Hindwing (Fig. 70 C): A vein reaching wing outer margin, but Rsf, Cuf, Mf almost reaching outer margin. Color. Similar to worker caste.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F36FFDAFF065B7EFC9DC8CE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is given in honor of the Taiwanese entomologist, Dr. Wen-Jer Wu for his contribution to the entomological research in Taiwan.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F36FFDAFF065B7EFC9DC8CE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan (Taitung county: Orchid Island).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F3DFFC4FF065956FD19CEE6.taxon	description	(Fig. 72: worker)	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F3DFFC4FF065956FD19CEE6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: TAIWAN. Holotype. Worker, Nanshan-Anleng, Yilan Pref., 28 VII to 2 VIII 1988 (NIAES). Note that “ Nanshan-Aleng ” mean Nanshan to Anleng, Taiwan, holotype specimen was collected by the members of the Japanese Society of Soil Zoology using Berlese funnel (per. comm. Dr. Maromu Terayama). Non-type material examined: TAIWAN. 2 workers, 24.39 ° N; 121.67 ° E, 1300 m alt., Mysterious Lake, Yilan county, 6 V 1995, CC Lin leg (CMPon 027, CMPon 028). Measurements (mm) and indices. Holotype. worker: HL 0.45; HW 0.37; SL 0.29; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.03; A 09 L 0.05; A 10 L 0.06; PrW 0.29; WL 0.62; PeH 0.28; PeNL 0.14; PeW 0.21; ATL 0.34; ATW 0.41; CI 83, SI 78, PeI 71, LPeI 51, DPeI 148, ATI 83. Worker (n = 1): HL 0.46; HW 0.37; SL 0.27; A 06 L 0.02; A 07 L 0.02; A 08 L 0.03; A 09 L 0.04; A 10 L 0.06; PrW 0.30; WL 0.62; PeH 0.31; PeNL 0.15; PeW 0.25; ATL 0.33; ATW 0.39; CI 81, SI 73, PeI 82, LPeI 49, DPeI 159, ATI 85.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F3DFFC4FF065956FD19CEE6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (worker). Although Ponera yuhuang presents similarities with P. bishamon, P. japonica, and P. taiyanghen, it can be distinguished by its four segmented club and its subpetiolar process without distinct teeth.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F3DFFC4FF065956FD19CEE6.taxon	description	Description of worker. Head. In full-face view, head rectangular and distinctly longer than broad (CI: 81 – 83), with slightly concave posterior margin, slightly convex lateral margins and rounded posterolateral corners (Fig. 72 C). Eye small; composed of a total of 2 – 3 indistinct facets. Anterior clypeal margin with very blunt medial tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with a series of about seven indistinct denticles, and three large on the apical part. Antennal scape, when laid backward, with a remaining distance of about 20 % of the scape length to the posterolateral corner; average ratio of the length of antennomeres = 1.00: 1.35: 2.38: 3.47 (n = 2). Mesosoma. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view convex (Fig. 72 A). Pronotum in dorsal view arched, with acutely convex anterior margin and slightly convex lateral margins (Fig. 72 B). Metanotal groove distinct with a fine suture. Lateral mesopleural suture distinctly incised. Propodeal dorsum in dorsal view broad with straight and parallel lateral margins. Posterodorsal corner of propodeum rounded, propodeal dorsum and declivity forming approximatively a 125 angle. Metasoma. Petiolar node in dorsal view thick and arched, with moderately convex anterior margin and straight posterior margin (Fig. 72 B). Petiolar node in lateral view moderately thick and rectangular, with straight anterior and posterior margins, anterodorsal corner forming a right angle, anterodorsal corner as high as posterodorsal corner (Fig. 72 A). Subpetiolar process with small and circular fenestra, anteroventral corner blunt, almost straight ventral margin, posterovental corner concave without distinct teeth. Third abdominal tergum distinctly broader than long (ATI: 85) with straight anterior and posterior margins, straight lateral margins. Sculpture. Head densely punctate. Mandible sparsely punctate. Mesosoma evenly punctate. Mesopleuron with slightly striate lower portion and sparsely punctate upper portion. Metapleuron and propodeum densely striate, but especially smooth in the portion contained between metapleuron and propodeum. Propodeal declivity smooth and shining. Lateral face of petiole evenly punctate, posterior face shining, dorsum with few punctures. The third and fourth abdominal segments evenly punctate, other segments smooth and shining with few punctures. Pubescence. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiole, and gaster with evenly distributed short hairs. Mesopleuron, metapleuron, propodeum and lateral face of petiole with few short hairs. Dorsal and ventral faces of head, anterior margin of clypeus, sides of mandibles, dorsum of petiolar node, gastral sterna and posterior half of gastral terga with many long erect hairs. Subpetiolar process with a few long erect hairs. Color. Body color black brown. Mandible, clypeus, antennae, legs, and apex of metasoma lighter. Description of queen. Unknown. Description of male. Unknown.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F3DFFC4FF065956FD19CEE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan (Yilan county: Mysterious Lake).	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
6E6AB6166F3DFFC4FF065956FD19CEE6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. P. yuhuang was described from a single specimen, for which the external morphology cannot be clearly observed. We redescribed P. yuhuang based on the holotype and additional specimens. Although P. yuhuang is closely related to P. taiyangshen, differences in the antennal segment ratios and the form of the subpetiolar teeth can demonstrate that they are separated species.	en	Leong, Chi-Man, Guénard, Benoit, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng, Lin, Chung-Chi (2019): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ponera Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Taiwan and Japan, with a key to East Asian species. Zootaxa 4594 (1): 1-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4594.1.1
