taxonID	type	description	language	source
711487F6E80F7C6FFF3809FAFDDEEE17.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Cimicidae with the following combination of characteristics: rounded posterolateral angles of the pronotum (Figs. 3 – 4); absence of distinguishable Lb 1 (Figs. 3 – 4); row of lateral bristles of the pronotum, prolonged towards the posterior margin (Figs. 3 – 4); A 2 clearly longer than the anterior and posterior interocular space (Fig. 2, Table 1); longer forelegs; tibiae with long and wide bristles (Fig. 6); long and slightly curved left paramere, exceeding the margin of the genital segment (Fig. 7). TABLE 1 Measurements in specimens of Acanthocrios furnarii (including Cimex passerinus), Ornithocoris toledoi, Psitticimex uritui and Cyanolicimex patagonicus. b, broken bristle. References: [1] Cordero & Vogelsang (1928); [2] Moraes (1939); [3] Lent & Abalos (1946); [4] Usinger (1966); [5] Di Iorio et al. (2008); [6] Turienzo & Di Iorio (2010); [7] Present work. Large species (5.7 mm length in slide-mounted specimens). Body suboval, dorsally smooth. Dorsal bristles long, more dense on head, antennal segments I and II (Fig. 2), sides of pronotum (continued towards the posterior margin) (Figs. 3 – 4), hemelytral pads, and at apical half of each abdominal segment; these intermixed with very short setae. Lb 2 distinguishable by its greater length and its more internal base (Figs. 3 – 4). Venter with more sparse and shorter bristles, with a long hair at the latero-apical angle of each ventrite. Legs with long and thick bristles (Fig. 6). Females with a very small and reduced apical tuft of hairs on front tibiae and absent in middle tibiae; males with apical tufts of hairs in front and middle tibiae. Clypeus strongly widened, subquadrangular, more than 1 / 2 as wide as interocular space, with many long setae (Fig. 2). Head disk rugose, with a few bristles on each side near eyes and at middle. Eyes small, separated from the anterior margin of pronotum by a distance subequal to their width (Fig. 2). Antennae about equal to width of head; second segment longest, greater than interocular space (Table 1, Fig. 2), I and II thick, and III and IV slender, these ones slightly shorter than segment II and subequal among them. Rostrum reaching middle of front coxae; first and third segments subequal, second slightly shorter and wider. Pronotum nearly 3 times as wide as long, and about 3 / 5 again as wide as head; sides extremely arcuate, rounded; posterolateral angles rounded; anterior margin concave; posterior margin slightly convex; sides with a series of marginal long bristles (Figs. 3 – 4). Hemelytral pads short; twice as wide as long, contiguous only at base; broadly rounded at sides and convergent posteriorly; sides depressed before margins, with sparse long bristles (Figs. 3 – 4). Legs long and thin. All tibiae with long and wide bristles (Fig. 6). Male genital segment slightly sloping to left; paramere thin and slightly curved, exceeding the margin of genital segment (Fig. 7). Female spermalege between fifth and sixth segments, nearly in median area; hind margin of fifth and sixth segments bisinuate and bent forward medially (Fig. 5). Etimology. The generic name refers to the Psittacidae genus Cyanoliseus related to Cimex, the type-genus of the family. The gender is masculine. Taxonomic discussion. The most distinctive characters of Cyanolicimex were summarized in the generic diagnosis. In Cyanolicimex, A 2> pIS> aIS is clearly longer than the A 2 in Psitticimex (Fig. 2 and Fig. 16 respectively). Affinities of Cyanolicimex are unclear, because some characters are shared with other South American genera: the absence of the apical tufts of hair in the middle tibia of the females (Ornithocoris); A 2> aIS (Psitticimex); the maximum width of the pronotum in the middle of its length (Acanthocrios and Psitticimex); the shape of the spermalege, extended anteriorly (Psitticimex); and one species of Psittacidae as a host (Psitticimex). On the other hand, Cyanolicimex shows some similarities with Hesperocymex List, 1925 from the Nearctic Region. In this latter genus, the pronotum has very long bristles at the lateral margins, the posterolateral angles of the pronotum are rounded, and the apical tufts of hair are absent in the front and middle tibiae of the females (Usinger 1966). Hesperocymex was considered as a more derived genus in the Nearctic Region (Ueshima 1966), and Cyanolicimex seems to be its counterpart in the Neotropical Region. The phylogeny of the Haematosiphoninae, first proposed by Usinger (1966), and later modified by Di Iorio et al. (2008) and Poggio et al. (2009), should be modified again with the tentative incorporation of Cyanolicimex as the sister genus of Psitticimex (Fig. 8). A further cytogenetic study of C. patagonicus will confirm if its chromosome number and sexual mechanism are similar to Psitticimex, as is suggested by its position in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 8).	en	Iorio, Osvaldo Di, Turienzo, Paola, Masello, Juan, Carpintero, Diego L. (2010): Insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina. Cyanoliseus patagonus (Vieillot, 1818) [Aves: Psittacidae], with the description of Cyanolicimex patagonicus, gen. n., sp. n., and a key to the genera of Haematosiphoninae (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Zootaxa 2728: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200077
711487F6E8097C62FF380CDFFB4EE9D2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ARGENTINA: Río Negro: El Cóndor, XII- 2004, J. F. Masello leg., 1 female HOLOTYPE [MACN] (slide-mounted), from nest of Cyanoliseus patagonus; 3 km south of El Cóndor, 21 - XII- 1999, J. F. Masello leg., 1 male Allotype [ZMB] (slide-mounted), 3 female Paratypes [ZMB] (pinned), on Cyanoliseus patagonus, 1 nymph V Paratype [ZMB], # 931 (58) (pinned), “ Psitticimex uritui (Lent & Ab.), det. J. Deckert 2001 ”, 1 nymph IV Paratype [ZMB], # 927 (17) (pinned); same locality, 27 - XI- 1999, 1 nymph II Paratype [ZMB] (pinned); same locality, 7 - XII- 1999, 1 nymph IV Paratype [ZMB] (pinned), “ Bñg + Tlen ”; El Cóndor, XII- 2009, J. F. Masello leg., 5 nymphs IV Paratypes [ODI], one male Paratype [ODI], all slidemounted, from nests of Cyanoliseus patagonus. Known distribution. ARGENTINA: Río Negro: Atlantic coast, easternmost kilometer of the colony (41 º 3 ’ S, 62 º 48 ’ W) (Masello & Quillfeldt 2004 b); 3 km west of the mouth of the Río Negro River, 30 km southeast of Viedma (41 º 04 ’ S, 62 º 50 ’ W) (Masello et al. 2006 a). Further explorations are needed for determining if Cyanolicimex patagonicus is restricted to the type-locality and / or only to the subspecies Cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus. This is the southernmost known limit of the Haematosiphoninae in the Western Hemisphere (Fig. 1), and the third Haematosiphoninae with a Psittacidae bird as a host.	en	Iorio, Osvaldo Di, Turienzo, Paola, Masello, Juan, Carpintero, Diego L. (2010): Insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina. Cyanoliseus patagonus (Vieillot, 1818) [Aves: Psittacidae], with the description of Cyanolicimex patagonicus, gen. n., sp. n., and a key to the genera of Haematosiphoninae (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Zootaxa 2728: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200077
711487F6E8097C62FF380CDFFB4EE9D2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Specific epithet refers to the Argentinean region where this species was found (Fig. 1). Bionomics of the host and Cyanolicimex patagonicus. The cimicid bugs live inside crevices along the face of the sandstone cliff where the Burrowing Parrots dig their burrows. From there, they access the burrows of the parrots and their breeding chambers. During the first years of bug collection (1999, 2001, 2003, 2004), the numbers of bugs were not quantified, but they were very high around all nests of the study sector at the Burrowing Parrot colony (for details and precise location of the study sector see Masello & Quillfeldt 2002, 2004 a). In contrast, the cimicid bug was very scarce in the same parrot colony during December, 2009 (Masello pers. obs.). The summer 2009 – 2010 was very hot and dry, and the collected specimens died soon after they were extracted from the crevices and burrows. The entire sequence of a breeding season of Cyanoliseus patagonus at El Cóndor (Masello & Quillfeldt 2002, 2004 a 2008, Masello et al. 2006) can be, on average, summarized as follows. 1) Return of the migrating birds to the colony: August-September. 2) Copulations: September – October. 3) Incubation of the eggs: October – November. 4) Hatching of the nestlings: end of October through the end of November. 5) Nestling period: end of October through the end of January. 6) Fledgling: end of December through the end of January. 7) Migration (partial): February – March. Therefore, the feeding period of C. patagonicus is restricted when the burrows are occupied by the parrots, i. e., from August − September through the end of January (fledgling of the nestlings). As the breeding pairs spend the night inside the nests during the nestling period (Masello et al. 2006 c), both nestlings and adults can be food sources for C. patagonicus. After this, the bugs are deprived of food for at least 6 months (from February through the end of July). In this way, the bionomics of C. patagonicus are similar to other species of Cimicidae from the nests of swallows in the Northern Hemisphere [Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, 1912 from North America, and Oeciacus hirundinis (Lamark, 1816) from Europe]. Where colonies are reoccupied each year, the three-month breeding period of the cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot, 1817) [Aves: Hirundinidae] limits its specialized ectoparasite, O. vicarius, to a short feeding period before host migration, and a food resource deprivation that lasts nine months (Loye 1985). Semi-collapsed and abandoned burrows of C. patagonus are also used by other bird species for nesting. Nevertheless, there are only few records in the literature (Appendix II), probably because of the inaccessibility of the places chosen by the Burrowing Parrots. Observations by one of the authors (J. F. M.) permit the addition of new records (Appendix II). These other bird species may be potential hosts of C. patagonicus, especially if some of them use the burrows for roosting during autumn and winter. Noteworthily, the geographically-distant species Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson, 1827) [Aves: Psittacidae] from Mexico has a similar-associated ectoparasitic fauna (Table 2). The nests of R. pachyrhyncha are made inside natural cavities or by using old woodpecker holes, forming high-density clusters of nesting pairs sharing nest trees, with a maximum of three nesting pairs per tree. Clusters contained a mean of 11.5 breeding pairs [5 nests / ha]. Thirty-three (68 %) from a total of 48 monitored nest trees were reused for at least 2 nesting seasons; a mean annual reuse was 62 ± 0.08 % nest trees [range 56 – 71 %] (Monterrubio-Rico et al. 2006). In contrast, Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert, 1873) [Aves: Psittacidae] is a nonmigratory Psittacidae, that uses its nest year-round for roosting and breeding (Navarro et al. 1992). In this way, the food sources of Psitticimex uritui (Lent & Abalos, 1946) [Hemiptera: Cimicidae] are available all the time. The nests of M. monachus from western and northern Argentina are also colonized by great numbers of Argas monachus Keirans, Radovsky, & Clifford, 1973 [Acari: Argasidae], exclusively specific to this parrot (Turienzo & Di Iorio pers. obs.). Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Cyanoliseus patagonus MEXICO ARGENTINA SIPHONAPTERA Ceratophyllidae Pulicidae Psyttopsylla mexicana [3] Hectopsylla psittaci [1] Hectopsylla narium [4] PHTHIRAPTERA Menoponidae Menoponidae Heteromenopon sp. [3] Heteromenopon macrurum [2] Psittacobrosus sp. [3] Philopteridae Paragoniocotes meridionalis [2] HEMIPTERA Cimicidae Cimicidae Ornithocoris sp. [3] Cyanolicimex patagonicus [5]	en	Iorio, Osvaldo Di, Turienzo, Paola, Masello, Juan, Carpintero, Diego L. (2010): Insects found in birds’ nests from Argentina. Cyanoliseus patagonus (Vieillot, 1818) [Aves: Psittacidae], with the description of Cyanolicimex patagonicus, gen. n., sp. n., and a key to the genera of Haematosiphoninae (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Zootaxa 2728: 1-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200077
