taxonID	type	description	language	source
704187ADE1530E6BFF1CFA201829FB94.taxon	description	Larvae with body coloration white. Body length 14 – 18 mm. All abdominal segments with dorsal and ventral creeping welts. Spiracular lobes reduced. Spiracular field bears two pairs (dorsal and ventral) of sclerites. Spiracle oblong and placed obliquely. Anal field consists of two pairs of white, fleshy anal papillae. Head capsule oval shaped, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced. Caudal end of head capsule (frons) tridentate or without remarkable spines. Internolateralia fused with frontoclypeus. Clypeus consists of two parts: preclypeus and postclypeus. Labrum oval in shape with well developed sensory structures. Antenna cylindrical, three times as long as wide at base. Apical papilla button-shaped. Mandible large, heavily sclerotised, with well developed three apical teeth. Ventral margin with three smaller teeth; dorsal margin with small single tooth. Maxilla well developed, sclerotised at the base and setose at the apex, cardo large. Hypostoma with 9 – 11 teeth. Hypopharynx and prementum dentate. Pupae with body coloration yellowish brown. Cephalic crest and mesonotal spines absent. Abdominal segments III – VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts. Surface of abdominal segments smooth, without spines. Pronotal horns flattened, earlike.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1530E6BFF1CFA201829FB94.taxon	discussion	Comments. Limonia are terrestrial crane flies. Larvae of this genus develop in the humus layer of leaf litter, decomposing fungi and decaying wood (Tjeder, 1958; Lindner, 1958; Reush, 1988; Bryce, 1957; Buxton, 1960; Halme et al., 2012; Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011). Larvae of only L. flavipes (Fabricius, 1787), L. hercegovinae (Strobl, 1898), L. macrostigma (Schummel, 1829), L. nubeculosa Meigen, 1804 and L. phragmitidis (Schrank, 1781) are described (Bryce, 1957; Brindle, 1967; Lindner, 1959; Reush, 1988; Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011). L. flavipes, L. hercegovinae and L. phragmitidis are European species. L. macrostigma and L. nubeculosa are widespread species. L. macrostigma is known from Palaearctic and Oriental regions, when L. nubeculosa is found in Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Both of these species are confirmed for Korea. Pupae of L. flavipes, L. macrostigma, L. nubeculosa and L. phragmitidis are described (Bryce, 1957; Brindle, 1967; Reush, 1988). Catalogue of the Crane Flies of the World lists 216 recent Limonia species (Oosterbroek, 2016). They are distributed in all regions, but the highest species diversity is observed in Oriental region (91 species) and East Palearctic (47 species). Because the understanding of Limonia limits varies among authors, some of these species, probably, belong to some other genera, especially to Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829. Limonia also includes 16 fossil species, with oldest representative from the Lower Cretaceous (Evenhuis, 2014).	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1550E68FF1CFA2C1F6FFBD5.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: 4 males, 2 females (pinned), N. Korea, Chonsani Paiktusan, altitudes 3500 and 3800 ft., July 17 and 21, 1937, Yankovsky (USNM); 5 males, 3 females, 1 specimen of unclear sex (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., altitudes from 3000 to 4500 ft., June 30 to July 10, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 3 males, 2 females (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, altitudes 5500 and 6000 ft., June 25 and July 10, 1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 male (pinned), N. Korea, Chonsani, alt. 6000 ft., VI – 7 – 40 [1940], coll. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 specimen, sex unknown (pinned), Korea, Prov. Ryang-gang: Chann-Pay plateau, Sam-zi-yan, 1600 m, No. 198, 25 Aug. 1971, leg. S. Horvatovich et J. Papp, [Malaise trap in Larix – Betula forest along a road] (HNHM). General body coloration brownish yellow. Male body length 7.4 – 9.8 mm, female 9.7 – 11.3 mm, wing length of male 9.8 – 10.9 mm, of female 10.9 – 11.4 mm. Wing reaches distinctly beyond tip of abdomen in both sexes. Head. Dark brown, dusted with gray. Male antenna 2.0 – 2.4 mm long, female 2.1 – 2.2 mm. Scape brown, pedicel obscure yellow, basal flagellomere yellow, second to eigth flagellomeres brownish with narrowly yellow base, distal flagellomeres brownish. Verticils about three times as long as respective segments. Rostrum, palpus and labella dark brown.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1550E68FF1CFA2C1F6FFBD5.taxon	description	Thorax. Pronotum brown. Mesonotal prescutum polished, brownish-yellow with three dark brown longitudinal stripes. Lateral stripe short. Scutal lobe brown with yellowish stripe along the middle, scutellum brownish yellow, mediotergite brownish yellow with longitudinal brown stripe. Pleuron obscure yellow with brownish spot at the middle of episternum, ventral part of katepisternum brown. Wing (Fig. 1) yellowish, stigma small but distinct, rounded. Veins brown, except yellowish Sc. Small dark spots at base of Rs and tips of Sc 1 and Sc 2, darker area extends along vein Cu. Venation: Sc 1 reaching to about two thirds of Rs length, Sc 2 at tip of Sc 1. Rs long, slightly arched. Basal deflection of CuA 1 at branching point of M. Halter yellowish with brown knob, 1.7 – 2.0 mm long in male, 1.7 – 1.8 mm in female. Coxae and trochanters brownish yellow. Femora yellow, apex distinctly darkened. Tibiae yellow, distal part narrowly darkened. Tarsomeres brown, except yellowish base of basal tarsomere. Male femur I: 6.4 – 6.8 mm, II: 7.2 – 7.4 mm, III: 6.9 – 7.8 mm; tibia I: 7.5 – 8.3 mm, II: 7.9 – 8.0 mm, III: 7.8 – 8.5 mm; tarsus I: 7.2 – 8.9 mm, II: 7.8 mm, III: 7.4 – 7.9 mm. Female femur I: 6.1 – 6.7 mm, II: 7.1 mm, III: 7.0 – 7.9 mm; tibia I: 7.1 – 8.4 mm, II: 7.6 mm, III: 8.1 – 9.0 mm; tarsus I: 7.1 – 8.0 mm, II: 6.8 mm, III: 7.8 mm. Abdomen. Tan with broadly brown posterior margins of segments. Male genitalia (Figs. 2, 3) rusty yellow. Ninth tergum with widely rounded posterior margin and small apical emargination. Gonocoxite without ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus wide at base, distal part elongate and slightly arched. Paramere with wide, short, rounded distal appendage. Penis comparatively long, narrow, bifid at apex. Ovipositor (Fig. 4) yellowish brown, hypovalva with subbasal dark brown spot at dorsal margin. Cercus long and narrow, slightly arched. Hypovalva reaching to about middle of cercus. Variation. Single specimen from Ryang-gang province, collected in 1971 (abdomen broken), is distinctly darker than remaining specimens, with yellowish to brownish gray areas on thorax instead of yellow. Elevation range in Korea. 900 m to more than 1800 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from early June through end of August. Habitat. Mixed larch and birch forest. Yadamsuren et al. (2015) listed this species as using terrestrial habitats in the larval stage. General distribution. Species is known from southern part of Siberia and Far East of Russia, Mongolia and and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1570E66FF1CFB171F1FFD40.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: 6 males (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., altitudes from 2500 to 4000 ft., June 18 to July 6, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM). General body coloration brown (Fig. 5). Male body length 8.4 – 9.8 mm, wing length 12.4 – 13.2 mm. Wing reaches distinctly beyond tip of abdomen. Head. Dark brown with rusty brown posterior margin, dusted with gray, that is more intense frontally. Male antenna 2.15 – 2.45 mm long, 14 - segmented. Scape dark brown, pedicel dark brown with yellowish distal nargin. Flagellum brown except yellow base of basal flagellomere. Longest verticils more than three times as long as respective segments. Rostrum black. Basal palpomere black, second and third brown with yellowish base, last palpomere dark brown.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1570E66FF1CFB171F1FFD40.taxon	description	Thorax. Pronotum light brown, posteriorly yellowish, lateral and frontal margins narrowly dark brown. Mesonotal prescutum with three wide brown stripes, that nearly reach each other, only area around pseudosutural fovea and posterior margin of sclerite yellowish. Scutal lobe brown with yellowish postero-lateral angle. Area between scutal lobes pale. Scutellum brown with pale area fronto-medially. Mediotergite brown. Pleuron brown. Wing (Fig. 6) yellowish with large cloudy spots in all cells. Stigma large, grayish, surrounded by narrow brown margin. Veins brown, except yellow Sc. Venation: Sc 1 reaching to about two thirds of Rs length, Sc 2 slightly beyond tip of Sc 1. Rs medium-long, slightly arched. Basal deflection of CuA 1 shortly before branching point of M. Halter pale-yellowish with slightly infuscated knob, 2.0 – 2.1 mm long in male. Fore coxa brown, middle and posterior coxae yellowish brown. Trochanters obscure yellow. Femora yellow with narrow distinct dark brown ring at apex preceded by pale yellow ring, area beyond middle slightly infuscated. Tibiae yellow with narrowly darkened distal end. Tarsomeres brown, except yellowish base of basal tarsomere. Male femur I: 6.5 – 7.3 mm, II: 7.1 – 8.1 mm, III: 8.1 – 8.9 mm; tibia I: 9.2 – 9.6 mm, II: 8.5 – 8.6 mm, III: 9.1 – 9.5 mm; tarsus I: 8.2 – 8.5 mm, II: 7.6 – 7.7 mm, III: 7.1 – 7.8 mm. Abdomen. Brown with narrowly grayish yellow posterior margins of segments. Basal sternites lighter. Male genitalia (Figs. 7, 8) same color as rest of abdomen. Ninth tergum with small apical emargination, margins of which slightly extended. Gonocoxite with wide but low ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus slightly arched, wide at base, narrow at apex, very tip with two teeth. Paramere with long and narrow horn-shaped black prolongation. Penis comparatively long, narrow, bifid at apex. Female undescribed. Elevation range in Korea. Adults were collected at altitudes ranging from 760 m to 1220 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from middle of June through beginning of July. Habitat. Information for the habitat of this species in North Korea is unavailable. Type specimens were captured near a stream (Savchenko, 1979). General distribution. Currently known from the southern part of Siberia, Far East of Russia, Mongolia and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1590E65FF1CFD7B1EBFFEA8.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Paratype 1 female (slide-mounted wing), Japan, Toyohava, Saghalien, July 23, 1922, Teiso Esaki (USNM); 1 female (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., [alt.] 3700 ft., VI – 30, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 1 female (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, alt. 5500 ft., VI – 25, 1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 female (pinned), N. Korea: Chonsani, [alt.] 3000 ft., VI – 7 – 1940, coll. Yankovsky; 1 female (pinned), N. Korea: Pontani Paiktusan, [alt.] 4000 ft., VII – 25 – 1940, coll. Yankovsky. General body coloration brownish yellow. Female body length 8.5 – 10.5 mm, wing length 10.1 – 11.7 mm. Wing reaches distinctly beyond tip of abdomen. Head. Dark brown, dusted with gray, posterior margin dorsally narrowly rusty brown. Female antenna 2.1 – 2.4 mm long, 14 - segmented. Scape elongate, brownish. Pedicel oval, obscure yellow. Basal flagellomere yellow with brownish distal margin. Few terminal flagellomeres dark brown, intermediate flagellomeres dark brown with obscure yellow base. Segments covered with dense whitish pubescence. Verticils about 2.5 times as long as respective segments. Rostrum semi polished, dark brown with black spot dorso-basally, palpus black, labella grayish brown.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1590E65FF1CFD7B1EBFFEA8.taxon	description	Thorax. Pronotum dark brown dorsally, obscure yellow laterally. Mesonotal prescutum semi-polished, brownish-yellow with three dark brown longitudinal stripes. Median stripe getting narrower posteriorly, not reaching suture. Scutal lobe brown with yellow postero-lateral angle. Scutellum and mediotergite brownish yellow. Pleuron obscure yellow with brownish areas at the middle of episternum and ventral part of katepisternum. Wing (Fig. 9) yellowish. Very small brown spots at base of Rs, tip of Sc 2 and tip of R 1. Stigma light, but surrounded by brownish margin. Veins brown, except yellowish Sc. Venation: Sc 1 reaching to about middle of Rs, Sc 2 at tip of Sc 1. Rs medium long, slightly arched. Basal deflection of CuA 1 slightly before branching point of M. Stem of halter yellowish at base, brownish at apex, knob brown. Female halter 1.6 – 1.7 mm long. Coxae brownish yellow, trochanters yellow. Femora yellow, distally with two distinct dark brown rings preceded by yellow areas, middle of femur slightly darkened. Tibiae yellowish brown, distal part narrowly darkened. Tarsomeres brown, except yellowish base of basal tarsomere. Female femur I: 5.7 – 7.1 mm, II: 7.6 mm, III: 7.5 – 8.5 mm; tibia I: 8.1 – 8.6 mm, II: 7.9 – 8.0 mm, III: 7.8 – 8.7 mm; tarsus I: 7.1 mm, II: 6.9 mm, III: 6.6 – 7.2 mm. Abdomen. Brown to dark brown, caudal margins yellowish. Basal sternite yellow, two succeeding sternites yellowish brown. Ovipositor (Fig. 10) yellowish brown, base of cercus and hypovalva marked with dark brown. Cercus long and narrow, slightly arched. Hypovalva reaching to about one third of cercus. Elevation range in Korea. Adults were collected at altitudes ranging from 900 m to nearly 1700 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing through entire June and July. Habitat. Information for the habitat of this species in Korea is unavailable. Yadamsuren et al. (2015) mentions that species develops in wet soils, Savchenko (1983) writes that this species is flying in mixed and coniferous woods. General distribution. Currently known from the Far East of Russia, Mongolia and Japan, and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15A0E63FF1CF9C91EBFFCD6.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Holotype, female (wing slide-mounted), Japan, Hokkaido, Shimokebo, prov. Hitaka, Aug. 13, 1923, S. Kuwayama (USNM); allotype, male (slide-mounted), Japan, Mt. Shirouma, Shinano – Alps, VIII – 8, 31 [1931], Machida (USNM); 14 males, 13 females (pinned), N. Korea, Ompo, altitudes from 180 to 800 ft., from May 18 to June 9, 1937 and 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 2 females (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, altitudes 5500 and 6000 ft., July 17 and 24, 1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM). General body coloration yellow. Male body length 5.7 – 6.7 mm, female 6.0 – 7.6 mm, wing length of male 8.1 – 9.5 mm, of female 8.7 – 10.3 mm. Wing reaches distinctly beyond tip of abdomen in both sexes. Head. Dark brown, pruinose. Male antenna 1.7 – 1.9 mm long, female 1.7 mm, 14 - segmented. Scape elongate, dark brown at base, lighter towards apex. Pedicel short, yellowish brown. Antennal flagellum from yellow at base to brownish at apex; basal segments oval, distal segments subcylindrical, covered with a dense whitish pubescence. Verticils more than twice as long as respective segments. Rostrum and palpus brownish black.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15A0E63FF1CF9C91EBFFCD6.taxon	description	Thorax. Pronotum shiny brown dorsally, obscure yellow laterally. Mesonotal prescutum yellow with small brown triangle at frontal margin. Scutal lobes, scutellum and mediotergite yellow. Pleuron obscure to pale yellow. Wing (Fig. 11) yellowish, stigma indistinct. Veins yellowish brown, except yellowish at wing base and frontal margin. Venation: Sc 1 reaching to about two fifths of Rs, Sc 2 at tip of Sc 1. Rs long, angulate at base. Basal deflection of CuA 1 before branching point of M. Halter pale, 1.6 – 1.8 mm long in male, 1.5 – 1.8 mm in female. Coxae and trochanters yellow. Femora obscure yellow, apex narrowly but distinctly darkened. Tibiae and basal tarsomere brownish yellow, remaining tarsomeres brown. Male femur I: 4.4 – 5.1 mm, II: 4.9 – 5.5 mm, III: 4.8 – 5.7 mm; tibia I: 5.6 – 6.5 mm, II: 5.2 – 5.8 mm, III: 5.3 – 6.6 mm; tarsus I: 6.1 – 6.8 mm, II: 5.3 – 5.9 mm, III: 4.7 – 5.6 mm. Female femur I: 5.4 mm, II: 5.4 – 6.1 mm, III: 5.1 – 5.9 mm; tibia I: 6.9 – 7.9 mm, II: 5.4 – 6.5 mm, III: 6.1 – 7.0 mm; tarsus I: 6.4 mm, II: 5.2 – 6.1 mm, III: 4.8 – 5.8 mm. Abdomen. Brownish yellow in male, yellow in female. Male genitalia (Figs. 12, 13) same color as abdomen. Ninth tergum with widely rounded posterior margin. Gonocoxite with medium-large, rounded, setose ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus elongate, base widened, distal part narrow and slightly arched. Paramere with large blackened narrow distal part. Penis comparatively long, narrow, bifid at apex, tip sharply curved downwards. Base of ovipositor and hypovalva yellow, cercus brown with distinctly black base, apex bifid (Figs. 14, 15). Elevation range in Korea. Adults were collected at altitudes ranging from about 50 m to more than 1800 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from the middle of May through the end of July. Habitat. Information for the habitat of this species in Korea is unavailable. Savchenko, Krivolutskaya (1976) mentioned that this species is most abundant in wet forests and among tall grass at marshy river margins. General distribution. Currently known from the Far East of Russia and Japanese islands and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15C0E62FF1CFC161E7AFE1D.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Holotype, male (slide-mounted), Japan, Yumoto, Honshu, 5000 ’, VIII- 5, ’ 34 [1934], Issiki (USNM); 2 males, 3 females (in ethanol), South Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Gapyeong-gun, Buk-myeon, Hwaak-ri, N 37.99363, E 127.52102 and N 37.98402, E 127.52676, altitudes 579 m and 810 m, 2014.08.20, coll. S. Kim, S. Podenas (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), South Korea, Gangwon-do, Hongcheon-gun, Nae-myeon, Yuljeon-ri, N 37.73849, E 128.34566, alt. 798 m, 2014.08.21 (1), coll. S. Kim, S. Podenas (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), South Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Jinbu-myeon, Jangjeon-ri, (Moss valley), N 37.47153, E 128.54305, alt. 769 m, 2014.08.22 (2), coll. S. Kim, S. Podenas (NIBR). General body coloration from yellow of thorax to dark brown of abdomen. Male body length 6.1 – 6.6 mm, that of female 7.2 – 8.5 mm, wing length of male 5.4 – 5.8 mm, that of female 6.6 – 7.1 mm. Wing reaches to about tip of abdomen in both sexes. Head. Dark brown to black. Male antenna 2.2 – 2.6 mm long, 14 - segmented. Scape elongate, nearly cylindrical, dark brown. Pedicel short, oval, dark brown with yellowish distal margin. Antennal flagellum dark brown except pale base of first flagellomere; segments subcylindrical, covered with a dense whitish pubescence. Verticils 1.4 times as long as respective segments (original description says “ short verticils ”). Rostrum and palpus black.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15C0E62FF1CFC161E7AFE1D.taxon	description	Thorax. Cervical sclerite dark brown. Pronotum dark brown dorsally, obscure yellow laterally. Mesonotal prescutum yellow with brown median stripe, that gets split posteriorly on scutal lobes. Margins of scutal lobe yellow. Scutellum brownish with yellow median line, that gets narrower posteriorly. Mediotergite brownish. Pleuron yellow fronto-dorsally, turning pale postero-ventrally with brownish smear in central area. Wing (Figs. 16, 17) brownish with distinct brown stigma and smoky areas in the middle of cell r, along cord and at wing apex. Darker area surround tip of Sc and base of Rs. Veins brown. Venation: Sc 1 short, reaching just beyond base of Rs, Sc 2 at base of Rs. Rs short, slightly arcuate. Basal deflection of CuA 1 before branching point of M. Comparative wing length slightly varies, some males have reduced wings, reaching to the posterior margin of eigth abdominal segment. Halter 0.9 – 1.0 mm long in male, 0.9 – 1.2 mm in female, stem pale, knob brownish. Coxae pale, trochanters yellow. Femora brown with yellowish base. Abdomen. Tergites brown to dark brown. Sternites yellow with brown posterior margins. Darkening gets wider towards distal end of abdomen. Eigth sternite entirely dark brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 18) somewhat lighter than subgenital segment. Ninth tergum with shallow emargination at posterior margin. Gonocoxite with large setose ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus elongate, nearly parallel-sided, but very tip distinctly narrower and curved backwards, setose. Paramere wide at base, distal part long and slender with blackened apex. Penis comparatively long, setose, bifid at apex, tip sharply curved downwards. Ovipositor (Fig. 19) light brown, base of cercus dark brown, dorsal and apical parts of hypovalva brown. Cercus long and straight, spine shaped. Elevation range in Korea. 770 m – 810 m. Period of activity. All specimens were collected during the second half of August. Habitat. Dense deciduous groves on mountainous river slopes. General distribution. Currently known from Japan, Honshu Island, Far East of Russia and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15D0E60FF1CF8DA1D1DF900.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Metatype, 1 male (slide-mounted), Japan, Mt. Shirouma, Shinano, Alps, VIII – 8, 31 [1931], Machida (USNM); 5 males, 1 female (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, altitudes 5000 and 6000 ft., July 29 to August 11, 1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM); 3 females (pinned), N. Korea, Pontani Paiktusan, altitudes 4500 and 6000 ft., July 22 and 23, 1940, Yankovsky (USNM); 2 males, 1 female (pinned), Korea, Prov. Ryang-gang, Chann-Pay plateau, Sam-zi-yan, 1700 m, No. 209, 27 Aug. 1971, leg. S. Horvatovich et J. Papp, [Malaise trap in Larix — Betula forest, rain falling from time to time] (HNHM). General body coloration of most specimens yellowish brown, dark colored specimens grayish brown. Male body length 6.3 – 7.5 mm, female 6.7 – 9.8 mm, wing length of male 8.4 – 9.8 mm, of female 8.7 – 10.7 mm. Wing reaches distinctly beyond tip of abdomen in both sexes. Head. Dark brown dusted with silvery gray, posterior margin yellowish. Male antenna 1.75 – 2.35 mm long, female 1.65 – 1.85, 14 - segmented. Scape elongate, nearly cylindrical, dark brown. Pedicel short, oval, dark brown, except yellowish distal margin. Two basal flagellomeres bicolorous, yellow at base, dark brown at apex, remaining flagellomeres dark brown. Segments subcylindrical, covered with a dense whitish pubescence. Longest verticils about three times as long as respective segments. Rostrum dark brown. Palpus black. Labella reddish brown.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15D0E60FF1CF8DA1D1DF900.taxon	description	Thorax. Cervical sclerite dark brown. Pronotum dark brown dorsally, obscure yellow laterally. Mesonotal prescutum yellow with wide dark brown median stripe. Lateral stripe short, light brown. Scutal lobe same color as median stripe of prescutum, except yellow postero-lateral margin. Area separating scutal lobes yellow. Scutellum dark brown, with weak median yellowish line. Mediotergite brownish with narrowly yellowish lateral margins. Pleuron yellow with brownish area below wing base. Wing (Fig. 20) brownish with small brown spots at base of Rs, tip of Sc 2 and R 2, brownish area surrounding cord, distal end of discal cell and Cu and indistinct smoky areas in whole cells. Veins brown. Venation: Sc 1 long, reaching far beyond middle of Rs, Sc 2 nearly reaching branching point of Rs. Rs long, slightly arcuate. Basal deflection of CuA 1 slightly before branching point of M. Halter 1.4 – 1.7 mm long in male, 1.7 – 1.8 mm in female, stem yellow at base, turning blackish distally, knob blackish. Coxae yellow, fore coxa dorsally brownish, trochanters yellow. Femora brownish yellow with wide black apical ring. Tibiae brownish yellow, tip narrowly darkened. Tarsi brown. Male femur I: 4.9 – 5.9 mm long, II: 5.7 – 7.0 mm, III: 5.8 – 6.4 mm; tibia I: 6.4 – 7.0 mm, II: 6.2 – 6.6 mm, III: 6.6 – 7.3 mm; tarsus I: 5.9 – 6.6 mm, II: 5.6 – 6.8 mm, III: 5.3 – 5.6 mm long. Female femur I: 5.2 – 6.2 mm long, II: 5.7 – 6.7 mm, III: 5.8 – 6.8 mm; tibia I: 5.6 – 7.0 mm, II: 6.4 – 6.6 mm, III: 6.5 – 7.8 mm; tarsus I: 6.1 – 6.5 mm, II: 5.3 – 5.7 mm, III: 5.2 – 5.8 mm long. Abdomen. Tergites brown to dark brown. Basal tergites lighter at frontal margin. Basal sternites obscure yellow, distal sternites dark brown. Male genitalia (Figs. 21, 22) brownish yellow with slightly infuscated distal part of gonocoxites. Ninth tergum with wide shallow emargination at posterior margin. Gonocoxite with large setose ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus elongate, turning narrower towards apex, setose. Paramere with small triangle-shaped apical lobe. Penis comparatively long, setose, bifid at apex, tip sharply curved downwards. Ovipositor (Fig. 23) brownish yellow, tenth tergite dark brown at base, dorsal margin of hypovalva dark brown. Cercus long and narrow, slightly arched. Valva with brown stripe along the middle, tip reaching beyond middle of cercus. Variation. Two males, collected in 1971, are distinctly darker than remaining specimens, with brownish gray areas on thorax, especially on pleura, instead of yellow, but the wing venation and pattern are very similar to those of typical form of L. karafutonis, male genitalia are also very similar except that mesal angle of paramere of dark form is slightly less acute than in lighter specimens. Light colored female was collected together with darker males. Elevation range in Korea. All specimens were collected at altitudes from nearly 1400 to more than 1800 m. Period of activity. Adults are flying from late July through the whole August. Habitat. Mixed larch and birch forest. General distribution. Currently known from Japan, Honshu Island, the Far East of Russia, Mongolia and North Korea.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15F0E7CFF1CF8BB1DCCFC4C.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Holotype of Limonia venerabilis, male (genitalia, wing and leg slide mounted), N. Corea, Ompo, 600 ’, VI – 23, ’ 37 [1937], A. Yankovsky; metatype of L. venerabilis, male (genitalia, wing and leg slide mounted), No. Korea, Seren Mts., 3000 ’, VI – 22, ’ 38 [1938], A. Yankovsky; 6 males, 1 female (pinned and slidemounted), North Korea, Seren Mts., altitudes from 2000 to 3500 ft., from June 12 to July 3, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM). Savchenko (1985) proposed, that L. venerabilis Alexander, 1938 could be a synonym of L. macrostigma. Based on that, L. macrostigma was listed for the North Korea (Savchenko, 1989; Oosterbroek, 2016). Adult (Fig. 24). General body coloration brown. Male body length 6.7 – 7.4 mm, that of female 8.5 mm, wing length of male 8.9 – 10.3 mm, that of female 10.7 mm. Wing extends distinctly beyond tip of abdomen in both sexes.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15F0E7CFF1CF8BB1DCCFC4C.taxon	description	Head. Brownish gray. Male antenna 1.75 – 1.85 mm long, that of female 1.95 mm, 14 - segmented. Antenna dark brown. Scape elongate, nearly cylindrical, pedicel short, oval. Basal flagellomeres oval, distal flagellomeres elongate, nearly cylindrical. Verticils twice as long as respective segments. Rostrum and palpus dark brown. Thorax. Cervical sclerite dark brown. Pronotum dark brown dorsally, somewhat lighter laterally. Mesonotal prescutum yellowish-reddish brown, with three wide dark brown longitudinal stripes and widely dark brown fronto-lateral margins. Median stripe sometimes posteriorly with narrow yellowish vitta. Some specimens with stripes reaching one another, thus nearly whole sclerite completely dark brown. Scutal lobe dark brown with pale median margin. Scutellum sometimes yellowish. Mediotergite dark brown. Pleuron generally dark brown, margins of sclerites yellowish. Wing (Fig. 25) brownish with distinct brown stigma and without any dark markings. Veins brown. Venation: Sc 1 short, reaching to about one third of Rs, Sc 2 slightly beyond tip of Sc 1. Rs long, slightly arcuate. Basal deflection of CuA 1 before branching point of M. Halter 1.6 – 1.9 mm long in male, 1.7 mm in female, dark brown with pale yellow base. Frontal coxa dark brown with reddish brown distal part, second and third pairs yellow, patterned with brown. Trochanters yellow. Femur brownish yellow with yellowish base and wide dark brown subapical ring. Tibia yellowish brown. Tarsus dark brown. Male femur I: 5.1 – 5.3 mm long, II: 6.2 – 6.6 mm, III: 6.2 – 6.9 mm; tibia I: 6.8 – 6.9 mm, II: 6.0 – 6.7 mm, III: 6.5 – 7.3 mm; tarsus I: 6.4 – 6.9 mm, II: 4.9 – 6.6 mm, III: 5.4 – 6.5 mm long. Abdomen. Dark brown. Distal margins of tergites brownish yellow. Proximal sternites brownish-yellow in male, female sternites usually entirely yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 26) light brown. Ninth tergum with shallow emargination at posterior margin. Gonocoxite with large setose ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus elongate, setose, widened at base, distal part turns narrower towards apex, slightly arcuate. Paramere wide at base, distal part long and slender with blackened apex. Penis comparatively long, reaching distinctly beyond distal margin of gonocoxite. Ovipositor (Fig. 27) brownish yellow with dark brown subbasal spots. Cercus narrow and slightly arched, blunt-apexed. Larva. Length 17 – 19 mm. Abdominal segments II – VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts, first abdominal segment with ventral creeping welt only. Creeping welts with brown spines, arranged into longitudinal rows. First thoracic and abdominal segments II – VIII wider than longer. Second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments very short. Head capsule. Oval in shape, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced, dorsal suture reaches only one third of head capsule lenght (Figs. 28, 29). Labrum elongate-oval with numerous sensory structures: long seta in the middle of anterior part, small papilla and long seta next to it; sensory circle area with three sensory papilae inside it and two separate sensory pits located nearby posterio-lateral side of labrum (Fig. 30). Clypeus distinctly divided from labrum, consisting of sclerotised narrow postclypeus and membranous wide preclypeus (preclypeus with anterio-lateral projection). A long seta located nearby anterio-lateral side of clypeus. Frons separated from clypeus and fused with internolateralia, wide, T-shaped. Three sensory pits and long seta near the base of antenna. Five sensory pits below the base of antenna. Caudal end of head capsule tridentate. Basal segment of antenna cylindrical, more than three times as long as wide, with few very short sensory structures apically. Apical segment short, button-shaped. Sensory pit located at one third of basal segment‘s length. Mandible conus-shaped, with three large similar in shape and size apical teeth (Fig. 31), three smaller triangular teeth on ventral side and small blunt tooth on dorsal side. Maxilla well developed (Fig. 29); stipes and galea large and similar in size. Stipes: apical part with short setae; button shaped apical papilla with sensory structures on the apex. Galea: basal part sclerotised; sensory papilla on inner margin of ventral sclerite; apical part covered with short setae, large sensory papilla (with small sensory structures inside) on apical part. Cardo large, wedge shaped; large pore located near inner margin and two setae (one short and one long) near outer margin of sclerite. Hypopharynx and prementum dentated. Hypostoma bears 9 teeth, middle tooth most prominent (Fig. 32). Anal division. Spiracular lobes reduced. Spiracular field trapezoidal and fringed with short firm setae (Fig. 33), it bears two pairs of sclerites (dorsal and ventral). Dorsal sclerite elongated, extending to and encircling spiracle, heavily sclerotised. Three setae located on dorsal margin of spiracular field. Ventral sclerite large, triangularly shaped, heavily sclerotised. It bears two short setae apically. Spiracle oblong and placed obliquely. Anal field consists of two pairs of white, blunt anal papillae. Pupa. Male 9.1 – 9.8 mm, female 10.8 – 11.9 mm long. Abdomen yellowish brown. Head, thorax, wings, legs and terminal segment darker than the rest of the body. Head with cephalic crest absent. Surface smooth. Antennal sheaths short, only slightly extending beyond base of wing. Thorax: pronotal horns flattened, horn twice as long as wide (Fig. 34). Dorsum of thorax smooth. Abdomen: segments III – VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts. Surface of abdominal segments smooth. Male terminalia with short anterior and posterios spines, dorsum of terminal segment with additional large finger-shaped outgroove (Fig. 35). Female terminalia elongate, sheaths of cerci longer than valves (Fig. 36). Cercus bears small apical spine. Dorsum of terminal segment with additional large finger-shaped outgroove. Elevation range in Korea. Adults were collected at altitudes from 600 m to more than 900 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from the middle of June through the middle of July. Habitat. It is most abundant in moist habitats, especially forested areas, near water bodies, but could be found also in wet meadows and swamps. Larvae and pupae develop in leaf litter and rotten wood. General distribution. Widely distributed in the whole Palearctic and Oriental Regions.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE15F0E7CFF1CF8BB1DCCFC4C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. No differences between L. macrostigma (Schummel, 1829) and the holotype of L. venerabilis (Alexander, 1938) were found. Thus L. venerabilis is confirmed as a junior synonym of L. macrostigma, as it was suggested by Savchenko (1985), but synonymy was not certain at that time, because Savchenko was unable to study the type of L. venerabilis.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1430E7AFF1CFC701D8EFAD8.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: 1 male (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., 3500 ft., VI – 30, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 1 male (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, alt. 6000 ft., VII – 31, 1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM). Body dark brown, semi-polished (Fig. 37). Male body length 6.5 – 8.0 mm, wing length 9.7 – 11.1 mm. Wing extends distinctly beyond tip of abdomen. Head. Blackish brown sparsely dusted with brownish gray. Male antenna 2.3 mm long, 14 - segmented. Antenna dark brown except yellowish base of basal flagellomere. Scape elongate, slightly widening distally, pedicel short, oval. Flagellomeres elongate, nearly cylindrical, eigth basal flagellomeres wider than distal, apical flagellomere more than twice as long as preceding segment with small button on apex. Longest verticils three times as long as respective segments. Flagellomeres covered with short whitish pubescence. Rostrum and palpus dark brown.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1430E7AFF1CFC701D8EFAD8.taxon	description	Thorax. Cervical sclerite dark brown. Pronotum rusty brown dorsally, dark brown laterally. Mesonotal prescutum nearly entirely dark brown, midstripe very wide and nearly confluent with short lateral stripe, which is surrounded by indistinct rusty brown area. Pseudosutural fovea surrounded by rusty brown. Scutum dark brown with yellowish brown postero-lateral angle. Area between scutal lobes pale yellow. Scutellum dark brown with somewhat lighter line along middle. Mediotergite dark brown. Pleuron dark brown with somewhat lighter areas below wing base and above coxae. Wing (Fig. 38) brownish. Stigma grayish, surrounded by brown margin. Whole cells with cloudy brownish spots, but without distinct dark spots at frontal margin. Veins brown. Venation: Sc 1 long, nearly reaching branching point of Rs, Sc 2 slightly before tip of Sc 1. Rs medium-long, slightly arcuate. Basal deflection of CuA 1 before branching point of M. Halter 1.5 – 1.8 mm long in male, brownish yellow, knob slightly infuscated. Frontal coxa entirely dark brown, middle and posterior coxae dark brown dorsally, light brown ventrally. Trochanters brownish yellow. Femur yellow with distinct dark brown apical ring preceded by yellow ring. Area beyond middle indistinctly darkened. Tibia brownish yellow with indistinctly darkened apex. Tarsus dark brown except yellowish base of basal tarsomere. Claw with two long spines. Male femur I: 5.9 – 6.0 mm, II: 6.8 mm, III: 5.8 – 7.2 mm; tibia I: 7.9 mm, II: 7.1 mm, III: 6.6 – 7.2 mm; tarsus I: 7.1 mm, II: 6.1 – 6.2 mm, III: 4.6 – 6.7 mm long. Abdomen. Dark brown turning to black towards apex. Basal sternites somewhat lighter. Male genitalia (Figs. 39, 40) blackish. Ninth tergum with deep invagination at posterior margin, margins of which extended into two long processes. Gonocoxite with wide but low setose ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus strongly widened at base, distal part distinctly narrower and arched. Paramere with low blackened acute mesal angle. Penis comparatively long, bifid at tip. Female unknown. Elevation range in Korea. The two specimens examined in this study were collected at altitudes from above 1000 m to more than 1800 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from end of June through end of July. Habitat. Information for the habitat of this species in Korea is unavailable. Holotype of L. messaurea was collected at light in pine forest near small stream and wet swampy place in Sweden (Mendl, 1971). This species was collected in old grown forest in Finland (Salmela, 2012). Type specimens of L. messaurea boreoorientalis were found in upland moor in Kamchatka (Far East of Russia) (Savchenko, 1987). General distribution. Currently known from Sweden, Central Finland, Kamchatka (Far East of Russia) and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1430E7AFF1CFC701D8EFAD8.taxon	discussion	Discussion. We had no opportunity to study type specimens of L. messaurea and L. messaurea boreoorientalis, but based on the description of L. messaurea boreoorientalis, its status is not well supported as distinct from the nominal subspecies. Both forms have identical male genitalia. L. messaurea was described from a single specimen preserved in ethanol, which affects color of specimens. Description L. messaurea boreoorientalis was based only on a few slight color differences, but body coloration of a single species of Limonia even at the same locality can be somewhat variable. The original description of L. messaurea says that its antenna is yellowish brown (specimen in ethanol), L. messaurea boreoorientalis has black antennae (dry specimen). Korean specimens have dark brown antennae with yellowish base of basal flagellomere, but Korean specimens were collected nearly 80 years ago. Prescutum of L. messaurea has “ very indistinct darker midstripe ”, L. messaurea boreoorientalis has no darker midstripe. The original description of L. messaurea “ Behind the prescutum a yellowish midstripe ” means a yellowish area between scutal lobes, but not a yellow medial stripe along scutal lobe as was understood by Savchenko and used as one of separating features between subspecies. North Korean specimens have no distinct differences, at least morphologically, from the description of the type of L. messaurea despite a huge distance separating their localities.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1450E79FF1CFA031EBFFBD5.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: 9 males, 8 females, 1 specimen, sex unclear (pinned), N. Korea, Ompo, altitudes from 150 to 500 ft., from May 22 to June 15, 1937 and 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); South Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchanggun, Jinbu-myeon, Jangjeon-ri, Mt. Gariwangsan, N 37.47153, E 128.545278, 2009.05.13 – 06.04, W. Y. Choi et al, malaise trap (NIBR); 2 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Jinbu-myeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N 37.73920, E 128.59398, alt. 794 m, 2012.06.22 (1), S. Podenas, net (NIBR). General body coloration yellow. Male body length 9.1 – 10.6 mm, of female 7.3 – 12.1 mm, wing length of male 10.7 – 12.6 mm, of female 9.6 – 12.3 mm. Wing reaches distinctly beyond tip of abdomen in both sexes. Head. Dark brown, dusted with gray. Male antenna 1.8 – 2.2 mm long, female antenna 1.7 – 2.3 mm long, 14 - segmented. Scape elongate, nearly cylindrical, brown. Pedicel short, yellow. Antennal flagellum light yellow, distal part slightly darkened. Flagellomeres elongate, wider at base. Verticils brownish, three times as long as respective segments. Rostrum, palpus and labellum dark brown to black.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1450E79FF1CFA031EBFFBD5.taxon	description	Thorax. Cervical sclerite brown. Pronotum brown dorsally, yellow laterally. Mesonotal prescutum yellow with brown median stripe, that gets narower posteriorly. In some specimens it reaches posterior margin of sclerite, but in most specimens it presents only at frontal margin of prescutum. Scutal lobe yellow, median margin with brownish longitudinal line. Scutellum yellow. Mediotergite yellow with brownish spot or just narrow line at posterior margin. Pleuron uniformly yellow. Wing (Fig. 41) yellowish with three small but distinct brown spots at frontal margin: around base of Rs, tip of Sc and at R 2, brownish area along cord, along distal margin of discal cell and along distal wing margin. Smoky areas in most cells, but most intense along posterior wing margin. Veins brownish. Venation: Sc long, Sc 1 nearly reaching branching point of Rs, Sc 2 reaching slightly beyond Sc 1. Rs long, slightly arcuate. Basal deflection of CuA 1 before branching point of M. Halter 2.0 – 2.4 mm long in male, 1.4 – 2.2 mm in female, stem pale, knob brownish. Coxae and trochanters yellow. Frontal femur yellow with widely brown distal part and less distinct wide brownish ring at middle. Area between distal darkening and ring at middle yellow. Middle and posterior femora yellow with distinctly darkened distal part, but ring at middle indistinct. Tibiae yellow with darkened distal end, tarsi brown with yellowish base of first tarsomere. Male femur I: 6.0 – 7.1 mm, II: 7.4 – 7.6 mm, III: 6.9 – 8.3 mm; tibia I: 8.0 – 9.2 mm, II: 7.9 – 8.2 mm, III: 8.4 – 9.4 mm; tarsus I: 5.6 – 9.0 mm, II: 6.4 – 7.1 mm, III: 6.8 – 7.8 mm. Female femur I: 5.9 – 7.6 mm, II: 6.3 – 7.6 mm, III: 7.1 – 8.3 mm; tibia I: 7.8 – 9.5 mm, II: 5.9 – 8.3 mm, III: 7. 0 – 9.1 mm; tarsus I: 6.8 – 7.9 mm, II: 5.6 – 7.3 mm, III: 5.6 – 7.2 mm. Abdomen. Yellow. Posterior and lateral margins of tergites and sternites slightly infuscated with brownish. Male genitalia (Fig. 42) brownish yellow. Ninth tergum narrower distally than frontally, with shallow emargination at posterior margin. Ventromesal lobe of gonocoxite very low. Gonostylus elongate, setose, turning narrower distally. Paramere wide, light, without distall elongation. Penis comparatively long, wide, bifid at apex, tip sharply curved downwards. Ovipositor (Fig. 43) yellow with darkened fronto-dorsal margin of hypovalva. Cercus long, obscure yellow, slightly arched and blunt-apexed. Elevation range in Korea. This species was recorded at altitudes ranging from 40 m to nearly 800 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from late May through late June. Habitat. Dense mixed groves on temporary mountainous river slopes. General distribution. Currently known from environs of Vladivostok, Far East of Russia, and recorded here from the Korean Peninsula for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1470E76FF1CFF101EB9FC68.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: 1 male (pinned), North Korea, Ompo, 200 ft., V. 20, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 2 males, 3 females, 1 specimen of unclear sex (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., altitudes from 3000 to 5000 ft., from June 25 to July 10, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 8 males, 3 females, 2 specimens of unclear sex (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, altitudes 5500 and 6000 ft., from June 22 to August 3, 1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 female (pinned), N. Korea, Chonsani, 3000 ft., VI – 20, 40 [1940], coll. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 female (in ethanol, wing slide-mounted), S. Korea, Jinbu-myeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N 37.73920, E 128.59398, alt. 794 m, 2012.06.22 (1), S. Podenas, net (NIBR). Adult. General body coloration brown, yellowish brown in some specimens. Male body length 5.3 – 7.3 mm, that of female 6.2 – 8.9 mm, wing length of male 8.2 – 8.9 mm, that of female 8.1 – 10.7 mm. Wing well developed, reaches far beyond tip of abdomen.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1470E76FF1CFF101EB9FC68.taxon	description	Head. Brownish-gray. Male antenna 1.6 – 1.8 mm long, female antenna 1.5 – 1.9 mm long, 14 - segmented. Scape long, nearly cylindrical, brown. Pedicel short, brown with yellowish distal margin. First flagellomere yellow, remaining flagellomeres brown, nearly cylindrical, getting narrower towards apex. Verticils approximately twice as long as respective segments. Rostrum and palpus dark brown. Thorax. Brownish yellow, sometimes yellow, semi-polished. Cervical sclerite dark brown. Pronotum brown with yellowish spots laterally and postero-dorsally. Ground color of mesonotal prescutum yellow. It has three distinct longitudinal stripes, median stripe with narrow yellow vitta, and setose margins, lateral stripe starts beyond pseodosutural fovea, lateral margin of sclerite widely brown. Scutal lobe with brown longitudinal stripe. Scutellum pale yellow along the middle, lateral margins brown. Mediotergite brown, lateral margins narrowly yellowish. Pleuron brown with yellow spot in the middle and yellow dorsal margin. Wing (Fig. 44) grayish, costal area yellowish, most cells with large brownish cloudy spots, darker spots at base of Rs and tip of Sc. Venation: Sc 1 long, nearly reaching branching point of Rs, Sc 2 at Sc 1 tip. Rs slightly arcuate. R 2 very weak, nearly invisible. Basal deflection of CuA 1 slightly before branching point of M. Halter 1.5 – 1.7 mm long in male, 1.1 – 1.8 mm in female, stem pale, knob pale with brownish base. Frontal coxa brown, middle and posterior yellow. Trochanters yellow. Femora yellow with three brown rings. Middle and apical rings always distinct, basal-most ring less distinct, in some specimens nearly missing. Rings separated by yellow area. Tibiae obscure yellow with slightly darkened apex. Basal tarsomere obscure yellow at base, turning brown to apex, remaining tarsomeres brown to dark brown. Male femur I: 4.6 – 5.5 mm long, II: 5.0 – 6.0 mm, III: 4.9 – 6.2 mm; tibia I: 6.4 – 6.7 mm, II: 5.4 – 6.4 mm, III: 5.8 – 6.8 mm; tarsus I: 6.0 – 6.9 mm, II: 5.2 – 5.8 mm, III: 5.1 – 5.5 mm long. Female femur I: 4.4 – 5.8 mm long, II: 4.9 – 6.6 mm, III: 4.9 – 6.9 mm; tibiae I: 5.4 – 7.2 mm, II: 5.6 – 6.9 mm, III: 5.7 – 7.6 mm; tarsus I: 4.4 – 7.6 mm, II: 4.6 – 6.5 mm, III: 4.6 – 6.3 mm long. Abdomen. Tergites brown with obscure yellow posterior margins. Sternites yellow at base of abdomen, getting brown towards distal end. Male genitalia (Fig. 45) rusty yellow. Ninth tergum slightly emarginate at posterior margin. Gonocoxite slightly elongate with wide, but low ventromesal lobe. Gonostylus elongate, slightly arched, getting narrower distally, densely setose. Paramere wide at base, distal part distinctly narrower. Penis extending distinctly beyond parameres, bifid at apex. Ovipositor (Fig. 46) yellow. Cercus long and slightly arched, hypovalva with brown spots at base and along dorsal margin. Larva. Length 14.3 – 15.9 mm, width 1.2 – 1.3 mm. Body white. Abdominal segments II – VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts, first abdominal segment with ventral creeping welt only. Creeping welts with brown spines, arranged into longitudinal rows. First thoracic and abdominal segments II – VIII wider than longer. Second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments very short. Head capsule. Oval in shape, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced, dorsal suture reaches only one third of head capsule lenght. Labrum elongate-oval with numerous sensory structures: long seta in the middle of anterior part and small papilla and long seta next to it; sensory circle area with three sensory papilae inside it and two separate sensory pits located nearby posterio-lateral side of labrum (Fig. 47). Clypeus distinctly divided from labrum, consisting of sclerotised narrow postclypeus and membranous wide preclypeus (preclypeus with anteriolateral projection). A long seta located nearby anterio-lateral side of clypeus. Caudal end of head capsule tridentate (Fig. 48). Basal segment of antenna cylindrical, more than twice as long as wide, with few very short sensory structures apically. Apical segment short, button-shaped. Mandible conus-shaped, with three large similar in shape and size apical teeth (Fig. 49), three smaller triangular teeth on ventral side. Dorsal margin toothless. Hypopharynx and prementum dentated. Hypostoma bears 11 teeth, middle tooth most prominent (Fig. 50). Anal division. Spiracular lobes reduced. Spiracular field rectangularly shaped and fringed with short firm setae. Marginal setae are interrupted by short bare area on lateral margin of spiracular field. Spiracular field bears two pairs (dorsal and ventral) of sclerites. Dorsal sclerite elongate, weakly sclerotised, inner part reaches spiracle (Fig. 51). Two setae (one very short, one long) located on dorsal sclerite near the outer margin. Two long setae above spiracle, near the margin of spiracular field. Ventral sclerite small, triangularly shaped, weakly sclerotised. It bears long and short apical setae. Spiracle oblong and placed obliquely. Anal field consists of two pairs of anal papillae. Pupa. Male 9.7 – 10.2 mm, female 10.0 – 10.4 mm long. Abdomen yellowish brown. Head, thorax, wings, legs and terminal segment darker than the rest of the body. Head: cephalic crest absent. Surface smooth. Antennal sheaths short, only slightly extending beyond base of wing. Thorax: pronotal horn flattened, as long as wide (Fig. 52). Dorsum of thorax smooth. Abdomen: segments III – VII with dorsal anf ventral creeping welts. Surface of abdominal segments smooth. Male terminalia with short anterior and posterios spines, dorsum of terminal segment with additional large finger-shaped outgroove and addtinional ventral spine (Fig. 53). Terminal segment of female elongate, sheaths of cerci longer than valves (Fig. 54). Cercus bears small apical spine. Dorsum of terminal segment with additional elongated outgroove. Elevation range in Korea. This species was recorded from altitudes ranging from 60 m to more than 1800 m. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from end of May through the beginning of August. Habitat. Dense mixed groves on mountain slope near temporary rivulet. Larvae and pupae develop in wet soil, leaf litter, rotten wood and fungi. General distribution. Widely distributed in the Holarctic Region. Savchenko (1989) mentions L. nubeculosa for the northern part of the Korean Peninsula without listing specimens on which that record is based. It is here recorded from South Korea for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1490E72FF1CFC531F26FC05.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material: Holotype, male (wing slide-mounted), N. Korea, Seren Mts., [alt.] 4000 ft., VII – 10, ‘ 38 [1938], A. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 specimen (sex unclear, pinned), N. Corea, Chonsani Paiktusan, 3700 ’, VII- 26, 37 [1937], Yankovsky (USNM); 2 females (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., altitudes 2000 and 3500 ft., June 26 and July 3, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 1 female (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, alt. 6500 ft., VI. 8.1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM); 17 males, 27 females (pinned), Korea # 17, # 18, # 21, # 23, Central Nat’l. Forest, 18 mi NE Seoul, 350 – 500 ’, from 20 June to 27 July, 1954, George W. Byers (SMEK); 1 female (pinned), Korea # 20, 2 mi. S. Pup’yong-ni, 16 mi. NE. Seoul, 300 – 450 ’, 11 July 1954, George W. Byers (SMEK); 4 males (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Daegwallyeong-myeon, Yongsan-ri, Mt. Balwangsan, N 37.4513889, E 128.868333, 2008.07.19, J. D. Yeo, M. J. Jeon & K. G. Kim, malaise trap (NIBR); 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Jinbu-myeon, Jangjeon-ri, Mt. Gariwangsan, N 37.4877778, E 128.545278, 2009.06.17 - 07.04, W. Y. Choi, malaise trap (NIBR); 1 male, 4 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Jinbumyeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N 37.73920, E 128.59398, alt. 794 m, 2012.06.22 (1), S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Odaesan NP, N 37.74913, E 128.57723, alt. 726 m, 2012.06.22 (2), S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 101 males, 86 females (pinned and in ethanol), S. Korea, Jeollanam-do, Gurye-gun, Toji-myeon, Naeseo-ri, Piagol valley, N 35.27177, E 127.57146 / N 35.27448, E 127.56378 / N 35.26586, E 127.58090 / N 35.27177, E 127.57146 / N 35.27333, E 127.56924 / N 35.27123, E 127.57133 and N 35.26590, E 127.58096, altitudes from 446 to 593 m, from June 28 to July 2, 2015, and July 3 and 4, 2016, S. Podenas, V. Podeniene, net (NIBR); 3 males, 4 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeonchang-gun, Jinbu-myeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N 37.73767, E 128.59166 and N 37.72425, E 128.59814, altitudes 648 and 730 m, 2015.07.0 6, S. Kim, S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 2 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Goseong-gun, Ganseong-eup, Jinbu-ri, N 38.26678, E 128.35706, alt. 497 m, 2015.07.0 8 (1), S. Kim, S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 1 male, 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Hongcheon-gun, Duchon-myeon, Cheonhyeon-ri, near Mt. Garisan, N 37.84840, E 127.98879, alt. 304 m, 2015.07.0 8 (3) coll. S. Kim, S. Podenas (NIBR); 1 male, 3 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Hongcheon-gun, Hwachon-myeon, Yasidae-ri, N 37.82514, E 127.95530, alt. 279 m, 2015.07.0 8 (4) coll. S. Kim, S. Podenas (NIBR); 4 males, 6 females (in ethanol), 2 females (pinned), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, Dongsan-myeon, Bongmyeong-ri, KNU Experimental Forest, N 37.78194, E 127.81973, alt. 197 m, 2015.07.0 9, S. Kim, S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Gapyeong-gun, Buk-myeon, Jeokmok-ri, N 37.97627, E 127.441601, 2015. VIII.? – IX. 27, malaise trap (KU); 36 males, 48 females, 1 larva, 1 pupa (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju, Jinhyeon-dong, N 35.78755, E 129.34274 / N 35.78756, E 129.33734, altitudes 276 and 320 m, 2016.05.27, H. Baek, S. Podenas, V. Podeniene (NIBR); 2 males, 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju, Yangbuk-myeon, Janghang-ri, N 35.76236, E 129.36407, alt. 333 m, 2016.05.28, H. Baek, S. Podenas (NIBR). Adult (Fig. 55). General body coloration yellow. Male body length 6.9 – 9.8 mm, that of female 8.6 – 12.1 mm, wing length of male 4.9 – 5.6 mm, that of female 6.2 – 8.1 mm. Wing reduced, far not reaches tip of abdomen in both sexes.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE1490E72FF1CFC531F26FC05.taxon	description	Head. Obscure yellow, vertex with large dark spot at middle. Male antenna 1.4 – 2.5 mm long, that of female 1.6 – 2.1 mm long, 14 - segmented. Scape long, nearly cylindrical, obscure yellow. Pedicel short, light yellow. Antennal flagellum light yellow in studied specimens, but original description mentions dark brown to black flagellum. Rostrum and palpus black. Thorax. Yellow. Cervical sclerite obscure yellow, blackened dorsally. Pronotum black dorsally, obscure yellow laterally. Original description mentions, that mesonotum uniformly polished yellow, unmarked, but our specimens have longitudinal darkening on frontal margin of mesonotal prescutum. Scutal lobe, scutellum and mediotergite uniformly pale yellow. Pleuron entirely pale yellow. Wing (Fig. 56) with brownish tinge, costal area yellowish. Stigma distinct, dark brown, darkening extends posteriorly along R 2. Dark brown spots at base of Rs and around Sc 1 / Sc 2. Less distinct darkening surrounds cord and distal margin of discal cell. Distal wing margin slightly infuscated. In general, patterning of holotype wing less distinct than in freshly collected specimens. Venation: Sc 1 long, reaching approximately to the middle of Rs, Sc 2 extends beyond Sc 1 tip. Rs arcuate at base. Basal deflection of CuA 1 at branching point of M in holotype, but in specimens from South Korea distinctly before that point. Halter 0.8 – 1.9 mm long in male, 0.8 – 1.2 mm in female. Original descriptions says, that halter uniformly pale yellow, but our specimens have slightly darkened knob. Coxa, trochanter and femur yellow. Distal end of femur narrowly blackened. Tibia and first tarsomere obscure yellow with narrowly blackened distal ends. Remaining tarsomeres uniformly dark brown to black. Male femur I: 5.1 – 5.8 mm long, II: 5.1 – 6.3 mm, III: 5.7 – 6.7 mm; tibia I: 6.6 – 7.4 mm, II: 6.1 – 7.2 mm, III: 6.1 – 7.3 mm; tarsus I: 5.7 – 7.7 mm, II: 5.3 – 7.2 mm, III: 4.4 – 6.3 mm long. Female femur I: 4.6 – 6.4 mm long, II: 5.3 – 7.3 mm, III: 5.6 – 7.3 mm; tibiae I: 4.1 – 8.1 mm, II: 5.2 – 7.3 mm, III: 5.7 – 7.8 mm; tarsus I: 5.6 – 7.5 mm, II: 4.5 – 6.5 mm, III: 4.6 – 6.2 mm long. Abdomen. Distinctly elongate, extends beyond tip of wing. Tergites obscure yellow with widely and distinctly blackened posterior margins. Sternites light yellow, with narrower blackening along posterior margins. Male genitalia (Fig. 57) with ninth tergum deeply emarginate at posterior margin. Gonocoxite elongate, narrower at apex than at base, ventromesal lobe very low, nearly missing. Gonostylus elongate with swollen base and narrowed at midlength, apex densely setose. Paramere wide at base and getting distinctly narrower distally, frontal margin sclerotized and thicker than posterior setose margin. It looks long and spine like in dorsal view, like it was mentioned in original description and illustration (Alexander, 1940, fig. 25), but is much wider, when viewed from the side (Fig. 58). Penis comparatively long, bifid at apex, tip sharply curved downwards. Ovipositor (Fig. 59): ninth and tenth tergites and eight sternite blackened; cercus and tip of hypovalva brownish. Cercus very long and straight, needle-shaped. Larva. Length 9.1 mm, width 1.0 mm. It was found in silken tube, covered with soil particles. Body white. This specimen is turning into pupa, its thoracical segments brown and shows some pupal characters (sheats of legs and wings are visible). Abdominal segments II – VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts, first abdominal segment with ventral creeping welt only (Fig. 60). Creeping welts with brown spines, arranged into longitudinal rows. First thoracic and abdominal segments II – VIII wider than longer. Second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments very short. Head capsule. Length 1.2 mm, width 0.7 mm. Oval in shape, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced, dorsal suture reaches only one third of head capsule lenght (Figs. 61, 62). Labrum elongate-oval with numerous sensory structures: small papilla in the middle of anterior part, small papilla and long seta next to it; sensory circle area with three sensory papilae inside it and two separate sensory pits located nearby posterio-lateral side of labrum (Fig. 63). Clypeus distinctly divided from labrum, consisting of sclerotised narrow postclypeus and membranous wide preclypeus. A long seta located nearby anterio-lateral side of clypeus. Frons separated from clypeus and fused with internolateralia, wide, T-shaped. Three sensory pits and long seta near the base of antenna. Five sensory pits below the base of antenna. Caudal end of frons without prominent spines (Fig. 61). Basal segment of antenna cylindrical, more than three times as long as wide, with few very short sensory structures apically. Apical segment short, button-shaped. Sensory pit located at one third of basal segment‘s length. Mandible conus-shaped, with three large similar in shape and size apical teeth (Fig. 64), three smaller triangular teeth on ventral side and small blunt tooth on dorsal side. Maxilla well developed (Fig. 65); stipes and galea large and similar in size. Stipes: apical part with short setae; button shaped apical papilla with sensory structures on the apex. Galea: basal part sclerotised; sensory papilla on inner margin of ventral sclerite; apical part covered with short setae, large sensory papilla (with small sensory structures inside) on apical part. Cardo large, wedge shaped; large pore located near inner margin and two setae (one short and one long) near outer margin of sclerite. Hypopharynx and prementum dentated (most of teeth are broken) (Fig. 66). Hypostoma bears 11 teeth (the middle tooth is broken). All (except the middle tooth) are similar in shape and size (Fig. 67). Anal division. Spiracular lobes reduced. Spiracular field rectangularly shaped and fringed with short firm setae. Marginal setae are interrupted by short bare area on lateral margin of spiracular field. Spiracular field bears two pairs (dorsal and ventral) of sclerites. Dorsal sclerite triangularly shaped, weakly sclerotised, inner part reaches spiracle (Fig. 68). Two setae (one very short, one long) located on dorsal sclerite near the outer margin. A long seta located below spiracle, near the margin of spiracular field. Ventral sclerite small, triangularly shaped, weakly sclerotised. It bears long apical seta. Spiracle oblong and placed obliquely. Anal field consists of two pairs of white, fleshy anal papillae. Both pairs are skittle shaped, anterior pair almost twice as long as posterior pair. Pupa. Male pupa unknown. Female pupa was found in silken tube, covered with soil particles. Female pupa length 8.5 mm, width — 1.3 mm. Abdomen yellowish brown (Fig. 71). Head, thorax, wings, legs and terminal segment darker than the rest of the body. Head: cephalic crest absent. Surface smooth. Antennal sheaths short, only slightly extending beyond base of wing (Figs. 69). Labrum trapezoidal with bluntly rounded apex. Labial lobe diamond-shaped. Maxillary palp broad, transversal. Thorax: pronotal horns flattened, earlike with outgrowth posteriorly. Horn twice as long as wide. Dorsum of thorax smooth. Apex of wing reaching the end of second abdominal segment (Figs. 71). Legs reaching almost two thirds length of fourth abdominal segment. Abdomen: segments III – VII with dorsal anf ventral creeping welts. Surface of abdominal segments smooth. Spiracles hardly visible. Terminal segment elongate (Fig. 70). Sheaths of cerci longer than valves. Additional spines absent. Elevation range in Korea. Adults were collected at altitudes from about 100 m to nearly 2000 m high. Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from the beginning of June through August. Habitat. Mixed forests, especially close to mountainous rivers. Larvae and pupae develop in wet soil covered with scarce vegetation. General distribution. Currently known from Japan, continental part of the Far East of Russia, North Korea and is here recorded from South Korea for the first time.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE14D0E71FF1CFBB21D7BF800.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other species in the genus by wing pattern, body coloration and male genitalia. Wing with completely darkened cell c, three distinct dark spots at frontal margin, distinct darkenings along cord and distal end of discal cell. Thorax generally pale, prescutum with dark median stripe only frontally. Abdomen yellow with distinct dark brown rings at posterior margins of segments. Male genitalia distinctly black with simple short gonocoxite and elongate setose gonostylus. Ovipositor with long needle-shaped cercus.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE14D0E71FF1CFBB21D7BF800.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Type specimens 10 males, 4 females. Holotype: male (pinned), S. Korea, Jeollanam-do, Gurye-gun, Toji-myeon, Naeseo-ri, Piagol valley, N 35.27177, E 127.57146, alt. 490 m, 2015.06.28 (2), S. Podenas, net (NIBR). Paratypes: 8 males, 4 females (pinned and in ethanol), same valley as holotype, N 35.27177, E 127.57146 / N 35.27448, E 127.56378 and N 35.27333, E 127.56924, altitudes from 490 to 546 m, from June 26 to July 3, 2015 and June 3, 2016, S. Podenas, net (NIBR).	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE14D0E71FF1CFBB21D7BF800.taxon	description	Description (Figs. 72 – 76). Adult (Fig. 72), male (N = 10), female (N = 4). General body color yellow. Body length of male 6.8 – 8.3 mm, that of female 9.9 – 10.8 mm. Wing length of male 6.6 – 7.6 mm, that of female 7.6 – 8.8 mm. Head. Area between eyes above bases of antennae light yellow, eyes dorsally connected by distinct transverse wide dark brown “ bridge ”, head behind it dorsally yellowish brown, laterally and ventrally yellow. Male antenna 2.25 – 2.30 mm long. Scape elongate, slightly narrower proximally than distally, brown. Pedicel rounded, brownish yellow. Flagellum light yellow. Female flagellomeres narrower but longer than in male, spindle-shaped, male flagellomeres nearly oval. Verticils dark brown, slightly exceed length of respective segments. Rostrum and palpus black, labella pale. Thorax. Yellow. Cervical sclerite dark yellow with blackish margins. Pronotum blackish dorsally, pale posterolaterally, dorsally covered with long erect black setae. Mesonotal prescutum brownish yellow frontally turning pale yellow posteriorly; median dark brown stripe in male reduced to a spot at frontal margin of sclerite, that of female turns distinctly narrower posteriorly and reaches somewhat beyond middle of sclerite, lateral stripe missing, but few erect dark setae mark interspace. Scutal lobe pale yellow, but with blackish stripe along median margin, that is covered by dense long erect setae. Scutellum dusted with blackish, pale yellow at the centre of frontal margin and laterally; darkened area covered with erect setae. Mediotergite pale yellow with blackish median stripe, that gets more intense towards distal end. Pleuron entirely pale yellow. Wing (Fig. 73) with brownish tinge and distinct dark brown pattern. Cell c entirely dark brown except at wing base. Stigma distinct, dark brown. Dark brown spots at base of Rs, Sc 2 and R 2. Darker area at cord, distal margin of discal cell and along entire distal wing margin. Milkishwhite area extends along vein M in cell r and in discal cell. Veins brown, except yellowish brown prearcular veins. Venation: Sc 1 long, reaching approximately to the middle of Rs, Sc 2 at Sc 1 tip. Rs arcuate at base. R 2 1.6 its own length from R 1 tip in female, less so in male. R 3 slightly arched. Vein r-m distinct. Discal cell 1.6 times as long as wide. Free end of M 1 + 2 twice as long as its basal part forming frontal margin of discal cell. Basal deflection of CuA 1 distinctly before branching point of M. Both anal veins long, and nearly straight. Anal angle large, posterior margin widely rounded. Halter 1.05 – 1.35 mm long in male, 1.10 – 1.15 mm in female, pale, knob slightly infuscated. Coxae pale yellow, slightly infuscated frontally. Trochanters pale, just distal margin narrowly rimmed with black. Femora dark yellow with narrowly blackened distal end and very narrow blackish ring at about two-fifths of its length. Tibiae yellow with narrowly blackened distal end. Basal tarsomere gradually turning from yellow at base to dark brown at apex, remaining tarsomeres uniformly dark brown. Leg covered with adherent dark brown setae. Male femur I: 4.5 – 5.7 mm long, II: 5.4 – 6.0 mm, III: 5.1 – 6.4 mm; tibia I: 6.5 – 6.9 mm, II: 5.9 – 6.0 mm, III: 6.1 – 6.9 mm; tarsus I: 5.9 – 6.8 mm, II: 5.2 – 5.9 mm, III: 4.4 – 6.7 mm long. Female femur I: 5.4 mm long, II: 5.8 – 5.9 mm, III: 6.1 mm; tibiae I: 6.9 mm, II: 6.3 – 6.5 mm, III: 6.7 mm; tarsus II: 5.4 – 5.7 mm, III: 5.35 mm long. Abdomen. Segments yellow, with distinct dark brown rings on posterior margins. Basal tergites of male slightly darkened fronto-medially, darkening of female more intense and covers nearly whole tergite, leaving just lateral yellow spots. Male genitalia (Figs. 74, 75) distinctly black. Ninth tergum with deep invagination at posterior margin. Gonocoxite wide at base and narrow at apex, length just slightly exceeds width. Gonostylus elongate, fleshy, with swollen base, tip rounded and setose. Paramere with narrow distal part. Penis comparatively long, bifid at apex, tip sharply curved downwards. Ovipositor (Fig. 76) blackened, but base of hypovalva and cercus light brown. Cercus very long and straight, needle-shaped. Hypovalva wedge-shaped. Habitat. Margin of medium-sized mountainous stream with springs on slopes, covered by mixed forest (Fig. 77). Elevation. From 490 to 600 m. Period of activity. This species is known to be active from end of June through the beginning of July.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE14D0E71FF1CFBB21D7BF800.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently known only from the Jirisan Mountains, South Korea.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE14D0E71FF1CFBB21D7BF800.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Limonia pia n. sp. is undoubtedly closely related to L. parvipennis. L. parvipennis was described from a single male specimen, but with the specimens collected and studied during this study, we note, that L. parvipennis is variable. Variability could be observed in coloration of the antenna, mesonotal prescutum, intensity of wing patterning and venation, but that variability has limitations. Because of that, L. pia n. sp. can be easily separated from L. parvipennis just from general appearance. Usually, wings of Limonia species are comparatively long, reaching distinctly beyond the apex of the abdomen. Only L. parvipennis has shortened wings reaching only to the fifth or sixth abdominal segment in the male and from the seventh to nearly the tip of ovipositor in female. Abdomen of L. parvipennis is distinctly elongate. Abdomen of L. pia n. sp. is not elongate, with wings reaching to about the tip of the abdomen in both sexes. A completely darkened cell c is rather unusual for Limonia and is never seen in other regional species, except for L. pia n. sp. The costal cell of L. parvipennis is translucent and even lighter than the remaining wing area. The hypovalva of L. pia n. sp. ovipositor is shorter than in L. parvipennis and wedge-shaped. The general body coloration of L. pia n. sp. resembles that of L. nigropunctata intermixta Savchenko, 1976 (Savchenko, Krivolutskaya, 1976) from Southern Sakhalin, but L. nigropunctata intermixta has two dark rings of the femur, while L. pia n. sp. has one subapical ring. L. nigropunctata has wider and less extended gonostylus than L. pia n. sp. Another related species is L. karafutonis Alexander, 1924, which is known from Far East of Russia, Japan and Mongolia. It has one femoral ring and elongate gonostylus with pointed apex, but wing pattern of that species is very reduced, if compared to L. pia n. sp. These two species also have differences in wing venation — Sc nearly reaches the branching point of Rs in L. karafutonis and only middle of Rs in L. pia n. sp.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
704187ADE14D0E71FF1CFBB21D7BF800.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Species is named after the name of the River Piagol in Jirisan National Park, South Korea, where it was collected.	en	Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija (2017): Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea. Zootaxa 4231 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1
