identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
73083D48FFB0BF3FFF173CB6FD5F9CF4.text	73083D48FFB0BF3FFF173CB6FD5F9CF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus (sect. Thysananthus) section Thysananthus	<div><p>Thysananthus section Thysananthus</p><p>Leaves without vitta.</p><p>For distribution see under Thysananthus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB0BF3FFF173CB6FD5F9CF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB0BF3EFF173E21FD699A76.text	73083D48FFB0BF3EFF173E21FD699A76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus aculeatus Herzog 1931	<div><p>1. Thysananthus aculeatus Herzog (1931: 89) . Type: PHILIPPINES. Laguna and Quezon: Mt. Banahao, 20 December 1913, Baker 7079 (lectotype, here designated JE!; isolectotypes PC!, U!), ibid., Baker 7083 (paralectotype JE!).</p><p>Thysananthus formosanus Horikawa (1934: 252) . Type: TAIWAN. Taito: between Shinsuiei and Shucho-kyokai, 3 January 1933, Y. Horikawa 10622 (holotype HIRO!).</p><p>Thysananthus richardsianus Verdoorn (1934a: 173) . Type: MALAYSIA. Sarawak: “ G. Balapau, Ulu Tinjar, in silvis et ad arb. truncos, 750 m, November 1932 ”, P.W. Richards s.n. [Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 398] (holotype FH!; isotypes BM!, BR!, C!, F!, G! 2 packets, GOET!, JE!, L! 2 packets, NY!, PC!, S!, U!, W!).</p><p>Plants autoicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, yellowish brown to dark brown in herbarium specimens, up to 3.5 cm long × 1–1.8 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 9–10 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 200–211 µm high × 160–180 µm wide, 10–14 cell layers high, composed of 38–42 epidermal cells surrounding 103–121 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically ovate, 0.8–1 × 0.5–0.7 mm, apex obliquely acute, dorsal base cordate, dorsal margin with 4–7 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–4 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, ventral margin slightly incurved, with 12–13 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 7–12 × 7–10 µm, median cells 22–35 × 7–10 µm, basal cells 25–50 × 10–22 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–2 per cell; oil bodies 3–4 per cell (Mizutani, 1961). Lobules oblong-rectangular, 0.2–0.3 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/4–1/3 × lobe length, the lobule terminating at the end of the keel or joined for a short distance to the ventral margin of the dorsal lobe; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage; lobule apex truncate, with one triangular tooth, the tooth consisting of 4–6(– 36 in Baker 7083) cells, being 2–6 cells wide at base and ending in a row of (1–)2–3 cells. Underleaves imbricate, channeled or hollow, obovate, 0.5–0.6 × 0.4–0.5 mm, 2–3 ×stem width, apex truncate, plane, margin with 8–15 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–4 cells, being 2 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 13–20 × 7–10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts and bracteoles in 3–12 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.7–0.8 × 0.5–0.6 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a dichasial pattern; lobe ovate, 0.5–1.4 × 0.3–0.7 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2–2/3 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margins with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 1.2–1.3 × 0.7–0.8 mm, apex emarginate, 1/3 × bracteole length with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, margins plane. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 1.7–1.8 × 0.7–0.8 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; beak 53–71 µm (3 cells) in length or absent. Figs. 8, 9.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Herzog (1931, p. 88, Fig. 3); Horikawa (1934, p. 20, Figs. 1–10 as Thysananthus formosanus); Mizutani (1961, p. 154, Fig. VI. 1–23).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Southern Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia (Borneo), and the Philippines; 200–2350 m; on moist rocks along streams and on bark of trees in the understory of lowland rain forests and montane forests. Fig. 5I.</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 21</p><p>Representative specimens:— Japan. KAGOSHIMA: Amami Ōshima, Kawauchi river, 1 December 1988, Inoue s.n. (BR, C, G, L, NICH, PC, S, U); along trial above Nakama toward Mt. Shichigodake, Iwatzuki &amp; Sharp 15764 (NICH) ; slopes of the Tainokawa valley above the sugar mill, 8 December 1964, Iwatzuki &amp; Sharp 14807 (NICH 2 packets); Mt. Yuwan, Iwatsuki &amp; Suzuki 10514 , Yamaguchi 18285, k8274, Amano 8391 (NICH) ; Todoroki-no-taki falls, Iwatsuki &amp; Suzuki 11557 (NICH); Yakusugi land, Asakawa &amp; Harrison 69 (NICH) ; Suzukawa near Onoaida, Mizutani 10131, 10132, Hattori 6995 (NICH) , 10313, 10372 (L, NICH, S); Tainokawa near Onoaida, Mizutani 10432, 10456, 10457, 10493 (NICH) ; broad-leaved evergreen forest side of Tainokawa river, Iwatzuki &amp; al. 11017 (NICH) ; Mt. Motchomu, Mizutani 10707 (NICH) ; Miyanoura, July 1951, Amakawa s.n. (C, L, S, W); along Hanaage river, Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa 561 (S, W); along Odagumi river, Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa 939 (S, W); Yakushima, Faurie 750 (BM, G), July 1900, Faurie s.n. (PC) , July 1951, Amakawa s.n. (HIRO 4 packets, NICH), 27 March 1999, Izawa s.n. (NICH), 14 April 1950, Hasegawa &amp; al. s.n. (NICH); Kosugidani, Shin 3775 (NICH) ; Mt. Inogawa-dake, Takaki &amp; Katsurayama 37892, 37949 (NICH) ; Mt. Yuwan, Takaki &amp; Katsurayama 37775, 37468 (NICH) ; upstream area of Sumiyo-gawa river, Takaki &amp; Katsurayama 37636 (NICH) .— OKINAWA: Ryukyu Islands, Oogimi, 28 January 1955, Amano s.n. (BM, BR, C, F, G, HIRO, L, NICH, S, W), Mt. Aha, Amano 8372 (NICH) ; Inokawa river, Ando E8814 (F), Taiho river, 23 July 1989, Asaaki s.n. (HIRO) ; Mt. Yonaha-dake, Iwatzuki 12967, Amakawa 8462, Takaki 38673, 38674 (NICH) ; Nuuha river, Kanashiro 659 (NICH) . Taiwan. TAITO: between Shinsuiei and Shucho-kyokai, 3 January 1933, Horikawa 10584, 10602, 10604, 10642, 10654, 10657, 10688, 10690, 10693 (HIRO) , 10642 (HSNU) (J. Wang, pers. comm.) . Philippines. BENGUET: Baguio, Mt. Santo Tomas, Onraedt 84.P.10959 (BR, JE) , Aptroot 20370a (U) .— ORIENTAL MINDORO: Mt. Halcon, Salgado 88.P.12142 (BR) , “ Dhenill 5709a” (G) .— ZAMBALES: without location, December 1907, Curran &amp; Merritt s.n. (G) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Mizutani (1961) considered Thysananthus formosanus and T. richardsianus as synonyms of T. aculeatus . In addition, he showed that the difference between T. aculeatus and T. richardsianus is only the size of the first tooth of the leaf-lobule. Variation in shape and size of the teeth of the leaf-lobule is common and is also seen in, e.g., Spruceanthus semirepandus (Nees 1830: 39) Verdoorn (1934a: 153), Leucolejeunea xanthocarpa (Lehmann &amp; Lindenberg in Lehmann 1833: 8) Evans (1907: 229), etc. In the present study it appeared that T. formosanus is somewhat intermediate between T. aculeatus and T. richardsianus, having the appearance and innovation pattern as in T. aculeatus and the curved, elongate lobule teeth of T. richardsianus . I, therefore, treat them all as one species and reduce T. formosanus and T. richardsianus to synonyms of T. aculeatus . The type of T. richardsianus was distributed by Verdoorn in his exsiccata series (F. Verdoorn (ed.), Hep. Sel. Crit. VIII: 398) and the label data of the exsiccata are slightly different from the specimen data in the original publication.</p><p>Gradstein et al. (2002) treated Thysananthus aculeatus as a synonym of T. spathulistipus whereas Verdoorn (1934a) treated the two taxa as separate species. The difference between both taxa was discussed by Verdoorn (l.c.). Based on examination of a number of collections, I found that the asymmetrical leaves (symmetrical in T. spathulistipus), the transverse lobule apex not or slightly continuing into the ventral lobe margin (lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin in T. spathulistipus) and channeled/hollow obovate underleaves (spathulate in T. spathulistipus) in T. aculeatus allow to keep both taxa separate.</p><p>Thysananthus aculeatus was described by Herzog in 1931 based on two specimens, Baker 7079 and 7083. The two specimens are different in the number lobule tooth cells (4−6 cells in specimen nr. 7079 versus 12−36 cells in nr. 7083). In the original description, the variation in lobule teeth was not mentioned, however, the original figure of the lobule teeth was drawn from specimen nr. 7079 only. I have chosen the latter specimen as the lectotype of this species because it is good material with perianths.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB0BF3EFF173E21FD699A76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB1BF3CFF173AE6FBD69EF3.text	73083D48FFB1BF3CFF173AE6FBD69EF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus amazonicus (Spruce 1884) Schiffner 1893	<div><p>2. Thysananthus amazonicus (Spruce) Schiffner (1893: 130) . Lejeunea (subg. Thysanolejeunea) amazonica Spruce (1884: 106) . Lectotype (designated by Fulford 1941): BRAZIL. Pará: Spruce s.n. (lectotype MANCH n.v.; isolectotypes G, MANCH, NY).</p><p>Plants autoicous and paroicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect or projecting downwards and becoming pendent, green to dull brown in the field, yellowish to reddish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 6 cm long × 2–3.5 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 7–9 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 175–188 µm high × 161–167 µm wide, 12–14 cell layers high, composed of 29–32</p><p>22 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK epidermal cells surrounding 63–73 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically oblong-falcate, 1.2–1.7 × 0.6–1 mm, apex apiculate, margin entire, dorsal base cordate, ventral margin incurved 1/2 × leaf length; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 5–7.5 × 7.5–12.5 µm, median cells 15–27.5 × 7.5–10 µm, basal cells 50–70 × 10–22 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–2(–3) per cell; oil bodies (3–)4–6 per cell. Lobules oblong-rectangular, 0.2–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/5–1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex entire or with 1–2 triangular teeth, the first tooth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, the second tooth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 1–2 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, often absent. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly spathulate, 0.7–1 × 0.5–0.9 mm, 3–5 × stem width, apex emarginate-lunulate, plane, margin entire or with up to 12 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 7–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 15–20 × 5–8 µm. Androecia below the gynoecium or terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts and bracteoles in 2–8 pairs, bracts epistatic or hypostatic, 0.8–1 × 0.3–0.5 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract (Gradstein, 1994: 1–2 antheridia). Gynoecia with one lejeuneoid innovation forming a monochasial pattern; lobe ovate, 1.3–1.5 × 0.6–0.8 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2–2/3 × lobe length, apex apiculate to slightly bifid, margin with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 1.1–1.4 × 0.5–0.7 mm, apex emarginate to short bifid, 1/3 × bracteole length with 12–14 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells long at apex, margins recurved. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 1.4–1.7 × 0.6–0.8 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells; beak 30–60 µm (3–4 cells) in length. Fig. 10.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Fulford (1941, p. 38, Figs. 28 –40); Gradstein (1994, p. 85, Fig. 23).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Tropical America (Costa Rica, Colombia, Amazonian part of Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Guianas; disjunct in eastern Cuba); from sea level to about 1000 m; on branches, twigs, trunks or lianas, occasionally on logs, in marsh forest, swamp forest, evergreen forests on white sand, and savannas; usually in the forest canopy. Fig. 5A.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Costa Rica. LIMÓN: Tortuguero, 29 November 1994, Cleef &amp; Kapelle s.n. (GOET), Timme 11158 (GOET) . Colombia. AMAZONAS: Río Caquetá, TRA 12 km, Mohr &amp; Sosa 20 (GOET, U) . Venezuela. BOLÍVAR: Cerro Guaiquinima, Sipman 26654, 26678 (U) . Guyana. CUYUNI-MAZARUNI: Essequibo river, near Bartica, Richards 188 (BM) , 510 (BM, GOET).— DEMERARA-MAHAICA: Timehri, Thomson’s farm, Gradstein 4709 (G, GOET), Cornelissen &amp; ter Steege C 017 (U) .— UPPER DEMERARA-BERBICE: Mabura hill, Cornelissen &amp; ter Steege C 111, C679, C680, C681, C682, C743, C744, C761, C762, C829, C860, C861 (U) .— UPPER MAZARUNI: North slope of Mt. Roraima, Gradstein 5151 (G, U); Waruma river, Gradstein 4993 (G, U) ; Mt. Latipu, Gradstein 5560, 5650 (U) ; Waramadan, trail to Mt. Pwipwi, Gradstein 5693 (BR, G, NICH, U); Jawalla, at confluence of Kukui river and Mazaruni river, Gradstein 4835, 4911 (U) , 4857 (G, U). Suriname. NICKERIE: Nickerie, area of Kabalebo dam project, Bekker 1086a, 1090, 1160b, 1164b, 1166, 1174, 1176, 1177, 1195, 1296, 1343, 1346b, 1361a, 1375, 1387, 1427b, 1459, 1471, 1475, 1483b, 1494b, 1514, 1522b, 1526b, 1530, 1554, 1555, 1749c, 1756a (U), Florschütz-de Waard &amp; Zielman 5187A, 5189A, 5529A (U); Jodensavanne-Mapane kreek area, Lindeman 3937 (GOET, PC) .— PARAMARIBO: Paramaribo, Suringar 598 (L) .— SIPALIWINI: Blanche Marie valley, Muñoz 98–19 (GOET) . French Guiana. CAYENNE: Trésor reservation, Hartmann &amp; al. 04–052 (GOET); Montagne de Kaw, Hartmann &amp; al. 04–117, 04–118 (GOET) , Cornelissen &amp; ter Steege C 0265, C0311 (U), Gradstein 5900 (U); forest between savanna one and “petit savanna”, Hartmann &amp; al. 04–120, 04–121, 04–123 (GOET); Emerald Jungle village, Holz FG 00–51A, FG00–55 (GOET) ; la Trinité, lower Comté river, Cremers 5557 (BR) ; bridge over Comté river, Gradstein 6658 (U); Montsinery, along “Risque tout” forest track, Gradstein 5793 (U); Saül, along La Fumée trail, Gradstein 6131 (U), Aptroot 15381, 15447 (U), Montfoort &amp; Ek 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169 (U), Gehrig s.n. (GOET) .— SAINT-LAURENT-DU-MARONI: Charvein, 20 January 1914, Benoist s.n. (PC); along trail from St. Laurent to Apatoa, Cornelissen &amp; ter Steege C 0270 (U) . Brazil. AMAZONAS: Lages river, Vital &amp; Yano 718 (U) ; Manaus, Reserva Experimental do INPA, Prance &amp; al .</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 23</p><p>18714 (U); Tarumã Fälle, Schäfer-Verwimp &amp; Verwimp 9815 (BR); along Manaus-Caracaraí road, 8 July 1974, Vital &amp; al. s.n. (U), 13 November 1973, Berg &amp; al. P19514 (U); Trombetas river, Campbell &amp; al. P22268 (U), Prance &amp; al. 22208 (U); Madeira river, Ule 585 (G); Juruá river, Ule 338 (G); Rio Negro, Ule 571 (G) .</p><p>Additionally reported from Trinidad (Fulford, 1941; Gradstein, 1994).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus amazonicus is morphologically most similar to the Asiatic T. comosus, from which it is readily distinguished by (1) slightly squarrose spathulate and emarginate-lunulate underleaves (flat obovate and truncate in T. comosus), (2) monoicy (dioicy in T. comosus), (3) epistatic or hypostatic male bract lobules (only hypostatic in T. comosus), and (4) keels bluntly toothed-winged in the upper half to subentire, teeth 1–3 cells long (keels laciniate, with 3–6 cells long teeth in T. comosus). Thysananthus amazonicus may also be confused with T. spathulistipus . However, T. spathulistipus differs by its toothed (sometimes entire) leaf margin, truncate underleaves, hypostatic male bract lobules and occurrence in the paleotropics.</p><p>Thysananthus amazonicus often grows more or less pendent, especially when occurring on small branches or twigs (Gradstein 1994). The leaf lobules of T. amazonicus may have one or two teeth and sometimes there is no tooth at all. According to Gradstein (1994) the leaf lobule is usually 1/4 or less the length of the leaf but in some Cuban specimens the lobules may be slightly larger, up to 1/3 × leaf length.</p><p>Along the Río Caquetá, Colombia, Thysananthus amazonicus is called “lama” and is used as a painkiller against snake and scorpion poisoning (Mohr &amp; Sosa in sched., fide Gradstein 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB1BF3CFF173AE6FBD69EF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF80BF0EFF173A16FF73999E.text	73083D48FF80BF0EFF173A16FF73999E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus anguiformis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Taylor ex Gottsche, Lindenberg & Nees 1845	<div><p>10. Thysananthus anguiformis (Hook.f. &amp; Taylor) Taylor ex Gottsche, Lindenberg &amp; Nees (1845: 289) . Jungermannia anguiformis Hooker &amp; Taylor (1844: 567) . Mastigolejeunea anguiformis (Hook.f &amp; Taylor) Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989: 75). Lectotype (designated by Thiers &amp; Gradstein 1989): NEW ZEALAND. without location, without date, Colenso s.n. (lectotype FH!; isolectotype NY!), ibid., Colenso 226, 1222, 2121 (paralectotypes BM!).</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, yellowish to reddish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 3 cm long × 1–1.6 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 6–7(–9) cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 123–211 µm high× 86–217 µm wide, 6–11 cell layers high, composed of 15–27 epidermal cells surrounding 16–62 medullary cells, dorsal epidermal cells larger and somewhat thinner-walled than medulla and ventral epidermal cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and slightly convolute, when moist strongly convex and ventrad, apical part turned to the ventral side, recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically ovate, 0.7–1.2 × 0.5–1 mm, apex acute, margin entire, dorsal base cordate, ventral margin</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 37 plane; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 7.5–10 × 7.5–12.5 µm, median cells 20–30 × 7.5–12.5 µm, basal cells 25–45 × 12.5–17.5 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–1 per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules rectangular, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 mm, ± 1/2 × lobe length, appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel sometimes with appendage on one side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to adnate ones; lobule apex rotundus, ending abruptly in a short point of ventral lobe margin, free margin slightly incurved, apex with one broadly triangular or linear tooth, the tooth consisting of 5–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–5 cells. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly obovate, 0.3–0.5 × 0.5–0.7 mm, 3–5 × stem width, apex broadly rounded to truncate, margin entire, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 20–22.5 × 7.5–10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 3–6 pairs, bracts epistatic, ovate, 0.7–0.8 × 0.4–0.5 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 2 lejeuneoid innovation forming a dichasial pattern; lobe ovate, 0.9–1.3 × 0.5–0.8 mm, apex apiculate, margin entire; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margin entire; bracteoles obovate, 0.7–0.9 × 0.5–0.8 mm, margins entire, slightly recurved. Perianths oblong, 1.2–1.3 × 0.7–0.8 mm, keel in upper 1/ 4 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2 cells wide at base and and ending in a row of only one cell; beak 82–200 µm (6–11 cells) in length. Fig. 21.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Endemic to New Zealand; 50–150 m; on tree trunks, rotten logs, on branches in dense bush near sea shore, and in wet forest dominated by treeferns. Fig. 5F.</p><p>Representative specimens:— New Zealand. AUCKLAND: Northcape, Bartlett 2–79–5b (JE) ; Waitakere range near Auckland, 3 August 1983, Braggins s.n. (GOET, U) ; Great Barrier Island, Kirk 218 (G); Coromandel state forest, Schäfer-Verwimp &amp; Verwimp 13731 (GOET) .— BAY OF PLENTY: Mamaku forest, Een NZ063, NZ064 (S); Rotorua, 1929, Allison s.n. (S); near Rotorua, 17 May 1929, Allison s.n. (JE) ; 3 miles west of Rotorua, 15 April 1966, Wade s.n. (JE) .— NORTHLAND: Waipoua Kauri forest, Hatcher 436 (JE) , 475/b (F, JE), Schäfer-Verwimp &amp; Verwimp 13662 (U); Bay of Islands, Kirk 76 (G) .— SOUTHLAND: Martin’s bay, Hatcher 963/c (JE) ; North of Mc Kerrow river, Hatcher 808 (JE) .— WELLINGTON: Akatarawa forest park, Mues 80a, 80b (U) , water fall creek, Braggins 84/431A (F).— WEST COAST: Mt. Stormy trail, Frahm 20–10 (GOET) ; Matheson lake, Mues 80d (U) ; Westland National Park, Schäfer-Verwimp &amp; Verwimp 14058 (GOET 2 packets) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus anguiformis is characterized by the truncate-rotund lobule apices, ending abruptly in a short point of ventral lobe margin. This species varies in the shape of its lobule tooth, which can be broadly triangular to linear, being made up of 5–9 cells and ending in a row of 1–5 cells.</p><p>This species, together with Thysananthus pancheri, was long been placed in Mastigolejeunea because of its entire female involucres and enlarged dorsal epidermal cells (Thiers &amp; Gradstein 1989). Molecular work, however, has confirmed that T. anguiformis and T. pancheri are members of Thysananthus (Wilson et al. 2007, Sukkharak et al. 2011b). The robust sister-group relationship of subsect. Thysananthus and subsect. Anguiformes is morphologically supported by the presence of adnate underleaves in these two subsections (Sukkharak et al. 2011b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF80BF0EFF173A16FF73999E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB3BF33FF173F65FBD7990E.text	73083D48FFB3BF33FF173F65FBD7990E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus appendiculatus Stephani 1912	<div><p>3. Thysananthus appendiculatus Stephani (1912a: 794) . Thysanolejeunea appendiculata Stephani (1896: 138), nom. inval. Lectotype (designated by Verdoorn 1934a): PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Western: Fly River Branch, Bäuerlein 85 (lectotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10166.</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, yellowish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 10 cm long × 2–2.2 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 9–12 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 228–260 µm high × 188–250 µm wide, 13–14 cell layers high, composed of 41–55 epidermal cells surrounding 95–118 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe symmetrically oblong-falcate, 1.1–2.5 × 0.8–1.4 mm, apex apiculate, dorsal base auriculate, auricle 77–225 × 75–250 µm, dorsal margin with 3–5 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, ventral margin incurved 1/2 × leaf length, with 8–10 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 7–13 × 5–8 µm, median cells 17–35 × 5–10 µm, basal cells 30–57 × 12–15 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–1 per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules oblong-rectangular, 0.4–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/5–1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keels with appendages on one side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to adnate ones; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with 1–2 triangular teeth, the first tooth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, the second tooth of one cell only, often absent. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly spathulate, 0.9–2.2 × 0.5–0.9 mm, 2 × stem width, apex truncate to emarginate, plane, margin with 9–11 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, bases cuneate or auriculate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 15–20 × 5–7 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts and bracteoles in 4–13 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.6–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a dichasial pattern; lobe ovate, 2.2–2.4 × 1–1.1 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margin with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 1.8–1.9 × 0.9–1.1 mm, apex emarginate, 1/3 × bracteole length with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, margins slightly recurved. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 1.9–2.1 × 0.8–0.9 mm, keels in upper 1/ 3 with numerous laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2–4 cells; beak 62–65 µm (5 cells) in length. Fig. 11.</p><p>24 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Endemic to Western Melanesia: Western New Guinea (Indonesia) and Papua New Guinea; 400–2600 m; on trunks, branches, large vines, stems of treelets in old garden sites, grasslands with regrowth species, understory of lowland rain forests (secondary forests) and montane forests. Fig. 5J.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Indonesia. MOLUCCAS: Mt. Gunung Nona, Balázs &amp; Pócs 95/6 (NICH) .— WESTERN NEW GUINEA: Papua, Cycloop Mts., van Royen &amp; Sleumer 6006 (JE, L); West Papua, Arfak Mts., October 1872, Beccari s.n. (JE, L) . Papua New Guinea. CENTRAL: K. B. Sawmill, Streimann &amp; Naoni 16567 (JE, LAE) .— EASTERN HIGHLAND: Daulo Pass, Streimann 18124 (JE), Streimann &amp; Bellamy 18093 (JE), Streimann &amp; Kairo 18138 (LAE); track to Mt. Michael, Streimann 18807 (JE) .— GULF: Bema-Kaintiba road, Streimann 33647 (JE) .— MOROBE: Wau, Mt. Kaindi, Gradstein 3875 (U) , Kunai creek, Gradstein 3962 (G); Ogeramnang, Clemens 5414 (JE, PC, S, W); Slate creek &amp; Gumi creek divide, Streimann 13829 (JE) , 13826, 13838 (LAE), 13834, 13859 (JE, KLU, LAE); Bulolo-Watut divide, Streimann 25022 (JE); Kaisenik logging area, Shea 6336 (JE), 6364 (NICH); Upper Watut river, Streimann 23092 (JE, LAE) ; Aseki-Bulolo road, Streimann 23191, 26124 (JE, LAE), 23195 (LAE); Pouyu village, Streimann &amp; Tamba 12674 (JE, LAE) ; Oomsis logging area, Streimann 25836 (JE, LAE, W); Aiuwa-Bakia track, Streimann &amp; Tamba 12358 (JE, KLU, LAE) , 12276, 12362, 12377, 12413 (LAE).— SIMBU: Dirima mission, Toia 171 (LAE) .— SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS: Margarima- Tari road, Streimann 24378, 24388 (JE, LAE, W); Onim forestry station, Streimann 24628, 24740 (JE) ; Komo-Tari road, Streimann 32618, 32631 (JE); Kengaput, Streimann 26902 (JE), 23702 (LAE); Lama Sawmill logging area, Streimann 26422, 26562 (JE); Tari gap, Streimann 32730 (JE) .— WESTERN HIGHLAND: Kum Magei Mts., Streimann 20679 (JE, LAE) .</p><p>The report of Thysananthus appendiculatus from India by Daniels &amp; Raja (2011 a, 2011b) is erroneous according to Sukkharak &amp; Gradstein (2011).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— The most outstanding character of Thysananthus appendiculatus is the foliar appendage, which is developed on the keels of leaves on one side of the stem only, on the side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to adnate ones. This character is otherwise found in T. anguiformis, T. convolutus var. laceratus, T. discretus, T. fruticosus, and T. gottschei var. continuus . Differences are discussed under T. discretus . Thysananthus appendiculatus is similar to T. spathulistipus, the latter species differing essentially by the absence of the appendage and by the triangular, 1–2 cells long perianth teeth.</p><p>The epithet “ appendiculatus ” is derived from the foliar appendage which is found on the keels of leaves as described by Stephani in the original description. The original drawing of Thysananthus appendiculatus in Stephani’s “Icones Hepaticarum Ineditae” is erroneous in showing a foliar appendage on both sides of the stems. The illustrated left-hand side appendages are probably parts of the dissected underleaves. Note that the illustration of the species in Gradstein et al. (2002: Fig. 44) does not show the foliar appendage.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB3BF33FF173F65FBD7990E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFBCBF32FF17397EFEF5997B.text	73083D48FFBCBF32FF17397EFEF5997B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus ciliaris (Sande Lacoste 1864) Sukkharak. A. Portion	<div><p>4. Thysananthus ciliaris (Sande Lac.) Sukkharak in Sukkharak &amp; Gradstein (2014b: 61). Phragmicoma ciliaris Sande Lacoste (1864: 307) . Lopholejeunea ciliaris (Sande Lac.) Schiffner (1898: 291) . Ptychocoleus ciliaris (Sande Lac.) Stephani (1912b: 39) . Mastigolejeunea ciliaris (Sande Lac.) Verdoorn (1933a: 79) . Type: INDONESIA. Banca: “...Baroe prope Batoeroesak”, Kurz s.n. (holotype L!).</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, dark brown in herbarium specimens, up to 3 cm long × 0.8−1.5 mm wide. Stems rigid; ventral merophyte 8−9 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular-subelliptic, 137−200 µm high × 112−190 µm wide, 16–22 cell layers high, composed of 20−37 epidermal cells surrounding 31−93 medullary cells, dorsal epidermal cells larger and somewhat thinner-walled than medullary and ventral epidermal cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist strongly convex and ventrad, apical part turned to the ventral side, recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically ovate, 0.6−0.7 × 0.5−0.6 mm, apex apiculate, margin entire, dorsal base auriculate, ventral margin incurved 1/2 × leaf length; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 12−17 × 10−12 µm, median cells 20−25 × 7−12 µm, basal cells 30−37 × 15−22 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0−1(−2) per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules rectangular, 0.2−0.3 × 0.1−0.2 mm, 1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with one linear tooth, the tooth consisting of 6−9 cells, being 2−3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 4−5(−6) cells. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly obovate,</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 25 0.4−0.5 × 0.5−0.6 mm, 3−4 × stem width, apex broadly rounded to truncate, plane, margins entire, bases cuneate, underleaf bases free or adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 17−20 × 7−10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts and bracteoles in 8−10 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.6−0.7 × 0.3−0.4 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a dichasial pattern; lobe ovate, 0.9−1 × 0.6−0.8 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 2/3 with laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–13 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2−5 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 2/3 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margins with laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 3−10 cells, being 2−3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2−5 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 0.9−1 × 0.7−0.8 mm, apex emarginate, 2/3 × bracteole length with laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–9 cells, being 2−3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2−6 cells, margins slightly recurved. Perianths oblong, 0.9−1 × 0.6−0.7 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with numerous laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 5−11 cells, being 2−3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 3−7 cells; beak 30−50 µm (3−4 cells) in length. Fig. 12.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Verdoorn (1933a, p. 78 as Mastigolejeunea ciliaris).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Malaysia and Indonesia; 50 m, on tree buttress and on trunk of fallen tree at the shore. Fig. 5N.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Malaysia. PERAK: Taiping, on old planted trees in park around Taiping lake at the foot of Maxwell Hill, Gradstein 10366 (GOET) . Indonesia. SUMATRA: Bangka, near Batoeroesak, 14 August 1858, Amand 181 (L), ibid., 14 July 1858, Amand s.n. (L), ibid., without date, Amand s.n. (L); Senajang, Achmad 23 (L) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus ciliaris is a poorly understood species that has in the past been assigned to four different genera. Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989) treated the species as a synonym of Schiffneriolejeunea pulopenangensis (Gottsche in Gottsche et al. 1845: 299) Gradstein (1974: 335) based on study of putative isotype material in FH (not seen). My study of the holotype in L, however, shows that it is a member of Thysananthus and is a distinct species. It is most similar to T. comosus and was erroneously included under the latter name in the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Lejeuneaceae by Wilson et al. (2007). Thysananthus ciliaris differs from T. comosus by its enlarged dorsal epidermis (epidermal cells as large as medulla cells in T. comosus), entire leaves and underleaves (sometimes toothed in T. comosus), elongate lobule teeth 4−6 cells long (0−1(−2) cells long in T. comosus), and underleaf bases usually free from underleaves, rarely adnate (always adnate in T. comosus). Material of T. comosus was used in the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Lejeuneaceae by Wilson et al. (2007). Thysananthus ciliaris shares several characters with the members of subsect. Thysananthus (toothed female involucres and perianths) and subsect. Anguiformes (dorsal epidermal cells larger and somewhat thinner-walled than medulla and ventral epidermal cells), which suggests that it could represent an evolutionary link between these groups. Thysananthus ciliaris may also be confused with T. retusus, which possesses elongate lobule teeth (4−6 cells long). However, T. retusus differs by epidermal cells as large as medullary cells, isodiametric leaf cells, and presence of a vitta.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFBCBF32FF17397EFEF5997B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFBDBF30FF1739EDFDD99DD3.text	73083D48FFBDBF30FF1739EDFDD99DD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus comosus Lindenberg ex Lehmann 1844	<div><p>5. Thysananthus comosus Lindenberg ex Lehmann (1844: 25) . Lejeunea comosa (Lindenb. ex Lehmann) Mitten (1861: 109) . Lectotype (designated by Verdoorn 1934a): MALAYSIA. Penang: Pulo Penang, 1824, Wallich s.n. (lectotype W; isolectotypes BM!, U!).</p><p>Lejeunea (subg. Thysanolejeunea) dissoptera Spruce (1884: 108) . Thysananthus dissopterus (Spruce) Stephani (1890: 4) . Type: “ Guiana ”, ex hb. Hooker (holotype MANCH; isotypes BM, G, fide Gradstein, 1994, GOET!).</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, pale green, becoming dark brown in the older portion in the field, reddish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 2.8 cm long × 2 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 8–9 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 167–180 µm high × 130–148 µm wide, 8–12 cell layers high, composed of 25–27 epidermal cells surrounding 49–55 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically ovate, 0.9–1 × 0.7–0.9 mm, apex obliquely mucronate, margins entire or serrate (Schiffner s.n.), dorsal base auriculate, auricle 112–137 × 75–88 µm, ventral margin incurved 1/2 × leaf length; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 10–20 × 7.5–15 µm, median cells 22.5–30 × 10–15 µm, basal cells 32.5–40 × 15–22.5 µm, trigones cordate, often</p><p>26 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–1 per cell; oil bodies 2–4(–5) per cell. Lobules oblong, 0.3–0.4 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/4–1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex entire or with 1–2 triangular teeth, the first tooth consisting of 3 cells, being 2 cells wide at base, apex of one cell; the second tooth consisting of 3 cells, being 2 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, often absent. Underleaves imbricate, flat, broadly obovate, 0.5–0.6 × 0.6–0.7 mm, 4–5 × stem width, apex truncate, plane, margins entire to serrate, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 17–22 × 7.5–10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts and bracteoles in 4–7 pairs (15–21 in Wood 1380), bracts hypostatic, 0.8–0.9 × 0.6–0.7 mm, apex mucronate, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with one lejeuneoid innovation forming a monochasial pattern; lobe ovate, 1.1–1.3 × 0.7–1 mm, apex apiculate, margin in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate to obscurely bifid, margin with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 5–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in row of 2–3 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 1.1–1.2 × 0.7–0.8 mm, apex emarginate, margin with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 5–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2–3 cells, margins recurved. Perianths obovate, 0.9–1 × 1.3–1.4 mm long, keels in upper 1/2 with numerous laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 5–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 3–6 cells; beak 25 × 30 µm (4–5 cells) in length. Fig. 13.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Fulford (1941, p. 41, Figs. 41–51).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Indomalesia; sea level up to 500 m; on bark of living and fallen trees in mangrove forests, lowland rain forests (secondary forest), and also on rock in coastal forests. Fig. 5G.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Seychelles. MAHÉ ISLAND: Beau Vallon, Dans Iles cliff walk, Norkett 18167 (BM); forest above Le Niol reservoir, Norkett 16584 (BM, JE).— PRASLIN ISLAND: Grand’ Anse, Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve, Norkett 18426 (BM, JE), Pócs 9358/B (EGR, GOET).</p><p>India. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS: Andaman Islands, Port Blair, 1893, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 740 (G); Nicobar Island, Katschall, 10 February 1975, Kurz s.n. (W 3 packets) . Thailand. NAKHON SI THAMMARAT: Mt. Khao Luang, 24 February 2009, Chantanaorrapint s.n. (PSU) ; Mt. Khao Nan Yai, Sukkharak 334 (BCU) .— PANG NGA: Khao Luk National Park, Porn-Sook-Sawang 15 (BCU) ; Sri Pang Nga National Park, Chantanaorrapint 2121 (PSU) ; mangrove forest site 3, Boonkerd 5 (BCU); mangrove forest site 6, Thaithong 1130 (BCU) .— PHUKET: 8° N 98°20' E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.333336/lat 8.0)">Touw</a> 11201 (L).— SONGKLA: Ton Nga Chang, 17 August 2009, Inuthai s.n. (PSU) . Vietnam. KHÀNH HÒA: Nha trang, 11 April 1958, Tixier s.n. (PC) . Malaysia. JOHOR: Kota Tinggi, Sinclair 10898 (BM); Kampung Selai, Mohamed &amp; Sabda 8 (KLU) .— KEDAH: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kien-Thai 3126 (KLU) .— PENANG: without location, without date, Hooker s.n. (G) .— PERAK: 4°51' N 100°44' E, Mohamed &amp; Kien-Thai 4851 (KLU); Pangkor Island, Sukkharak 730 (BKF, GOET) .— SABAH: Kalabakan, Wood 1380 (L) .— SARAWAK: Banting, “Beccari 1867” (PC) .— SELANGOR: Kajang, Mohamed 1711 (KLU) . Singapore. Boekit Timah, November 1893, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 280 (BR, C, G 2 packets, PC, SING) .</p><p>Indonesia. KALIMANTAN: Kapuas river, Winkler 3282/a (GOET); East Kalimantan, along Bongan river, Meijer B 1197c (L) .— JAVA: Bogor ("Buitenzorg"), 1893–1894, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 281 (BR, C, G 2 packets, GOET, L 2 packets, PC, S, SING, U) .— SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Padang, without date, Pieper s.n. (S), Schild 117 (W); Mentawei Island, van Borssum Waalkes 2698 (L 2 packets); Talang Betutu, “Lutingh” z.s.12/1 (L) .</p><p>Philippines. BUKIDNON: Impalutao B. F. D. reforestation project, Onraedt 85.P.11043 (BR) .— ZAMBALES: without location, Curran &amp; Merritt 8192 (G); without location, Cuming 1488, 2110 (BM) . Federated States of Micronesia. POHNPEI: Mt. Nanlaut, 28 June 1949, Glassman s.n. (G) . Papua New Guinea. EAST NEW BRITAIN: Nakanai Mts., Streimann 40422 (JE, NICH) .— MILNE BAY: near Mita, “February, 1895”, Micholitz s.n. (G) .— MOROBE: Labutali village, Bellamy 178 (U) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus comosus is morphologically most similar to T. gottschei, from which it differs mainly by the leaves, which are weakly convex when moist (strongly convex in T. gottschei) and underleaves, which are flat obovate and truncate (slightly squarrose, broadly spathulate and rounded in T. gottschei).</p><p>Thysananthus comosus was described by Lindenberg in 1844 based on two specimens, one from Asia (“Pulo Penang”) and one from South America (“ Guiana ”). Spruce (1884) considered the two specimens different and named the South American plant Lejeunea dissoptera (= T. dissopterus). Fulford (1941), however, considered T. dissopterus as a synonym of T. comosus . Gradstein (1994) found that the two specimens are identical except that</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 27 the material from Pulo Penang is male whereas the plants from Guiana are female; he proposed that T. comosus be excluded from the neotropical flora. I have found both male and female plants in the type collection from Pulo Penang and agree with Gradstein. Reasons for the exclusion were that if T. comosus occurs in the Guianas, which have been well collected in recent times, it should have been rediscovered. In addition, there is no duplicate of the Brazilian specimen (“Janiai”) in the Spruce herbarium and the locality of this specimen is obscure (Gradstein 1994).</p><p>Thysananthus comosus varies in the dentation of leaves and underleaves, which is entire to strongly serrate, and the number of leaf lobule teeth as seen in T. amazonicus . Molecular analysis has resolved the species as polyphyletic (Sukkharak et al. 2011b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFBDBF30FF1739EDFDD99DD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFBFBF30FF173E05FA059444.text	73083D48FFBFBF30FF173E05FA059444.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus convolutus Lindenberg	<div><p>6. Thysananthus convolutus Lindenberg in Gottsche et al. (1845: 288). Jungermannia spathulistipa γ Nees (1830: 38), nom. inval. Lejeunea (subg. Thysanolejeunea) convoluta (Lindenb.) Spruce (1884: 106) . Thysanolejeunea convoluta (Lindenb.) Stephani (1890: 142), nom. inval. Lectotype (here designated): INDONESIA. Java: “Habitat in Javae montosis, v.c. in monte Leback Provinciae Bantam, frequens,” Blume s.n. (lectotype STR!; isolectotypes BM!).</p><p>Thysananthus subreversus Stephani (1912a: 791) . Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe: “Kaiser Wilhelmsland: Sattelberg”, “1899”, Nyman s.n. (isotype S!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10218.</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, pale green, becoming dark brown to blackish in the older portion in the field, reddish brown in the older portions in herbarium specimens, up to 7 cm long × 1.4–2.2 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 7–10 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 125–297 µm high × 120–262 µm wide, 8–16 cell layers high, composed of 23–49 epidermal cells surrounding 41–156 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves strongly imbricate, when dry suberect and strongly convolute, when moist strongly convex, apical part turn to ventral side, recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically broadly ovate to ovate, 0.9–1.3 × 0.8–1.4 mm, apex mucronate-apiculate, dorsal base auriculate, auricle 130–215 × 75–150 µm, dorsal margin with 4–16 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells, ventral margin incurved 2/3 × leaf length with 4–6 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 7–15 × 5–12.5 µm, median cells 20–42.5 × 5–12.5 µm, basal cells 25–67.5 × 12–25 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–2 per cell; oil bodies 2–4 per cell. Lobules oblong-rectangular to rectangular, 0.3–0.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, 1/4–1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage or with appendages on one side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to adnate ones, appendage always curved towards the stems; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with 1–2 triangular teeth, the first tooth consisting of 4–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, the second tooth of one cell only, often absent. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly obovate-spathulate to spathulate, 0.5–1 × 0.4–0.7 mm, 1–5 × stem width, apex truncate to rounded, plane, incurved, or strongly recurved, margin with 12–20 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–4 cells, being 2 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 12–27 × 5–10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts and bracteoles in 3–4 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.9–1 × 0.7–0.8 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with one lejeuneoid innovation forming a monochasial pattern; lobe broadly ovate, 1.5–1.9 × 9– 1.4 mm, apex apiculate, margin in upper 1/3 with 8–19 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate to obscurely bifid, margins with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–10 cells, being 2–4 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 1.3–1.8 × 0.7–1.2 mm, apex slightly emarginate, 1/3–2/3 × bracteole length with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells, margins recurved. Perianths oblong-cylindrical or obovate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.7–1 mm long, keels in upper 1/3 with triangular or laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–6 cells; beak 38–87 µm (3–5 cells) in length or absent.</p><p>28 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFBFBF30FF173E05FA059444	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB8BF36FF173D80FDD99E3E.text	73083D48FFB8BF36FF173D80FDD99E3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus convolutus var. convolutus var. convolutus	<div><p>6a. Thysananthus convolutus var. convolutus</p><p>Keel without appendage. Underleaf apex plane or incurved. Perianth keels in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 7–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells. Fig. 14.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Indomalesia; 10–1900 m; on stems of treelets in old cocoa plantations with leguminous shade trees and in old garden sites with regrowth species, as well as on bark of living trees and fallen trees in lowland rain forests (primary and secondary forests), and in montane forest canopy. Fig. 5C.</p><p>Representative specimens:— India. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS: Andaman Islands, Port Blair, July 1890, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier “302” (G, W), ibid., 12 April 1891, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 743 (G), ibid., 13 July 1891, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 775 (G), ibid., 1893, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 742 (BM, G 5 packets, JE, S 2 packets); Nicobar Islands, Katchal, Kurz 3875 (G) . Thailand. NAKHON SI THAMMARAT: Mt. Khao Luang, Touw 11642 (BKF) , Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 5045, T5246 (G); Mt. Khao Nan Yai, Sukkharak 208, 348 (BCU) , ibid., San Yen, Sukkharak 769, 770, 787, 801, 803, 813 (BKF, GOET) . Malaysia. JOHORE: Mt. Ophir, Verdoorn 123, 155, 188 (SING) .— KELANTAN: Gunung Stong Forest Reserve, Kien-Thai 3981 (KLU) .— PAHANG: Frasers Hill, Schäfer-Verwimp &amp; Verwimp 18593 (BR) ; at start of path to Pine Tree Hill, Fraser Hill, Wood 1343 (BM) .— PENANG: Penang hill, Ridley 549, 553 (SING); Penara Bukit, Ridley 566 (SING) .— SABAH: Mt. Kinabalu, camp on path to Paka cave, Wood 1526 (BM, JE) , ibid., Eastern Shoulder, ridge below Camp III, Chew &amp; al. 2011, 2131, 2140 (BM) , ibid., summit trail, Sukkharak 607, 694 (BCU), 15 August 1989, Wallace s.n. (NSW); Tenompok, Holttum 25328 (SING) .— SARAWAK: Mt. Dulit, October 1932, Richards s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 397 (BM, G, JE, SING, U, W), Richards 2012 (JE 2 packets), 2052 (BM, JE) , 2357 (BM); plot 1, Mr. J.A.R. Anderson’s sample line at Kabang protected forest, Wood 1421 (BM, JE) .— SELANGOR: Semangko Pass, 1904, “Nurdozc” s.n. (SING) . Indonesia. JAVA: Cibodas Botanical Garden, Gradstein 10204, 10205, 12078 (GOET) , ibid., April 1894, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 282 (BM 2 packets, BR, C, G 2 packets, GOET, JE, PC, S, SING, U, W), ibid., Tjibureum, April 1894, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel., Crit. Verdoorn 283 (BM 2 packets, BR, C, G 2 packets, GOET, JE, PC, S, SING, U, W), Massart 1173, 1200 (BR) , Meijer B 3681 (G, PC, S, W), B3789 (BM, G, PC, S, W), Renner 127, “131”, 174 (JE); Yogyakarta, Gedongan, without date, Kurz s.n. (G).— MOLUCCAS: Ambon, without date, Zippelius s.n. (L) .— SUMATRA: Berastagi, garden of former BPM-hotel, Sipman 6897 (U) .— SULAWESI: Central Sulawesi, Lake Kalimpaa, Lore Lindu National Park, Gradstein 10324 (GOET) , ibid., Mt. Rorekatimbu, Gradstein 12154, 12155, 12158 (GOET) , 12156 (GOET, JE), ibid., Bariri, Gradstein 12011 (GOET) ; Todjamboe, July 1929, Kjellberg s.n. (JE) .— SUMATRA: West Indragiri, Meijer 314 (NICH) .— WESTERN NEW GUINEA: West Papua, Arfak Mts., Beccari 1875 (JE) . Philippines. AGUSAN DE NORTE: trail from Bo. San Antonio to submit, Tan &amp; Navarez 84–404 (NICH) .— BENGUET: Baguio, Burgeff 8080 (JE) .— NEGROS ORIENTAL: Laka Danao, Sibulan, Edaño 13102 (L); Matangwa river, Edaño 13027 (L) .— ORIENTAL MINDORO: Mt. Halcon, Salgado 88.P.12131 (BR) .— QUEZON: Polillo, 5 June 1909, McGregor s.n. (BM, L), Robinson 9299 (L); Digisit beach, Santos 338 (JE) ; Dimasingay, Santos 360 (JE) . Papua New Guinea. EASTERN HIGHLANDS: near Famin, Kainantu-Okapa road, Streimann 26392 (JE); track to Mt. Michael, Streimann 18803 (JE, LAE) ; Mt. Gahavisuki nature reserve, Aptroot 18780 (U) .— GULF: Hepataewa, Streimann 33853 (JE) .— MILNE BAY: Wapon, Cruttwell 511 (L) .— MOROBE: Mt. Kaindi, Gradstein 3796 (U) , Shea 6540 (NICH) ; Blue point, Gradstein &amp; Sipman 7883 (G), Oomsis logging area, Streimann 25841, 25879, 25885, 25889 (JE) ; Herzog Mts., Streimann &amp; Umba 10993 (JE, LAE) ; Gumi creek, Streimann 25052, 25137, 25141, 34943 (JE) ; Slate-Gumi creeks divide, Streimann 13829, 13918 (JE) , 13856 (JE, LAE); upper Watut river, Streimann 33054 (JE) ; Ekuti divide, Bulolo-Aseki road, Streimann 26106 (JE) ; Labu swamp, Streimann 25559, 25702 (JE) ; upper Nawatu Banda, Streimann 24883 (JE) .— SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS: Lama sawmill, Streimann 26579, 26608, 26660 (JE) ; Kengaput, Streimann 26848 (JE) ; Piribu sawmill, Streimann 32515 (JE) ; Andawe river, Streimann 26530 (JE) .— WEST NEW BRITAIN: Kapi T.R.P., Kapiura river, Kolema 107 (JE) .— WEST SEPIK: Blackwater refugee camp, Mundua 300 (JE) . Solomon Islands. GUADALCANAL: above Tasi-</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 29 camp along track to Malakuna, van Zanten 68–2435/b (JE).— WESTERN: Kolombangara Island, Braithwaite 4429 (JE).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus convolutus is morphologically very similar to T. gottschei but differs from the latter by toothed leaves and underleaves (entire in T. gottschei) and triangular perianth teeth, which are 1–2 cells long (laciniate perianth teeth, 2–4 cells long in T. gottschei).</p><p>The original material in the Nees herbarium (STR) contains 5 specimens. Four are Thysananthus convolutus and only one has the mention “ Υ ”. Since “ Υ ” was cited by Lindenberg in the protologue of T. convolutus, I have chosen the “ Υ ” material as the lectotype also because it provides the best match with the protologue. No type material of T. convolutus was found in the Lindenberg herbarium (W) or in herbarium Leiden (L). Although there is no collector cited, the material is from the same locality as T. spathulistipus, as mentioned in the protologue. I, therefore, assume that the material was collected by Blume. Molecular analysis has resolved T. convolutus as polyphyletic (Sukkharak et al. 2011b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB8BF36FF173D80FDD99E3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB9BF36FF173EAEFAC39871.text	73083D48FFB9BF36FF173EAEFAC39871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus convolutus var. laceratus (Sukkharak. A. Portion 2015) Sukkharak. A. Portion 2015	<div><p>6b. Thysananthus convolutus var. laceratus (Steph.), comb. nov.</p><p>Basionym: Thysananthus laceratus Stephani (1912a: 796) . Type: MALAYSIA. Sabah: “Brit. N Borneo, Ulu Moanat Labuh river ”, 1 September 1902, Elton s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10190 .</p><p>Keel with appendages on one side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to adnate ones, always curved towards the stems. Underleaf apex strongly recurved. Perianth keels in upper 1/3 with numerous laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2–6 cells. Fig. 15.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Borneo; without ecological information.</p><p>Representative specimens:—Malaysia. SARAWAK: Mt. Dulit, Richards 2357 (BM). Indonesia. KALIMANTAN: Nunukan, Meijer B4874 (NICH).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— The distinguishing characters of this variety are (1) presence of an appendage on the keel, on the side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to the adnate ones (appendages always curved towards the stems), (2) strongly recurved underleaf apex, and (3) obovate perianths with 3–6 cells long teeth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB9BF36FF173EAEFAC39871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB9BF35FF1738E4FECC9B2B.text	73083D48FFB9BF35FF1738E4FECC9B2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus discretus Sukkharak & Gradstein 2010	<div><p>7. Thysananthus discretus Sukkharak &amp; Gradstein (2010a: 113) . Type: INDONESIA. West Papua ["Netherlands New Guinea, distr. Hollandia"]: Cycloop Mountains, path Ifar-Ormoe, alt. 1220 m, 21 August 1961, van Royen &amp; Sleumer 5896 (holotype L!; isotypes JE!, S!).</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, with vigorous shoots, yellowish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 6.5 cm long × 2–3 mm wide. Stems strongly rigid; ventral merophyte 14–18 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular-subelliptic, 360–500 µm high × 260–445 µm wide, 16–22 cell layers high, composed of 76–80 epidermal cells surrounding 365–381 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and strongly convolute, when moist clasping the stem; dorsal lobe asymmetrically ovate, 1.4–2.3 × 1–1.8 mm, apex apiculate, dorsal base auriculate, auricle 100–150 × 125–160 µm, dorsal margin entire or with 1–4 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–4 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, ventral margin incurved over most of its length, becoming flat near the apex, entire or with 3–8 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 10–12 × 10–12 µm, median cells 32–45 × 5–7 µm, basal cells 37–62 × 17–25 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–1 per cell; oil bodies 4–5 per cell, toward leaf base more numerous, up to 8 per cell (Gradstein 3894). Lobules rectangular, 0.6–0.7 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/4–1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keels with appendages on one or both sides or not developed, orbicular-oblong, 215–375 × 85–150 µm; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with one triangular tooth, the tooth consisting of 5–12 cells, being 2–4 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly oblong to rectangular, 1.2–1.9 × 0.8–1.4 mm, ca. 3 × stem width, apex broadly rounded to truncate, plane, margin with 20–25 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, bases auriculate, auricles 100–275 × 200–400</p><p>30 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p><p>µm, underleaf bases not adnate with leaves; cells 20–25 × 5–7 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 6–10 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.7–0.8 × 0.5–0.6 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a dichasial pattern; lobe ovate, 2.4–2.7 × 1.2–1.5 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 2/3 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margin with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 2.3–2.4 × 1.1–1.3 mm, apex emarginate, 1/2 × bracteole length with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, margins slightly recurved. Perianths oblong, 2.5–2.6 × 1.1–1.3 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with numerous laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–13 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 3–9 cells; beak 97–125 µm (4–7 cells) in length. Fig. 16.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Gradstein et al. (2002, p. 73, Fig. 45, as Thysananthus convolutus).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Endemic to Western Melanesia: Papua (Indonesia), Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands; 760–2700 m; on trunks, branches and stems of treelets in lowland rain forests (primary and secondary forests) and montane forests. Fig. 5O.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Indonesia. WESTERN NEW GUINEA: Papua, Cycloop Mts., van Royen &amp; Sleumer 5907 (JE, L); Eipomek-Tal, Hiepko &amp; Schultze-Motel 2218, 2403 (JE). Papua New Guinea. CENTRAL: Boridi, Carr 13531 (JE 2 packets).— EASTERN HIGHLANDS: Daulo Pass, Streimann 17990 (JE); Gahavisuka provincial park, Streimann 18201 (JE).— MOROBE: Wau, Mt. Kaindi, Gradstein 3778 (GOET, U), 3856, 3894, 3910 (U), Schuster 67–5786, 67–5787, 67–5791/c, 67–5792, 67–6282 (JE); Streimann 22497 (JE, LAE 2 packets), Streimann &amp; Bellamy 17690 (BR, JE, S, W); Araulu logging area, Streimann 13622 (JE, LAE); Slate-Gumi creeks divide, Streimann 13861 (JE, LAE); Spreader divide, Streimann 26036 (JE), Streimann 11846 (LAE), Streimann &amp; Tamba 11878 (JE, LAE); Aseki-Menyamya road, Streimann &amp; Tamba 12156 (JE, LAE); Ekuti divide, Bulolo-Aseki road, Streimann 20051, 20103, 26135 (JE); Sattelberg, Clemens 265c (JE, L).— WESTERN HIGHLANDS: Jimi- Waghi divide, Streimann 20916 (JE, LAE), 20911 (LAE). Solomon Islands. GUADALCANAL: Mt. Papomanatsen, Braithwaite 4773 (JE).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Collections of Thysananthus discretus were previously identified as “ T. appendiculatus ”, “ T. convolutus ”, “ T. gottschei ”, and “ T. sp.”. Thysananthus discretus is most morphologically very similar to the widespread Malesian T. convolutus and was illustrated as T. convolutus by Gradstein et al. (2002: Fig. 45). The illustration clearly shows the free underleaves characteristic of T. discretus, which are not connected with the leaves, and the presence of well-developed auricles of the underleaf bases. Thysananthus discretus shares with T. convolutus the asymmetric leaves but differs from the latter by (1) leaves when moist clasping the stem (squarrose in T. convolutus), (2) free underleaf bases, with well-developed auricles (underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side and without auricles in T. convolutus), and (3) strongly rigid stems, with 14–18 cells wide ventral merophytes and medulla 16–22 cell layers high (less rigid stems, with 8–10 cells wide ventral merophytes and 14–17 layers high medulla in T. convolutus). Thysananthus discretus may also be confused with T. appendiculatus, a species endemic to New Guinea which may possess auricled underleaf bases like T. discretus . However, the leaf lobes in T. appendiculatus are symmetrical and widely spreading when moist, while in T. discretus they are asymmetrical and clasping the stem when moist. In addition, leaf and underleaf bases are connected in T. appendiculatus while in T. discretus they are never connected. In T. discretus the appendages are present on one or both sides of the stem and are sometimes lacking, while in T. appendiculatus, T. convolutus var. laceratus, and T. gottschei var. continuus they are always found on one side of the stem only, on leaves that are free from underleaf bases and opposite to leaves that are connected with underleaf bases. Moreover, the appendages of T. convolutus var. laceratus and T. gottschei var. continuus are always curved towards the stem while in T. discretus and T. appendiculatus they are straight or curved.</p><p>Thysananthus discretus is polymorphic with respect to the dentation of leaves, which vary from edentate to strongly dentate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB9BF35FF1738E4FECC9B2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF8CBF01FF173917FE2A9AE3.text	73083D48FF8CBF01FF173917FE2A9AE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus fruticosus (Lindenberg & Gottsche 1847) Schiffner 1893	<div><p>12. Thysananthus fruticosus (Lindenb. &amp; Gottsche) Schiffner (1893: 130) . Bryopteris fruticosa Lindenberg &amp; Gottsche (1847: 737) . Dendrolejeunea fruticosa (Lindenb. &amp; Gottsche) Lacouture (1908: 104) . Caudalejeunea fruticosa (Lindenb. &amp; Gottsche) Stephani (1912b: 14) . Lectotype (designated by Verdoorn 1934a): INDONESIA. Java: Mt. Sajira, without date, Blume s.n. (lectotype: STR!).</p><p>Bryopteris filicina (Sw.) Nees γ fruticosa Gottsche, Lindenberg &amp; Nees (1845: 285), nom. nud. syn. fide Verdoorn (1934a): 182.</p><p>Thysananthus manillanus Gottsche (1857: 342) . Type: PHILIPPINES. “ Manilla, Gaudichaud 115 ” (holotype PC; isotype PChb. Bescherelle!).</p><p>Bryopteris vittata Mitten (1871: 411) . Type: AUSTRALIA. Norfolk Island: without date, Robinson s.n. (holotype: G!).</p><p>Thysanolejeunea lanceolata Stephani (1896: 139) . Thysananthus lanceolatus (Steph.) Stephani (1912a: 796) . Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe: “Sattelburg”, Kärnbach 56 (holotype G!).</p><p>Thysananthus sinclairii (Mitt.) Stephani (1912a: 792) . Lejeunea sinclairii Mitten (1862: 19) . Type: FIJI. “Insulae Vitienses” “inter nr. 843”, Seemann s.n., “in Herb. Gourlie et Mitten” Sinclair s.n. cf. Geissler &amp; Bischler (1987), syn. fide Verdoorn (1934a): 183.</p><p>Thysananthus abietinus Stephani (1912a: 794) . Type: VANUATU. “Insula Aneitum, 1882, Braithwaite s.n. ” (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10165.</p><p>Thysananthus lauterbachii Stephani (1912a: 797) . Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Madang: “Gogal”, Lauterbach 1060 (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10193.</p><p>Thysananthus ovistipulus Stephani (1912a: 798) . Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. without location, without date, Musgrave s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10202.</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 41</p><p>Thysananthus bowienus Stephani in Stephani &amp; Watts (1914: 134). Type: VANUATU [“Novae Hebrides”]. Sanma: Santo, 1909, F.G. Bowie s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10170.</p><p>Thysananthus densus Stephani (1924: 565) . Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Milne Bay: 1911, Conway s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10176.</p><p>Plants autoicous, with dendroid habit, having creeping stoloniform stems and upright, regularly pinnate branches, yellowish in herbarium specimens, up to 14.8 cm long × 1.8–2.1 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 6–11 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 170–340 µm high × 135–300 µm wide, 9–20 cell layers high, composed of 30–62 epidermal cells, 25–50 subepidermal cells in 4–6 layers high surrounding 67–218 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically ovate-falcate, 1.1–2.7 × 0.5–1.3 mm, apex acute, dorsal base cordate, dorsal margin with 2–4 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 3–4 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, ventral margin plane, with 2–6 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 3–4 cells wide at base, apex of one cell; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta present in midportion of lobe, extending to base, 2/3 × lobe length, 8–10 cell rows wide, 17–26 cells long, marginal cells 7.5–15 × 7.5–12.5 µm, median cells 18–25 × 8–15 µm, vitta 38–60 × 13–23 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–1 per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules oblong, 0.1–0.5 × 0.1–0.3 mm, ± 1/3 × lobe length, appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel with appendages on both sides of stem; lobule apex transverse, not or slightly continuing into the ventral lobe margin, entire or with one triangular tooth, the tooth consisting of 3 cells, being 2 cells wide at base, apex of one cell. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, ovate, 0.5–1 × 0.5–0.9 mm, 3 × stem width, apex truncate to emarginate, margin with 8–12 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 7–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 6–7 cells, bases cuneate-slightly auriculate, underleaf bases not adnate with leaves; cells 23–43 × 8–10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 5–21(–38) pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.6–1.3 × 0.3–0.6 mm, apex acute, margin entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 1–2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a monochasial or dichasial pattern; lobe lanceolate, 1.4–2 × 0.3–0.6 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–10 cells, being 2–4 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; lobule broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margins with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteole spathulate, 1.3–2 × 0.6–0.8 mm, apex truncate, 1/2 × bracteole length with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, margins recurved. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 1.3–2.3 × 0.7–0.9 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2–5 cells; beak 33–75 µm (3–5 cells) in length. Figs. 23, 24.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989, p. 72, Fig. 27); Gradstein et al. (2002, p. 21, Fig. 11).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Malesia, Australia (Queensland), and the Pacific region; 25–2000 m; on tree trunks, twigs, and rotten logs in lowland rain forests (primary and secondary), and montane forests. Fig. 5H.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Thailand. PHANG NGA: Sri Phang Nga National Park, Chantanaorrapint 2112 (PSU) . Malaysia. JOHORE: Lubuk Tapa, Mohamed &amp; Sabda 20, 42, 44, 59, 70, 110, 139, 142, 180 (KLU) , Sabda 222 (KLU) ; vicinity of Sungai Selor, Sabda 219, 223, 260 (KLU) ; Gg. Sumalayang, Chin 744 (KLU, SING) .— NEGERI SEMBILAN: Pasoh Forest Reserve, Kien-Thai 7425 (KLU) .— PAHANG: Taman Negara, 19–23 June 1995, Mohamed s.n. (KLU) ; Ulu Cheneras, Burkill 15669(b) (SING) ; Kuala Tembeling, Holttum 20541 (SING) .— SABAH: Danum valley conservation area, Ellis 38 (BM) ; 2 miles north of Kinabatangan river at Bukit Garam, Wood 1437 (BM) ; Sandakan, Sapagaya F.R., Kadir &amp; Enggoh 10564 (BM) ; Timbun Mata Island, Mapat river, Keith 7358 (BM) ; Tawau, Kadir A 2023 (BM) ; Mt. Rara Forest Reserve, Shea 2069 (KLU).— SARAWAK: Baram district, September 1892, Evereth s.n. (G 2 packets); Mt. Dulit, Richards 2277 (BM, JE, SING) ; Buda National Park, Mohamed &amp; Kien-Thai 5331 (KLU) ; Mulu National Park, Mohamed &amp; Kien-Thai 5434 (KLU) .— SELANGOR: Hulu Langat, Congkat river, Ilkiu-Borges &amp; Yong 3026 (GOET) ; Gunung Nuang, 23 November 1998, Mohamed s.n. (KLU) . Singapore. Chan Chu Kan, 1890, Ridley s.n. (G) . Indonesia. KALIMANTAN: peak of Balikpapan, Meijer B 1339e (BM 2 packets, G, PC, SING), B1391 a (SING) .— SULAWESI: Menado, without date, Vriese s.n. (F); without location, without date, Kiese s.n. (S 2 packets) .— SUMATRA: Engano Islands, “Modigliani” s.n., ex hb. Levier 152 (BM, G 3 packets, PC) .— WESTERN NEW GUINEA: Bird’s Head peninsula, van Royen &amp; Sleumer 7268 (BR, U) , 16 February 1957, Bergman s.n. (NICH); Mt. Arfak, 1872, Beccari s.n. (JE) ; Andai, 1872, Beccari s.n. (JE, U) ; “ Bogaljim ”, without date, Missionare s.n. (S 3 packets); Padang, 1924 ,</p><p>42 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p><p>Blum s.n. (JE); Mt. Jaya, Edwards 4103A (BM) . Philippines. BENGUET: Baguio and vicinity, Robinson 2–107, Bureau of science no. 14101 (BM) .— LAGUNA: Siniloan national botanical garden, Alvarez &amp; al. 0–771073 (JE) .— NUEVA ECIJA: without location, Santos 212 (JE) .— QUEZON: Botanical garden of University of the Philippines Los Banõs, Onraedt 85.P.11304 (BR) ; Polillo, McGregor 2–39, Bureau of science no. 10499 (BM, G), ibid., Bureau of science no. 10495 (G); Dimasingay, Baler, Santos 235 (JE) .— SAMAR: Mt. Purog, without date, Edaño s.n. (U) .— SURIGAO DEL SUR: Muni river, “Pahl” 85.P.11973 (BR) .— TAYABAS: without location, Robinson 89604 (BM, G). Papua New Guinea. CENTRAL: Moroka, July–August 1893, Loria s.n., ex hb. Levier 109 (BM 2 packets, G 4 packets, PC); Koitaki plantation, Carr 12078, Hep. Sep. Crit. Verdoorn 449 (BM 3 packets, BR, C, G, GOET, JE, PC, SING 2 packets, U 2 packets); 30 miles north of Port Moresby, Robbins 4132 (JE) ; Angabanga river, Streimann &amp; Naoni 16213 (JE, LAE) ; Kuriva logging area, Streimann &amp; Vinas 14399, 14408, 14426 (JE, LAE) , 14434 (BR, JE, KLU, LAE); road to Muscrave river, Streimann &amp; Naoni 15206 (JE) , 15191, 15214, 15250 (JE, LAE).— EASTERN HIGHLANDS: Kassam pass, Streimann &amp; Umba 11431 (JE, LAE) .— EAST SEPIK: Hawain river range, Robbins 2081 (JE) ; Wewak-Angoram, Robbins 2345 (JE) ; Hunstein river, Hoogland &amp; Craven 10.752 (JE 2 packets, MEL); Kassam pass, Streimann &amp; Umba 11451 (JE, LAE) ; Prince Alexander Mts., Robbins 2016 (JE) .— MILNE BAY: Goodenough Island, Brass 22982 (JE) ; north slope of Mt. Dayman, Brass 22185 (JE) .— MADANG: Lower Ramu-Atitau, Robbins 1433, 1691 (JE) .— MOROBE: Busu river logging area, 16 June 1968, Weber s.n. (F 3 packets, JE, U) ; Herzog Mts., Streimann &amp; Umba 11038, 11055 (KLU, LAE) , 11054 (JE, LAE), 11053 (BR, JE, KLU, LAE); Gurakor creek, Lae-Bulolo road, Bellamy 1248 (JE, KLU, LAE) ; logging area, 15 km East of Bulolo, Streimann &amp; Bellamy 13152 (JE, KLU, LAE) , 13184 (BR, JE, KLU, LAE), 13762 (LAE); Gumi divide, head of Gumi creek, Streimann 25733 (JE, LAE) ; Slate creek and Gumi creek divide, Streimann 13954 (BR, KLU) ; heads Hump, Streimann 17437, 17440 (JE) ; near Nauti village, Streimann &amp; Elix 26229 (JE) ; Nauti logging area, upper Watut river, Streimann &amp; Kairo 17245, 17263, Streimann 17321, 17327 (JE) , 17309 (GOET, JE, KLU, LAE); Sattelberg, Clemens 264/e (JE) , ibid., June 1988, Nyman s.n. (BM, C 2 packets), 21 July 1904, Pöch s.n., Museo Hist. Natur. Vindobonensi 4035 (G, S 2 packets, U) .— NEW IRELAND: Mussau Island, Bismarck Archipelago, KØie &amp; Olsen 2051, 2061 (C).— ORO: Managalase area, Pullen 5685 (JE) .— SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS: Batteri, Kagua-Erave road, Streimann 23433 (JE, LAE) .— WEST NEW BRITAIN: Willaumez Peninsula, Kolema 28 (JE, NICH) ; Mosa N.T.A., Lakemata reforest creek, Kolema 101 (JE); Honde- Laulimi T.R.P., Kolema 121 (JE) .— WESTERN SEPIK: headwaters of Kong Kong creek, Mundua 283 (JE) . Solomon Islands. CENTRAL: Russel Islands, December 1935, Lever s.n. (BM) . GUADALCANAL: without location, without date, van Zanten 68–2360, 68–2370 (JE) .</p><p>Australia. NORFOLK ISLAND: 29°02' S 167°57' E, without date, Robinson s.n. (MEL) .</p><p>Vanuatu. New Hebrides, 1909, Bowie s.n. (BM). Fiji. REWA: Suva, 1898, Armstroy s.n. (G). Samoa. UPOLU: wihtout location, without date, Graeffe 628 (G), 1894, Reinecke s.n. (G). American Samoa. TUTUILA: without location, without date, Graeffe 664 (G). Niue. near Alofi, Sykes 289 (F). Cook Islands. Rarotonga, Gardner 72/e (JE).</p><p>Reported from Australia (Queensland) by Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus fruticosus was originally described as a species of Bryopteris and was placed in a separate subgenus Dendrolejeunea (of Lejeunea s.l.) by Spruce (1884). Lacouture (1908) raised Dendrolejeunea to generic level but this has not been followed by later authors, who accepted Schiffner’s attribution (1893) of T. fruticosus to Thysananthus . The genus Dendrolejeunea was reinstated for T. fruticosus again by Gradstein (1992a). Thysananthus fruticosus differs from other members of Thysananthus by its dendroid habit, having creeping stoloniform stems and upright, regularly pinnate branches. The species shares the presence of a vitta with T. mollis, T. montanus, and T. retusus and was for this reason placed by Verdoorn (1934a) in Thysananthus sect. Vittatae . However, the molecular results showed that D. fruticosa is a member of Thysananthus (Sukkharak et al. 2011b) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF8CBF01FF173917FE2A9AE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFBABF34FF173B5DFA039913.text	73083D48FFBABF34FF173B5DFA039913.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus gottschei (J. B. Jack & Steph.) Stephani 1912	<div><p>8. Thysananthus gottschei (J.B.Jack &amp; Steph.) Stephani (1912a: 787) . Thysanolejeunea gottschei Jack &amp; Stephani (1892: 20) . Type: PHILIPPINES. Luzon: 1870, Wallis s.n. (holotype G!).</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 31</p><p>Thysananthus borneensis Stephani (1912a: 786) . Type: MALAYSIA. Sarawak: without date, Pearson s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10168.</p><p>Thysananthus reversus Stephani (1912a: 789) . Thysanolejeunea reversa Stephani (1896: 139) . Type: PHILIPPINES. Zamboanga del Norte: Dapitan, Micholitz 44 (holotype G!).</p><p>Thysananthus rigidus Stephani (1912a: 790) . Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. New Ireland [“Nova Hibernia”]: 1893, Micholitz s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10207.</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, reddish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 2.6 cm long × 1.6–3 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 8–10 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 289–320 µm high × 187–240 µm wide, 10–16 cell layers high, composed of 34–44 epidermal cells surrounding 82–121 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves strongly imbricate, when dry strongly convolute, when moist strongly convex and ventrad, apical part turned to the ventral side, recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically ovate to broadly ovate, 0.7–1.9 × 1.1–1.7 mm, apex mucronate-apiculate to acute, margin entire, dorsal base auriculate, auricle 65–165 × 75–200 µm, ventral margin incurved 2/3 × leaf length; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 7–15 × 4–17 µm, median cells 18–42 × 5–15 µm, basal cells 25–75 × 15–25 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–2 per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules rectangular, 0.3–0.6 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage or with appendages on one side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to adnate ones, appendage always curved towards the stems; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with 1–2 triangular teeth, the first tooth consisting of 3–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2(–3) cells, the second tooth of one cell only, often absent. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly oblong-orbicular to obovate, 0.9–2.1 × 0.6–1 mm, 3–4 × stem width, apex truncate to rounded, plane to recurved, margins entire, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 12–37 × 7–10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 3–4 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.9–1 × 0.7–0.8 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with one lejeuneoid innovation forming a monochasial pattern; lobe broadly ovate, 2.1–2.6 × 1.6–1.8 mm, apex acute to apiculate, margin entire; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2–2/3 × lobe length, apex apiculate to obscurely bifid; margins with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 5–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 1.7–2.4 × 0.7–2.3 mm, apex slightly emarginate, 1/2 × bracteole length with laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–10 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, margins recurved. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 1.7–2.5 × 0.8–1 mm long, keels in upper 1/3 with numerous laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–15 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2–6 cells; beak 25–50 µm (3–4 cells) in length or absent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFBABF34FF173B5DFA039913	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF84BF0BFF17383DFB3D9A04.text	73083D48FF84BF0BFF17383DFB3D9A04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus gottschei var. continuus (Sukkharak. A. Portion 2015) Sukkharak. A. Portion 2015	<div><p>8b. Thysananthus gottschei var. continuus, var. nov. Type: MALAYSIA. Sarawak: “Lunda”, without date, Micholitz s.n. (holotype G!). The name of the new variety refers to the free margin of lobules continuing into the lobe ventral margin over almost the entire length of the ventral margin, and sometimes into the dorsal margin of the lobes .</p><p>Keel with appendages on one side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to adnate ones, always curved towards the stems. Lobule free margin continuing into both ventral and dorsal lobe margins. Underleaves apex strongly recurved. Fig. 18.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Malaysia and Philippines; without ecological information.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Philippines. ILOILO: Panay, Robinson BS18185 (L).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— The distinguishing characters of this variety are (1) presence of appendage on the keel, on the side where leaves and underleaves are free and opposite to the adnate ones (always curved towards the stems), (2) free margin of lobule continuing into the lobe ventral margin over almost the entire length of the ventral margin, and sometimes into the dorsal margin of the lobes, and (3) strongly recurved underleaf apex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF84BF0BFF17383DFB3D9A04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFBBBF0BFF173A52FD229FCB.text	73083D48FFBBBF0BFF173A52FD229FCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus gottschei var. gottschei var. gottschei	<div><p>8a. Thysananthus gottschei var. gottschei</p><p>Keel without appendage. Lobule free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin but not into the margin of the dorsal lobe. Underleaf apex plane or recurved. Fig. 17.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Indomalesia; 20–2100 m; on road-side trees, bark of living trees and fallen trees in lowland rain forests (primary and secondary forests) and montane forests. Fig. 5M.</p><p>Representative specimens:—India. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS: Andaman islands, Port Blair, July 1890, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 79 (G, PC) . Thailand. NAKHON SI THAMMARAT: San Yen, Sukkharak 758, 810 (BKF, GOET) . Malaysia. PAHANG: on Genting Highland road, Sukkharak 717, 718, 720 (BKF, GOET) ; Robinson hill, Ibrahim 36 (KLU) .— PENANG: Penang hill, 11 February 1949, Allen s.n. (BM) .— SABAH: Kinabatangan, Bukit Garam, Wood 1432 (BM 2 packets, JE); Tawau, Bombay Burmeh Trading Co. Concession area, Wood 1389 (BM) ;</p><p>32 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p><p>Mt. Kinabalu, summit trail, Sukkharak 616 (BCU) .— WESTERN NEW GUINEA: West Papua, Soron, 1872, Beccari s.n. (JE) . Indonesia. JAVA: West Java, Tjibodas, 27 June 1898, Nyman s.n. (C 2 packets, G, S, W).— SULAWESI: Central Sulawesi, Lake Kalimpaa, Lore Lindu National Park, Gradstein 10324/2 (GOET) .— SUMATRA: Bengkulu, Enggano Islands, “Modigliani”139 (G 2 packets, PC) . Philippines. NEGROS ORIENTAL: Cuernos Mts., May 1908, collector unknown. (BM, G 3 packets, JE, W).— QUEZON: Polillo, McGregor 2–39, Bureau of science no. 10494 (BM 2 packets). Papua New Guinea. CENTRAL: Kuriva logging area, Streimann &amp; Vinas 14391 (LAE) ; near Dabamura on Ower’s Corner road, Streimann &amp; Naoni 14900, 14904, 14961 (JE, LAE) ; road to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.63333/lat -9.6)">Musgrave river</a>, 9°36' S 147°38' E, Streimann &amp; Naoni 15189 (JE) ; Musgrave river road, Itikinumu, Streimann &amp; Naoni 16690 (JE, LAE) .— EASTERN HIGHLANDS: 25 miles S of Kainantu, Kurokawa 4370, 4371 (JE) .— GULF: Bema-Kaintiba road, Streimann 33645 (JE, LAE) .— MOROBE: logging area, 7°18' S 146°45' E, Streimann &amp; Bellamy 13129 (JE, LAE); 3 miles south-east of Bulolo, Shea 9097 (NICH) ; Manki Trig., Bulolo-Watut divide, Streimann &amp; Bellamy 12997 (JE, LAE) ; Slate-Gumi creeks divide, Streimann 13832 (JE, LAE) ; upper Watut river, Streimann 23071, 23101 (LAE) ; Herzog Mts., Streimann &amp; Umba 10983 (LAE) ; Ekuti divide, Bulolo-Aseki road, Streimann 22623 (JE, LAE) , Streimann 22629 (NICH) ; Gumi divide, head of Gumi creek, Streimann 25156 (JE, W); Sattelberg, June 1899, Nyman s.n. (C).— WEST NEW BRITAIN: South Bunga T. R. P., Bellamy 1357 (JE, LAE, S); Evili river, Streimann 41598, 41608, 41609 (JE) ; Geleo-Lasilai logging area at Mt. Laliti, Streimann 41088, 41209, 41253/a (JE) , 41237 (JE, LAE, NICH), 41055, 41176, 41217 (JE, NICH).— WEST SEPIK: Aitape subdistrict, Darbyshire &amp; Hoogland 8000 (JE) ; Blackwater refugee camp, Mundua 314 (JE, LAE) .</p><p>Reported from Sri Lanka by Eggers &amp; Schäfer-Verwimp (1987) as Thysananthus convolutus .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus gottschei was reduced to a synonym of T. convolutus and has been called the edentate form of the latter (Grolle &amp; Piippo 1984). Phytochemical and molecular results showed that this species should be re-instated (Sukkharak et al. 2011 a, 2011b). The differences between T. gottschei and T. convolutus are discussed under the latter species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFBBBF0BFF173A52FD229FCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB7BF38FF173B6FFA059444.text	73083D48FFB7BF38FF173B6FFA059444.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus Lindenberg ex Lehmann 1844	<div><p>Thysananthus</p><p>Perianth toothed (except T. montanus).</p><p>Type: Thysananthus comosus Lindenberg ex Lehmann (1844: 25)</p><p>Distribution: tropical America, Africa, Indochina, Malesia, Australia, Pacific.</p><p>20 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB7BF38FF173B6FFA059444	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF8FBF07FF173CB6FB279D66.text	73083D48FF8FBF07FF173CB6FB279D66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus mollis Stephani 1912	<div><p>13. Thysananthus mollis Stephani (1912a: 798) . Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central: Owen Stanley Range, Summit, 1889, McGregor s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10198.</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, pale yellow in herbarium specimens, up to 6 cm long × 3–5 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 10–13 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 370– 293 mm high × 270–298 µm wide, 18–20 cell layers high, composed of 38–57 epidermal cells surrounding 123–225 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute or laterally appressed to the stem, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe symmetrically lanceolate, 2.2–2.8 × 0.8–1.2 mm, apex apiculate, dorsal base auriculate, auricle 27–150 × 62–150 µm, dorsal margin entire to with 3–10 teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, ventral margin plane or incurved 1/2 × leaf length, with 3–12 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta present in midportion of lobe, extending to base, 2/3 × lobe length, 18–21 cell rows wide, 27–30 cells long, marginal cells 7–10 × 7–10 µm, median vitta 27–60 × 7–10 µm, basal vitta 40–65 × 10–17 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–2 per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules oblong, 0.2–0.4 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/10–1/8 × lobe length; appendages on surface of lobule base on both sides of stem; keel without appendage, lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex entire to with one linear tooth, the tooth consisting of 5–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 3–8 cells. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly obovate to spathulate, (0.8–)1.3–2 × 0.6–1.2 mm, 2–4 × stem width, apex emarginate-lunulate, plane or plicate, margins with 12–13 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–10 cells, being 2–4 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, bases cuneate, underleaf bases not adnate with leaves; cells 25–37 × 5–7 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 4–10(–23) pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.6–2.3 × 0.3–0.8 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 1–2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a monochasial or diochasial pattern; lobe lanceolate, 3.1–3.4 × 0.8–1.2 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 2/3 with laciniate teeth 2–4 cells long at apex; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex bifid, margin with laciniate teeth 1–4 cells long at apex; bracteoles spathulate, 2.2–2.5 × 1–1.6 mm, apex emarginate, 1/2 × bracteole length with laciniate teeth 1–4 cells long at apex, margins plane. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 2.5–3.2 × 0.8–1.3 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–14 cells, being 2–5 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; beak 50–65 µm (4–5 cells) in length. Figs. 25, 26.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Gradstein et al. (2002, p. 76, Fig. 48).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Endemic to Western Melanesia; 1200–3100 m; on roots, bark of trees, twigs, fallen branches, and logs in the understory of montane forests. Fig. 5D.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Papua New Guinea. CHIMB: trail from Keglsugl to Pindaunde lakes, Gradstein 4145 (U) ; trail from Keglsugl to Pindaunde lakes, Gradstein &amp; Sipman 8304 (G).— EASTERN HIGHLANDS: Lipizauga Botanical Sanctuary, Thiers 3699 (U) ; Daulo Pass, Streimann 18003 (JE, W) .— ENGA: Mape creek, Mt. Hagen-Wapenamanda, Streimann 21646 (JE, LAE) .— MOROBE: Ogeramnang, Clemens 5527/H–d (JE) , ibid., 17 February 1937, Clemens s.n. (JE) ; near Kaindi village, 23 November 1975, Inoue s.n. (U) ; Mt. Kaindi, Gradstein 3779, 3794, 3884 (U) , 3792 (G, GOET, U 3 packets), 3795 (G, U 2 packets), 3798 (G, U), Gradstein &amp; Sipman 7865, 7899 (G), Schuster 67–6319, 67–6361, 67–6364 (JE) ; Slate-Gumi creeks divide, Streimann 33938 (JE) , 13817 (LAE), 13921, 13924, 13927 (JE, LAE); Wagau-Malolo track, Streimann 19565 (JE) ; Gumi divide, head of Gumi creek, Streimann 25132, 25305 (JE) , Streimann 22786 (LAE) ; Spreader divide, Streimann 25974, 25993, 26004, 26014 (JE) , 26021 (JE, LAE), Streimann &amp; Tamba 11883, 11905, 11914 (JE, LAE), 11957, 11970, 11980, 11992 (LAE); Bulolo-Watut divide, Streimann 25032, 25220 (JE) , Streimann &amp; Bellamy 13049 (JE), Manki Trig, Streimann &amp; Bellamy 12971 (LAE) ; Wau-Salamaua track, Streimann 25675 (JE, LAE, S, W); Mt. Kaindi road, Streimann 33397 (JE) ; Araulu logging area, Streimann 13560 (JE) ; Kaisenik logging area, Shea 6325 (NICH) .— SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS: Tambul-Mendi road, Streimann 26800 (JE) ; Iaro river, Streimann 23855, 23888 (JE, LAE) ; Lama sawmill, Streimann 26631 (JE) .— WESTERN HIGHLANDS: Baiyer river-Ruti road, Jimi valley, Streimann 22075 (JE) , 22239 (LAE), 22008 (JE, LAE).— WESTERN SEPIK: Amisumbil, Eliptamin, Macrosimnok 27 (JE, LAE) .</p><p>Reported from the Solomon Islands by Gradstein et al. (2002).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Molecular analysis has resolved Thysananthus mollis, T. montanus and T. retusus as</p><p>44 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK polyphyletic (Sukkharak et al. 2011b). These species share the presence of foliar appendages on lobule bases (Sukkharak &amp; Gradstein 2010b). Morphologically, T. mollis is very similar to T. montanus; differences are discussed under the latter species. In addition, T. mollis may be confused with T. fruticosus but the latter species is dendroid, autoicous, and has regularly pinnate branching, keels of all leaves with appendages, laciniate perianth teeth 2–5 cells long.</p><p>Thysananthus mollis varies in leaves and underleaves, which are sharply toothed to entire.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF8FBF07FF173CB6FB279D66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF88BF07FF173D96FA3E944C.text	73083D48FF88BF07FF173D96FA3E944C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus montanus Gradstein, He & Piippo	<div><p>14. Thysananthus montanus Gradstein, He &amp; Piippo in Gradstein, He, Piippo &amp; Mizutani (2002: 77).</p><p>Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe: Lake Wamba, 5 km S of Teptep airstrip, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.0416665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.55/lat -6.0416665)">Teptep-Wantuat</a> trail 10 km S of Teptep, open montane forest on ridge sloping NE, 2550–2700 m, 6°2.5' S 146°33' E, Koponen 33958b (holotype H!) .</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, pale brown in herbarium specimens, up to 4 cm long × 1.5–2.6 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 8–10 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 215–240 µm high × 303–329 µm wide, 14–17 cell layers high, composed of 43–48 epidermal cells surrounding 141–150 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe symmetrically oblong, 1.6–1.8 × 0.6–0.8 mm, apex acute-apiculate, margin entire, dorsal base auriculate, auricle 57–96 × 57–76 µm, ventral margin incurved 1/2 × leaf length; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta present in midportion of lobe, extending to base, 2/3 × lobe length, 8–17 cell rows wide, 13–20 cells long, marginal cells 10–12 × 5–7 µm, median vitta 25–45 × 5–7 µm, basal vitta 50–67 × 10–15 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–2 per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules rectangular, 0.8–1 × 0.3–0.4 mm, 1/4–1/3 × lobe length; appendages on surface of lobule base on both sides of stem; keel without appendage; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with one linear tooth, the tooth consisting of 7–9 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 6–7 cells. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, spathulate, 1.2–1.3 × 0.6–0.7 mm, 2–3 × stem width, apex round, plane, margin entire, bases cuneate, underleaf bases not adnate with leaves; cells 27–37 × 2–5 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 6–13(–20) pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.7–0.9 × 0.2–0.5 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a dichasial pattern; lobe lanceolate, 2.7–2.8 × 0.8–0.9 mm, apex acute, margins entire or in upper 2/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex bifid, margin with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 2.4–2.5 × 0.7 mm, apex emarginate to shortly bifid, entire or 1/2 × bracteole length with teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, margins plane. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 2.6–2.7 × 0.7–0.8 mm, keels entire; beak 62–65 µm (4–5 cells) in length. Fig. 27.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Gradstein et al. (2002, p. 78, Fig. 49).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Endemic to Papua New Guinea; 1900–2300 m; on tree trunks, lianas, and branches in open montane forests. Fig. 5K.</p><p>Representative specimens:— Papua New Guinea. EASTERN HIGHLANDS: Gahavisuka National Park, Thiers 3656 (G).— MILNE BAY: Fergusson Island, Brass 27072 (L).— MOROBE: Gumi divide, Streimann 22707 (JE, LAE); Mt. Kaindi, Streimann 22511 (LAE); Araulu logging area, Streimann 13639 (LAE); Nauti logging area, upper Watut river, Streimann 17150 (LAE); Kaisenik logging area, Shea 6359 (NICH).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— The type specimen was previously identified as T. planus (= T. retusus). By its oblong, entire leaves T. montanus approaches T. retusus but differs from the latter by (1) leaves when dry convolute (widely spreading, loosely reflexed or plane in T. retusus), (2) dorsal base auriculate (cordate in T. retusus), (3) leaf cells elongate-hexagonal, vitta 8–17 cell rows wide (subisodiametric, 4–6 in T. retusus), (4) being dioicous (autoicous in T. retusus), and (5) entire perianths (toothed perianths in T. retusus). Thysananthus montanus is morphologically most similar to T. mollis . The latter species differs essentially by its leaf, which is lanceolate in outline, the emarginate-lunulate apex of the underleaf, and the toothed perianths.</p><p>The female bracts and bracteoles in Thysananthus montanus vary from entire to dentate.</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 45</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF88BF07FF173D96FA3E944C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF81BF0DFF1739CEFA3E944C.text	73083D48FF81BF0DFF1739CEFA3E944C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus pancheri (Gottsche ex Steph.) Hurlimann 1989	<div><p>11. Thysananthus pancheri (Gottsche ex Steph.) Hürlimann (1989: 167) . Mastigolejeunea pancheri Gottsche ex Stephani (1912a: 771) . Type: NEW CALEDONIA. without location, without date, Pancher 591 (isotypes PC 3 packets!); Icon. Steph. nr. 7448.</p><p>Plants dioicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, yellowish brown to reddish brown to blackish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 1.8 cm long × 1.9–4 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 7–9 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular-subelliptic, 159–230 µm high × 159–176 µm wide, 9–10 cell layers high, composed of 25–33 epidermal cells surrounding 42–47 medullary cells, dorsal epidermal cells larger and somewhat thinner-walled than medulla and ventral epidermal cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist strongly convex and ventrad, apical part turned to the ventral side, recurved; dorsal lobe asymmetrically broadly ovate, 1.1–1.6 × 0.9–1.2 mm, apex rounded or acute-apiculate, margin entire, dorsal base auriculate, auricle 50–82 × 25–75 µm; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 7.5–12.5 × 10–15 µm, median cells 22.5–27.5 × 12.5–20 µm, basal cells 25–45 × 17.5–25 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–1 per cell; oil bodies unknown. Lobules</p><p>38 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK rectangular, 0.6–0.7 × 0.3–0.4 mm, ± 1/2 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage; lobule apex truncate to oblique, free margin shortly continuing into the ventral lobe margin or not, apex with one triangular to narrow elongate tooth, the tooth consisting of (1–)6–12 cells, being 1–4 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly obovate, 0.5–0.8 × 0.6–1.2 mm, 3–6 × stem width, apex broadly rounded to truncate, margin entire, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 22.5–17.5 × 7.5–10 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 3–8 pairs, bracts hypostatic and epistatic, 0.5–0.8 × 0.4–0.6 mm, apex acute, margins entire; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with one lejeuneoid innovation forming a monochasial pattern; lobe ovate, 1.1–1.4 × 0.5–0.7 mm, apex apiculate, margin entire; lobules broadly ovate, 1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margin entire; bracteoles obovate, 1–1.2 × 0.5–0.7 mm, apex truncate, margins entire, slightly recurved. Perianths oblong, 1.3–1.4 × 0.5–0.8 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with short to long, laciniate teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–11 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 2–6 cells; beak 57–112 µm (6–8 cells) in length. Fig. 22.</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Endemic to New Caledonia; 40–1100 m; on bark in Canariellum sp., Leucopogon sp., and Spermolepis sp. forests. Fig. 5E.</p><p>Representative specimens:— New Caledonia. NORTH: Oua Tilou, Baumann-Bodenheim 12421a (G, GOET); Mt. Ignambi, Hürlimann 2864 (GOET, U); Nehoue, Kee 36864 (PC); Pinjen, Kee 30858 (NICH).— SOUTH: Mt. Koghis, 1913, Franc s.n. (JE); Rivière Bleue, Hürlimann 10864 (GOET), 2665a (G, GOET); Rivière Blanche, Baumann-Bodenheim 13949 (G, GOET); Boulari valley, Hürlimann 2304a (G, GOET), 2303 (G, GOET, PC, U); ramp north-western of Mt. Quitchambo, Hürlimann 9343 (G, GOET); Mtge. des Sources, Hürlimann 2206 (G, PC, U), Kee 44013 (PC); Quinné valley of Mt. Dzumac, Hürlimann 2624 (G, GOET, PC, U), 2463 (GOET, PC, U); north-western of Mt. Natégou, Hürlimann 2279, 2292 (G, GOET, U), 2289a (GOET, PC, U); Kouébuni, Hürlimann 2250 (GOET, U), 2249, 2255, 2256 (G, GOET, U), 2252 (G, U), 2260b (GOET, U); Kouvelée Mts., Hürlimann 2453 (GOET, U); Koéalagoguamba, Hürlimann 2584a (G, GOET, U); “Marais Kiki”, Baumann-Bodenheim 6307c (GOET); summit of Oua Tilou, Baumann-Bodenheim 12424 (GOET); “southern woodland”, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 11713a (GOET), 11703, 11704 (G, GOET, U); Rivière Voh, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 12165 (G, GOET); Yaté, Mckee 42653 (PC), Hürlimann 2014 (GOET, U), 2279 (U); Pic Pembai, 1909, Le Rat s.n. (L).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Thysananthus pancheri may be confused with T. gottschei but the latter species has epidermal cells as large as medullary cells, spathulate underleaves and a toothed female involucre. Thysananthus pancheri is also rather similar to Mastigolejeunea calcarata, which occurs in northern Australia and in the central Pacific region but is not yet known from New Caledonia (see Thiers &amp; Gradstein, 1989, for description). These two species can be separated by the different shape of their leaf lobules, which are broader and shorter rectangular in T. pancheri, being 0.3–0.4 mm wide and 1.5–2 × longer than wide (0.2–0.3 mm wide and 2–2.5 × longer than wide in M. calcarata). In addition, the perianth keels in T. pancheri are ciliate and the male bracts are hypostatic or epistatic, whereas M. calcarata has smooth perianth keels and the male bracts are always epistatic.</p><p>Incongruence between plastid and ITS data and the larger plant size in one sample of Thysananthus pancheri led to the first report of a hybrid in Lejeuneaceae, and the first one in liverworts inferred from phylogenetic data (Sukkharak et al. 2011b; Fig. 6). In the cpDNA phylogeny (Fig. 7A) T. pancheri sample 2 is sister to T. pancheri sample 1, and both samples are placed in a well-supported clade with T. anguiformis in the cpDNA phylogeny. In contrast, in the nuclear ITS tree (Fig. 7B) T. pancheri sample 2 is sister to the T. appendiculatus-T. discretus clade with significant support. The plastid phylogeny concurs with the current species circumscription, whereas the ITS phylogeny is probably the deviating one as T. pancheri is morphologically well separated from T. appendiculatus and T. discretus . However, further analyses including chromosome counts and measurements of DNA contents are necessary to test the hybridization hypothesis and to determine possible polyploidy of T. pancheri sample 2.</p><p>Thysananthus section Vittatae Verdoorn (1934a: 182) . Lejeunea subg. Dendrolejeunea Spruce (1884: 110) . Dendrolejeunea (Spruce) Lacouture (1908: 104) . Type: Dendrolejeunea fruticosa (Lindenberg &amp; Gottsche 1847: 737) Lacouture (1908: 104) . Taxon named for its dendroid habit.</p><p>Leaves with a vitta.</p><p>Type: Thysananthus fruticosus (Lindenberg &amp; Gottsche 1847: 737) Schiffner (1893: 130)</p><p>Distribution: Japan, Malesia, Australia, Pacific.</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 39</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF81BF0DFF1739CEFA3E944C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF89BF06FF173CB6FD419AD0.text	73083D48FF89BF06FF173CB6FD419AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus retusus (Reinwardt, Blume & Nees 1824) B. M. Thiers & Gradstein 1989	<div><p>15. Thysananthus retusus (Reinwardt, Blume &amp; Nees) B.M. Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989: 67) . Jungermannia retusa Reinwardt, Blume &amp; Nees (1824: 214) . Type: INDONESIA. Java [“inter muscos Javae insulae, rarior”]: without date, Blume s.n. (holotype STR; isotypes S!, W 3 packets!).</p><p>Thysananthus planus Sande Lacoste (1855: 419), syn. fide Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989): 67. Type: INDONESIA. Java: Junghuhn s.n. (holotype L!).</p><p>Thysananthus subplanus Stephani (1912a: 790) . Type: PHILIPPINES. Bataan: Mt. Mariveles, E.D. Merrill 3984 (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10217.</p><p>Brachiolejeunea grossivitta Stephani in Stephani &amp; Watts (1914: 10). Type: VANUATU [New Hebrides]. “Aneityum”, 1911, Gunn s.n. (isotype JE!).</p><p>Mastigolejeunea acutifolia Stephani in Stephani &amp; Watts (1914: 125). Lectotype (here designed): VANUATU, ''Insulae Novae Hebridae (Santo: Bowie leg.; Aneityum: Gunn leg.)", Watts 33 (lectotype G!), Icon. Steph. nr. 7409, syn. nov.</p><p>Thysananthus furcatus Herzog (1931: 87) . Type: PHILIPPINES. Benguet: “ Baguio, 20.V.15, C. J. Baker (n. 7004) n. 7053 ” (syntype JE!).</p><p>Thysananthus flavescens (S.Hatt.) Gradstein (1991: 13) . Archilejeunea flavescens Hattori (1944: 95) . Leucolejeunea flavescens (S.Hatt.) Hattori (1952: 33) . Mastigolejeunea flavescens (S.Hatt.) Mizutani (1961: 159) . Type: JAPAN. Osumi: Sata-mura, Hetka, on bark, 18 April 1939, S. Hattori 2399 (isotype NICH!), syn. nov.</p><p>Thysananthus australis (Steph.) Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989: 66) . Archilejeunea australis Stephani (1912a: 734) . Type: AUSTRALIA. New South Wales: Back of Wickham’s farm near Ballina, on tree, 3 June 1902, W. W. Watts 415 (holotype G!), syn. nov.</p><p>Plants autoicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, dull green in the field, yellowish to reddish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 2 cm long × 1–2.5 mm wide. Stems rather fragile, ventral merophyte 6–9 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 80–125 µm high × 85–98 µm wide, 7–10 cell layers high, composed of 16–21 epidermal cells surrounding 24–34 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves contiguous to slightly imbricate; when dry wide spreading and flat, dorsal lobe symmetrically ovate to ligulate, 0.7–1.5 × 0.3–0.6 mm, apex acute-shortly apiculate, margins entire, dorsal base cordate, ventral margin plane; non-vittate cells subisodiametric to isodiametric, vitta present in midportion of lobe, extending to base, 2/3 × lobe length, 4–6 cell rows wide, 12–18 cells long, marginal cells 3–7 × 3–7 µm, median cells 10–15 × 7–12 µm, vitta 30–52 × 10–15 µm, vitta trigones coalesced, intermediate thickening 1–2(–3) per cell, non-vittate cells trigones and intermediate thickening faint; oil bodies 3–5 per non-vittate cell and 4–8 per vitta. Lobules oblong, 0.2–0.4 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/4–1/2 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base on both sides of stem; keel without appendage; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with one linear tooth, the tooth consisting of 4–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–6 cells. Underleaves slightly imbricate, slightly squarrose, obovate, 0.3–0.6 × 0.2–0.5 mm, 2–5 × stem width, apex truncate to emarginate, recurved, margin entire, base cuneate, underleaf bases free or adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 10–15 × 3–7 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 3–10 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.9–1 × 0.3–0.4 mm, apex acute to apiculate, margins entire, antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 1–2 lejeuneoid innovations forming a monochasial or dichasial pattern or both; lobe ligulate, 1.6–1.7 × 0.6–0.7 mm, apex apiculate, margins entire or in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell; lobules broadly ovate, 1/3–1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate to obscurely bifid, with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles ligulate, 0.9–1.4 × 0.3–0.6 mm, apex bifid, entire or toothed along margins, the teeth consisting of 3–7 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell, slightly recurved at base, margins plane. Perianths obovate, 0.8–1× 0.4–0.6 mm, keels in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–5 cells, being 2 cells wide at base, apex of one cell; beak 30–45 µm (3–5 cells) in length. Figs. 27–28A, C–E.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF89BF06FF173CB6FD419AD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF8ABF05FF173CB6FE7E9AE3.text	73083D48FF8ABF05FF173CB6FE7E9AE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus retusus subsp. retusus	<div><p>15a. Thysananthus retusus subsp. retusus</p><p>Lobules 0.2–0.3 × 0.1–0.2 mm, to 2 × longer than wide, 1/4–1/3 × lobe length. Figs. 28, 29A, C–F, H–N.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Hattori (1944, p. 95, Fig. 60; p. 96, Fig. 61 as Archilejeunea flavescens); Mizutani (1961, p. 160, Fig. VIII. as Mastigolejeunea flavescens); Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989, p. 70, Fig. 26; p. 68, Fig. 25 as Thysananthus australis); Gradstein et al. (2002, p. 79, Fig. 50).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— India (Uttarakhand), Southern Japan, Malesia, Australia (Queensland and New South Wales), and the Pacific region; there is a doubtful record from Mascarene Islands by Miller et al. (1983) (fide Thiers &amp; Gradstein 1989), which may have been mislabeled or misidentified; 125–1700 m; on shaded stems of treelets and tree trunks in Eucalyptus -dominated grasslands, and in the understory of lowland rain forests and montane forests. Fig. 5L.</p><p>Representative specimens:— India. UTTARAKHAND: Mussoorie, September 1930, Chopra s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 260 (JE) . Japan. KAGOSHIMA: type of Thysananthus flavescens; a pass between Hanaze and Hekka, Mizutani 41481 (U) , ibid., 11 May 1959, Mizutani s.n., Hep. Jap. Exs. Mizutani 628 (BM, HIRO) . Thailand. NAKHON SI THAMMARAT: Mt. Khao Luang, Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 4728, T4754, T5169, T5179, T5216, T5219 (G); Mt. Khao Nan Yai, Sukkharak 44, 291, 423 (BCU) , ibid., San Yen, 19 February 2009, Chantanaorrapint s.n. (PSU) , Sukkharak 733, 741, 743 (BKF, GOET) . Indonesia. JAVA: Pantjar, December 1893, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 284 (BM 2 packets, BR, C, G 2 packets, GOET, JE, PC, SING, U); Bogor, 1843, collector unknown (S); Mt. Gede-Pangrango National Park, Haerida 1H811 (BZ) ; Geger Benteng, Noerta 1070 (L 2 packets). Philippines. BATAAN: Mt. Mariveles, Merrill 3984 (BM) .— BENGUET: Baguio and vicinity, 19 May 1191, Robinson s.n. (BM) .— DAVAO ORIENTAL: Aliwagwag falls, “Georges-Pahl” 86.P.12004 (BR) .— PALAWAN: trail to Mt. Inang Baboy, Gruezo 5893 (NICH) . Papua New Guinea. CENTRAL: Angabanga river, Streimann &amp; Naoni 16121 (JE) , Streimann &amp; Naoni 16136 (JE, LAE) .— MOROBE: Kunai Creek, Gradstein 3963 (G 2 packets, U 2 packets), 3980 (U) ; Mt. Missim, Gradstein &amp; Sipman 7929 (G), Gradstein 3833a (U) ; Situm logging area, Streimann 41733 (JE) ; Herzog Mts., Streimann &amp; Umba 10923 (JE, LAE) , 10834, 10994 (LAE); Busu-Butibum ridge, Streimann 22679 (JE, LAE) .— EAST NEW BRITAIN: Nakanai Mts., Streimann 40492, 40547 (JE) . Solomon Islands. GUADALCANAL: Mt. Gallego, Dennis 20025b (JE, S); Mt. Popemanaseu, van Zanten 68–2545/b2 (JE) .</p><p>Australia. NEW SOUTH WALES: type of Thysananthus australis; Ballina, Watts 17 (MEL, NSW) ; Protestors falls, Nightcap Range National Park, Renner 1492 (NSW) ; Minyon falls, Nightcap Range National Park, 20 October 2009, Brown s.n. (NSW) ; 6.6 km south-southwest of Alstonville, Victoria Park Nature Reserve, 21 October 2009, Brown s.n. (NSW) ; Camden Haven State Forest, Streimann 38462 (JE) .— QUEENSLAND: Big Tableland, Streimann 30895 (JE, NICH) ; near Mt. Walker, Streimann 30989 (JE) ; main coast range, Mary L.A., Streimann &amp; Gray 27135 (JE) ; Mossman Gorge National Park, Thiers &amp; Halling 2560 (MEL, U) ; Bellenden Ker National Park, Thiers 2395 (F, U) ; McDowell range north of the Daintree river, Hicks 11495 (U) ; Birthday creek ( Townsville university experimental plot), Pócs &amp; Streimann 9972/AQ (GOET) ; Daintree National Park, Pócs &amp; Streimann 9991/A (F, G); Tully Gorge, Renner 1808 (NSW) ; Second stream ford, Cardwell State Forest, Renner 1653 (NSW) ; Finch Hatton Gorge, Eungella National Park, Renner 1514, 1516, 1519 (NSW) .</p><p>Vanuatu. Type of Brachiolejeunea grossivitta . Fiji. CAKAUDROVE: Mt. Uluigalau, Degelius P–223 (JE, S), P–234/d (S).— RA: Navai, Hürlimann T 1019e, T1021b (G, U) , ibid., Mt. Victoria, Hürlimann T 1082a (G) . Samoa. UPOLU: without location, Schultze-Motel 3078 (JE), Rechinger 3272 (BM) . American Samoa. TUTUILA: without location, Stevenson 14946, 14982 (JE) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— This species is a small and rather fragile plant which differs from other species of the genus by (1) leaves widely spreading, loosely reflexed or plane when dry, (2) leaf cells subisodiametric with confluent trigones, and (3) vitta 4–6 cell rows wide. Thysananthus retusus varies in the length of the lobule tooth, which may be 1–6 cells long.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF8ABF05FF173CB6FE7E9AE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF8ABF04FF173B15FEEA9DD3.text	73083D48FF8ABF04FF173B15FEEA9DD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus retusus subsp. sellingii (Sukkharak. B. Portion 2015) Sukkharak. B. Portion 2015	<div><p>15b. Thysananthus retusus subsp. sellingii (Herzog) Sukkharak. Thysananthus sellingii (Herzog) Hürlimann (1989: 168) . Mastigolejeunea sellingii Herzog (1953: 60) . Type: NEW CALEDONIA. South: slope above N. branch of Yaté River, humid forest with Dacrydium, O. Selling 144 p. p. (holotype JE!; isotypes S 2 packets!).</p><p>Lobules 0.3–0.4 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 4–5 × longer than wide, 1/2 × lobe length. Figs. 29B, G.</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 47</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Endemic to New Caledonia; 400–700 m; on tree trunks in lowland rain forests.</p><p>Representative specimens:— New Caledonia. SOUTH: Mé Amméri, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 8902, 9136 (G, GOET); Rivière Blanche, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 11900 (G, GOET); Rivière Bleue, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 10893 (GOET); Koghis Mts., Bouo summit, Hürlimann 2111 (G, GOET, U); Pourina, Hürlimann 2647c (GOET).</p><p>Subspecific variation:— Thysananthus retusus subsp. sellingii differs from subsp. retusus in the much greater length of lobule, which is 5 × longer than wide. Thysananthus sellingii is treated here as a subspecies of T. retusus because it is separated from the latter by only one diagnostic morphological character and by its different geographical range.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF8ABF04FF173B15FEEA9DD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF84BF0FFF173A7DFB7A98EB.text	73083D48FF84BF0FFF173A7DFB7A98EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus spathulistipus (Reinwardt, Blume & Nees 1824) Lindenberg	<div><p>9. Thysananthus spathulistipus (Reinw., Blume &amp; Nees) Lindenberg in Gottsche et al. (1845: 287). Junermannia spathulistipa Reinwardt, Blume &amp; Nees (1824: 212) . Jungermannia spathulistipa α, β Nees (1830: 38). Lejeunea spathulistipa (Reinwardt, Blume &amp; Nees) Dumortier (1835: 12) . Frullania spathulistipa (Reinw., Blume &amp; Nees) Nees (1838: 211) . Type: INDONESIA. Java [“Habitat in Javae montosis, v.c. in monte Leback Provinciae Bantam, freqaens”]: without date, Blume s.n. (holotype STR!; isotypes G 3 packets!, W!).</p><p>Thysananthus triquetrus (Mitt.) Stephani (1912a: 783) . Lejeunea triquetra Mitten (1864: 167) . Type: “Bagro river, W. Africa, 1861, Mann s.n. ” (holotype NY!; isotype BM!), syn. nov.</p><p>Thysananthus monoicus Stephani (1912a: 783) . Type: MADAGASCAR. without location, without date, Darbould s.n. (holotype: G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10228.</p><p>Thysananthus sikkimensis Stephani (1912a: 798) . Type: “Himalayas”, without date, Levier s.n. (holotype G!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10212.</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 33</p><p>Thysanolejeunea amboinensis Schiffner ex Stephani (1912a: 799), nom. inval.</p><p>Thysananthus hebridensis Stephani (1924: 565) . Lectotype (here designated): VANUATU. [“Novae Hebrides”], October 1911, Gunn s.n. (lectotype G!; isolectotypes G 2 packets!); Icon. Steph. nr. 10184.</p><p>Mastigolejeunea tarkwana Pearson (1931: 63) . (fide Wigginton &amp; Grolle, 1996).</p><p>Thysananthus spathulistipus (Reinwardt, Blume &amp; Nees) Lindenb. var. borneensis Herzog (1931: 199) . Type: MALAYSIA. Sarawak [West Borneo]: Bukit Mulu, 1000 m, 2 December 1924, H. Winkler 3333 (holotype JE!), syn. nov.</p><p>Thysananthus minor Verdoorn (1933b: 231) . Type: INDONESIA. Sumatra: Mt. Brastagi, “Gouv. S.O.K., in silvis pr. cataractas torrentis Petani, infra Brastagi, ca 1350 m ”, April 1930, Verdoorn s.n. (holotype FH!), syn. nov.</p><p>Thysananthus fuscobrunneus Horikawa (1934: 252) . Type: TAIWAN. Taito: Mt. Chipon, Kiriyama-Miyama, on bark, 31 December 1932, Y. Horikawa 10505a (holotype HIRO!), syn. nov.</p><p>Thysananthus grossidens Stephani ex Verdoorn (1934a: 168), nom. inval.</p><p>Plants autoicous, with projecting growth, turning upwards and becoming ascending to erect, green, brownish green to black in the older portion in the field, yellowish brown in herbarium specimens, up to 5 cm long × 1.7–3.0 mm wide. Stems rather rigid; ventral merophyte 7–9 cell rows wide; stem in cross section orbicular, 205–219 mm high × 163–175 µm wide, 14–18 cell layers high, composed of 32–46 epidermal cells surrounding 50–95 medullary cells, epidermal cells as large as medullary cells. Leaves imbricate, when dry suberect and convolute, when moist weakly convex, apical part plane, not recurved; dorsal lobe symmetrically ovate, 0.8–1.6 × 0.5–1.1 mm, apex acute, dorsal base cordate, dorsal margin entire or with 1–4 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, ventral margin recurved to inrolled 1/2 × leaf length, with 3–6 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base, apex of one cell; cells elongate-hexagonal with acute ends, vitta absent, marginal cells 5–10 × 7–12 µm, median cells 17–27 × 5–12 µm, basal cells 25–62 × 15–25 µm, trigones cordate, often coalesced, intermediate thickenings 0–3 per cell; oil bodies 2–4 per cell (Mizutani 1969: 4–6 oil bodies). Lobules oblong-rectangular, 0.3–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 mm, 1/4–1/3 × lobe length; appendage on surface of lobule base not developed; keel without appendage; lobule apex oblique, free margin continuing into the ventral lobe margin, apex with 1–2 triangular teeth, the first tooth consisting of 3–4 cells, being 2 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells, the second tooth of one cell only, often absent. Underleaves imbricate, slightly squarrose, broadly obovate-spathulate, 0.3–0.8 × 0.4–0.7 mm, 2–4 × stem width, apex truncate to slightly emarginate, plane, margin with 8–13 triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of (1–)3–7 cells, bases cuneate, underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side, on left-hand side for right branches and right-hand side for left branches; cells 7–17 × 5–12 µm. Androecia terminal-intercalary on lateral branches, bracts, and bracteoles in 2–8 pairs, bracts hypostatic, 0.6–0.8 × 0.2–0.6 mm, apex acute, margins with 1–2 teeth; antheridia 2 per bract. Gynoecia with 1–2 lejeuneoid innovation forming monochasial or dichasial pattern; lobe ovate, 1.3–1.9 × 0.6–1.1 mm, apex apiculate, margins in upper 1/3 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–6 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; lobules broadly ovate, 1/3–1/2 × lobe length, apex apiculate, margins with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 5–11 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; bracteoles spathulate, 1.2–2.3 × 0.5–1 mm, apex emarginate to shortly bifid, 1/2 × bracteole length with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 3–8 cells, being 2–3 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–3 cells, margins recurved. Perianths oblong-cylindrical, 1.6–2.4 × 0.6–1.1 mm, keels in upper 1/3–1/2 with triangular teeth, the teeth consisting of 4–15 cells, being 2–4 cells wide at base and ending in a row of 1–2 cells; beak 50–55 µm (3–4 cells) in length. Figs.19, 20.</p><p>Additional illustrations:— Horikawa (1934, p. 251, Fig. 49 as Thysananthus fuscobrunneus); Vanden Berghen (1950, p. 36, Fig. 1); Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989, p. 74, Fig. 28); Gradstein et al. (2002, p. 75, Fig. 47 as T. minor, p. 81, Fig. 51).</p><p>Distribution and ecology:— Africa, Indochina, Malesia, Australia (Queensland), and the Pacific region; from sea level to 2800 m; on tree trunks, roots, rotten branches and logs along road sides, in the swamp forest, mangrove forest, lowlnd rain forests (primary and secondary forests), and montane forests. Fig. 5B.</p><p>Representative specimens:—Ivory Coast. TAÏ: Taï National Park, Assi 12739/B (U). Ghana. WESTERN REGION: Ankasa river forest reservation, Jones 1578b (G), ibid., 14 February 1971, Jones s.n. (JE). Nigeria. BENIN: Okomu forest reserve, Jones 44, 174B (BM). Cameroon. SOUTHWEST REGION: Bibundi, September 1891, Dusén s.n. (S 4 packets). Gabon. without location, 24 June 1927, Testu s.n. (PC, S). Zaire. KIVU: Irangi forest station (Bryotrop Expedition loc. 120), Pócs 6601 (G, U), 6735 (G). Seychelles. MAHÉ ISLAND: Beau Vallon, forest above Le Niol, Norkett 16600 (BM).— PORT GLAUD: Morne Seychellois National Park, Onraedt 74.S.258 (JE), Norkett 16429, 16512, 16539, 16687 (JE), Pócs 00105, 00105/B, 9335/B (G); Congo Rouge Relict forest, Norkett</p><p>34 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p><p>17148 (BM, JE); La Misère road, Norkett 16512 (BM), 12 September 1973, Norkett s.n. (BM); summit of Morne Blanc, Norkett 18603 (BM); Sans Souci road, Norkett 16687 (BM) ; old Capucin Mission, Trois Frêres road, Norkett 16429 (BM, JE) ; Val Riche, Pócs 9333/L (F, G 4 packets, PC) ; NE escarpment of Trois Frêres, Pócs 9315/ W (EGR, F, GOET); Morne Seychellois National Park, Copolia summit, Pócs 9335/B (G 2 packets), ibid., in a depression of Mare aux Cochons valley, 16 June 2000, Pócs s.n. (G 2 packets), ibid., submit of Montagne Palmiste, Pócs 9338/C (EGR) ; Ridge of Brulée, Norkett 17933 (BM) .— SILHOUETTE ISLAND: near Pota Eau ridge, Norkett 17741 (BM), without location, Alexejev 13 (JE) . Madagascar. ALAOTRA-MANGORO: forest in Analamazoatra, Camboué 316, 334 (PC) .— ANTSIRANANA: Diego-Suarez, Radama, Aptroot &amp; Hensen 13198B (U) ; Tamatave, Andasibe, Aptroot &amp; Hensen 13433 (U) .— ATSIMO-ANTSIRANANA: Renana stream, Humbert 3451 (PC) .— HAUTE MATSIATRA: Fianarantsoa, Tixier 9009 (L). Réunion. SAINT-BENOÎT: between Grand Etang and road, “M” 17.855 (BR 2 packages), Onraedt 73.R.1387 (BR) .— SAINT-PAUL: Peak of the Furnace, Pócs 9611/CG (F). Mauritius. PLAINES WILHEMS: Le Patrin, “Guého” 48 (PC) ; without location, without date, Bélanger s.n. (BM) .</p><p>India. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS: Andaman Islands, Port Blair, 14 November 1890, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 773 (G), ibid., 1893, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 741 (G), ibid., ex hb. Levier 774 (G 2 packets, JE, S 2 packets), ibid., October 1898, Man s.n., ex hb. Levier 1715 (BM, G 2 packets, PC); Port Monate, without date, Kurz s.n. (BM 3 packets, PC); without location, without date, Kurz 1622, 1631 (G). Sri Lanka. CENTRAL: Adam’s peak, Onraedt 87.L.8801 (BR) .— SOUTHERN: Beraliya forest reserve, Onraedt 76.L.3284 (BR, JE) ; Hiniduma, Onraedt 76.L.3508 (JE) , 77.L.4304, 81.L.9291, 81.L.9292, 81.L9370 (BR), 76.L.3454, 76.L.3508 (BR, JE), 76.L.3684 (PC); Kammeliya forest reserve, Onraedt 77.L.4257 (BR) . China. HAINAN: Kwangtung, Chen &amp; al. 382, 435c, 633 (L) .</p><p>Thailand. CHANTHABURI: Khao Sa-Bab, 24 December 1972, Sapanuchart s.n. (BCU) .— CHIANG MAI: Mt. Inthanon, Touw 9613 (BKF) .— LOEI: Mt. Phu Luang, Thaithong 201 (BCU) , Touw 10530 (BKF) , ibid., north ridge, Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 1366, T1377 (G), ibid., eastern slope, Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 1876 (G), ibid., north-eastern ridge, Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 1686, T1873 (G); Phu Kradung, Touw 10959 (BKF) , Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 1019 (G), ibid., Pen-Pop waterfall, Thaithong 972 (BCU) .— N AKHON R ATCHASIMA: Khao Khiao, Tixier 319 (PC) .— NAKHON SI THAMMARAT: Mt. Khao Luang, Smitinand 1027 (BCU, BKF) , Touw 10667, 11354, 11360, 1176 8, 11875, 11883, 12015, 12023 (BKF) , 11686, 11738 (BKF, BR), Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 5067, T5072, T5154 (G); Mt. Khao Nan Yai, Sukkharak 50, 130, 170, 180, 183, 189 (BCU) , ibid., San Yen, Sukkharak 739, 746, 751, 752, 762, 766, 768, 784, 788, 793 (BKF, GOET) .— PHANG NGA: on the way to Roe-Si-Sawan cave, Boonkerd 14 (BCU); Sri Phang Nga National Park, Chantanaorrapint 2089, 2096, 2099, 2100 (PSU) . — PRACHINBURI: Khao Yai National Park, Touw 12104, 12360 (BKF) , 12103 (BKF, BR).— RANONG: La-Oon mangrove forest, Thaithong 981 (BCU) ; hot spring, Tixier 3895 (PC) . — SATUN: Taritao Island, Chantanaorrapint 2072 (PSU) . — TRAT: Chang Klau, Hui Range, Smitinand 1453 (BCU, BKF) ; Koh Chang, 10 February 1900, Schmidt s.n. (C). — TRANG: Mt. Khao Chong, Tagawa &amp; Kitagawa T 6877, T6965, T6970, T6974 (G). Cambodia. Tonle Sap, Tixier 3864 (PC) ; Kampot, Mt. Bokor, Tixier 2669, 3006, 3027, 3196, 3225, 3313, 3603, 3710 (PC) ; Tonle Sap, Tixier 3835 (PC) . Vietnam. LÂM ĐỒNG: Da Lat, 21 September 1957, Tixier s.n. (PC) . Malaysia. JOHORE: Mt. Ophir, Verdoorn 58, 66, 100, 135, 170 (SING) .— KEDAH: Gunung Raya, Haniff &amp; Nur 7120 (SING) ; Gunung Raya Forest Reserve, Mohamed &amp; Kien-Thai 5089 (KLU) ; Kedah peak, Tixier 6058 (PC) , Holttum 14889 (SING) ; Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kien-Thai 3326 (KLU) .— KELANTAN: Gunung Stong Forest Reserve, Kien-Thai 3935, 4013 (KLU) .— MALACCA: Gg. Tunduk, Ridley 701 (SING) .— NEGRI SEMBILAN: Bukit Putus, Ridley 751 (SING) .— PAHANG: Cameron Highlands, Wee 942 (NICH) ; trail to Gunung Jasar, Gradstein 10400/1, 10400/2, 10404/1, 10404/2 (GOET) ; 2.5 miles on Genting Highland road, 21 April 1972, Een s.n. (JE, S); Fraser’s Hill, Tixier 4753 (PC) , ibid., 21 May 1997, Schäfer-Verwimp &amp; Verwimp s.n. (G); the road to Genting Hightland, Sukkharak 716, 719, 722 (BKF, GOET) .— PENANG: Penang hill, Allen 754 (L), Ridley 525 (SING; between Penang hill and Tiger hill, Kitagawa 14565 (KLU) .— PERAK: Taiping, Ilkiu-Borges &amp; al. 2981 (GOET) , Yamaguchi 25770 (HIRO) ; Gunong Batu Putih, Wray 1180 (BM, G, SING, W); Buyong Malacca, Ridley 723 (SING) ; Taiping, Quah 24 (KLU) .— SABAH: Mt. Kinabalu, Kamborangah, November 1931, Holttum s.n. (SING) ; Silau-Silau trail, Sukkharak 562 (BCU) , Sukkharak 549, 550, 593 (BKF, GOET) ; Kiaw View trail, Shea 3006 (KLU); 5°31'40'' N 116°32'20'' E, 4 miles up <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.53889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5277777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.53889/lat 5.5277777)">Mt. Trus Madi</a> from Kpg, Shea 1461 (KLU, NICH) .— SARAWAK: Mt. Dulit, August 1932, Richards s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 400 (BR, C, G, GOET, PC, SING, U, W), ibid., 1932, Richards 2276, Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 450 (BR, C, G, GOET, JE, PC, S, SING, U, W), ibid., October 1932, Richards s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 397 (C, GOET) , ibid., November 1932, Richards s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 398 (C), Richards 1208, 2339 (SING), Synge 2083 (BM) , ibid., Dulit trail, Richards 1182 (JE) ; Sibu, Loba Kabang protected forest, Wood 1420 (BM, L) ;</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 35</p><p>Banting, Beccari 1867 (U) ; Bukit Setiam, Mohamed &amp; Bakar 3383, 3436 (KLU) . Singapore. Chua Chu Kang, Ridley 441 (SING 2 packets); Gardens, Ridley 600 (SING) . Brunei. TEMBURONG: 1.5 km NE of Kampong Semabat, Seah 534 (SING) . Indonesia. JAVA: East Java, Tretes, on N-slope of Mt. Ardjuno, Sipman 6992 (U) ; Dorowatti, May 1929, Clason s.n. (L); West Java, Mt. Salak, Fleischer 76 (S); Mt. Gede, Artja, April 1894, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 289 (BM, BR, C, G 2 packets, GOET, JE, PC, S, SING, W), ibid., Perbawati, July 1930, Verdoorn s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 290 (BM 2 packets, BR, C, G 2 packets, JE, PC, S, SING, U 2 packets, W); Cibodas, April 1894, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 291 (BM 2 packets, BR, C, G 2 packets, GOET, JE, PC, S, SING, U, W), ibid., February 1931, Renner s.n. (JE 2 packets), 12 February 1913, Fleischer s.n. (C); Tjibodas, 12 February 1913, Fleischer s.n. (F); Tjibureum, November 1927, Burgeff 8103 (JE, S), “Noeste” 308 (JE) ; Mt. Pangerango, without date, Kurz s.n. (BM 2 packets).— KALIMANTAN: East Kalimantan, peak of Balikpapan, Meijer B 1332c, B1416 (S), Yamaguchi 28690 (HIRO) ; Nunukan, Meijer B 4921 (BM) ; Kutai, Meijer B 1454 (L).— LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS: Bali, Bali Handara country club, Schäfer-Verwimp &amp; Verwimp 20790 (GOET) .— SULAWESI: Central Sulawesi, Lore Lindu National Park, Mt. Nokilalaki, Gradstein &amp; Ariyanti 11000, 11041, 11052 (GOET) , Central Sulawesi, November 1888, Warburg s.n. (JE) .— SUMATRA: Bangka- Belitung, Balai, 1869–1870, Teysmann s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 399 (BR, C, G, GOET, JE, PC, S, SING, U, W); Mt. Menoembing, Teysmann 30 (GOET) , 30/A, 30/B (L); North Sumatra, Bandar Baroe, Staal S –249 (L); West Sumatra, Singalang, July 1894, Schiffner s.n., Hep. Sel. Crit. Verdoorn 288 (BR, C, PC, S, SING, U); Lubuk Sikaping, 1931, Renner s.n. (JE, S); Padang, Schild 107 (JE, W); Singalang, Schiffner 2924, 4009 (U) ; Agam, 29 August 1922, Bleeker s.n. (L).— WESTERN NEW GUINEA: Papua, Cycloop Mts., van Royen &amp; Sleumer 6256 (BR, JE, U) ; Kadubaka, Swart valley, Bergman H. 50, H.51 (S); West Papua, Vogelkop Peninsula, Royen &amp; Sleumer 7966 (BR, JE, U) ; Bian Katem, van Zanten 229 (U) ; Tanah Merah, van Zanten 182 e (U) . Philippines. AGUSAN DEL NORTE: Butuan, Weber 1343 (BM) ; Mt. Urdaneta, October 1912, collector unknown (BM, G, PC, U, W).— BENGUET: Baguio, February 1928, Burgeff s.n. (S).— ORIENTAL MINDORO: Mt. Malasimbo, Bartlett 13865 (JE) ; Mt. Banahao, Alvarez 0–77512 (JE) .— QUEZON: Botanical Garden of University of the Philippines Los Banõs, Onraedt 85.P.11342 (BR) .— SAMAR: Silanga, Merrill 9005 (BM) .— ZAMBALES: Malaat creek, Gruezo 5396 (NICH) . Papua New Guinea. CENTRAL: Varirata National Park, Sloover 42.564 (BR) ; Boridi, Carr 13537 (JE) , 13528 (BM, L 2 packets); near Dabamura on Owers Corner road, Streimann &amp; Naoni 14879, 14950 (JE, LAE) ; Kuriva logging area, Streimann &amp; Vinas 14421 (LAE) , 14448 (JE, LAE); Bereina-Angabanga river road, Streimann &amp; Naoni 16303 (JE, LAE) ; K. B. sawmill, Ehu creek, Streimann &amp; Naoni 16499, 16633 (LAE) , 16668 (JE, LAE); road to Musgrave river, Streimann &amp; Naoni 15239, 15953 (JE, LAE) .— EAST SEPIK: Ambunti subdistrict, along Yapa, Hoogland &amp; Craven 10121, 10738 (JE) .— MOROBE: Wau, Mt. Kaindi, Kunai creek, Gradstein 3964 (G 2 packets, U 3 pakcets), 3965 (U) ; Kaisenik logging area, Shea 6404 (JE) , 6416 (NICH); Mt. Missim track, Streimann 22911 (GOET) , 22919 (JE, LAE); Molukkerne, 27 November 1898, Nyman s.n. (S); Yinimba, Streimann 19032, 19095 (JE, W); Windowi village, Streimann &amp; Kumei 22648 (JE, LAE) ; logging area, 7°10' S 146°45' E, Streimann &amp; Bellamy 13311 (JE, LAE); Slate-Gumi creeks divide, Streimann 13831 (JE, LAE) , 13973 (LAE); Gumi divide, Streimann 22743 (LAE) , 22733 (JE, LAE); Aiuwa-Bakia track, Streimann &amp; Tamba 12274 (LAE) , 12399 (JE, LAE); Herzog Mts., Streimann &amp; Umba 10838, 10854, 10869, 10916, 10964, 11012 (JE, LAE) ; Araulu logging area, Streimann 13565 (JE, LAE) , 13553, 13571 (LAE); upper Watut river, Streimann 23100 (BR, JE, LAE) ; Kaisenik logging area, Shea 6404, 9904, 9005 (NICH) ; Wau-Salamaua track, Streimann 25392 (JE) ; upper Nawata Banda, Streimann 19519, 24868, 24872, 33962 (JE) ; Bulolo-Watut divide, Streimann 17480, 24968, 24995 (JE) , ibid., Manki Trig, Streimann &amp; Bellamy 13066 (LAE) ; 3 miles south-east to Bulolo, Shea 6488, 9096 (NICH) ; Angabena ridge, Aseki-Bulolo road, Streimann 25918 (JE) ; Gumi divide, head of Gumi creek, Streimann 25066, 25136 (JE) ; Heads Hump, Streimann 17374, 17402 (JE) ; Kaisenik logging area, Shea 6404 (JE) ; Oomsis logging area, Streimann 25839 (JE) ; Mt. Kaindi, Blue Point, Gradstein 3793 (G, U 3 packets); Pouyu village, Streimann &amp; Tamba 12662 (LAE) ; Nauti logging area, Streimann &amp; Kairo 17299 (LAE) .— NEW BRITAIN: slopes of Mt. Ulawun, Streimann 41386 (NICH) .— NEW IRELAND: Mussau Island, Bismarck Archipelago, KØie &amp; Olsen 2070 (C, JE) .— SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS: Tari-komo road, Streimann 32712 (BR, JE, LAE, W); Piribu sawmill, Streimann 32473 (JE) ; Lama sawmill, Streimann 26605, 26611 (JE) .— WEST NEW BRITAIN: slopes of Mt. Ulawun, Streimann 41386 (JE) ; Nakanai Mts., Streimann 40478 (JE) , ibid., Geleo-Lasilai logging area at Mt. Laliti, Streimann 41086 (JE) .— WEST PROVINCE: Star Mts, Sibil-valley, van Zanten 559b (L), ibid., Antares Mts, van Zanten 559/B (L).— WESTERN HIGHLANDS: Baiyer river-Ruti road, Jimi valley, Streimann 22061 (JE, LAE) , 22242 (BR, JE, LAE).— WEST SEPIK: Antingin, Eliptamin, Macrosimnok 4 (JE) .</p><p>36 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p><p>Australia. QUEENSLAND: Cardwell, Stoney creek, 21 May 1982, Stone s.n. (U) ; El Arish, 11 July 1982, Stone s.n. (U); Cook district, Bellenden Ker National Park, Thiers &amp; Halling 2397 (U) ; Main coast range, Daintree River National Park, Pócs &amp; Streimann 9987/L (GOET) ; Cape Tribulation area, Gap creek, Pócs &amp; Streimann 99105/K (GOET) ; Boonjie state forest, Streimann 27553 (JE) ; Cooroo logging area, Streimann 29943, 29970 (JE) ; Dunn creek, Kirrima road, Streimann 31234, 31241, 31255 (JE) , 31257 (JE, NICH); Cardwell range, Streimann 28591 (JE) ; Koombooloomba dam road, Streimann 28910, 28923 (JE) ; Culpha creek catchment, Streimann 28982 (JE) ; Mossman Gorge, 26 May 1975, Stone s.n. (JE) ; Main coast range, Streimann &amp; Gray 27172 (JE) ; Walter Hill range, Streimann 30477 (JE) ; Mt. Lewis NW of Cairns, Hicks 11576 (U) , ibid., 29 June 1982, Stone s.n. (U), ibid., 29 June 1984, Stone s.n. (U); The Boulders Rain Forest Reserve along Babinda creek, Pócs &amp; Streimann 9983/L (G); North Kennedy, Renner 1679 (NSW) , ibid., Babinda creek, Renner 1842c (NSW) , ibid., Little Birthday creek, 29 June 2005, Brown 2005/86 &amp; Renner s.n. (NSW) .</p><p>Caroline Island. Mt. Nanlaut, 28 June 1949, Glassman s.n. (F). New Caledonia. NORTH: Diahot, l’Ignambi, Hürlimann 2858a (G, GOET, PC) , 2858 (U); Mt. Panie, Morat 6909 (PC) .— SOUTH: l’Est, Hürlimann 2215 (G, GOET, PC, U) ; Mé Amméri, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 9097 (GOET) ; south of Kouanémoa Mts., Hürlimann 2334 (G, GOET, PC, U) ; Rivière Bleue, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 10894 (GOET, PC, U) ; Mt. Ouénarou, Guillaumin &amp; Baumann-Bodenheim 11875A (GOET) ; Mois de Mai, Yaté, Baumann-Bodenheim 14028 (G, GOET, PC) ; Ni, Hürlimann 2709 (G, PC, U) ; Tao, January 1910, Franc s.n. (G, PC, S, W); Yaté, Kee 42654 (PC) . Fiji. NAITASIRI: Mt. Tomanivi, Hürlimann T 1096e (GOET) . Samoa. UPOLU: montane forest west of Tiavi, Schutze-Motel 3601 (JE) .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— The difference among Thysananthus minor, T. spathulistipus, T. spathulistipus var. borneensis, and T. triquetrus is only the number of tooth of the leaf margins (Figs. 19A, B; 20A, B, D–F, H). Variation in leaf dentation is common and is also seen in T. comosus and T. discretus . I, therefore, reduce T. minor, T. spathulistipus var. borneensis, and T. triquetrus to synonyms of T. spathulistipus . Thysananthus spathulistipus is morphologically most similar to T. appendiculatus . Differences are discussed under the latter species.</p><p>The original material of the species in the Nees herbarium in STR contains 10 specimens, mostly from " Bantam " but only one annotated as originating from "Leback". The latter specimen is considered the holotype .</p><p>Thysananthus spathulistipus is a rather polymorphic species with respect to the dentation of leaves, which varies from edentate to strongly dentate as seen in T. comosus, T. discretus, and T. mollis . In montane forests of Sulawesi, Gradstein (pers. comm.) noted that phenotypes from below 2000 m were green in color and rather small whereas those from the upper montane cloud forest at 2300–2600 m were brown-green when fresh and more robust. Molecular analysis has resolved T. spathulistipus as polyphyletic (Sukkharak et al. 2011b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF84BF0FFF173A7DFB7A98EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF8EBF01FF173B2EFA3E944C.text	73083D48FF8EBF01FF173B2EFA3E944C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus	<div><p>Thysananthus subsection Sandeanthus (B.M.Thiers &amp; Gradst.), comb. nov.</p><p>Thysananthus subg. Sandeanthus Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989: 66)</p><p>Type: Thysananthus retusus (Reinwardt, Blume &amp; Nees 1824: 214) Thiers &amp; Gradstein (1989: 67)</p><p>Plants with projecting growth and irregularly pinnate branching. Lobule bases with appendages.</p><p>Distribution: Japan, Malesia, Australia, Pacific.</p><p>Thysananthus ( Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta) Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press • 43</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF8EBF01FF173B2EFA3E944C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FFB0BF3FFF173D0FFD0F9DAF.text	73083D48FFB0BF3FFF173D0FFD0F9DAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus Lindenberg ex Lehmann 1844	<div><p>Thysananthus subsection Thysananthus, subsect. nov.</p><p>Stem with epidermal cells as large as medulla cells (except T. ciliaris). Underleaf bases free or adnate with leaves on one side. Margins of female bracts and bracteoles toothed.</p><p>For distribution see under Thysananthus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FFB0BF3FFF173D0FFD0F9DAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF83BF0CFF173B13FA059444.text	73083D48FF83BF0CFF173B13FA059444.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus Lindenberg ex Lehmann 1844	<div><p>Thysananthus subsection Vittatae, subsect. nov.</p><p>Plants dendroid, with creeping stoloniform stems and ascending leafy stems. Branching of leafy stems regularly pinnate. Lobule bases without appendage.</p><p>Type: Thysananthus fruticosus (Lindenberg &amp; Gottsche 1847: 737) Schiffner (1893: 130)</p><p>Distribution: Malesia.</p><p>40 • Phytotaxa 193 (1) © 2015 Magnolia Press</p><p>SUKKHARAK</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF83BF0CFF173B13FA059444	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
73083D48FF80BF0FFF173936FD4199E6.text	73083D48FF80BF0FFF173936FD4199E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thysananthus Lindenberg ex Lehmann 1844	<div><p>Thysananthus subsection Anguiformes, subsect. nov.</p><p>Type: Thysananthus anguiformis (Hooker &amp; Taylor 1844: 567) Taylor ex Gottsche, Lindenberg &amp; Nees (1845: 289)</p><p>Dorsal epidermal cells of stem larger than inner cells. Underleaf bases adnate with leaves on one side. Margins of female bracts and bracteoles entire.</p><p>Distribution: New Zealand and New Caledonia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/73083D48FF80BF0FFF173936FD4199E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sukkharak, Phiangphak	Sukkharak, Phiangphak (2015): A systematic monograph of the genus Thysananthus (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 193 (1): 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.193.1.1
