taxonID	type	description	language	source
731787893D68B55202BCFA97B238FBEE.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 2, Table 1)	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D68B55202BCFA97B238FBEE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Five males and three females were collected from mid tide level of Station ZZDS in July 2012. Holotype: one male (♂ 1 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 124). Paratypes: four males and three females (♂ 2 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 104, ♂ 3 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 110, ♂ 4 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 118, ♂ 5 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 122, ♀ 1 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 106, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 101, ♀ 3 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 104). Types are deposited in the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Type locality and habitat Intertidal sandy sediment on the coast of Dongshan Island, Zhangzhou City. Silt + clay: 3.27 %. Station ZZDS: 23.7081 ° N, 117.4836 ° E.	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D68B55202BCFA97B238FBEE.taxon	etymology	Etymology This species is named for its large buccal cavity.	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D68B55202BCFA97B238FBEE.taxon	description	Measurements (Table 1) – 297 W 1476 Holotype ♂ 1: 1615 µm; a = 53.0, b = 5.4, c = 11.6, Sc = 16 µm 13283029 – 305 V 1454 Paratype ♀ 1: 1592 µm; a = 51.6, b = 5.2, c = 11.5 13273128 Description Body cylindrical, slightly tapering towards both extremities. Cuticle marked with fine and conspicuous striations, which reach base of cephalic setae, and with rod-shaped bacteria more or less adhered. Inner labial sensilla not visible. Six outer labial setae and four cephalic setae in one ring, length 13 – 17 µm and 9 – 12 µm respectively, situated at the level of about two-thirds of the buccal cavity depth. Spacious barrelshaped buccal cavity with strong cuticularized wall, depth 2.1 – 2.3 times width, slightly constricted at half its depth. Amphids unclear in some specimens, while obviously cup-shaped in others, located immediately posteriorly of the lateral outer labial setae, diameter about one-third of corresponding body diameter. Corresponding body diameter at posterior extremity of pharynx is 26 – 30 µm. Сardia large, nearly heart-shaped, surrounded by intestinal tissue. Nerve ring encircled pharynx at about 42 – 47 % of its length. Excretory pore opening ventrally 77 – 91 µm from anterior end, 49 – 65 µm in front of nerve ring. Ventral gland small, situated about 40 µm anterior to end of pharynx. Tail elongate conoid, 4.6 – 5.7 a. b. d. long. Caudal glands well developed. Terminal seta absent. Spinneret small, terminal. Male. Reproductive system diorchic with two testes arranged in tandem; anterior testis situated to right, posterior testis to left of the intestine. Spicules symmetrical and straight, blade-like with distal proximal end closed, 0.55 – 0.65 a. b. d. long. No gubernaculum observed. Tail armed with two rows of ventrosublateral setae. Female. Similar to male in general characteristics, but tail without ventrosublateral seta. Reproductive system monodelphic, reflexed, singlе ovary situatеd еntirеly to right of intestine. Gеnital zonе of oogonia arrangеd in onе or two rows; growth zonе with a singlе row of gradually enlarging ooсytе. Female genital duct united with rectum forming a cloaca.	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D68B55202BCFA97B238FBEE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and discussion Lauratonema macrostoma sp. nov. is characterized by the size of the buccal cavity and spicules, the shape of the amphids and the length of the cephalic setae. It is close to L. mentulatum Wieser, 1959 and L. reniamphidum Hopper, 1961, which also have buccal cavity longer than wide. However, several differences can be seen. The new species differs from L. mentulatum Wieser, 1959 by its shorter body (1.54 – 1.76 mm versus 2.44 mm), the deeper buccal cavity (2.1 – 2.3 versus 1.6 times as long as width), the shorter outer labial setae (13 – 17 µm versus 19 µm) and cephalic setae (9 – 12 µm versus 14 µm) and spicules (14 – 16 µm versus 26 µm), as well as the longer pharynx (b 5.1 – 6.0 versus 7.6) and tail (c 11.1 – 12.8 versus 15.2) (Wieser 1959). It can be distinguished from L. reniamphidum Hopper, 1961 by the size of body (length 1.54 – 1.76 mm versus 1.97 – 2.10 mm; a 47.9 – 60.9 versus 65.7 – 70.0), buccal cavity (6 – 7 µm wide and 13 – 16 µm long versus 5 µm wide and 7 µm long) and spicules (14 – 16 µm versus 20 µm), and the shape and size of the amphids (cup-shaped and about one-third of c. b. d. versus reniform and about a quarter of c. b. d.) (Hopper 1961).	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D6CB55902B4FBD3B4A5FC36.taxon	description	(Figures 3, 4, Table 2)	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D6CB55902B4FBD3B4A5FC36.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Three males and two females were collected from mid tide level of Station ZZDS in July 2012. Holotype: one male (♂ 1 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 117). Paratypes: two males and two females (♂ 2 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 110, ♂ 3 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 126, ♀ 1 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 105, ♀ 2 on slide number ZZDS 20120707 M 1 U 128). Types are deposited in the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Type locality and habitat Intertidal sandy sediment on the coast of Dongshan Island, Zhangzhou City. Silt + clay: 3.27 %. Station ZZDS: 23.7081 ° N, 117.4836 ° E.	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D6CB55902B4FBD3B4A5FC36.taxon	etymology	Etymology This species is named for the type locality, intertidal sediment on Dongshan Island.	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D6CB55902B4FBD3B4A5FC36.taxon	description	Measurements (Table 2) – 310 W 1421 Holotype ♂ 1: 1547 µm; a = 61.2, b = 5.0, c = 12.3, Sc = 14 µm 14242524 – 323 V 1358 Paratype ♀ 1: 1495 µm; a = 44.7, b = 4.6, c = 10.9 14313330 Description Body elongated and attenuating towards the ends. Cuticle marked with fine and prominent transverse striations from posterior border of amphids to tip of tail and with rod-shaped bacteria more or less adhered. Inner labial sensilla not seen. Six outer labial setae and four cephalic setae in single crown, length 8 – 10 µm and 5 – 7 µm respectively, situated 8 – 10 µm posterior to anterior end. Funnel-shaped buccal cavity with strong cuticularized transverse strip structure, depth almost equal to width. Amphids cup-shaped, situated just posterior to the lateral outer labial setae, with diameter 0.32 – 0.44 times of corresponding body diameter. Pharynx cylindrical and musсular, with corresponding body diameter 23 – 31 µm at posterior extremity. Сardia large, nearly heart-shaped, surrounded by intestinal tissue. Nerve ring surrounding pharynx situated at 47 – 51 % of its length. Excretory duct very short, excretory pore situated 54 – 73 µm anterior to nerve ring, ventral gland located at 40 – 50 µm anterior to end of pharynx. Caudal glands well developed. Terminal seta absent. Male. Tail elongate conoid, length 123 – 126 µm, 5.3 – 5.6 a. b. d. long. Two rows of setae just located at ventrosublateral of tail. Reproductive system diorchic with two testes arranged in tandem; anterior testis situated to right, posterior testis to left of intestine. Spicules blade-like, short and straight, 0.58 – 0.67 times a. b. d. long. In three measured specimens, one with spicules with proximal end unclosed (Figure 3 F), others with slightly cephalated proximal end (Figure 3 E). No gubernaculum observed. A small papilla situated at about 15 µm anterior to cloaca. Female. Similar to male in general characteristics, but tail a little longer, length 137 – 141 µm, without ventrosublateral seta. Reproductive system monodelphic, single ovary reflexed, situatеd entirely to right of intestine. Gеnital zonе of oogonia arrangеd in onе or two rows; growth zonе with a singlе row of gradually enlarging ooсytеs. Female genital duct united with rectum forming a cloaca.	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
731787893D6CB55902B4FBD3B4A5FC36.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and discussion Lauratonema dongshanense sp. nov. is morphologically close to L. pugiunculus Wieser, 1959, L. reductum Gerlach, 1953 and L. hospitum Gerlach, 1954 in several characteristics, such as their small buccal cavities, which are as short as or shorter than wide; outer labial setae and cephalic setae of unequal length; gubernaculum absent. However, the new species can be easily distinguished by the shape of buccal cavity (funnel-shaped with strong cuticularized transverse strip structure, depth almost equal to width versus small and conical) and spicules (blade-like, short and straight versus slender, more or less straight but with an S-like bend), the number and arrangement of male caudal papillae (one small precloacal ventral papilla versus three to four postcloacal ventral papillae), the tail length (c 10.7 – 12.5 versus 18; c ′ 4.6 – 6.0 versus 6.8), etc. It differs from L. reductum in the length of the body (1372 – 1547 μm versus 1601 – 1977 μm), pharynx (b 4.4 – 5.0 versus 5.3 – 7.6), spicules (14 – 15 μm versus 21 – 24 μm) and adult tail (c 10.7 – 12.5 versus 8.8 – 10.4), the presence of precloacal papilla, etc. (Gerlach 1953). From L. hospitum the new species differs by having small precloacal papilla, shorter spicules (14 – 15 μm and 0.58 – 0.67 a. b. d. versus 21 μm and about one a. b. d.) and tail (c ′ 4.6 – 6.0 versus 6.5 – 7.5), and plumper body form (a 44.7 – 61.3 versus 68 – 118) (Gerlach 1954). General discussion and key to Lauratonema So far, a total of eight valid species in genus Lauratonema Gerlach, 1953 are known (Gerlach and Riemann 1974; http: // nemys. ugent. be; http: // www. marinespecies. org / index. php; http: // entomology. tamu. edu /; http: // pipedev. tamu. edu / Biocat / Search / SearchTaxa. aspx). A dichotomous key including eight species in this genus was provided by Hopper (1961), and three new species were described later: L. obtusicaudatum Murphy and Jensen, 1961, L. minutum Platonova, 1971 and L. juncta Fadeeva, 1989. However, L. originale was moved to Lauratonemoides by De Coninck (1965). Tchesunov (1984) gave a dichotomous key to the family Lauratonematidae, transferred Lauratonema minutum, the gonad of which is very similar to L. originalis, to Lauratonemoides, and established the genus Lauratonemella solely for L. spiculifer Gerlach, 1959 (De Coninck 1965; Tchesunov 1984; Gourbault and Vincx 1986; Fadeeva 1989). Therefore, this genus contains eight valid species. We revise the key base on Hopper (1961) and Tchesunov (1984) including all known eight valid species in this genus as well as the two newly described species, according to the size of buccal cavity, the shape and situation of the amphids, the length of the cephalic setae, the length and shape of spicules, the existence of ventral papillae, etc., as follows (Gerlach 1953, 1954; Wieser 1959; Hopper 1961; Murphy and Jensen 1961; Tchesunov 1984; Fadeeva 1989).	en	Chen, Y. Z., Guo, Y. Q. (2015): Two new species of Lauratonema (Nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History 49: 1-12, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1006285
