identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
722F8B7C8272652A62F1FD6BFEBAB721.text	722F8B7C8272652A62F1FD6BFEBAB721.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopa	<div><p>Metopa - through time</p><p>When Krøyer (1842) originally described Leucothoe clypeata and L. glacialis, he placed them in the genus Leucothoe, emending its genus diagnosis. Goës (1866) and Spence Bate (1862) moved both species to Montagua . But Boeck (1872) placed Montagua in synonymy with Stenothoe, both genera lacking a mandible palp, and erected the new genus Metopa, with M. clypeata as type species, for species with a short 3-articulate mandible palp (3rd article very short) and a 1-articulate palp on Maxilla 1, in his words: "Mandibulae palpo brevi, 3articulato; articulo 3tio fere obsoleto. Maxillae 1mi paris palpo 1articulato. Reliqva cum genere Stenothoe ferme conveniunt". In the following years, many further Metopa species were described, usually without further examination of the mouthparts (see e.g. Sars 1892).</p><p>About 50 years after the erection of Metopa, Schellenberg created the monotypic genus Prometopa for the antarctic P. tuberculata (Schellenberg, 1926) . This separation has been discussed (Just, 1980; Barnard &amp; Karaman, 1991), but that is not the theme for this paper. The cutting from Metopa started already with Sars (1892), who erected Metopella, for which Gurjanova (1938) selected Metopa longimana Boeck, 1870 as type species. Gurjanova (1938) also erected the genus Mesometopa, for which she chose Metopa esmarki Boeck, 1870 as type-species; later Metopa neglecta was moved by Shoemaker (1955) to the same genus. Barnard &amp; Karaman (1987) erected the genus Torometopa, with Metopa crenatipalmata as type, for a series of southern species, and in Barnard &amp; Karaman (1991) they erected the genus Hardametopa, for which they chose Metopa nasuta Boeck, 1870 as type, and at the same time moved Metopa carinata to the same genus.</p><p>An example of the problems that arise from new species being described without descriptions of mouthparts can be found in the fate of Sars’ species Metopa rubrovittata Sars, 1883 . When Barnard (1962) erected the new genus Stenula, he chose Stenothoides latipes Chevreux &amp; Fage, 1925 as the type for his new genus, which was diagnosed by article 2 of P5 slender, article 2 of P6 and P7 broad, and both mandible palp and maxilla 1 palp uniarticulate. Lincoln (1979) moved M. rubrovittata to Stenula, and then synonymized this taxon with S. latipes on the basis of the mouthparts, as the mandibular palp of Metopa is 2- to 3-articulate.</p><p>Today the accepted diagnosis of Metopa is in Barnard &amp; Karaman (1991):</p><p>Antenna 1 lacking nasiform process on article 1. Accessory flagellum absent or vestigial. Palp of</p><p>mandible 2- to 3-articulate; palp of maxilla 1-articulate. Inner plate of maxilla 2 ordinary. Inner</p><p>plates of maxillipeds mostly fused together or well separated (type). Gnathopods 1–2 subchelate,</p><p>different from each other in size and shape: gnathopod 1 small, almost simple (variable), article 4</p><p>incipiently chelate; article 5 elongate, barely lobed. Pereopod 5 with rectolinear article 2, pereopods</p><p>6–7 with expanded, lobate article 2. Pereonite 4 short. Pleonites 4–6 free; pleonite 3 lacking dorsal</p><p>process; pleonite 4 not extended posterodorsally. Telson ordinary, flat.</p><p>This differs from Boecks original diagnosis most notably in the change of the mandibular palp having to be 3-articulate (with a rudimentary third article) to the palp being 2- to 3-articulate.</p><p>As it appears from the redescriptions below, Metopa clypeata is not a very "typical" Metopa . Metopa has on several occasions been thought polyphyletic (most notably in Krapp-Schickel &amp; Koenemann (2006), but also Barnard &amp; Karaman (1991)), and if the genus is split, the name will of course follow the type species. A phylogenetic analysis of Metopa will come in a later paper, since this will have to rely on redescriptions of most of the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/722F8B7C8272652A62F1FD6BFEBAB721	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tandberg, Anne Helene S.;Vader, Wim	Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Vader, Wim (2009): A redescription of Metopa species (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) based on the type material. 1. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Zootaxa 2093: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187535
722F8B7C8271652A62F1FE74FC8AB41D.text	722F8B7C8271652A62F1FE74FC8AB41D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopa Boeck 1870	<div><p>Metopa Boeck, 1870:140</p><p>Leucothoe pp Leach, 1814:403 Montagua pp Bate, 1857:137</p><p>Type species for Metopa: Leucothoe clypeata Krøyer, 1842</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/722F8B7C8271652A62F1FE74FC8AB41D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tandberg, Anne Helene S.;Vader, Wim	Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Vader, Wim (2009): A redescription of Metopa species (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) based on the type material. 1. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Zootaxa 2093: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187535
722F8B7C8271652562F1FD18FBD9B396.text	722F8B7C8271652562F1FD18FBD9B396.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopa clypeata (Krøyer 1842) Kroyer 1842	<div><p>Metopa clypeata (Krøyer, 1842)</p><p>Fig. 1–9, 19–21.</p><p>Leucothoe clypeata Krøyer, 1842:157; Krøyer 1845:545, pl. 6 fig. 2a–f</p><p>Leucothoe norvegica Liljeborg, 1850</p><p>Montagua clypeata Bate, 1862:58; Goës, 1866:522</p><p>Metopa clypeata Boeck, 1870:60, Boeck, 1872:451, pl. XVIII-4, XIX-3, Hansen, 1888:90, fig III-3, Shoemaker, 1955:15, fig. 5 a–f, Just, 1980:46</p><p>? Metopa beringiensis Oldevig, 1959:45 –46, pl.1 fig. 7–8</p><p>non Metopa clypeata Gurjanova, 1951:417</p><p>Material examined. Morphological examination: ZMUC-CRU 6050 (Greenland), male, 6.4 mm; ZMUC- CRU 6050, female, 8.9 mm TYPE material; USNMNH 419533, male, 7 mm (Albatross station 3282, Bering Sea); Zool. Mus. AN No 22646 (114-1950);</p><p>SEM-examination: ZMUC-CRU 6050, male, 6 mm.</p><p>Morphological redescription of male type material. Head (Fig. 1): epistome small and rounded, cephalic lobe not prominent, with acute tip; eye 1/3 of head length, well defined. Antenna 1 (Fig. 1): long and slender, half length of body; flagellum of approximately 20 articles, one small seta on each article; no accessory flagellum observed. Antenna 2 (Fig. 1): shorter than A1; peduncle longer than flagellum; flagellum of 10 articles, each with one thin seta. Labrum (Fig. 2): rounded. Mandible (Fig. 2): mandibular palp 2- articulate (see Discussion), circular in cross-section, 5 serrated setae with an inner smooth core (type A setae, see Discussion) on article 1, very small apical article (article 2) with 1–2 type A setae at apex; incisor and lacinia mobilis both serrate and well developed; raker setae with 3 plumose setae nearest incisor and 7–8 serrate raker setae further back; no molar. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 2): inner plate with one simple distal seta; outer plate with 3 cuspidate and 3 serrated distal setae and 7 simple setae on inner margin; palp 1-articulate, 2x length of outer plate, with 3 cuspidate distal setae, 4 simple setae on inner margin and several simple facial setae. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 1): outer plate in normal position to and slightly longer than inner plate; both plates with several simple setae (outer with 8 and inner with 10). Maxilliped (Fig. 1): long and slim; inner plates fused, with a small notch at tip, a ridge along the middle, 3 simple setae at each side of the notch; outer plate reduced to a small widening of the distal edge of the ischium; palp 4-articulate with several simple setae at inner edge; articles 2, 3 and 4 subequal in length, and all longer than article 1; article 3 with an apical patch of densely set short simple setae and two slight cuspidate setae; article 4 with at row of short simple setae on inner edge. Pereon: smooth; pereonite 4 slightly longer and pereonite 1 slightly shorter than the rest.</p><p>Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 3): simple; coxa small, semiquadrate with front distal corner rounded; basis slender, few setae at anterior margin; ischium short, few setae at posterodistal corner; merus semi-oval, with carpus inserted near basis, distal free lobe with a patch of short simple setae and a simple crown of type A setae; carpus elongate, longer than propodus, marginally wider at proximal end, posterior margin covered with long type A setae, and inner ’face’ has a single diagonal row of type A setae on proximal half; propodus long (3/4 of carpus length) and very slim, no palm, several long thin simple (Type II annulate, without setules, Watling) setae both on face and along posterior margin; dactylus pectinate, 1/6 of propodus length, a row of simple setae along posterior margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 3): coxa covering coxa 1, directed forwards; merus and carpus with "stridulating ridges" along anterior margin (for a discussion about stridulating ridges in stenothoids, see Krapp-Schickel 1996), carpus with a row of type A setae at posterior margin; propodus palma transverse, weakly convex, crenulate, delimited by a strong tooth, posterior margin straight, longer than palma; dactylus as long as palma, slightly curved, smooth. Pereopod 3 and 4 (Fig. 4): simple and slender; coxa 3 slightly elongate; coxa 4 triangular, ventral margin rounded, dactylus of pereopod 4 with serrate posterior margin. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 4): basis slender; meral lobe 1/3 of carpus, a row of paired simple setae on anterior margin of both merus and carpus; dactylus with a slight notch at tip. Pereopod 6 and 7 (Fig. 5): coxa small; basis posteriorly expanded, meral lobe 1/3 (P6) and 1/2 (P7) of carpus, both P6 and P7 with a series of simple paired setae on anterior margin og merus and carpus, dactylus weakly serrate. These two legs are more "sturdy" than pereopods 3–5, with broader limbs and coarser armament. P 5–7 slightly longer than P 3–4.</p><p>Urosome (Fig. 5): smooth. Epimeral plate 3 (Fig. 5): rounded. Uropod 1 (Fig. 5): longer than uropod 2; biramous, peduncle and rami subequal length. Uropod 2 (Fig. 5): longer than uropod 3; peduncle slightly longer than rami, 6 simple and short setae; inner ramus longer than outer ramus, inner ramus with two short and simple setae near basis. Uropod 3 (Fig. 5): uniramous, ramus with two articles; peduncle as long as ramus article 1. Telson (Fig. 5): rounded, with a single pair of small marginal robust setae and a few minute setules, slightly shorter than peduncle uropod 3.</p><p>Sexual differences: there are, unlike in many other Metopa species, not many sexual differences.</p><p>Distribution: found in a variety of localities (see Fig. 22, map A): East- and West-Greenland (Godthaab/ Nuuk is type locality) (Krøyer, 1842; Just, 1980), Bering Sea (Krøyer, 1842), Point Barrow, Alaska (Shoemaker, 1955), and Gulf of St Lawrence (Shoemaker, 1930) at depths varying from 20 to 300m. Also some curious older and not verified reports from the Bohuslän coast (south-west Sweden), Banff (Scotland), Kristiansund (Western Norway) and Tromsø (Northern Norway) (Boeck, 1872).</p><p>Ecology: little known. A cold-water species. All records are of apparently free-living animals, although some of the older records mentions it living "on Sertulariae " (Krøyer, 1845) or "on Thujaria " (Stephensen, 1931).</p><p>The name clypeata (shield-bearer) from clypeis (lat.) refers to the large coxa 4.</p><p>Other material. USNMNH (419533, male, 7 mm, Albatross station 3282, Bering Sea), (male, 7mm, station 3279 Bering sea), see Fig. 6, 7, 8 and 9.</p><p>Head and antennae as in type from ZMUC, most mouthparts (except from those mentioned under) as in type-material. Mandibles: one specimen with left mandible palp 2-articulate and right mandible palp 3- articulate (see Fig. 6), the other specimen with both mandible palps 3-articulate. The 2-articulate palp has a short article 1 and a 4x longer article 2, whereas the 3-articulate palps has a very small article 3 added to this "formula", this article looks very much like the minuscle article 2 in the palps of the type-specimens, palps with circular cross-section. Lacinia mobilis at left mandible, both mandibles with a row of plumose raker setae, and no molar. Labrum: asymmetrically bilobed. Maxilliped: long and slim, inner plates well separate, else as in type.</p><p>Pereon: as in type. Pereopods: as in type.</p><p>Urosome: as in type.</p><p>We have also examined specimens labelled as Metopa clypeata from the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg: these were clearly not M. clypeata as the gnathopod 1 propodus was subchelate with a shape more resembling M. glacialis and M. groenlandica . We have not yet examined further what species the specimens from St Petersburg are, as they were not any longer interesting for this re-description, but we have eliminated all records of M. clypeata from Gurjanova (southern Kara Sea, Gurjanova, 1933) from the distribution, until all her material is thoroughly re-examined.</p><p>Remarks. The most curious deviation between the type material and the other material we have examined, is the number of articles in the mandible palps. In Krøyers material from Greenland, all mandible palps are 2-articulate, with a long first article, and a minimal second article. The SEM-pictures show, however, that there has been an additional articulation further to the base of the now first article, but there is an entire unbroken cuticulum over this articulation in both mandibles we have SEM of, and in lightmicroscopy this is not possible to see at all. Even more interesting it is then, when one of the dissected M. clypeata from NMNH had right mandible palp 3-articulate and left mandible palp 2-articulate, while another specimen has both mandible palps 3-articulate. The articulation of the palp might be a plastic character that should not be used for identification or phylogenetic analyses.</p><p>Another interesting aspect is the accessory flagellum reported by Just (1980). He has observed the same type-material we have, but he observed a tiny 1-articulate accessory flagellum on Metopa clypeata (Just, 1980) . We have not been able to observe an accessory flagellum. Just also found this very small accessory flagellum in other Metopa species he examined from Greenland. From all the Metopa specimens from the ZMUC-collections we have examined, none have had accessory flagella, or they are so tiny that they can be called “vestigial”.</p><p>Just (1980) also emphasizes the epistome and median cephalic front margin complex as an area of species specific morphological differences, but in his Greenland-material he did not encounter any M. clypeata, and he did thus not examine this species in more detail for the aforementioned characters, which were thought by him to be of genus-defining capacity.</p><p>Barnard &amp; Karaman (1991) defines the inner plate of the maxilliped to be "mostly fused together or well separated (type)". As is seen from our examinations of both type-material and the USNMNH material, that Barnard most likely examined, the condition of the inner plates seems to fit the same pattern as the articulation of the mandible palp, with fused inner plates in the type-material and well separated plates in the USNMNH-material. This character is discussed further later in this paper.</p><p>Both Hansen (1888) and Shoemaker (1955) mention that the male and female are very alike in this species. This is what we find as well, and Shoemaker’s comments that the female gnathopod 2 "is not so strongly built and the characters not so pronounced, but it closely resembles that of the male" still holds as the best description of any sexual differences. Boeck (1872) mentions that the third article of antenna 1 peduncle is shorter in females than in males. We have not been able to verify this, but that might be due to the small number of females we have observed, and the fact that the female we observed was slightly larger than the males. We have not seen any specific sexual difference in size; this is also supported by Shoemaker.</p><p>The insufficiently described taxon Metopa beringiensis Oldevig, 1959 looks, as far as the scarce description and illustrations permit a conclusion, very similar to M. clypeata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/722F8B7C8271652562F1FD18FBD9B396	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tandberg, Anne Helene S.;Vader, Wim	Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Vader, Wim (2009): A redescription of Metopa species (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) based on the type material. 1. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Zootaxa 2093: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187535
722F8B7C827E653A62F1F987FBA5B357.text	722F8B7C827E653A62F1F987FBA5B357.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopa glacialis (Krøyer 1842) Kroyer 1842	<div><p>Metopa glacialis (Krøyer, 1842)</p><p>Fig. 10–12, 19–21.</p><p>Leucothoe glacialis Krøyer, 1842, p. 159</p><p>Stenothoe clypeata Krøyer, 1842, Stimpson, 1853</p><p>non Leucothoe clypeata Krøyer, 1842</p><p>Metopa glacialis Boeck, 1872:454, Hansen, 1888:93, table III-6, Shoemaker, 1955:17, figs 5 g –l and 6 a–d, Oldevig, 1959:45, Just, 1980:47, fig45, Just, 1983, Vader &amp; Beehler, 1983, Tandberg et al., in prep.</p><p>Proboloides glacialis Stebbing, 1906</p><p>? Metopa cariana Gurjanova, 1929:313, fig 5, Stephensen, 1944:56, Dunbar, 1954:727, fig 8</p><p>Material examined. Morphological examination: ZMUC-CRU 6558 (type), Bellsound, Spitsbergen. USNMNH 97T408; Atlantic biological station, St Croix River, New Brunswick, June 20, 1927, male, 4mm. TSZCr17994, Tromsø Museum. 7840.592N 02126.230E (Hinlopen strait, Spitsbergen), 40– 70m. 2.3 C. 21.08.2006 (used for all drawings), female, 7mm.</p><p>SEM-examination: tubes 104, 112, 134, 144. St. JM 340–346. 7840.592N 02126.230E, 40– 70m. 2.3 C. 21.08.2006</p><p>Redescription. We have examined the type material for this species, but it was in poor condition, and was not fit for making slides for illustrations. All illustrations are therefore from our fresh additional material from a site a mere 200 km from the type-locality, also from the archipelago of Spitsbergen. Our examination showed that the types and the fresh material are identical.</p><p>Morphological redescription based on new material. This redescription is based on a 7 mm long female.</p><p>Head (Fig. 10): epistome small and rounded, cephalic lobe rounded; eye large (half of head-length),with well-developed ommatidia, bright red in live animals. Antenna 1 (Fig. 6): as long as antenna 2; flagellum 11–12 articulate, with 3 short simple setae on each article; no accessory flagellum. Antenna 2 (Fig. 10): peduncle article 4 slightly longer than article 5; flagellum subequal to article 5, 5-articulate; one short simple seta on ventral side of each article. Labrum (Fig. 10): bilobed, slightly asymmetrical. Mandible (Fig. 10): palp 3-articulate, oval in cross section (see Fig. 19), palp article 2 2x article 1, article 1 almost 2x article 3, rows of simple setae ventrally on article 2 and a single seta at tip of article 3; incisor and lacinia mobilis serrate and well developed; raker setae serrate and plumose; no molar. Labium (Fig. 10): normal. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 10): inner plate small and rounded, no setae; outer plate with 5 cuspidate distal setae in a crown; palp 1-articulate, 5 robust setae and one acute tooth at distal margin, several thin and simple setae along outer margin, 1.5x as long as outer plate. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 10): plates of subequal length, with several simple setae (outer plate with 12 and inner plate with 6 normal and 3 shorter along the inner margin). Maxilliped (Fig. 10): inner plates separate, 3 small cuspidate and several thin simple setae at each lobe; outer plate completely reduced; palp 4- articulate, article 3 longer than article 2 longer than article 1, article 4 as long as article 2; article 3 with two annulate setae and a patch of short cuspidate setae at distal end; all articles with several long and strong setae along inner margin.</p><p>Pereon: smooth. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 11): subchelate; coxa square, 1.5x as broad as basis, two small setae at front corner, all corners rounded; basis slightly widening distally, with three longish simple setae at posterior margin; ischium and merus subquadrate, both with long type A setae (see above) at distal margin; carpus subtriangulate, several type A setae on inner surface, and the distal margin densely beset with type A setae; propodus rectangular, palm transverse, slightly convex, and with short simple setae, no well delimited palmar corner, several type A setae on inner surface, outer surface more smooth (see Fig. 20), a row of type A setae on posterior margin; dactylus smooth and curved, as long as palm. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 11): coxa oval and covering coxa 1; basis with a row of simple setae on anterior margin; ischium and merus simple and smooth except for a row of setae at each distal margin; carpus subtriangular with a row of type A setae at distal margin and a patch of flat serrate short setae in rows at distal posterior margin; propodus oval with smooth outside and several short simple setae on inside, palm oblique and serrate with a strong tooth at palmar corner, at anterior corner of palm a pair of protrusions (size varying between individual animals, most likely agedifferences) which dactylus is attached between; dactylus curved, smooth, almost as long as palm. Pereopod 3 and 4 (Fig. 11): simple and slender; coxa 3 elongate, few, evenly spaced simple setae on distal margin, two slightly longer setae at posterior distal corner; coxa 4 subtriangulate, almost subsquare as distal margin has a strong curve. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 12): coxa with well-developed posterior lobe, reaching 1/3 of basis; basis slender; meral lobe reduced; propodus smooth; dactylus half length of propodus. Pereopod 6 and 7 (Fig. 12): basis posteriorly expanded, a row of small and strong simple setae on anterior margin; coxa 6 more produced posteriorly and ventrally than coxa 7, which is small and reduced; meral lobe small, approximately 1/4 of carpus; propodus and dactylus smooth.</p><p>Urosome (Fig. 12): smooth. Epimeral plate 3 (Fig. 12): corner right-angled; posterior margin straight; no setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 12): longer than U2; a row of robust setae on inner margin of peduncle; outer ramus, which is slightly longer than inner ramus, with two short setae on inner margin. Uropod 2 (Fig. 12): longer than U3; peduncle with two robust setae on inner margin; inner ramus slightly shorter than outer. Uropod 3 (Fig. 12): uniramous; peduncle shorter than ramus, smooth; ramus two-articulate, smooth. Telson (Fig. 12): entire; rounded; two simple, medium long setae at posterior half.</p><p>The adult male is generally smaller than the adult female, with a maximum-length of 7 mm to the females 8 mm. Hansen (1888) has noted that he did not find find any sexual differences in the pereopods. This fits very well with our observations of about 300 adult specimens of both sexes. This is the only comment in the literature of any sexual differences in this species.</p><p>Distribution: The geographic range of this species seems confined to cold, arctic waters, and seems to be circumpolar/boreal (see map B on Fig. 22). The depth range is from 5 to 275m.</p><p>Ecology: Metopa glacialis lives both in its juvenile and reproductive stages inside the mollusc Musculus discors (Shoemaker, 1955; Vader &amp; Beehler, 1983; Just, 1983), where they engage in extended parental care (Tandberg et al., in prep). They are iteroparous and produce up to three cohorts of offspring, each containing up to 20 eggs. They feed on flagellates, and to some degree on diatoms (see Tandberg et al., in prep).</p><p>Other material. We have examined material from USNMNH, from the Atlantic Biological Station at St Croix River (Shoemaker, 1955), and this material does not differ from the type in any way. It was also found inside the mollusk Modiolaria discors, together with 18 other specimens. This is the same type of habitat as the freshly collected material we have from the south end of the Hinlopen Strait at Spitsbergen, which is not very far from the type locality in Bellsound at Spitsbergen.</p><p>Remarks. Dunbar (1954) raises the difficult question of the inner plates of the maxillipeds. His material has (as had Gurjanovas original Metopa cariana) an entire inner plate of the maxilliped, with only a small notch in the upper margin. Schellenberg (1935) claims (according to Dunbar) that the inner plate of the maxilliped in his Metopa glacialis specimens from Franz Joseph Fjord at East Greenland were fully separate. This is a character Shoemaker (1955) does not discuss when he synonymized Stenothoe clypeata s. Stebbing, 1906 and Metopa cariana Gurjanova, 1929 with Metopa glacialis (Krøyer, 1842); he did, however, discuss the palp of maxilla 1, and had found in all specimens (both from Gurjanova, Schellenberg and Stimpson and his own from Alaska) this to be 1-articulate, and thus a Metopa . Just (1980) also found all specimens he examined (from Schellenberg, 1935; Stephensen, 1944 and the typematerial) to have a 1-articulate palp of maxilla 1, thus ending the long discussion on the articulation of this palp.</p><p>We have not seen any accessory flagellum in either light microscopy or with SEM. This is contrary to Just (1980), who found a small accessory flagellum in all Metopa species he examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/722F8B7C827E653A62F1F987FBA5B357	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tandberg, Anne Helene S.;Vader, Wim	Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Vader, Wim (2009): A redescription of Metopa species (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) based on the type material. 1. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Zootaxa 2093: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187535
722F8B7C8261653062F1FA46FC48B507.text	722F8B7C8261653062F1FA46FC48B507.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopa groenlandica Hansen 1888	<div><p>Metopa groenlandica Hansen, 1888</p><p>Fig. 13–16, 19–21.</p><p>Metopa groenlandica Hansen, 1888:94, Tab III-7, Holmes, 1905:483, Stephensen, 1936, Stephensen &amp; Thorson, 1936, Stephensen, 1944:56, Gurjanova, 1929:430, Gurjanova, 1951:430 –31, fig 274</p><p>Proboloides groenlandicus Stebbing, 1906:190</p><p>? Stenothoe clypeata Stimpson, 1853, Spence Bate, 1862:61, pl. 9, fig. 5, Della Valle, 1893:569</p><p>? Stenothoe (Proboloides) clypeata Stebbing, 1906:195, 1906:725, non Metopa clypeata Krøyer, 1842</p><p>Proboloides clypeatus Stephensen, 1931:194, non Metopa clypeata Krøyer, 1842</p><p>Metopa hirsutimana Blake, 1929:20, fig 10</p><p>non Metopa clypeata Krøyer, 1842</p><p>non Metopa clypeata Stebbing, 1906:175</p><p>Material examined. Morphological examination: Slide: "v/ Grønl. Af Boltenia bolteni munddele. Fem"; female from Greenland, in Type-collection. Dana Station 2408. 62 37’ N, 51 02’ W. 60m. Found in Ascidia callosa 11-VII-1925; female from south west Greenland. G.F. Bankey station 5229-4A. 67 05’ N, 54 07’ W. 80– 95m. W. Greenland. Clay and shells. 23. Aug. 1976.</p><p>SEM-examination: ZMUC-material "v. Grønl. Sarak i Waigat, 1892. Transl HJH", from West Greenland (69 57’ N, 51 57’ W), ZMUC-material "v. Grønl. Egedesminde, i Molgula groenlandica Levinsen. Modtaget II-1900. HJH", male from west Greenland (68 43’ N, 52 52’ W).</p><p>Morphological redescription. Head (Fig. 13, Fig. 16): front of head regularly convex, without a clear cephalic lobe; eye small and round, 1/5 of head length, ill defined. Antenna 1 (Fig. 13): slightly shorter than A2; peduncle almost double length of flagellum (see Fig. 12); flagellum 9-articulate, short simple setae on each article. Antenna 2 (Fig. 13): peduncle 5/6 of antennal length, short simple setae ventrally on 3 last peduncular articles; flagellum short, 4-articulate. Labrum (Fig. 13): asymmetrically bilobed, broader than long. Mandible (Fig. 13): mandibular palp 3-articulate, oval in cross section; article 2 with several simple setae; article 3 very short, with one long apical seta; incisor serrate with one deep notch; lacinia mobilis only on left mandible, serrate; raker setae only on left mandible, with two thick plumose-dentate setae nearest incisor, a row of simpler dentate setae further down; no molar. Labium (Fig. 13): normal. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 13): inner plate with one simple seta and two very thin simple setae; outer plate with two long and one short cuspidate setae, one long and thin tooth and two simple setae on outer margin and a series of very thin simple setae on inner margin; palp 1-articulate, with a sharp apical tooth, 8 short cuspidate setae set on the slightly serrate inner margin, 6 longer simple facial setae and a series of setules on the outer margin. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 13): outer plate in normal position to inner plate; outer plate with 15 long simple setae on apex and along inner margin; inner plate with 7 shorter simple setae; both plates with several very thin simple facial setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 13): inner plates fully separate, with short simple setae along the split, curved up anteriorly, two cuspidate and 4 shorter simple setae at distal margin; outer plate fully reduced; palp 4-articulate, both palp and outer plate with setose inner margin; article 3 with a cushion of flat serrate setae at distal inner margin, and 3 type A setae; article 4 with inner margin covered by flat setae.</p><p>Pereon (Fig. 16): smooth. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 14): subchelate; coxa rounded quadrate, small; basis linear, a row of longish simple setae at anterior margin; ischium subquadrate, 4 simple setae at posterodistal corner; merus with a small patch of flat serrate setae at posterodistal margin, with a row of type A setae at distal margin; carpus inner side setose, with simple setae at inner surface, and type A setae and a seta-type very like to type A, but with much coarser serration around the inner smooth core (type B) at posterior margin; propodus subtriangular/subrectangular, shorter than carpus, with an almost transverse palm with rounded palmar corner, as long as posterior margin, setose inner surface (all type A setae), the setae along anterior and posterior margins longer than the other setae; dactylus smooth, curved, as long as palm. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 14): coxa subtriangular, covering coxa 1, smooth with three short simple setae at posterodistal corner; basis linear, with straight margins; ischium and merus short, a few simple setae at posterior margin; carpus triangular, a row of type A setae at distal margin, reaching further towards anterior margin at inner side, where there also is a patch of flat serrate setae; propodus oval, palm very oblique, irregularly convex, with a deep notch and small tooth at palmar corner, palm weakly serrate, about as long as posterior margin, inner surface setose (some intsersperced type B setae), margins with longer setae than both inner and outer surfaces; dactylus smooth, curved, as long as palm. Pereopod 3 and 4 (Fig. 14): simple and slender, no serrations, very few small and simple setae; coxa 3 subrectangular; coxa 4 large and subquadrate (posterodistal corner rounded to make the coxa look almost rounded triangulate). Pereopod 5 (Fig. 15): coxa small and oval; basis slender, meral lobe minute, reaching less than 1/6 of carpus; dactylus shorter than 1/2 propodus, smooth. Pereopod 6 and 7 (Fig. 15): slender; coxa small; basis posteriorly expanded, a row of short simple setae on anterior margin; meral lobe short (approximately 1/3 of carpus; dactylus approximately 1/3 of propodus, smooth.</p><p>Urosome (Fig. 15): smooth. Epimeral plate 3 (Fig. 15): posterior corner rounded rectangular. Uropod 1 (Fig. 15): longer than uropod 2; peduncle longer than rami, short simple setae on inner margins; outer ramus 1/4 longer than inner ramus, two short simple setae on inner margin; inner ramus smooth. Uropod 2 (Fig. 15): longer than uropod 3; peduncle subequal to rami, few short simple setae on inner margin; inner ramus marginally longer than outer ramus, one short simple seta at inner margin; outer ramus smooth. Uropod 3 (Fig. 15): uniramous; peduncle subequal to ramus, smooth; ramus two-articulate, smooth. Telson (Fig. 15): sub-rounded triangular, entire; two very small conical setae at distal half.</p><p>Distribution: This species has, except from a few records off and around the Bay of Fundy (Stimpson, 1853; Holmes, 1905; Blake, 1929), only been found around Greenland, on both coasts, see map C on Fig. 22. It seems to be a common species around Greenland.</p><p>Ecology: The depth-range of M. groenlandica is from 6 to 300m. In many of the samples in the Copenhagen collection, it has been found inside ascidians ( Boltenia bolteni (Linnaeus, 1771), Ascidia prunum Müller, 1776, Ascidia callosa Stimpson, 1852 and Molgula retortiformis Verrill, 1871), and it has also been found inside Boltenia ovifera (Linnaeus, 1776) (Blake, 1929) . It has also been found to live inside the mollusc Pandora glacialis Leach, 1819, in a manner that resembles what we have found for M. glacialis (Stephensen &amp; Thorson, 1936); these authors noted that the amphipods use the antennae to "hold on" to the gills of the mollusc. There are also some records from sandy clay or plain clay, often with shells. Its colour is cited as conspicuously pink (Blake, 1929), or bright yellow (with juveniles pale blue) (Holmes, 1905).</p><p>The only sexual differences mentioned in the literature, is that antenna 1 is a little shorter in females, and that gnathopod 2 is a little more well-developed. Stephensen (1936) also mentions that in gnathopod 1 in females carpus and propodus are of about the same length (as in our drawings), whereas the carpus is longer than the propodus in males.</p><p>Other material. This redescription is based partly on the slides from the type-collection in Copenhagen (Hansens slides), but most of the drawings are based on a new slide prepared from material from the Dana expedition in 1925, identified by T. Wolff in Copenhagen. One specimen from an expedition in 1976 was also included for two of the mouthparts (mandible and labium), as these were badly positioned for drawings on the new slide from the Dana samples. They are however identical when examined. The new slides we produced showed no differences to the type-slide, but we managed to make better drawings from these new slides. We looked through the rest of the material of M. groenlandica in the collections, but did not dissect more. None of the specimens we examined differed from the ones we dissected, and all were from Greenland.</p><p>Remarks. This seems to be a very common species in Greenland waters, reported from both coasts, and both north and south. It is therefore very strange that Just (1980) does not mention it at all. (We have not seen any accessory flagellum in any of the examined specimens, but since Just does not mention this species, there are also no records that there should be.) Its rather confusing nomenclatural history shows that it is a common species around Greenland. Stephensen (1931; 1936; 1944) seems to be the one to have worked most thoroughly with this species, and his drawings and dissections do not show any differences from what we have found, except that we find the inner plate of the maxilliped completely cleft, and not only with a notch in the upper margin. This is, however, very difficult to see, as it can be both a sharp ridge in an entire plate and a cleavage in the plate, and we had to use SEM to be entirely sure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/722F8B7C8261653062F1FA46FC48B507	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tandberg, Anne Helene S.;Vader, Wim	Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Vader, Wim (2009): A redescription of Metopa species (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) based on the type material. 1. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Zootaxa 2093: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187535
722F8B7C826B650862F1FC16FDDEB463.text	722F8B7C826B650862F1FC16FDDEB463.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopa abyssalis Stephensen 1931	<div><p>Metopa abyssalis Stephensen, 1931</p><p>Fig. 17–18.</p><p>Metopa abyssalis Stephensen, 1931</p><p>Material examined. Morphological examination: ZMUC-CRU 5019. Male. Ingolf Station 101 (7?). 66 23’ N, 12 05’ W. 1011m. Temp. -0.7 C. Ingolf Station 138. 63 26’ N, 7 56’ W. 887m. -0.6 C. (for comparison only, not dissected.)</p><p>Morphological redescription of type material. This description is based on the same slides that Stephensen (1931) presumably used when he created the species, they are at least made by Stephensen, have his handwriting, and are of the same specimens that Stephensen based his description on. They do, however, miss several of the pieces normally used for a description. There are no other specimens of this species present in the Copenhagen collections than the two samples from Stephensen. Due to the very small sample size of the collections, no further specimens were dissected. Stephensen presumed the slides were of a male; we have found nothing to contradict this. Stephensens slides from station 138 were not found in the collections, these have been of an adult female.</p><p>Head (Fig. 17): epistome reduced and rounded, lateral cephalic lobes little prominent, rounded; eye small, indistinct, only consisting of a few scattered ommatidia. Antenna 1 (Fig. 17): slightly shorter than antenna 2; basis of peduncle ad broad as half head, peduncle as long as half flagellum; flagellum 10-articulate, few short simple setae on the distal articles. Antenna 2 (Fig. 17): peduncle articles 1–3 short; articles 4 and 5 each longer than articles 1–3 together; flagellum 8-articulate, shorter than peduncle, 2 short simple setae distally on the last 6 articles. Mandible (Fig. 17): palp 3-articulate, cross-section circular, article 2 3x as long as article 1, with one simple seta, article 3 as short as article 1, one simple seta at apex; incisor coarsely serrate, lacinia mobilis more finely serrate, no raker setae on the mandible examined, no molar. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 17): inner plate with one small conical seta; outer plate with one largish cuspidate seta, two simple setae and one serrate seta; palp 1-articulate, distal margin serrate with one short simple seta in each serration, two longer simple setae and one type A seta at distal tip. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 17): outer plate in normal position to inner plate; inner plate with one short and two long simple setae; outer plate with one short and strong seta and four long and simple setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 17): inner plate fused with a ridge along the midline, a row of short strong setae at distal margin; outer plate very small; palp 4-articulate, simple setae along inner margin of palp and outer plate; article 3 of palp with a cushion of flat serrate setae and two type A setae at distal end; dactylus (article 4) with a line of short flat serrate setae on inner margin, slightly curved.</p><p>Pereon: Smooth. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 18): simple to vaguely subchelate; merus with a patch/cushion of several short, flat slightly serrate setae at posterior margin, four type A setae at posterodistal corner; carpus as long as propodus, suboval with long type A setae at posterior margin and anterodistal corner, propodus oval with two short simple setae where dactylus folds in, the palm recognizable from the setation, as long as posterior margin; dactylus curved with a small tooth-like projection at tip, short simple setae along inner margin, and one long simple seta at outer margin. Gnathopod 2 - pereopod 4: no data from slide, hidden under coxa 2–4. Pereopod 5: basis slender. Pereopod 6 and 7: basis posteriorly expanded.</p><p>Urosome: smooth. Uropod 1 (Fig. 18): longer than uropod 2; peduncle slightly longer than rami, 3 short setae at inner margin; biramous; rami of equal length, one short and simple seta at inner margin of outer ramus. Uropod 2 (Fig. 18): slightly longer than uropod 3; two short and simple setae at inner margin; biramous, inner ramus as long as peduncle, outer ramus shorter than inner ramus. Uropod 3 (Fig. 18): peduncle approximately as long as ramus; ramus 2-articulate, outer article slightly longer than inner, one short simple seta on inner article. Telson (Fig. 18): entire, sharp rounded tip; two short cuspidate setae at proximal half.</p><p>Ecology: Very little is known about the ecology of this species. We only know it from the two samples in the collections in Copenhagen (see map D on Fig. 22), from 887 and 1011m depth, and subzero temperatures of the water.</p><p>Geographic distribution of C: Metopa groenlandica and D: M. abyssalis .</p><p>Other material. Stephensen (1931) used dissected material from both stations when he described M. abyssalis . The slide from station 138 was not found in the collections now, and is presumed lost. By agreement with the museum we did not dissect the last remaining specimen in the tube from station 138. We have not been able to find any other specimens of M. abyssalis in other museums collections.</p><p>Remarks. Stephensen (1931) dissected out a gnathopod 2 from both a male and a female, they do not show any conspicuous sexual differences. Gnathopod 2 is subchelate, with a subovate coxa; slender basis and subquadrate ischium; merus short, with a few setae at posterior margin, carpus subtriangular, carpal lobe not free, and reaching 1/4 of posterior margin of propodus; propodus suboval, little more than double length of carpus, with a clear palm, oblique, but very clearly marked by a strong tooth at palmar corner, palm crenulate; dacylus smooth, as long as palm.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/722F8B7C826B650862F1FC16FDDEB463	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tandberg, Anne Helene S.;Vader, Wim	Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Vader, Wim (2009): A redescription of Metopa species (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) based on the type material. 1. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Zootaxa 2093: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187535
722F8B7C8253650862F1FDB5FBAAB5AD.text	722F8B7C8253650862F1FDB5FBAAB5AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metopa latimana Hansen 1888	<div><p>Metopa latimana Hansen, 1888</p><p>Metopa latimana Hansen 1888:92 –93; Stephensen 1931:184 –185, fig 54; Gurjanova 1951:428, fig. 270; Lincoln 1979:186, fig. 84 a–f</p><p>Material examined. Morphological examination: ZMUC-CRU 7038 (East Greenland)</p><p>This specimen consists today of a head without mouthparts, and of the front of the pereon (gnathopods 1 and 2). The type slide that Stephensen (1931) used, was not found. The parts we examined are identical to the illustrations cited above, and we have not made new illustrations. Hansen only had one specimen (Stephensen, 1931), and we have not found this species in the other musea we have visited so far.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/722F8B7C8253650862F1FDB5FBAAB5AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tandberg, Anne Helene S.;Vader, Wim	Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Vader, Wim (2009): A redescription of Metopa species (Amphipoda, Stenothoidae) based on the type material. 1. Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMUC). Zootaxa 2093: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187535
