taxonID	type	description	language	source
70502320FFF71E52FF0DFDF1EAD048FD.taxon	description	Figures 1, 2, 3, Table 1 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BBE 0 CAE 9 - D 73 F- 4728 - 9 AC 1 - 33 E 62 A 3146 D 7	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFF71E52FF0DFDF1EAD048FD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MEPN 17903, 87.9 mm SL, Ecuador, Orellana Province, Aguarico River, near Puerto Loja, Napo River system, approx. 00 ° 52 ’ 57 ” S 75 ° 13 ’ 30 ” W, 24 July 1998, R. Barriga & D. J. Stewart. Paratype. MEPN 19491, 80.3 mm SL, same data as holotype.	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFF71E52FF0DFDF1EAD048FD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pseudohemiodon almendarizi can be distinguished from all its congeners by the combinations of the following characters: abdomen totally covered with small to medium-sized, irregularly shaped plates (vs. abdomen partially covered, in P. platycephalus and P. amazonum or covered by one central row of plates wide and rectangular, in P thorectes); absence of small, bony plates, anterior to gill openings (vs. presence of one to three small plates in front of the gill openings, in P. lamina); 12 – 15 coalescing lateral scutes (vs. 20 – 21 in P. thorectes); thoracic plates (between pectoral and pelvic fins) fold sideways (vs. thoracic plates do not fold in P. amazonum); eyes relatively smaller, its diameter without notch fits 12.0 – 12.7 times in HL (vs. 8.3 – 11.8 times in HL in P. apithanos, 7.1 – 9.0 times in HL in P. lamina, 8.2 – 8.7 times in HL in P. laticeps and 8.1 – 9.2 times in HL in P. unillano); body less wide at anal-fin origin 10.4 % – 12.0 % SL (vs. 13.4 % – 17.7 % SL in P apithanos, 12.8 % – 13.9 % SL in P. laticeps, 11.9 % – 17.1 % SL in P. unillano); six or seven wide and dark transverse bands, posterior to dorsal-fin (vs. bands absent in P. laticeps, P. unillano, and medium to large sized P. lamina (over 60 mm SL) or no more than three or four transverse dark bands posterior to dorsal-fin in P. apithanos, or up to eight in very small sized (below 55 mm SL) of P. lamina.	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFF71E52FF0DFDF1EAD048FD.taxon	description	Description: Morphometric data presented in table 1. Head and body very depressed, caudal peduncle long, narrow and very depressed, without adipose-fin (Fig. 1). Maximum body depth at dorsal-fin origin, or slightly ahead and maximum width at cleithrum, becoming narrower posteriorly, gradually, to caudal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body from tip of snout through anterior border of eye, straight and scarcely sloping up, from this point to dorsal-fin origin, straight and gently inclined or gently convex, then descending straight to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile of body flat and straight. Pectoral-fin insertions at vertical through posterior margin of orbit. Dorsal-fin origin opposite pelvic-fin insertions. Anal-fin origin at lateral plate number 11 (Fig. 1) Head shape in dorsal view an acute triangle with straight edges. Snout little projected, with rounded tip (Figs 1, 2, 3). Eyes located dorsally, orbits with shallow, ventral and posterior notches. Keels weak with parallel path, from nostrils, through eyes to anterior tip of supraoccipital. Over the supraoccipital, keels convergent posteriorly, becoming closer and again parallel to posterior tip of supraoccipital. Pre-dorsal area with three single plates, first and second with low parallel keels, third with single low keel at midline (Fig. 1). Ventral surface of head naked except for plates along border and snout, no plates anterior to the gill openings. Branchiostegal membrane smooth and uniform, without wrinkled flap on anterior margin or any protuberance or fold (Fig. 2). Mouth ventral with lips laminar and thin. Upper lip very narrow, imperceptible, its border with conical, small, elongated, unbranched barblets, decreasing in size toward middle. Surface of upper lip with sparse small papillae laterally. Border of upper lip continuous with maxillary barbels that extend to gill opening. Maxillary barbel with small, conical, unbranched barblets. Lower lip wide, its edge with elongated, branched, and conical barblets; barblets slightly shorter at middle. Lower lip surface covered with short, fleshy, thick papillae, sometimes slightly elongated (Fig. 2). Teeth present in both jaws, minute but evident, same length, asymmetrical bicuspids with medial cusp more developed and spoon-shaped, lateral cusp very small, sometimes not visible, pointed, apex yellow or golden, stalk white. Premaxillary teeth 2 – 5, dentary teeth 5 – 7 (Fig. 2). Buccal ornamentation composed of two or three small, fleshy, cylindrical, elongate and unbranched barblets, at distal side of each premaxillae. Inside mouth, behind premaxillaries, just at middle, with single long, fleshy, cylindrical and unbranched barblet (Fig. 2). Abdomen completely covered with irregularly polygonal-shaped plates, plates small to medium-sized, smaller near pectoral girdle. Anus projected as very small tube, urogenital papilla not visible, apparently attached to posterior surface of anal tube. Anus delimited by a narrow naked area, surrounded by plates (Fig. 2). Body with 33 plates in median lateral series, 13 coalescent plates (double keel) and 20 posterior plates (one keel). Seven to eight thoracic plates (between posterior end of pectoral-fin base and origin of pelvic-fin base). Postdorsal plates 20 – 22 and post-anal plates 17 – 20. Four plates border dorsal-fin base; and two or three border anal-fin base. Dorsal-fin rays i, 7; pectoral-fin rays i, 6; pelvic-fin rays i, 5; anal-fin rays i, 5; and caudal-fin rays i, 10, i. Tip of pelvic-fin surpasses anal-fin origin. Caudal-fin slightly bifurcated, with unbranched rays longer than branched. Upper unbranched caudal-fin rays projecting as long filaments (but broken in both specimens). In available material, first unbranched rays (spines) of dorsal, pectoral, pelvic and anal-fins not elongated as filaments (Fig. 1). Color in alcohol: In specimens preserved in 70 % alcohol, dorsal surface of head and body brown or yellowish brown, uniform. On head to end of dorsal-fin base, light and dark areas randomly positioned (Fig. 1). Six or seven dark, transverse bands, decreasing in width and intensity posteriorly located from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle. Ventral surface of head and body, whitish or yellowish, uniform (Fig. 1). Dorsal and pectoral-fins rays and interradial membrane dark blackish. Pectoral-fin spine paler brown or yellow with four diffuse (faint) dark bands. Pelvic-fin rays and interradial membranes light brown or yellow with dark area at middle. Anal-fin whitish or yellowish, uniform. Caudal-fin rays dark brown becoming pale brown, posterior as the interradial membrane. Geographical distribution: The two specimens came from Aguarico River, near Puerto Loja, Napo River system, Amazon River Basin, approx. 00 ° 52 ’ 57 ” S 75 ° 13 ’ 30 ” W (Fig. 6).	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFF71E52FF0DFDF1EAD048FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific name honors Ana de Lourdes Almendáriz, in recognition of her significant contributions to the Ecuador herpetofauna knowledge, and her enthusiasm and friendship for many years. Noun in apposition.	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFF01E5EFF0DFADEE87F4C69.taxon	description	Figures 3, 4, 5, Table 2	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFF01E5EFF0DFADEE87F4C69.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: All from Ecuador, Orellana Province: MEPN 15125, 173.9 mm SL, Confluence Pañacocha and Napo Rivers, approx. 00 ° 26 ’ 55 ” S 76 ° 04 ’ 18 ” W, 07 Jan. 1998, R. Barriga & D. Stewart. Pastaza Province: MEPN 8980, 139.3 mm SL, Lliquino River near Villano oil well, Napo River system, 01 ° 27 ’ 36 ” S 77 ° 26 ’ 56 ” W, 27 May 1999, R. Barriga. MEPN 10508, 3, 189.0 – 198.2 mm SL, Cotapaza River, tributary of Pastaza River, approx. 01 ° 54 ’ 23 ” S 77 ° 31 ’ 37 ” W, Oct. 1963, P. Mena. MEPN 10578, 3, 170.2 – 198.2 mm SL, Chicherota, Bobonaza River, tributary of Pastaza River, 02 ° 25 ’ 06 ” S 76 ° 38 ’ 38 ” W, Dec. 1949, R. Olalla. MEPN 13395, 158.9 mm SL, Cononaco River, near Bameno community, Napo River system, 01 ° 17 ’ 50 ” S 76 ° 09 ’ 13 ” W, 25 Jan. 2014, R. Barriga. MEPN 15112, 24.3 mm SL, Tiguino River No. 2, 4 km from Pozo de Petrocanada, Cachiyacu No. 2, Napo River system, 01 ° 10 ’ 12 ” S 76 ° 55 ’ 49 ” W, 11 Feb. 1990, R. Barriga. MEPN 15176, 49.2 mm SL, Tiguino River N ° 3, below the water intake, 01 ° 11 ’ 28 ” S 76 ° 55 ’ 49 ” W, 02 Feb. 1990, R. Barriga. MEPN 18373, 12, 62.4 – 76.9 mm SL, Tiguino River No. 3, 150 m from Pozo de Petrocanada, Cachiyacu No. 1, Napo River system, 01 ° 11 ’ 27 ” S 76 ° 55 ’ 33 ” W, 08 Feb. 1990, R. Barriga. MEPN 18374, 4, 66.3 – 97.5 mm SL, Tiguino River No. 2, 4 km from Pozo de Petrocanada, Cachiyacu No. 2, Napo River system, 01 ° 10 ’ 12 ” S 76 ° 55 ’ 49 ” W, 11 Feb. 1990, R. Barriga. MEPN 19581, 2, 171.5 – 173.3 mm SL, Tigrillo River, tributary of Conambo River, near Pozo Tigrillo, Tigre River system, 01 ° 56 ’ 29 ” S 76 ° 40 ’ 06 ” W, 14 May 1989, R. Barriga. Sucumbíos Province: MEPN 18375, 175.9 mm SL, Aguarico River, near commune Duvuno, Napo River system, 00 ° 01 ’ 20 ” S 77 ° 06 ’ 23 ” W, 27 Apr. 1995, R. Barriga. The identity of specimens of P. apithanos sized circa 115 mm SL have no doubt, because they have the striking and easily distinguishable color pattern diagnostic for the species as shown by Isbrücker & Nijssen (1978) (Fig. 3). Additionally, they have a different head contour, in dorsal view, when compared with P. almendarizi, and P. lamina (Fig. 3). The identification of specimens larger than 170 mm SL (large morphotype) could have some degree of difficulty. The largest specimens (> 180 mm SL) don’t have transverse dark bands on the caudal peduncle (Fig. 4 a). The belly is covered completely with plates (Fig. 5 a), and the head and body are wider with differently shape when are compared with the small specimens of P. apithanos (Figs. 3 b, 4 a, b). They don’t have small plates in front of gill openings, characteristic of P. lamina (Fig. 5). The larger specimens match with the figure offered by Isbrücker & Nijssen (1978: fig 9) as P. laticeps from Ecuador. Some of the specimens analyzed here come from the same locality as those of Isbrücker & Nijssen (op. cit.). Also, the morphometric and meristic data for P. laticeps offered by Isbrücker & Nijssen (op cit) shows little or no differences when compared with our largest specimens. The comparative analysis indicates these largest specimens are P. apithanos. This conclusion is supported by the following. 1) Changes in the color pattern of P. apithanos were indicated by Isbrücker & Nijssen (1978) in the original description of P. apithanos, where the color of the anterior body region differs among the holotype and paratypes, and apparently, the holotype has a wider body than the small sized paratypes (Isbrücker & Nijssen 1978: figs 6, 7). In the MEPN Fish Collection, some specimens larger than 150.0 mm SL have four or five transverse, dark bands on the caudal peduncle, and the head and body are wider in the largest ones (Fig. 4 b). These larger specimens were compared with the image of P. laticeps, BMNH 1895.5.17.113, lectotype, from the ACSI images database (Morris et al. 2006). The difference in head contours in dorsal and ventral views is obvious. The lateral margins of the head in the lectotype are slightly concave near the snout tip; but in our specimens the lateral margins of head are straight (Figs. 4, 5). This difference in head contour is weakly or not evident in the original description figure of P laticeps Regan (1904: pl. XX, figs 1, 1 a). Finally, we obtained photos of P. laticeps, of recently preserved specimens (MCP 9308), which shows a narrower head and body in dorsal view compared with our specimens (Figs. 4, 5). Thus, despite the overlap of morphometric and meristic data, differences in head and body shape between large sized P apithanos and P. laticeps are detectable (Figs 4 – 6), and there are differences in the presence of transverse dark bands on caudal peduncle. This indicates that large specimens (> 150.0 mm SL) captured in eastern Ecuador, with two to five transverse dark bands on the caudal peduncle (or without bands), wider bodies (> 24 % SL), and without bony plates in front of branchial opening correspond to large specimens of P. apithanos. There’s a chance, that transverse bands could have faded or been lost by preservation. The morphometric data of analyzed specimens is offered in Table 2. In specimens between 62.4 – 97.5 mm SL counts are: plates in mid-lateral series 31 – 32, mode 31; coalescent plates (double keel) 15 – 16, mode 15; posterior plates (single keel) 15 – 17, mode 16; thoracic plates (between posterior end of pectoral-fin base and origin of pelvic-fin base) seven to nine, mode eight. Premaxillary teeth 2 / 3 – 3 / 5, mode 3 / 3; dentary teeth 2 / 6 – 7 / 7, mode 5 / 6. Dorsal-fin rays i, 6; pectoral-fin rays i, 6; pelvic-fin rays i, 5; anal-fin rays i, 5; and caudal-fin rays i, 10, i. In specimens between 158.9 – 198.2 mm SL counts are: plates in mid- lateral series 30 – 32, mode 31; coalescent plates (double keel) 15 – 16, mode 15; posterior plates (single keel) 14 – 17, mode 16; thoracic plates (between posterior end of pectoral-fin base and origin of pelvic-fin base) six to eight, mode eight. Premaxillary teeth 3 / 5 – 6 / 7, mode 5 / 6; dentary teeth 6 / 8 – 8 / 9, mode 8 / 8. Dorsal-fin rays i, 6; pectoral-fin rays i, 6; pelvic-fin rays i, 5; anal-fin rays i, 5; and caudal-fin rays i, 10, i. Geographical distribution: The specimens come from tributaries of the Amazon River basin, in the Napo, Pastaza and Tigre rivers systems (Fig. 6).	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFFD1E5CFF0DF9D5EB2E4BD6.taxon	description	Figures 3, 4, 5, Table 3	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
70502320FFFD1E5CFF0DF9D5EB2E4BD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: All from Ecuador, Orellana Province: MEPN 5786, 2, 52.9 – 97.2 mm SL, Tiputini River, Lagoon Huaorani area, 4 km upstream from Guiyero, Napo River system, approx. 00 ° 37 ’ 28 ” S 76 ° 30 ’ 14 ” W, 04 Dec. 2006, R. Barriga &, J. Silva. MEPN 7901, 2, 34.0 – 47.6 mm SL, Aguarico River, near Puerto Loja, Napo River system, approx. 00 ° 52 ’ 57 ” S 75 ° 13 ’ 30 ” W, 24 Jul. 1998, R. Barriga & D. J. Stewart. MEPN 8413, 166.3 mm SL, Tiputini River, 700 m downstream from the Huaorani Lagoon entrance, 00 ° 37 ’ 18 ” S 76 ° 29 ’ 43 ” W, 16 May 2008, R. Barriga & J. Silva. MEPN 16771, 168.9 mm SL, Tiputini River, 3 km upstream of Guiyero community, 00 ° 37 ’ 30 ” S 76 ° 29 ’ 43 ” W, 10 Jul. 2007, R. Barriga & J. Silva. MEPN 17464, 194.9 mm SL, Tiputini River, 3 km upstream of Guiyero community, 00 ° 37 ’ 30 ” S 76 ° 29 ’ 43 ” W, 10 Jul. 2007, R. Barriga & J. Silva. MEPN 17571, 2, 193.6 – 195.1 mm SL. Tiputini River, 1 km upstream from confluence with Chimbira River, Napo River system, approx. 00 ° 37 ’ 31 ” S 76 ° 31 ’ 09 ” W, 11 Jun. 2007, R. Barriga &, J. Silva. MEPN 17901, 5, 73.2 – 140.5 mm SL, Aguarico River, near Puerto Loja, Napo River system, approx. 00 ° 52 ’ 57 ” S 75 ° 13 ’ 30 ” W, 24 Jul. 1998, R. Barriga & D. J. Stewart. Pastaza Province: MEPN 13377, 156.0 mm SL, Maranaco River, tributary of Curaray River, Napo River system, approx. 01 ° 37 ’ 02 ” S 76 ° 01 ’ 15 ” W, 05 Jan. 2014, R. Barriga. Sucumbios Province: MEPN 15095, 101.9 mm, Lagoon Allpamanga Cocha, 45 minutes from confluence Pañacocha-Napo Rivers, approx. 00 º 24 ’ 15 ” S 76 º 07 ’ 44 ” W, 22 Aug. 1992, R. Barriga, D. Granet & D. Dueñas. Since the original description of P. lamina made by Günther (1868), the species is easily recognized among all its congeners by one distinctive character, the presence of two to four small plates in front of the gill opening on the ventral surface of the head (Fig. 5). Our observations show that the small plates in front of the gill opening are present and are easy detected even in small specimens, between 60.0 – 70.0 mm SL. Additionally, this species is distinguishable from the other species in Ecuador by the absence of dark transverse bands, behind the dorsal-fin or over the caudal peduncle, in specimens larger than 55 mm SL, below this size, specimens can show up to eight transverse bands in this region (Figs. 3, 4). Also, small specimens lack the distinctive color pattern typical of small specimens of P. apithanos, and the body and head shape and contour are different from that observed in P. almendarizi and P. apithanos, in dorsal view (Fig. 3). The head lateral borders in large specimens are somewhat concave (Figs. 3, 4, 5), while in P. almendarizi small specimens and P. apithanos the borders are straight. The figure of P. platycephalus (Kner, 1853 (4): lam, VI, fig. 2 a) and the figure of P. laticeps, lectotype, BMNH 1895.5.17.113, available in the ACSI image database (Morris et al. 2006) show concave lateral head margins, but P. platycephalus and P. laticeps are reported for the Paraná, Paraguay, Uruguay, La Plata rivers systems. Finally, the abdomen of P. lamina is completely covered with plates, in a similar way to the species P. almendarizi, P. apithanos, P. laticeps and P. unillano (Fig. 5). The morphometric data of analyzed specimens is offered in Table 3. In specimens between 73.2 – 101.9 mm SL counts are: plates in mid-lateral series 32; coalescent plates (double keel) 15 – 16, mode 15; posterior plates (single keel) 16 – 17, mode 16; thoracic plates (between posterior end of pectoral-fin base and origin of pelvic-fin base) eight to ten, mode nine. Premaxillary teeth 3 / 4 – 5 / 8, mode 5 / 6; dentary teeth 4 / 6 – 7 / 7, mode 6 / 7. Dorsal-fin rays i, 6; pectoral-fin rays i, 6; pelvic-fin rays i, 5; anal-fin rays i, 5; and caudal-fin rays i, 10, i. In specimens between 127.3 – 194.9 mm SL counts are: plates in mid – lateral series, 31 – 32, mode 32; coalescent plates (double keel) 14 – 16, mode 15; posterior plates (single keel) 16 - 18, mode 17; thoracic plates (between posterior end of pectoral-fin base and origin of pelvic-fin base) eight to ten, mode nine. Premaxillary teeth 5 / 5 – 7 / 9, mode 7 / 7; dentary teeth 5 / 8 – 9 / 10, mode 8 / 8. Dorsal-fin rays i, 6; pectoral-fin rays i, 6; pelvic-fin rays i, 5; anal-fin rays i, 5; and caudal-fin rays i, 10, i. Geographical distribution: The specimens analyzed were captured in the Napo River system, Amazon River basin (Fig. 6).	en	Provenzano-Rizzi, Francisco, Argüello, Pablo, Barriga-Salazar, Ramiro (2022): The genus Pseudohemiodon (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) in Ecuador, with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 5129 (1): 77-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.4
