identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7334561BFFE0FFCB1EB9FA5A7B12FF28.text	7334561BFFE0FFCB1EB9FA5A7B12FF28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akardita Perna & Brunetti & Bella 2018	<div><p>Genus Akardita n. gen.</p><p>Type species. Cardita subrevoluta de Stefani, 1888 . Lower Pliocene, area of Siena, Italy.</p><p>Diagnosis. The new genus is uniquely characterised by its combination of the following shell characters: shape ovate-subquadrate, slightly elongate, inequilateral, weakly truncate posteriorly; length up to ca. 40 mm; approximately 20–25 slightly convex radial ribs, beaded in early stage, narrow and shallow interspaces, weak commarginal sculpture; hinge robust with three right and two left cardinal teeth, lateral dentition obsolete; ligament external, opisthodetic; inner shell margin crenulated, pallial line entire.</p><p>Description. Shell small to moderately large, up to ca. 40 mm in length, robust, equivalve, moderately inflated. Shell shape slightly elongate, ovate, more or less subquadrate, inequilateral, well rounded anteriorly, poorly to moderately convex ventrally, slightly truncate posteriorly. Umbo relatively small, prosogyrate. Lunule small, slightly concave; escutcheon elongate, deeply sunken.</p><p>Main sculpture of weakly convex radial ribs, approximately 20 to 25, with narrow, shallow interspaces. Posterior slope distinct, with weaker radial ribs. Commarginal sculpture weak, consisting of closely set, irregularly spaced growth striae crossing ribs and interspaces and producing a fine, somewhat irregular decussate pattern. Early radial ribs beaded, with slightly wider and deeper interspaces.</p><p>Hinge plate moderately robust, slightly arched. Right hinge with three cardinal teeth: anterior tooth small, poorly developed; central tooth robust, triangular, elongate, strongly oblique; posterior tooth elongate, medially grooved, parallel to posterior-dorsal margin. Left hinge with two cardinal teeth: anterior tooth smaller, subtrigonal, slightly oblique; posterior tooth larger, elongate, parallel to posterior-dorsal margin. Lateral dentition only consisting of a small, tubercle-shaped anterior lateral tooth. Posterior lateral dentition almost totally obsolete.</p><p>Ligament external, elongate, opisthodetic. Inner margin crenulate, especially anteriorly and ventrally. Pallial line entire, moderately convex. Anterior adductor muscle scar slightly larger, reniform; posterior scar roughly triangular; both well distinct.</p><p>Etymology. The name was created in assonance with Cardita, type genus of the family Carditidae . Gender feminine.</p><p>Included species. Cardita subrevoluta de Stefani, 1888, Akardita iberica n. sp., Cardita (Venericardia) monodi Nicklès, 1953 .</p><p>Distribution. Lower Pliocene of the Mediterranean (northern Italy) and adjacent Atlantic Ocean (Guadalquivir Basin, southern Spain) to Recent (West Africa).</p><p>Remarks. None of the extant European carditids, Cardita calyculata (Linnaeus, 1758), Cardites antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Glans trapezia (Linnaeus, 1767), Centrocardita aculeata (Poli, 1795), Coripia corbis (Philippi, 1836), and C. jozinae (van Aartsen, 1985), mostly well-known species, shows significant similarities with both fossil species treated in the present work. Conversely, the diverse carditid fauna of West Africa (Dautzenberg 1912; Nicklès 1950, 1953 Pasteur-Humbert 1962; Bernard 1984; Cosel 1995; Ardovini &amp; Cossignani 2004) includes Cardita (Venericardia) monodi Nicklès, 1953, which is rather similar in sculpture and shape to the two fossil species.</p><p>“ Cardita ” monodi does not fit easily in Cardita or Venericardia [cf. type species C. calyculata and V. imbricata (Gmelin, 1791) in La Perna et al. 2017, fig. 2A, B, and 3A–F]. It was recently referred to Megacardita by Huber (2010) but, as discussed by La Perna et al. (2017), this European Miocene genus includes large (up to 100 mm in length), sturdy and markedly inequilateral species. Also, its position in Cyclocardia Conrad, 1832 (Gofas &amp; Rosenberg 2017) is questionable, as discussed below.</p><p>“ Cardita ” monodi shares most shell characters with the two Pliocene species herein treated, being also particularly similar to the type species of Akardita n. gen. The specimen here studied (Fig. 1A–F), from off al- Dakhla, Western Sahara, is only slightly larger (13.3 mm in length) than the type material, which consists of two valves from distinct specimens (11.5 mm and 12.0 mm in length, respectively), referred to as holotype in the original description (Nicklès 1953: 5, pl. 1, figs 3–6). The present specimen differs by being slightly truncate posteriorly and with a lower number of ribs (17 instead of 22).</p><p>In Cardita monodi, the posterior ribs are flatter and slightly narrower than the others (Fig. 1D), while they are notably finer in both fossil species, though of similar convexity. In addition, the posterior-dorsal beads are somewhat pointed and scaly (Fig. 1C, F). These sculptural differences, the only remarkable ones between C. monodi and Akardita n. gen., are not deemed to be significant. Therefore, it is assigned to the new genus as the sole living representative known so far. Akardita monodi ranges from Atlantic Morocco (35° N) to Mauritania (Baie du Lévrier, 20° N), 30–100 m depth (Ardovini &amp; Cossignani 2004; Huber 2010, von Cosel, pers. comm. 19.10.2017).</p><p>Cardita (Venericardia) matheroni Mayer, 1871, sensu Dollfus &amp; Cotter (1909: 46, pl. 4, figs 21–26) from the Pliocene of the Tagus Valley, Portugal, may also belong in Akardita n. gen. As discussed below, it is more similar to the fossil species described herein than to Cardita matheroni Mayer, 1871, and may represent an undescribed species.</p><p>Megacardita ? redoniana La Perna, Mandic &amp; Harzhauser, 2017, from the Redonian (upper Messinian–lower Pliocene) of northwestern France, is another potential member of our new genus. La Perna et al. (2017: fig. 24A–M, 26A–G) provisionally assigned it to Megacardita, remarking its resemblance to C. monodi .</p><p>Cardita zelebori Hoernes, 1865, from the lower Burdigalian of central Paratethys (La Perna et al. 2017: fig. 27A–I), differs from the new genus mainly by its markedly rectangular outline with a sharper posterior truncation and a steeper posterior slope.</p><p>More data on these species and better knowledge of the European Neogene carditids would provide a sounder base for their systematic position, either in the new genus or in other taxa.</p><p>The only genus showing a rather close resemblance to Akardita n. gen. is Cyclocardia Conrad, 1832 . According to recent authors, the genus contains about 30 living species (Huber 2010; Bouchet 2011), and several fossil species have been assigned to it (Janssen &amp; Van der Slik 1972; Popov 1983; Janssen &amp; Moerdijk 2004; Marquet 2005; Pérez &amp; Del Río 2017). However, the wide morphological range encompassed by these species and an almost world-wide distribution of the group, including polar and tropical waters, suggest that too many taxa have been lumped in this genus.</p><p>The type species of Cyclocardia is Cardita borealis Conrad, 1831, from the Northwest Atlantic (Canada and northern USA) (Fig. 2A–D). Several species similar to C. borealis occur in the Atlantic and Pacific, mostly at high latitudes (Coan 1977; Coan &amp; Valentich-Scott 2012; Huber 2010), such as the Alaskan C. crassidens (Broderip &amp; Sowerby 1829) (Fig. 2E–G), forming one of the few carditid groups with cold-water affinity. The easternmost record of Cyclocardia s.s. is from the Pliocene of Iceland (Vermeij 2005). Other records from the upper Cenozoic of Europe (Janssen &amp; Van der Slik 1972; Janssen &amp; Moerdijk 2004; Marquet 2005) are based on a few species, such as Cardita scalaris J. Sowerby, 1825, C. orbicularis J. Sowerby, 1825, and C. chamaeformis J. Sowerby, 1825, all subtriangular in shape and with finely beaded ribs, notably dissimilar from Cyclocardia s.s. Cardita scalaris is the type species of Scalaricardita Sacco, 1899, a disregarded genus which could provide a good systematic position for this group.</p><p>The main differences between Akardita n. gen. and Cyclocardia s.s. concern the shell shape (Table 1). In addition, Cyclocardia s.s. has a white shell surface beneath a thick brown periostracum, while Akardita monodi has creamy to reddish blotches and chevrons on a whitish base, and its periostracum is thin and light-coloured (" cuticule mince, jaune pâle " in the original description) as could be confirmed by the examination of other material (von Cosel, pers. comm. 19.10.2017).</p><p>As a component of the Northwest African fauna, Akardita n. gen. could be considered a warm-water genus. However, the latitudinal range of A. monodi is within the coastal area with strong cold upwelling (von Cosel pers. comm. 19.10.2017) that existed at least since the middle Pliocene (Vermeij 2012). It is thus warm eurythermal rather than truly tropical. Its disappearance from higher latitudes appears to be related to the mid Pliocene–Pleistocene cooling trend (Monegatti &amp; Raffi 2001; Head &amp; Gibbard 2005; Snyder 2016). The biogeographical history of Akardita n. gen. is similar to that of several genera whose latitudinal ranges shifted southward following the Pliocene–Pleistocene climate changes, as recently discussed for three cardiid genera (La Perna 2016, 2017; ter Poorten &amp; La Perna 2017). The carditid genus Lazariella shows a similar shift from the Miocene Aquitaine Basin (Cossmann &amp; Peyrot 1912) and Mediterranean (Sacco 1899) to its current occurrence along West Africa (Cosel 1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7334561BFFE0FFCB1EB9FA5A7B12FF28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Perna, Rafael La;Brunetti, Mauro M.;Bella, Giano Della	Perna, Rafael La, Brunetti, Mauro M., Bella, Giano Della (2018): Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae). Zootaxa 4379 (2): 215-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.4
7334561BFFE4FFC91EB9FEBE78EDFDE5.text	7334561BFFE4FFC91EB9FEBE78EDFDE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akardita subrevoluta (de Stefani 1888)	<div><p>Akardita subrevoluta (de Stefani, 1888)</p><p>Fig. 3A – J</p><p>1878 Cardita revoluta Seguenza, 1877, sensu de Stefani &amp; Pantanelli: 43. 1888 Cardita subrevoluta de Stefani: 189, pl. 10, figs 11 – 13.</p><p>1893 Venericardia subrevoluta (de Stefani, 1888) —Pantanelli: 155.</p><p>1899 Actinobolus antiquatus var. rhodiensis (Fischer, 1877), sensu Sacco: 18, pl. 5, figs 11, 12.</p><p>Type materia l. The species was described from Poggiarone, in the area of Siena. No type material has been found so far in the de Stefani and Pantanelli collections housed in the University Museums of Florence and Modena.</p><p>Material examined. 38 valves, Tavernelle, lower Pliocene (Della Bella coll. GDB-090), 35 valves (Brunetti coll., U828BNF1); 3 valves, Poggio alla Fame, lower Pliocene (Brunetti coll. U828PGF). Illustrated material (Fig. 3A–J) housed in MZB (47006).</p><p>Description. Shell small, slightly exceeding 20 mm in length, relatively robust, equivalve, moderately inflated. Shape slightly elongate, ovate-subquadrate, moderately inequilateral, well rounded anteriorly, poorly to moderately convex ventrally, barely truncate posteriorly. Umbo small, protruding, prosogyrate. Lunule small, slightly concave; escutcheon markedly elongate, deeply sunken. Ligament external, elongate, opisthodetic.</p><p>Radial sculpture consisting of 24–26 poorly convex ribs. Radial interspaces narrow, shallow, poorly impressed ventrally. Growth striae distinct, closely set, crossing radial ribs and interspaces, producing a fine, irregular and decussate pattern. Commarginal sculpture mainly lamellose near ventral margin. Posterior slope distinct, with about five, notably finer ribs. Early sculpture consisting of beaded radial ribs, with slightly deeper and larger interspaces.</p><p>Hinge plate moderately robust, slightly arched. Right hinge with three cardinal teeth: anterior tooth small, poorly developed; central tooth robust, triangular, elongate, strongly oblique; posterior tooth elongate, medially grooved, parallel to posterior-dorsal margin. Left hinge with two cardinal teeth: anterior tooth smaller, somewhat triangular, slightly oblique; posterior tooth larger, elongate, parallel to posterior-dorsal margin. Lateral dentition only represented by a small, tubercle-shaped anterior lateral tooth on both valves.</p><p>Inner margin coarsely crenulate anteriorly and ventrally, more finely posteriorly. Pallial line entire, moderately convex. Anterior adductor muscle scar slightly larger, reniform; posterior scar roughly triangular; both well distinct.</p><p>Distribution. Akardita subrevoluta is only known from the lower Pliocene of northern Italy.</p><p>Remarks. The present species was first reported as Cardita revoluta Seguenza, 1877, from the Pliocene of Siena by de Stefani &amp; Pantanelli (1878), who added a description. Ten years later, de Stefani (1888: 189, pl. 10, figs 11–13) noted some differences from Seguenza's species and described it as new, re-proposing the early description: " Testa cordata, subquadrata; latus anticum rotundatum, latus posticum obtuse-angulatum, margo pallearis convexiusculus: costae longitudinales 24–26 magnae, convexae; intervallis brevissimis separatae; transverse, praecipue ad umbones, rugosae: lunula antica parva, parum profunda: umbones recurvi obtusi: margo pallearis profunde crenatus; dens cardinalis in utraque valva brevis, in valva sinistra solidior; dentes laterales tenues, breves " (Shell heart-shaped, subquadrate; anterior margin convex, posterior margin obtusely angulate, ventral margin poorly convex: 24 – 26 radial ribs, wide, convex; separated by very narrow interspaces; commarginally rugose, especially near umbo: lunule anterior, small, slightly deep: umbos incurved, obtuse: ventral margin deeply crenulated; cardinal teeth in both valves short, stronger in left valve; lateral teeth weak, short).</p><p>The valve illustrated by de Stefani (1888) (Fig. 3K) appears more elongate and triangular than the present material, but the size reported in the description (16.5 mm in length, 16.0 mm in height) points to a more equidimensional shape, in agreement with the morphometric trend recorded in the study material (Fig. 4A). Growth is mostly isometric, with only a slight increase in elongation with growth, as indicated by a low correlation coefficient (~ 0.5) of L/H vs L (Fig. 4B). The maximum size is 23.2 mm in length. Width is 6.3 – 7.5 mm in 19.0 – 21.0 mm long valves.</p><p>Cardita revoluta, with which the present species was confused at first, is from the lower Pleistocene of Reggio Calabria, southern Italy (Seguenza 1877: 10; 1879: 280, pl. 15, figs 40, 40a). The species reported under this name by Cerulli Irelli (1907: 135, pl. 12, fig. 29 – 36) and Gignoux (1913: 404, pl. 19, fig. 3), from the lower Pleistocene of the Monte Mario area (Rome), seems to match the original description and illustration by Seguenza. Based on this identification, C. revoluta differs from A. subrevoluta in several respects: much more convex, markedly inequilateral, with a larger, strongly prosogyrate umbo. The radial ribs are poorly convex, bearing scattered pointed nodules and separated by narrow, shallow interspaces. It is particularly similar to Cardita rhomboidea (Brocchi, 1814), from the Italian Pliocene (Brocchi 1814: 523, pl. 12, fig. 16; Rossi Ronchetti 1952: 55, fig. 21A–F).</p><p>Actinobolus antiquatu s var. rhodiensis (Fischer, 1877), as reported by Sacco (1899: 18, pl. 5, figs 11, 12) from the Astian of Piedmont, is Akardita subrevoluta . He also reported the species from Stazzano, a Tortonian locality near Turin, but this record needs confirmation.</p><p>Cardita rhodiensis Fischer, 1877, from the Pliocene of Rhodes (Fischer 1877a, b), is a markedly different species, much more similar to C. revoluta and C. rhomboidea in shape and sculpture as seen from the type material (https:/ /science.mnhn.fr/taxon/species/ cardita / rhodiensis).</p><p>Akardita subrevoluta shares most shell characters with A. monodi . The living species has a slightly more pointed umbo and a wider anterior part. As described above, the radial ribs on the posterior slope of A. monodi are only slightly finer than the others, and the posterior-dorsal beads are somewhat scaly and pointed. Both species are also similar in size, being the West African species close to 20 mm in maximum shell length (Huber 2010; von Cosel pers. comm. 19.10.2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7334561BFFE4FFC91EB9FEBE78EDFDE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Perna, Rafael La;Brunetti, Mauro M.;Bella, Giano Della	Perna, Rafael La, Brunetti, Mauro M., Bella, Giano Della (2018): Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae). Zootaxa 4379 (2): 215-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.4
7334561BFFE6FFC61EB9FA8C7D74FB80.text	7334561BFFE6FFC61EB9FA8C7D74FB80.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Akardita iberica Perna & Brunetti & Bella 2018	<div><p>Akardita iberica n. sp.</p><p>Fig. 5A – K</p><p>Type material. Holotype, two paired valves (MZB 47004); paratype 1, RV (MZB 47005); paratype 2, RV (MZB 47005).</p><p>Type locality. Lucena del Puerto, province of Huelva, Andalusia, southern Spain.</p><p>Stratum typicum. Yellowish fine sands with intercalating shell beds, Arenas de Huelva Formation, lower Pliocene (Zanclean).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the geographic origin of the type material from the Iberian Peninsula.</p><p>Other material. 1 valve, Lucena del Puerto, lower Pliocene (Della Bella coll. GDB/092); 5 valves, Lucena del Puerto, lower Pliocene (Brunetti coll. S297LDP).</p><p>Diagnosis. A large species of Akardita n. gen., exceeding 40 mm in length, notably robust, with 21–24 radial ribs.</p><p>Description. Shell large, up to ca. 45 mm in length, robust, equivalve, moderately inflated. Shape slightly elongate, ovate-subquadrate, moderately inequilateral, well rounded anteriorly, moderately convex ventrally, weakly truncate posteriorly. Umbo relatively small, poorly sticking out from outline, prosogyrate. Lunule small, slightly concave; escutcheon markedly elongate, deeply sunken. Ligament external, elongate, opisthodetic.</p><p>Radial sculpture consisting of 21 poorly convex ribs. Radial interspaces, narrow, shallow, poorly impressed ventrally. Commarginal sculpture of closely set growth striae, producing a poorly distinct, somewhat irregular decussate pattern, ventrally replaced by coarse, lamellose sculpture. Posterior slope distinct, with 5 notably finer radial ribs. Early stage sculpture consisting of beaded radial ribs, with deeper and slightly larger interspaces than in adult stage.</p><p>Hinge plate moderately robust, slightly arched. Right hinge with three cardinal teeth: anterior tooth small, poorly developed; central tooth robust, triangular-elongate, strongly oblique; posterior tooth elongate, parallel to posterior-dorsal margin. Left hinge with two cardinal teeth: anterior tooth smaller, subtrigonal, slightly oblique; posterior tooth larger, elongate, parallel to posterior-dorsal margin. Lateral dentition represented, on both valves, by a small, tubercle-shaped anterior lateral tooth, and by a shallow, elongate, barely seen posterior thickening, close to hinge plate ending.</p><p>Inner margin coarsely crenulated anteriorly and ventrally, posteriorly almost smooth. Pallial line entire, moderately convex. Anterior adductor muscle scar slightly larger, reniform; posterior scar roughly triangular; both well distinct.</p><p>Measurements. Holotype, L 42.5 mm, H 37.1 mm, W 13.7 mm; paratype 1, L 42.6 mm, H 38.6 mm, W 15.4 mm; paratype 2, L ~ 40 mm (estimated), H 39.5 mm, W 13.1 mm. Other material up to L 45.9 mm.</p><p>Distribution. The species is only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks. The available material shows a moderate variability in rib number, ranging from 21 to 24. The new species differs from A. subrevoluta by being much larger (up to ca. 45 mm in length, while A. subrevoluta does not exceed 25 mm), markedly more robust, slightly more inequilateral, ventrally more convex, umbo less prominent, and rib number with a limited overlap at 24 ribs.</p><p>The new species resembles the undescribed species from the Pliocene of Portugal, here referred to as Cardita matheroni sensu Dollfus &amp; Cotter, 1909 . According to illustrations by Dollfus &amp; Cotter (1909: pl. 4, figs 21 – 26), the species from Portugal has poorly convex ribs without nodulose sculpture. It differs from Akardita iberica n. sp. by being more rounded in outline and by the occurrence of some particularly deep, irregularly spaced growth striae, in addition to the finer ones. Both species are similar in size, exceeding 40 mm in length.</p><p>The original Cardita matheroni Mayer, 1871, is from the upper Miocene Congeria beds in the area of Bollène, southern France (Mayer 1871). According to Mayer, his species is similar to Cardites antiquatus and to Cardita partschi Goldfuss, 1840 . The Miocene C. partschi is in turn similar to C. antiquatus, with nodulose ribs (Sieber 1956; Schultz 2003; Caze et al. 2010). Cardita matheroni sensu Fontannes, 1882, from the Pliocene of the Rhone Valley (Fontannes 1882: 122, pl. 7, fig 15 – 17) seems to be yet another distinct species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7334561BFFE6FFC61EB9FA8C7D74FB80	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Perna, Rafael La;Brunetti, Mauro M.;Bella, Giano Della	Perna, Rafael La, Brunetti, Mauro M., Bella, Giano Della (2018): Systematic position of two Pliocene carditids with description of Akardita n. gen. and A. iberica n. sp. (Bivalvia: Carditidae). Zootaxa 4379 (2): 215-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.4
