identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
730FD955FFEBFF894EF4FE7CFDC7FAF0.text	730FD955FFEBFF894EF4FE7CFDC7FAF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnolaelaps Berlese	<div><p>Genus Gymnolaelaps Berlese</p><p>Hypoaspis (Gymnolaelaps) Berlese, 1916: 170 .</p><p>Type species Laelaps myrmecophilus Berlese, 1892, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Laelapidae usually with a three-tined palp tarsal claw, proximal tine occasionally reduced, rarely absent; genital shield large, abutting anal shield, with 1–3 pairs of setae in addition to the genital setae st5, all located on the edges of the shield; pre-sternal shield well-developed and sclerotised; a large subtriangular podal shield usually present posterior to coxa IV; epistome with irregularly serrated anterior margin; genu IV with nine setae including one ventral seta. Dorsal shield often with paired Zx setae between J and Z setae, unpaired Jx setae also often present; dorsal shield setae distally pointed, smooth or slightly serrated, not long and whip-like.</p><p>Notes on the genus. The genus Gymnolaelaps has been collected in many parts of the world, almost always from ants' nests. The genus includes approximately 35 described species (Hunter, 1967; Gu &amp; Guo, 1997; Afifi &amp; Abdel-Halim, 1998). Gymnolaelaps has often been considered as a subgenus of a very broad genus Hypoaspis, but we consider it to be a separate genus, following Evans &amp; Till (1979). Nemati et al. (2000) reported five species of Gymnolaelaps from Iran— G. hospes (Berlese, 1923), G. myrmophilus (Michael, 1891), G. vitzthumi Womersley, 1956, G. australicus Womersley, 1956, and an unidentified species. We follow Hunter (1961) in placing G. vitzthumi in the genus Laelaspis . Hunter (1967) reported that the type species G. myrmecophilus has three stronglydeveloped tines on the palp tarsal claw, as do most other species in the genus. Two species, G. canestrinii (Berlese, 1892) and G. myrmophilus, have a weakly-developed proximal tine, and in G. krantzi (Hunter, 1967), there are only two tines. Jalalizand et al. (2004) reported Pseudoparasitus sp. near australicus Womersley and P. myrmecophilus (Berlese) from Iran. We place both of these species in the genus Gymnolaelaps, but we did not find specimens of G. myrmecophilus in the present study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFEBFF894EF4FE7CFDC7FAF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
730FD955FFEBFF8B4EF4FAF4FF38F8D8.text	730FD955FFEBFF8B4EF4FAF4FF38F8D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnolaelaps messor	<div><p>Gymnolaelaps messor sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1–9)</p><p>Specimens examined. Holotype, female, Iran, Karaj, 36˚01’ N, 51˚09’ E, alt. 1831 m, 15 April 2010, O. Joharchi coll., in nest of Messor sp. ( Formicidae). Paratypes, six females, same data as holotype (three in JAZM, three in ANIC).</p><p>Description. Female.</p><p>Dorsal idiosoma. Dorsal shield length 777–798 µm, width 554–588 µm (n = 2) (Fig. 1). Shield oval shaped, lateral margins often bent to become visible ventrally; shield with weak reticulation throughout, more distinct in the opisthonotal section; with 40 pairs of long setae, 22 podonotal, 18 opisthonotal, including three pairs of Zx setae between J and Z setae, setae increasing in length from anterior to posterior (j 1 21–23 µm, J5 118–120 µm), opisthonotal setae long enough to reach well past base of next posterior seta. Podonotal setae smooth, opisthonotal setae slightly serrated (Fig. 2). Opisthonotal region also with two or three unpaired supernumerary seta Jx in each specimen. Central area of shield with two pairs of large circular to oval-shaped pores, other pores minute and inconspicuous.</p><p>Ventral idiosoma (Fig. 3). Tritosternum with paired pilose laciniae (99–104 µm), columnar base 32–35 µm long; pre-sternal shields with sclerotised postero-lateral section ornamented with one or two transverse lines, anteromedian section weakly sclerotised. Sternal shield (length 158–181 µm) narrowest between coxae II (149–181 µm), widest between coxae II and III (255–297 µm), with straight anterior margin and slightly concave posterior margin, with three pairs of smooth sternal setae (st 1 52–54 µm, st 2 50–52 µm, st 3 50–52 µm), one pair of lyrifissures adjacent to setae st 1, and a pair of large circular pores between st 2 and st 3; antero-lateral surface of sternal shield with polygonal ornamentation, central area smooth. Metasternal platelets absent; setae st 4 and associated pores located in soft skin; endopodal plates II/III fused to sternal shield, endopodal plates III/IV elongate, narrow, curved. Genital shield broad, length 374–391 µm, maximum width 261–266 µm, posterior edge straight, abutting anal shield, surface with polygonal ornamentation, bearing the genital setae st 5 and three additional pairs of setae on its lateral edges. Circular paragenital pores located on soft skin near the edge of genital shield, between seta st 5 and a pair of minute narrow platelets. Anal shield subtriangular (106–125 µm long × 156–161 µm wide); its anterior half with lineate ornamentation; with a pair of circular lateral pores; para-anal setae similar in length to unpaired post-anal seta (20–23 µm). Opisthogastric skin with one pair of oval metapodal plates (length 40–42 µm) and nine pairs of smooth setae (Jv1 75–78 µm, Jv2 50–53 µm, Jv 3 25–28 µm, Jv5 87–90 µm, Zv1 50–55 µm, Zv 2 30–35 µm). Large triangular podal shields present posterior to coxae IV, similar in texture and appearance to other ventral sclerites; a pair of minute irregular platelets present between the metapodal and exopodal plates behind coxa IV. Peritreme extending from coxa IV to anterior level of coxa I; peritrematal shield wide, with two protrusions on outer margin, post-stigmatal section conspicuous, with three pairs of post-stigmatal pores, and one pair of small pores just anterior to the stigmata; fused with dorsal shield anterior to seta r2.</p><p>Gnathosoma . Hypostomal groove with six rows of denticles each bearing four or five small teeth except third row with two large teeth, and smooth anterior and posterior transverse lines (Fig. 4). Corniculi robust and hornlike, reaching mid-level of palp femur. Internal malae complex, with three pairs of lobes; inner lobes narrow, with serrated edges; medial lobes slightly shorter than inner lobes, with strongly serrated edges; outer lobes long, narrow, pointed, with some serration at base of of medial margin. Palp chaetotaxy: trochanter 2, femur 5, genu 6, tibia 14, tarsus 15; genu with a distinct dorso-distal triangular condyle; all setae smooth and needle-like; palp tarsal claw with three pointed tines of unequal length (Fig. 5). Epistome irregularly denticulate (Fig. 6). Fixed digit of chelicera with a small triangular proximal tooth, a slightly larger median tooth, and two small distal teeth (Fig. 7); pilus dentilis moderately robust; dorsal seta short, thick, prostrate; movable digit with two large teeth; arthrodial membrane with a rounded flap and a row of short filaments.</p><p>Legs. Legs II and III short (654–660 µm, 643–663 µm), I and IV longer (861–870 µm, 910–912 µm). Chaetotaxy normal for free-living Laelapidae: Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/2 0/1 1, femur 2 3/2 2/2 2 (pl 1 and pl 2 thick), genu 2 3/2 3/1 2, tibia 2 3/2 3/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/2 1, genu 2 3/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 1 2/0 1/1 1, genu 2 2/1 2/ 1 1 (ventral setae all thick, pv 47 µm, al 1 54 µm, al 2 57 µm, pd 1 47 µm, pl 1 42 µm), tibia 2 1/1 2/1 1 (Fig. 8). Leg IV: 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 0 2/1 1/1 1 (dorsal setae all thick), genu 2 2/1 3/0 1 (ventral seta long and thick, av 1 62 µm, ad 1 71 µm, ad 2 82 µm, pd 1 62 µm, pd 2 62 µm, pd 3 57 µm, al 2 74 µm), tibia 2 1/1 3/1 2 (ventral setae long and thick, av 1, av 2 74 µm, pd 1, pd 2 67 µm, pd 3 64 µm) (Fig. 9); all setae fine and needle-like unless otherwise noted. Tarsi I–IV with 18 setae 3 3/2 3/2 3 + mv, md. All pre-tarsi with a pair of claws and a long thin membranous ambulacrum (pre-tarsus length leg I 45 –47 µm, leg II 50 –52 µm, leg III 45 –47 µm, leg IV 55 –57 µm).</p><p>Insemination structures not seen, apparently unsclerotised.</p><p>Etymology. The name of this species refers to its occurrence in nests of ants of the genus Messor .</p><p>Notes. Gymnolaelaps messor differs from almost all other species in the genus by the long setae in the posterior half of its dorsal shield. Only four other species have such long setae. Gymnolaelaps messor differs from G. annectans Womersley, 1955 (= G. nidicorva (Evans &amp; Till, 1966)) and G. unospinosus (Karg, 1978) also by the presence of large subtriangular podal plates behind coxa IV (absent in G. nidicorva and G. unospinosus). It differs from G. reniculus (Karg, 1981) by the much greater width of its genital, anal and peritrematal shields, and from G. australicus Womersley, 1956, by the straight posterior edge of its genital shield (rounded in G. australicus). The new species is also distinctive in having three pairs of Zx setae on the dorsal shield, between the J and Z series setae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFEBFF8B4EF4FAF4FF38F8D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
730FD955FFEEFF8E4EF4FF30FBD9FE04.text	730FD955FFEEFF8E4EF4FF30FBD9FE04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnolaelaps prestoni	<div><p>Gymnolaelaps prestoni sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 10–18)</p><p>Specimens examined. Holotype, female, Iran, Karaj, 35˚57’ N, 51˚21’ E, alt. 2130 m, 30 March 2010, O. Joharchi coll., in nest of Myrmica sp. Paratypes. Three females, same data as holotype (one in JAZM, two in ANIC).</p><p>Description. Female.</p><p>Dorsal idiosma. Dorsal shield length 748–775 µm, width 571–609 µm (n = 4) (Fig. 10). Shield oval-shaped, surrounded by a narrow strip of unsclerotised skin; dorsal shield with weak reticulation, more distinct posterior to setae J1; with 22 pairs of podonotal setae, 17 pairs of opisthonotal setae including two pairs of Zx setae between J and Z setae, and one unpaired Jx seta; setae increasing in length from anterior to posterior (j 1 20–22 µm, J5 79–84 µm). All dorsal setae slightly serrated (Fig. 11). Central area of shield with four pairs of large circular to ovalshaped pores, outer area with approximately ten pairs of small inconspicuous circular pores.</p><p>Ventral idiosoma (Fig. 12). Tritosternum with paired pilose laciniae (99–111 µm) columnar base 42–45µm long; pre-sternal shields with sclerotised postero-lateral section bearing one or two transverse lines, antero-medial section weakly sclerotised. Sternal shield (length 149–156 µm) narrowest between coxae II (156–158 µm), widest between coxae II and III (257–267 µm), with straight anterior margin and concave posterior margin, with three pairs of smooth sternal setae (st 1 50–54 µm, st 2 50–54 µm, st 3 50–54 µm), one pair of lyrifissures adjacent to setae st 1, and a pair of large circular pores between st 2 and st 3; antero-lateral surface of sternal shield with polygonal ornamentation, central area smooth. Metasternal platelets absent; setae st 4 and associated pores located in soft skin; endopodal plates II/III fused to sternal shield; endopodal plates III/IV free, very long and narrow. Genital shield broad, length 386–407 µm, maximum width 222–256 µm, posterior edge straight, abutting anal shield, surface with polygonal ornamentation, bearing the genital setae st 5 and three pairs of setae on its lateral edges. Circular paragenital pores located on soft skin lateral to shield between seta st 5 and Jv1. Anal shield triangular (129–136 µm long × 156–160 µm wide), its anterior half with lineate ornamentation and a pair of small circular lateral pores; para-anal setae (37–40 µm) twice as long as unpaired post-anal seta (20–24 µm). Opisthogastric skin with one pair of oval metapodal plates (length 39–44 µm) and 8 pairs of smooth pointed setae (Jv1 50–52 µm, Jv2 42–44 µm, Jv3 37–39 µm, Jv5 84–86 µm, Zv1 42–44 µm, Zv2 42–44 µm). Large triangular podal shields present posterior to coxae IV, similar in texture and appearance to other ventral sclerites. Peritreme extending from coxa IV to midlevel of coxa I, peritrematal shield wide, outer margin smoothly curved, post-stigmatal section conspicuous, with three pairs of post-stigmatal pores, and one pair of pores anterior to the stigmata.</p><p>Gnathosoma . Hypostomal groove with six rows of denticles each bearing 4–6 small teeth, and smooth anterior and posterior transverse lines (Fig. 13). Corniculi robust and horn-like, reaching mid-level of palp femur. Internal malae complex, with three pairs of lobes; inner lobes narrow, with serrated edges; medial lobes less than half length of inner lobes, with strongly serrated edges; outer lobes long, narrow, pointed, with some serration at base of medial margin. Palp chaetotaxy: trochanter 2, femur 5, genus 6, tibia 14, tarsus 15; genu with a distinct dorso-distal triangular condyle, all setae smooth and needle-like; palp tarsal claw with three pointed tines of unequal lengths (Fig. 14). Epistome irregularly denticulate (Fig. 15). Fixed digit of chelicera with a small triangular tooth, a larger median tooth, and two small distal teeth (Fig. 16); pilus dentilis long and robust; dorsal seta short, thick, prostrate; movable digit with two large teeth; arthrodial membrane with a rounded flap and a few short filaments.</p><p>Legs. Legs II and III short (653–710 µm, 633–690 µm), I and IV longer (870–940 µm, 940–960 µm). Chaetotaxy: Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/2 0/1 1 (ad long and thick), femur 2 3/2 2/2 2, genu 2 3/2 3/1 2, tibia 2 3/2 3/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/2 1 (al 1 thick), genu 2 3/1 2/1 2 (ventral setae thick), tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2 (ventral setae thick). Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/1 1 (ad very long and thick, 58–65 µm), femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 2 2/1 2/1 1 (al 2 47 µm, ad 1 50 µm, av and pv long and thick, 37 µm), tibia 2 1/1 2/1 1 (pv long and thick) (Fig. 17). Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/1 1 (ad long and thick), femur 0 2/1 1/1 1 (pd thick), genu 2 2/1 3/0 1 (ad 1 50 µm, pl 50 µm, a v long and thick, 50 µm), tibia 2 1/1 3/1 2 (ventral setae long and thick) (Fig. 18). Tarsi I–IV with 18 setae 3 3/2 3/2 3 + mv, md. All pre-tarsi with a pair of claws and a long thin membranous ambulacrum.</p><p>Insemination structures not seen, apparently unsclerotised.</p><p>Etymology. This species is named in honour of Preston Hunter, who made important contributions to the systematics of free-living Laelapidae .</p><p>Notes. Gymnolaelaps prestoni differs from almost all other species in the genus by the pair of large circular pores on the sternal shield between setae st 2 and st 3. In most species a pair of slit-shaped lyrifissures occurs in this position. Only five other species in the genus have large circular pores between setae st 2 and st 3. Gymnolaelaps prestoni differs from G. shealsi Hunter &amp; Costa, 1971 and G. submyrmecophila Xu &amp; Liang, 1996 by the presence of large subtriangular exopodal plates behind coxa IV (absent or very small in G. shealsi and G. submyrmecophila). It differs from G. myrmecophilus (Berlese, 1892), G. sitalaensis Bhattacharyya, 1966 and G. messor by the presence of two pairs of Zx setae on the dorsal shield between the J and Z series setae, and by its longer dorsal shield setae. Gymnolaelaps myrmecophilus has much shorter opisthonotal setae than G. prestoni, while G. sitalensis has three pairs of Zx setae and short dorsal shield setae. Gymnolaelaps prestoni is similar to G. reniculus Karg, 1981, but differs from it by having only 17 pairs of opisthonotal setae (22 pairs in G. reniculus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFEEFF8E4EF4FF30FBD9FE04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
730FD955FFECFF8E4EF4FDE5FAFBFB5D.text	730FD955FFECFF8E4EF4FDE5FAFBFB5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laelaspis Berlese	<div><p>Genus Laelaspis Berlese</p><p>Laelaps (Laelaspis) Berlese, 1903: 13 . Type species Laelaps astronomicus Koch, 1839, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Laelapidae with a two-tined palp tarsal claw. Genital shield wide, strongly expanded posterior to coxae IV, its posterior margin rounded, with characteristic ornamentation including two distinct Λ-shaped lines; with two pairs of setae on extreme edges of shield in addition to st 5. Pre-sternal shield usually absent. Genu IV with nine setae including one ventral seta. Dorsal shield setae smooth or slightly serrated, sometimes with paired Zx setae between J and Z series setae, sometimes also with unpaired Jx setae.</p><p>Notes on the genus. Laelaspis has often been treated as a subgenus of Hypoaspis, but we here consider it to be a separate genus following recent works such as Lindquist et al. (2009). The differences between Laelaspis and the other discussed in this paper are summarised in Table 1. The cosmopolitan genus Laelaspis includes about 20 species, which are usually associated with ants (Hunter, 1961, 1964a). Some species are free-living in soil and litter, such as L. vitzthumi (Womersley, 1956) (Hunter, 1964b) or associated with small mammals, such as L. patulus Allred, 1969 . Several species of Laelaspis have been reported from Iran (Nemati et al., 2000; Kamali et al., 2001; Faraji et al., 2008; Babaeian et al., 2010; Hajizadeh et al., 2010a, 2010b; Nemati &amp; Babaeian, 2010). However, we believe that some of these records are based on misidentifications, or refer to species that should be placed in other genera. These records and others will be discussed in detail in a separate paper on the genus Laelapsis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFECFF8E4EF4FDE5FAFBFB5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
730FD955FFECFF8F4EF4F8D8FAEAFC79.text	730FD955FFECFF8F4EF4F8D8FAEAFC79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmozercon Berlese	<div><p>Genus Myrmozercon Berlese</p><p>Myrmozercon Berlese, 1902: 699 . Type species Myrmozercon brevipes Berlese, 1902, by monotypy.</p><p>Myrmonyssus Berlese, 1903: 16 . Type species Myrmonyssus diplogenius Berlese, 1903, designated by Berlese, 1904 (synonymy by Rosario &amp; Hunter, 1988).</p><p>Myrmonyssus (Laelaspulus) Berlese, 1904: 437 . Type species Myrmozercon acuminatus Berlese, 1903, by original designation (synonymy by Shaw &amp; Seeman, 2009).</p><p>Parabisternalis Ueckermann &amp; Loots, 1995: 35 . Type species Parabisternalis yemeni Ueckermann &amp; Loots, 1995, by original designation (synonymy by Shaw &amp; Seeman, 2009).</p><p>Diagnosis. Laelapidae with the dorsal shield oval to subcircular, usually with posterior margin reduced or truncate; deutosternal groove with more than seven multidenticulate rows of denticles; chelicerae usually edentate, rarely with weak teeth, fixed digit reduced; palp trochanter with one or two setae, v2 sometimes present; tarsi I–IV with well-developed ambulacral pads, claws usually absent; genu I and tibia I usually with three ventral setae, occasionally two; peritreme short, not extending past anterior margin of coxa II.</p><p>Notes on the genus. The diagnosis of Myrmozercon used here is based on that of Shaw &amp; Seeman (2009). The genus Myrmozercon includes about 20 described species from Europe, Australia, Africa, and North America (Rosario &amp; Hunter, 1988; Walter, 2003; Shaw &amp; Seeman, 2009; Trach &amp; Khaustov, 2011). All species are associated with ants, except for one quarantine interception on plant material (Hunter &amp; Hunter, 1963). Myrmozercon robustisetae Rosario &amp; Hunter, 1988 was described from a termite nest, but this species is now known to belong to the termitophilous genus Urozercon Berlese, 1901 (in Berlese &amp; Leonardi, 1901) (OConnor &amp; Klimov, 2004). Shaw &amp; Seeman (2009) synonymised Parabisternalis Ueckermann &amp; Loots, 1995 with Myrmozercon, and included the subgenus Myrmonyssus (Laelaspulus) Berlese, 1904 as a synonym of Myrmozercon . We anticipate that M. yemeni Ueckermann &amp; Loots, 1995 will be found associated with ants, once its biology is studied. The only species known from western Asia and eastern Europe are M. ovatum Karawajew, 1909 from Turkmenistan and M. tauricus Trach &amp; Khaustov, 2011, from Ukraine. The genus is now recorded in Iran for the first time.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFECFF8F4EF4F8D8FAEAFC79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
730FD955FFEDFF824EF4FC79FEA1FE04.text	730FD955FFEDFF824EF4FC79FEA1FE04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmozercon karajensis	<div><p>Myrmozercon karajensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 19–27)</p><p>Specimens examined. Holotype, female, Iran, Karaj, 35˚55’ N, 51˚04’ E, alt. 1880 m, 15 April 2010, O. Joharchi coll., in nest of Camponotus sp. (in JAZM). Paratype, one female, same data as holotype (in ANIC).</p><p>Description. Female</p><p>Dorsal idiosoma (Fig. 19). Length 583–622 µm. Dorsal shield length 535–538 µm, width 491–504 µm (n = 2). Shield posteriorly truncate, not covering entire idiosoma, leaving a curved strip of unprotected skin posterior to setae J5, shield with distinct reticulate ornamentation over whole surface, individual polygons small, scale-shaped, transverse; with approximately 33 pairs of smooth pointed setae, some unpaired and asymmetrical, two pairs of setae in soft skin posterior to shield, setae on shield uniform in length and thickness except j1 fine and minute. Setae in R series reduced to only one or two setae. Pores and lyrifissures minute and obscure, in approximately ten pairs.</p><p>Ventral idiosoma (Fig. 20). Tritosternum with short broad base (37µm × 12 µm wide), with smooth paired laciniae (105 µm); pre-sternal shields absent. Sternal shield (length 124 µm) narrowest between coxae II (131 µm) widest between coxae II and III (178 µm), with biconvex anterior margin; posterior margin indistinct and concave; shield bearing three pairs of smooth pointed setae (st 1 40 µm, st 2 42 µm, st 3 40 µm) and two pairs of lyrifissures, one pair between setae st 1 and st 2 and the other between st 2 and st 3; surface with indistinct reticulate ornamentation and weak transverse lines near the anterior margin. Seta st 4 present in soft skin, metasternal pores and plates apparently absent. Endopodal plates III/IV free, narrow and elongate. Genital shield wide, strongly tapering posteriorly, 330–342 µm long, 150–153 maximum width. Surface of shield reticulate, ornamented with elongate cells in posterior half and longitudinal markings in anterior half; with one pair of simple setae st 5. Anal shield indistinct, bearing long thick post-anal seta 74 µm long, and a pair of para-anal setae 45 µm long. Opisthogastric soft skin with 11 pairs of smooth pointed setae (Jv1 32 µm, Jv2 37 µm, Jv3 17 µm, Jv5 44 µm, Zv1 37 µm, Zv2 37 µm), metapodal shields absent. Peritremes very short (71 µm), extending to mid-level of coxae Ш. Peritrematal shields absent, post-stigmatal plates and pores absent.</p><p>Gnathosoma . Hypostomal groove with ten rows of denticles, 9 to 15 very fine denticles per row, three rows sloping, not transverse (not visible in paratype) (Fig. 21). Hypostomal seta h1 26 µm, h2 23 µm, h3 37 µm, palp coxal seta 34 µm, surface of hypostome ornamented with transverse and curved lines. Palp chaetotaxy: trochanter 2, femur 5, genu 5, tibia 12; pd on femur very long and thick; palp tarsal claw two-tined. Epistome triangular, smooth, with pointed apex and a few longitudinal dorsal lines (Fig. 22). Fixed digit of chelicera edentate, longer than movable digit; movable digit weakly sclerotised, distally curved, with a row of about eight minute denticles (Fig. 23). Corniculi short, broad, weakly sclerotised.</p><p>Legs: Legs II and III short (465 µm, 505 µm), I and IV longer (623–703 µm, 314–347 µm), ventral surface of most segments with reticulate ornamentation. Chaetotaxy: Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 1/2 1 (pd very long and thick), femur 2 3/1 2/1 2 (ad 1 and pd 1 long and thick, Fig. 24), genu 2 3/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 3/1 2/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 1 2/1 2/2 1 (ad 1 and pd 1 long and thick, Fig. 25), genu 2 3/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 2/1 1/0 1 (pd and pl very short and fine, ad 1 and ad2 long and thick, av proximal to lyrifissure, Fig. 26), genu 2 2/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 1/1 2/1 2. Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0 (av very long and fine), trochanter 1 1/2 1/1 0, femur 2 2/1 1/0 1 (pd and pl very short and fine, ad 1 long and thick, Fig. 27), genu 2 2/1 3/0 2, tibia 2 1/1 3/1 2. Tarsi I–IV with 16 setae, pre-tarsi with membranous ambulacrum, claws absent.</p><p>Insemination structures: Insemination ducts opening on posterior margin of coxa III; sacculus foemineus not visible, apparently unsclerotised.</p><p>Etymology. The name of this species is derived from the type locality, Karaj.</p><p>Notes. Only eight species of Myrmozercon have been described from the Palaearctic Region. Myrmozercon karajensis is distinctive in having only two ventral setae on genu I and tibia I instead of the normal three. It differs from M. brevipes Berlese, 1902 (Italy) and M. flexuosa (Michael, 1891) (Austria) because it has many fewer setae on the dorsal shield; it differs from M. acuminatus (Berlese, 1903, Italy) by its very short peritreme—in M. acuminatus the peritreme is long enough to reach coxa I (Berlese, 1903). Myrmozercon karajensis differs from M. antennophoroides (Berlese, 1904) (Italy) because its genital shield is posteriorly pointed whereas that of M. antennophoroides is truncate; it differs from M. brachiatus (Berlese, 1903) (Italy) by the posterior margin of the dorsal shield, which is truncate in M. karajensis and rounded in M. brachiatus . Myrmozercon ovatum Karawajew, 1909 was described from Turkmenistan, close to the type locality of M. karajensis . However, M. ovatum is easily distinguished from M. karajensis by its very distinctive short legs, shorter than the width of the idiosoma, and its wide genital shield. Myrmozercon karajensis is most similar to M. diplogenius (Berlese, 1903) (Italy and East Africa), but differs from it because the posterior half of the dorsal shield has at least 19 pairs of setae in M diplogenius and 15 pairs in M. karajensis, and the posterior dorsal shield setae are 48–50 µm long in M diplogenius and 53–58 µm long in M. karajensis . Myrmozercon yemeni (Ueckermann &amp; Loots, 1995) was described from Yemen, geographically close to Iran, but it differs from M. karajensis in many ways, especially in the absence of metasternal seta st4, and the fusion of the sternal and endopodal shields. Myrmozercon tauricus Trach &amp; Khaustov, 2011, described from Ukraine, also lacks metasternal setae, and differs from M. karajensis in having pilose setae on the dorsal shield. Myrmozercon karajensis is very similar to M. chapmani (Baker &amp; Strandtmann, 1948) (Mexico), but differs from it by the presence of very long thick setae on the femora of all legs (absent in M. chapmani).</p><p>Shaw &amp; Seeman (2009) drew attention to some distinctive character states in Myrmozercon . The palp trochanter usually has one ventral seta, but M. karajensis and M. beardae have the normal mesostigmatid complement of two ventral setae. The corniculi of most species, including M. karajensis, are short and broad, not strongly sclerotised and horn-like. The genus is variable in the presence or absence of seta st 4 (present in M. karajensis) and in the degree of fusion of the sternal shield with the endopodal plates. In M. karajensis the endopodal plates between coxae III and IV are completely free. Myrmozercon also has reduced chaetotaxy on some leg segments. This trend is developed further in Myrmozercon karajensis, which has only two ventral setae on genu I and tibia I instead of the normal three. This requires an expansion of the definition of the genus, and of the subfamily Melittiphinae.</p><p>Most species of Myrmozercon, including the type species M. brevipes, show moderate to strong hypertrichy on the dorsal shield. However, M. burwelli Shaw &amp; Seeman, 2009 (24–25 pairs), and the new species M. karajensis (33 pairs), have a reduced dorsal chaetotaxy. All species appear to have asymmetrical and unpaired setae on the dorsal shield, which makes it difficult to recognise their homology. For that reason, the setal notations in Figure 13 must be regarded as provisional. In most species the dorsal shield is reduced or truncated posteriorly to expose a strip of unsclerotised opisthonotal skin, but this is not true in every species. Species of Myrmozercon also vary in the presence or absence of metasternal setae st 4, and the extent to which the sternal shield is fused with the endopodal plates. The sternal shield of M. karajensis is similar to that of many free-living Mesostigmata, with three pairs of setae and two pairs of lyrifissures, separate endopodal plates between coxae III and IV, and separate metasternal setae in the soft skin. The leg chaetotaxy of Myrmozercon species is variable, and does not provide diagnostic characters that define the genus (Shaw &amp; Seeman, 2009). The new species M. karajensis adds some further variation to the leg chaetotaxy, by having only two ventral setae on genu I and tibia I, where most species have three. It also has two ventral setae on the palp trochanter where most species of Myrmozercon have one. Shaw &amp; Seeman (2009) described a swelling on the dorso-distal edge of the palp trochanter in several species, but this structure is not present in M. karajensis . This instability in morphology, and the edentate chelicerae and short peritremes of Myrmozercon, suggest that Myrmozeron is parasitic on its ant hosts, and not simply a commensal in its host's nests, but this has not been established experimentally. The specimens of M. karajensis were found clinging to the abdomen and head of the ants.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFEDFF824EF4FC79FEA1FE04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
730FD955FFE0FF824EF4FDE0FE9CF8D1.text	730FD955FFE0FF824EF4FDE0FE9CF8D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoparasitus Oudemans	<div><p>Genus Pseudoparasitus Oudemans</p><p>Pseudoparasitus Oudemans, 1902: 29 . Type species Laelaps meridionalis G. &amp; R. Canestrini, 1882, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Palp tarsal claw with two large tines and a small third tine; exopodal plate behind coxa IV large and triangular, not fused with peritrematal shields; genital shield large, with 4–5 pairs of setae including two pairs on the surface of the shield; shield without strong Λ-shaped lines; anal shield free; distinct pre-sternal plates present; idiosomal setae usually smooth; chelicera of female chelate-dentate; genu and tibia I normally with three ventral setae, genu II with two ventral setae.</p><p>Notes on the genus. Unfortunately Oudemans (1902) did not provide a detailed description of Pseudoparasitus or its type species. The type species, Laelaps meridionalis G. &amp; R. Canestrini, 1882, is very poorly known. The original description is brief, and both the description and illustrations lack some important details, especially concerning the setae on the genitoventral shield. The species has never been fully re-described, and the types have apparently been lost. The brief re-description and illustrations by Berlese (1886) are also very incomplete. Evans &amp; Till (1966) considered that P. centralis Berlese, 1921 might be a synonym of P. meridionalis . However, this seems unlikely, because the shape of the genitoventral shield in these two species is very different. The genitoventral shield in P. centralis is very wide, with lateral edges that project beyond the outer margins of coxae IV. In P. meridionalis, the genitoventral shield is much narrower, as Berlese specifically pointed out when he described P. centralis . Our concept of the genus is based on that of Hunter (1966) and includes all of his species, except that we place Gymnolaelaps annectans Womersley, 1955 and Pseudoparasitus margopilus Hunter, 1966 in the genus Gymnolaelaps, because all the genitoventral setae are on the extreme edges of the genitoventral shield. Pseudoparasitus is distinguished from Gymnolaelaps by the presence of two pairs of setae on the surface of the genital shield, well inside the edges of the shield. The differences between Gymnolaelaps and the other genera discussed here are summarised in Table 1.</p><p>Pseudoparasitus is a cosmopolitan genus of about 20 species (Hunter, 1966; Evans &amp; Till, 1966; Karg, 1981, 1989b). Species of Pseudoparasitus are found in soil and litter, often associated with ornamental plants, and in that situation they have been intercepted in quarantine (Hunter, 1966). Nemati et al. (2000) reported four named species from Iran under the name Pseudoparasitus (Gymnolaelaps) . Of these, we consider that G. vitzthumi Womersley, 1956 is a species of Laelaspis, and Hypoaspis hospes Berlese, 1923, G. australicus Womersley, 1956 and Laelaps myrmophilus Michael, 1891 all belong to Gymnolaelaps as a separate genus. Fathipour (1994) reported the Neotropical species P. porulatus Karg, 1989b from Iran, and this record was catalogued by Kamali et al. (2001). The description of this species in Fathipour (1994) refers to four pairs of setae on the genital shield, but the accompanying illustration shows only three. Unfortunately those specimens have now been lost, so these observations can not be confirmed. In view of the ambiguity in the description, we believe that record is probably a misidentification of some other species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFE0FF824EF4FDE0FE9CF8D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
730FD955FFE0FF834EF4F8D2FCECFC46.text	730FD955FFE0FF834EF4F8D2FCECFC46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoparasitus missouriensis (Ewing) Ewing	<div><p>Pseudoparasitus missouriensis (Ewing)</p><p>Hyletastes missouriensis Ewing, 1909: 66 .</p><p>Gymnolaelaps missouriensis .— Hennessey &amp; Farrier, 1988: 30.</p><p>Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) misoriensis (sic).— Babaeian et al., 2010: 328. Pseudoparasitus obsoletus Berlese, 1916: 164 (synonymy by Hennessey &amp; Farrier, 1988). Laelaspis austriacus Sellnick, 1935: 353 (synonymy by Hennessey &amp; Farrier, 1988). Laelaspis austriacus .— Willmann, 1951: 113.</p><p>Gymnolaelaps austriacus .— Hunter, 1961: 680.</p><p>Pseudoparasitus austriacus .— Hunter, 1966: 9.</p><p>Hypoaspis austriacus .— Hirschmann &amp; Bernhard, 1969: 132.</p><p>Hypoaspis (Euryaspis) austriacus .— Bernhard, 1971: 8.</p><p>Hypoaspis (Gymnolaelaps) austriacus .— Bregetova, 1977: 526.</p><p>Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) austriaca .— Tenorio, 1982: 264; Karg, 1979: 101; 1989a: 120; 1993: 161.</p><p>Specimens examined. Three females, Karaj, Shahrestanak, O. Joharchi coll., 18 September 2009, 35˚56’ N, 51˚22’ E, alt. 2330 m, in nest of Camponotus sp.</p><p>Notes. The synonymy presented above shows that this species has had a very unstable taxonomic history. Most of the information on this species has been published under the names Gymnolaelaps austriacus or Hypoaspis austriacus . Hunter (1961) placed this species in Gymnolaelaps, but later (Hunter, 1966) moved it to Pseudoparasitus . The species may be recognised by the podal plates behind coxa IV, which are narrower than for other species in the genus, the very long and narrow metapodal plates, the very wide rounded genito-ventral shield with four pairs of setae, including two pairs of ventral setae inserted well inside the shield, and a pair of opisthogastric setae in the soft skin between the genito-ventral and anal shields. We can confirm the observations by Sellnick (1935), Hunter (1966), Bernhard (1971) and Bregetova (1977), that this species has only a single tooth on the movable digit of the chelicera. Our specimens agree completely with Bregetova (1977, Figure 417), who showed that the fixed digit has a small distal tooth and a larger bifid proximal tooth. The illustration of the chelicera in Hennessey &amp; Farrier (1988) is not detailed enough to allow this comparison.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/730FD955FFE0FF834EF4F8D2FCECFC46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Joharchi, Omid;Halliday, Bruce;Saboori, Alireza;Kamali, Karim	Joharchi, Omid, Halliday, Bruce, Saboori, Alireza, Kamali, Karim (2011): New species and new records of mites of the family Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) associated with ants in Iran. Zootaxa 2972: 22-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202824
