taxonID	type	description	language	source
705F87EA4970FF926585FCCAFDA8FE0F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of this species are easily distinguished from its congeners by the wide, ventrally expanded conductor, occupying almost half of the tegulum (Figs 1 ̄ 3) and by the retrolateral tibial apophysis, being forwardly directed (Figs 2, 4). Females are distinguished by the rounded median cavity and the absence of an anterior hood (Fig. 5), present in both C. creticus Chatzaki, 2002 (Chatzaki et al., 2002, Figs 61 ̄ 62) and C. hungaricus (Balogh, 1935) (Murphy, 2007, p. 529).	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4970FF926585FCCAFDA8FE0F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂, Cyprus, Agridi, near Dali, in the field, spring 2008; 1 ♀, Agridi, near Dali, in building, V. 2011, all leg. D. McCowan. Comparative material examined. Zelotes helvoloides Levy, 1998 ̄ ♀ paratype, Nahal Sekher, Negev, Israel, 6. VI. l 991 (HUJ 14655), pitfall traps, leg. Y. Lubin.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4970FF926585FCCAFDA8FE0F.taxon	discussion	Comments. When Levy (1998) recorded Zelotes helvolus (O. P. Cambridge, 1872) from Israel, he recognised that “ Z. helvolus shares somatic characters of the genus but deviates to an extent from the general palpal configuration found in Zelotes ” stating that he tentatively kept the species under an ” informal subgroup ” of this genus. The specimens here determined as Z. helvolus have all the distinctive and other characters for the genus Cryprodrassus Miller, 1943 (Murphy, 2007), namely: small size and pale body colouration, characteristic eye configuration (PME largest and oval, all others round, AME smallest and with black surroundings), cheliceral dentition on both retro and prolateral margins (2 ̄ 4 on PM and 2 ̄ 3 on RM), large number of trichobothria on Ti, Mt and Ta, presence of large scutum on male abdomens, preening brushes on Mt III and IV. Also the general structure of the male palps (long, thick embolus tapering at its end, characteristic sclerotised conductor, small retrolateral tibial apophysis) as well as the female spermathecae with bipartite chambers are shared among all members of the genus. It is for this reason that Z. helvolus is transferred to Cryptodrassus. In his atlas of the Gnaphosidae, Murphy (2007) commented on differences between the type species of the genus, C. hungaricus (Balogh, 1935), and C. creticus Chatzaki, 2002, mainly related to a difference in body size (C. hungaricus less than 3 mm, “ C. creticus ” 3 - 5 mm) and in the PME (in C. hungaricus they are clearly larger than the rest of eyes and in C. creticus they are only slightly larger). However, in the absence of adequate comparative material, and because “ C. creticus ” still conforms to the generic characters, he did not create a new genus to include this species and two more from Spain, one of which seems closer to C. hungaricus and the other closer to C. creticus. While a full revision of Cryptodrassus is clearly required to define its taxonomic status, more material is required to enable this. All material here treated as Cryptodrassus is closer to the “ subgroup ” of C. creticus. It is noteworthy that the eye configuration (especially PME relative size, position and PME-PME interdistance) is variable and until more material of both sexes of all species becomes available, the value of this character is questionable. Apart from the male of C. helvolus, a female was collected from the same locality which is identical to that described as C. helvoloides (Levy, 1998) (compare Figs 5, 6 and 11 of present paper with Levy (1998): p. 150, Figs 126 ̄ 127). In the original description of C. helvoloides, Levy expressed doubts about the correct matching of the two sexes because they were not found on the same locality. In fact, the female paratype of this species was collected from Nahal Seker in the Negev desert, where C. helvolus was also recorded. In our case, both sexes were captured in the same house yard and they seem to belong to the same species. We therefore propose the transfer of the female C. helvoloides to C. helvolus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4970FF926585FCCAFDA8FE0F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel, Cyprus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4972FF936585FF1FFE09FDA1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Zelotes helvoloides Levy, 1998 ̄ Holotype: ♂, Sede Zin near Sede Boqer, Israel, 25. VI. 1992 (HUJ 14818), pitfall traps, leg. Y. Lubin; ♀ paratype, Nahal Sekher, Negev, Israel, 6. VI. l 991 (HUJ 14655), pitfall traps, leg. Y. Lubin.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4972FF936585FF1FFE09FDA1.taxon	discussion	Comments. Close examination of the type material of this species leaves no doubt that it belongs to Cryptodrassus, “ subgroup ” of C. creticus (see further comments under C. helvolus). For reasons explained in the comments of C. helvolus, the female described by Levy (1998) as the matching female of C. helvoloides is here designated as the still undescribed female of C. helvolus. Hence C. helvoloides is not yet recorded from Cyprus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4972FF936585FF1FFE09FDA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4972FF956585F914FD62FD53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female of this species may be distingued from any other Micaria Westring by the three chambered appearance of the epigynal sclerotizations formed by the characteristic shape of the anterior margins and the opposing S-shaped lateral margins.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4972FF956585F914FD62FD53.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀, Cyprus, Fassouri Reed Beds, in grassland near reed beds, Akrotiri, 27. IV. 2007, leg. Snazell. Castanilla marchesii Caporiacco, 1936: ♀ lectotype (designated by Haddad & Bosmans, 2013) and juvenile, el-Tallab, Buema, Libya [24 ° 14 ' N, 23 ° 21 ' E], 15. II. 1933, leg. O. Marchesi, MZUF 271, Mag no. 2552. Comparative material examined. Castanilla marchesii Caporiacco, 1936: ♀ lectotype (designated by Haddad & Bosmans, 2013) and juvenile, el-Tallab, Buema, Libya [24 ° 14 ' N, 23 ° 21 ' E], 15. II. 1933, leg. O. Marchesi, MZUF 271, Mag no. 2552. Micaria septempunctata O. P. - Cambridge, 1872: ♂ syntype, Ain Ata, Lebanon (HECO, t. 92), ♀ syntype, Hasbeya, Lebanon (HECO, B. 346, t. 43).	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4972FF956585F914FD62FD53.taxon	discussion	Comments. Micaria pallipes is a well documented species, illustrated by multiple authors and recorded from several localities ranging from the Canary islands to southern Europe and from the East Mediterranean to the Urals and Kazakstan (for a complete list of records see World Spider Catalogue 2017). In his original description, Lucas (1846) referred to three transverse abdominal white bands (at the two edges of the abdomen, and one in the middle) and three additional median points like a triangle (from the original: “ il est orné de trois bandes circulaires transversales blanches, l'une à la base, l'autre à l'extrémité, et la troisième au milieu; plus, trois points également blancs, disposés en triangle sur le milieu de la partie dorsale ”). Levy (2002) gave a drawing of the abdomen with seven white spots (p. 116, Fig. 8), justifying its synonymy with M. septempunctata O. P. - Cambridge, 1872, earlier proposed by Bosmans & Blick (2000) (see also Fig. 12 B). In our specimen there are six white spots on the dorsal part of the abdomen (Fig. 12); the middle one is larger than the others and may well represent the two middle spots illustrated in Levy (2002). Searching the literature, our attention was caught by Figs 1 ̄ 3 in Haddad & Bosmans (2013), illustrating the lectotype of Castanilla marchesii Caporiacco, 1936. In this publication the genus Castanilla Caporiacco was synomymised with Micaria and C. marchesii was further synonymised with M. pallipes. Although the taxonomic status of the genus Castanilla is beyond the focus of this paper and in any case the generic synonymy proposed by Haddad & Bosmans (2013) is not in question, the close re-examination of the C. marchesii lectotype and the comparison with our specimen, suggests that the synonymy of the two species is incorrect. More precisely, in M. pallipes the anterior margin of the epigyne forms a median, posteriorly pointed tip and the lateral margins are centrally placed as opposing S’s creating a distinctive rounded median cavity with narrow neck and widened base. The epigastic furrow rises in the middle of this cavity. In C. marchesii the anterior margin forms a continuous horizontal line, the lateral margins are like opposite parenthesis and the epigastic furrow does not rise towards the middle of the central cavity. Additionally the spermathecae of C. marchesii are well below the anterior margin when compared to M. pallipes, in which the spermathecae and the copulatory ducts are almost at the same level as the anterior margin. The lectotype of M. marchesii has lost its somatic setae and looks plain coloured, therefore this character cannot be compared to M. pallipes. There is also a clear size difference between the two species that further weakens their conspecificity. We therefore propose the re-establishement of Castanilla marchesii as a valid species with the new combination Micaria marchesii.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4972FF956585F914FD62FD53.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Canary Islands to Central Asia.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4974FF966585FD74FA9EFD7F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species is diagnosed by the presence of a straight tibial retrolateral apophysis, not shared by any other known species of the genus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4974FF966585FD74FA9EFD7F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♂♂, Cyprus, Fassouri Reed Beds, in grassland, Akrotiri, 04. V. 2007, leg. M. Askins.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4974FF966585FD74FA9EFD7F.taxon	description	Description. Medium sized, uniformly yellow spiders. Measurements: TL 4.26; CL 1.884; CW 1.125; AL 2.321. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.133, PME 0.092 x 0.075, PLE 0.122, ALE 0.061 AME-AME 0.071, AME-ALE 0.022, PME-PME (min / max) 0.082 / 0.153, PME-PLE 0.049. All eyes round and pearly white to grey except for PME which are slightly oblique. AME largest and on a black surround. Distance between AME ca half their diameter. PER procurved, AER recurved. Chelicera with keel at PM, RM toothless. Labium 0.245 long, 0.203 wide at its base. Sternum 1.120 long, 0.725 wide. Fovea very discrete in posterior third of cephalothorax. Scutum rectangular, covering about half of abdominal dorsal surface. Leg sizes are IV> I> II> III. Leg spination: Leg I: Fe 4 d Ti 1 pl 2 v Mt 2 v; Leg II: Fe 2 - 4 d Ti 0 - 1 d 1 pl 2 v Mt 2 v; Leg III: Fe 3 - 6 d Pa 1 rl Ti / Mt spinose; Leg IV: Fe 2 - 4 d Ti 2 - 3 rl 2 pl 4 v Mt spinose. Palp (Figs 13 ̄ 15). Tibial apophysis straight, acute with tapering tip. Spermophore bulging at middle of tegulum. Median apophysis S-shaped and almost fully covered by membranous tegular fold. Embolus small with pointed tip on prolateral side of tegulum.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4974FF966585FD74FA9EFD7F.taxon	discussion	Comments. Poecilochroa sp. is assigned to the Echemus group (Murphy, 2007), as it does not bear the black and white abdominal markings, characteristic to all the Poecilochroa which belong to the Herpyllus group. In the absence of a matching female Poecilochroa collected from the same area, it is not certain whether the species is new, or if it is the matching male of some of the various congeners already described on the basis of females only, occurring in neighboring regions (e. g. P. incompta (Pavesi, 1880) from Tunisia or P. golan Levy, 1999 from Israel). For this reason we give the description of this male, but we are reluctant in assigning a new species name.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4977FF966585FD5FFDB6F8A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of this species are distinguished from other congeners by the large rectangular median cavity which is longer than wide (see Fig. 12 C and D) and the seemingly long and parallel spermathecal chambers of the vulva.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4977FF966585FD5FFDB6F8A4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Castanilla marchesii Caporiacco, 1936: ♀ paralectotype (designated by Haddad & Bosmans, 2013), LIBYA: Ain Doua [21 ° 48 ' N, 24 ° 52 ' E], Auenati [el-Auenàt], IV. 1933, leg. L. O. Marchesi, MZUF 119, Mag no. 2552.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4977FF966585FD5FFDB6F8A4.taxon	discussion	Comments. In the course of the examination of type material, we examined the lectotype and paralectotype of Castanilla marchesii Caporiacco, 1936 (Fig. 12 C). The species was recently studied by Haddad and Bosmans (2013) and was assigned to the genus Micaria based on the presence of spatulate setae on the scapulae of Ta I. The authors also recognised the difference between the lectotype and paralectotype of this species, assigning the former to M. pallipes (see comments in M. pallipes) and leaving the latter undetermined due to the very bad condition of the specimen and to the fact that the epigyne did not conform to any of the known species of Micaria. Notwithstanding the poor condition of the specimen, we recognised characters which place it in the genus group Leptodrassex. These include the small size, pale colouration, cheliceral dentition on both margins (2 ̄ 4 on PM and 2 ̄ 3 on RM in Leptodrassex, 2 ̄ 3 on PM and 2 ̄ 4 on RM in Neodrassex (see Ott, 2012 )), plumose setae at the base of the fangs, anterior median eyes large (possibly largest), well separated and in a black surround, cephalothorax widening at the thoracic part and with no fovea, lack of dorsal abdominal scutum in males. All these characters are considered to be distinctive for Leptodrassex group (Murphy, 2007; Ott, 2012). Short closely spaced setae and branchiate hairs are supposed to cover the legs of several specimens examined by Murphy (2007) but it is very difficult to see and distinguish the type of setae in the C. marchesii paralectotype. Additionally, the cheliceral dentition (3 on PM and 2 on RM) the epigynal configuration with the very characteristic large rectangular median cavity conforms to Leptodrassex rather than to Micaria and closely resembles Leptodrassex algericus Dalmas (1919) (Dalmas, 1919, Fig. 7 and reproduced here in Fig. 12 D). Based on the proximity of the two areas from which the two species are recorded (L. algericus from Algeria and C. marchesii paralectotype from Libya) and on the close similarity of the two epigynes we place C. marchesii paralectotype under L. algericus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4977FF966585FD5FFDB6F8A4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Algeria, Libya.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4976FF9A6585FF1FFCCCFF03.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species possesses the distinctive characteristics of the genus Drassyllus, including the bifid medially situated terminal apophysis of the male palp and the T-shaped septum of the epigyne, in addition to the dark brown unicoloured body, the lighter Ta / Mt and the closely situated, oblique PME. It bears a close morphological resemblance to Drassyllus sur Tuneva & Esyunin, 2003 but differs from it by the different shape of all tegular components of the male palp (embolus of D. cyprius sp. n. almost straight, projection of embolar radix and terminal apophysis more pointed, median apophysis large and prominent at the ventral side of tegulum, shape of embolar haematodocha different) and of the female epigyne and vulva (wider anterior margin, longer anterior ducts, wider median ducts). Figures of D. sur males by Tuneva & Esyunin (2003) (p. 223, Figs 3 ̄ 4) or Kovblyuk et al. (2009) (p. 177, Figs 27 ̄ 28) are somewhat misleading, especially in the way the terminal apophysis is illustrated. For this reason, we examined paratypes of this species (Figs 17, 21 ̄ 22, 24) and we confirmed its resemblance to, but clear distinction from, the newly described species.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4976FF9A6585FF1FFCCCFF03.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: male, Cyprus, Kinousa, 28. III. 1998, leg. M. Askins. Paratypes: 8 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ same locality, date and collector. Comparative material examined. Drassyllus sur Tuneva & Esyunin, 2003 – 2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ paratypes, South Urals, Orenburg area, Sol-Iletsk district, Chybynda, 12. VI. 2000 [ZMMU].	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4976FF9A6585FF1FFCCCFF03.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to Cyprus, the island of the type locality of the species.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA4976FF9A6585FF1FFCCCFF03.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype). Medium sized, uniformly dark-brown gnaphosid spider. Measurements: TL 5.373; CL 2.331; CW 1.85; AL 2.981. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.071, PME 0.084 x 0.114, PLE 0.099, ALE 0.09 AME-AME 0.0.0 74, AME-ALE 0.037, PME-PME (min / max) 0.032 / 0.113, PME-PLE 0.049. Distance between AME almost their own diameter. PER slightly procurved to straight, AER straight. Chelicera promargin armed with 5 teeth and retromargin with 1 - 2 denticles. Labium 0.464 long, 0.333 wide at its base. Sternum 1.480 long, 0.905 wide. Cephalothorax widening at thoracic region. Scutum triangular, covering about Ḣ of abdominal dorsal surface. Legs dark brown except for Ta / Mt which are orange to yellow. Legs size are IV> I> II> III. Leg spination: Leg I: Fe 2 d Mt 2 v; Leg II: Fe 2 d Ti 2 v Mt 2 v; Leg III: Fe 6 d Pa 1 rl Ti / Mt spinose; Leg IV: Fe 4 d Ti / Mt spinose. Palp (Figs 16, 18 – 20). Tibial apophysis almost straight with bent tip, ca ¼ of cymbium’s length. Terminal apophysis fused prolaterally to embolar base, with retrolaterally pointed tip. Embolar projection (or projection of embolar radix sensu Senglet (2004 )) robust, tapering at the end, almost covered by embolar heamatodocha. Embolus filiform and long, starting from the mid-point of the tegulum retrolaterally and with retrolateral angle, rising straight towards the central line of the cymbium, slightly curved terminally (Fig. 19). Median apophysis expanded to about half tegular length. Female (the largest paratype). Habitus, colouration and eye configuration as in male. Measurements: TL 5.377; CL 2.203; CW 1.542; AL 4.053. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.064, PME 0.08 x 0.110, PLE 0.086, ALE 0.094 AME-AME 0.074, AME-ALE almost touching, PME-PME (min / max) 0.039 / 0.110, PME-PLE 0.057. Chelicera promargin armed with 5 teeth and retromargin with 3 denticles. Labium 0.360 long, 0.302 wide at its base. Sternum 1.426 long, 1.093 wide. Legs size are IV> I> II> III. Leg spination: Leg I: Fe 2 d Mt 2 v; Leg II: Fe 2 - 3 d Ti 1 v Mt 2 v; Leg III: Fe 6 d Pa 1 rl Ti / Mt spinose; Leg IV: Fe 4 d Ti / Mt spinose. Epigyne (Figs 23, 25) with broad continuous anterior margin distally surrounding Ḣ of the lateral epigynal margins. Copulatory orifices at posterior end of lateral epigynal margins. T-shaped septum forming a small midpiece and wide lateral chambers. Vulva (Fig. 26). Spermathecae oval, opening to wide posterior ducts, inflated median ducts and anterior ducts almost as long as medians, with long glandular heads. Upper part of anterior ducts at same level as anterior margin. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Cyprus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497BFF9B6585FEC4FD55FE73.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. By having metatarsal preening combs and characteristically coiled copulatory ducts, this species has the distinctive characters of the genus Setaphis. It is distinguished by the wide, open epigynal cavity formed by separated anterior margins and by a medially pointed (V-shaped) posterior margin and by the characteristically coiled copulatory ducts located only in the posterior part of the epigynal cavity and ending to bipartite bean shaped spermathecae. None of the currently known species of the genus share this combination of characters (but see comments).	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497BFF9B6585FEC4FD55FE73.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: female, Cyprus, Agridi near Dali, grass in lawn of a garden, 01. VII. 2009, leg. D. McCowan.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497BFF9B6585FEC4FD55FE73.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition, in honour of Duncan McCowan (Cyprus), who has contributed substantially to the collection of the material here presented and is the only active arachnologist in Cyprus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497BFF9B6585FEC4FD55FE73.taxon	description	Description. Female (holotype). Small spider of yellow colouration. All femurs and Pa / Ti of the first two legs seem darker and possibly in nature they are brown, although in the only specimen available to us the colour appears faded. Measurements: TL 3.909; CL 1.249; CW 0.914; AL 2.309. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.041, PME 0.038 x 0.051, PLE 0.046, ALE 0.061 AME-AME 0.025 (½ of AME diameter), AME-ALE almost touching, PME- PME (min / max) 0.038 / 0.057, PME-PLE 0.036. All eyes pearly white with black surroundings except for AME which are black. PER slightly procurved to straight, AER recurved. Cephalothorax with widening thoracic region and fovea at posterior third of its length. Right and left chelicera differently armed: retromargin with 2 - 3 denticles and promargin and 3 - 4 teeth and 1 denticle. Labium 0.176 long, 0.185 wide at its base. Sternum 0.768 long, 0.641 wide. Legs sizes are IV> I> II> III. Leg spination: Leg I: Fe 1 - 2 d Mt 4 v; Leg II: Fe 1 - 2 d Mt 4 v; Leg III: Fe 6 d Pa 1 rl Ti / Mt spinose; Leg IV: Fe 4 d Ti / Mt spinose. Epigyne (Fig. 27) with broad medially separated anterior margin wider than lateral epigynal margins. Lateral epigynal margins parallel and short, leaving most of epigynal cavity open, medially merging to create a median posterior point. Vulva (Fig. 28). Spermathecae with ventral bean-shaped chambers (S 1 in Fig. 27) and with dorsal round chambers (S 2 in Fig. 28) leading to coiled tubular copulatory ducts.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497BFF9B6585FEC4FD55FE73.taxon	discussion	Comments. In the revision by Platnick and Murphy (1996), the females of all the Setaphis species recorded form (grosso modo) M-shaped epigynal margins and coiled copulatory ducts which cover the whole of the epigynal plate. Our species deviates from this pattern (V-shaped epigynal frame and copulatory ducts not so expanded), but still we believe that it conforms more to this genus rather than to Zelotes or any other zelotine. When the matching male is found, it may turn out that it belongs to a new genus, but in the absence of it, we tentatively place it to Setaphis.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497BFF9B6585FEC4FD55FE73.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497AFF9D6585FE46FE5FFABB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of the genus Synaphosus can be distinguished by the combined presence of a preening brush on Mt III, elongated superior claws on Ta IV, long filiform embolus supported by large membranous conductor, short tibial apophysis and, in some cases, a patellar apophysis of male palp (e. g. S. trichopus Roewer, 1928). Females are distinguished by anterior atrial epigynal pockets and long and twisted copulatory ducts. S. shirin is known only from the female (see Figs 33 ̄ 34) and may be distinguished from its congeners by the shape of its anterior atrial pockets, the kidney-like spermathecae and the glandular heads on the anterior coils of the copulatory ducts. The newly described male is distinguished by the dorsal tibial apophysis on the palp, additional to the retrolateral one, not present in any other congener.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497AFF9D6585FE46FE5FFABB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂ 5 ♀♀, Cyprus, Agridi, near Dali, in field, spring 2008; 1 ♂, same location, V. 2011, all leg. D. McCowan; 1 ♂, Cyprus, Lympia Dam, Lympia, in grass tussocks, 9. V. 2013, leg. A. Russell-Smith; 3 ♀♀, Cyprus, Agios Sozomenos, near Dali, in dry grassland, 30. IV. 2007 leg. R. Snazell.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497AFF9D6585FE46FE5FFABB.taxon	description	Description of the male. Small brown spiders, abdomen dark grey to brown. Measurements: TL 3.147; CL 1.342; CW 1.008; AL 1.638. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.052, PME 0.095, PLE 0.069, ALE 0.089 AME- AME 0.048, AME-ALE almost touching, PME-PME (min / max) 0.022 / 0.04, PME-PLE 0.032. Distance between AME almost their own diameter. PER procurved to straight, AER straight to slightly procurved. Chelicera promargin armed with 2 - 3 teeth and retromargin with 1 tiny denticle. Labium 0.226 long, 0.174 wide at its base. Sternum 0.879 long, 0.665 wide. Cephalothorax with marginally widening thoracic region and small fovea in posterior third of its length. Scutum long, covering about Ḣ of abdominal dorsal surface and with parallel sides (almost rectangular). Legs same colour as body except for Fe / Pa / Ti of leg I which are darker brown. Legs size are I> IV> II> III. Leg spination: Leg I: Fe 1 - 2 d Mt 4 v; Leg II: Ti 4 v Mt 4 v; Leg III: Fe 4 d Pa 1 rl Ti / Mt spinose; Leg IV: Fe 3 d Ti / Mt spinose. Palp (Figs 29 – 32). Two tibial apophyses present, one retrolateral small, with rounded end (Figs 30, 32) and one dorsal (Figs 30 ̄ 32). Retrolateral patellar apophysis tapering to pointed tip (Figs 30, 32). Embolus filiform and long, starting from retrolateral base of tegulum with small prolaterally directed pointed process and denticulated surface. It then encircles the tegulum and reaches its middle at retrolateral side. Most of its lateral parts are hidden by a widely expanded conductor with a translucent flange which forms a retrolateral sclerotized fold that fully covers the tip of the embolus (Figs 29 ̄ 30). Median apophysis (?) very small and hardly sclerotized (see also comments).	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497AFF9D6585FE46FE5FFABB.taxon	discussion	Comments. According to Ovtsharenko et al. (1994), the species is closest to S. minimus (Caporiacco, 1936) and S. neali Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994. We would suggest S. khashm Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 is also a close morphological relative (see Figs 84 ̄ 85 in Ovtsharenko et al., 1994). Despite their resemblance, the three species differ in the relative positions of their distinctive characters. It should be also noted that in our specimen no posterior epigynal margins are evident (compare Fig. 33 of present study with Fig. 82 of Ovtsharenko et al., 1994). Males of S. shirin differ from S. neali and S. minimus by the prolaterally directed pointed process at the base of the embolus which is smaller (almost indistinct) and by the presence of a dorsal tibial apophysis on the palp, additional to the retrolateral one. In the original description of the genus, Platnick and Shadab (1980) mentioned the presence of a “ membranous conductor ” and of a “ folded median apophysis ” in which “ the long embolus is distally supported in the resting position ”. Ovtsharenko et al. (1994) repeated this palpal configuration (“ Palp with embolus … lying in groove of conductor … base of conductor expanded into enlarged, translucent flange … median apophysis folded ”). Interestingly, in those two descriptions there is some confusion: if Platnick and Shadab (1980) are followed, then the structure Pc of our Figs 29 ¯ 30 is the folded median apophysis; if Ovtsharenko et al. (1994) are followed, then the same structure is part of the conductor and it is not explained where the folded median apophysis is located. As further noted by Marusik & Fomichev (2016), the median apophysis is never indicated in the figures of the above papers, while investigation from SEM figures lead the authors to conclude that the genus Synaphosus is diagnosed by the absence of median apophysis (among other characteristics). In the case of S. shirin, a small weakly sclerotized projection is evident at the retrolateral side of the tegulum; we indicate it as MA (?), since it does not fully conform to what is known as median apophysis in other genera (see Zakharov & Ovtcharenko, 2011). Following Marusik and Fomichev (2016), this species belongs to the gracillimus group.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497AFF9D6585FE46FE5FFABB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Iran, Cyprus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497CFF9E6585FA1BFD55FD0E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species belongs to the metellus group (sensu Senglet, 2011) and is very similar to Z. metellus Roewer, 1928 (Senglet 2011, p. 556, Figs 171 - 178, Fig. 49 of the present study). It differs by the presence of a prolateral process of the embolar base, evident in ventral and prolateral view, in addition to a dorsal apophysis which is evident only when the upper part of the cymbium is removed. The embolus in both species has a hump before ending to a small tip, but that of Z. metellus is larger and vertical to the embolus (Fig. 36), while in the new species it is more protruding in relation to the embolus and at a ca 60 o angle from it (Fig. 35). The shape of the posterior lamina (Fig. 40) is also different.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497CFF9E6585FA1BFD55FD0E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: male, Cyprus, Valley of R. Limnatis near Kouris Dam, under stones, 04. V. 2007, leg. R. Snazell. Comparative material examined. Zelotes metellus Roewer, 1928, 1 ♂, Iran, Fars, Kavãr (29 ° 12 ' N 52 ° 37 ' E), leg. Senglet, 05. VI. 1974 (MHNG, ex. Coll. A. Senglet).	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497CFF9E6585FA1BFD55FD0E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition, taken from the type locality on the river Limnatis.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497CFF9E6585FA1BFD55FD0E.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype). Small spider of yellow colouration, abdomen light grey. Measurements: TL 3.671; CL 1.608; CW 1.225; AL 1.890. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.042, PME 0.048 x 0.077, PLE 0.067, ALE 0.060 AME-AME 0.053, AME-ALE 0.024, PME-PME (min / max) 0.031 / 0.112, PME-PLE 0.055. PER slightly procurved to straight, AER recurved. All eyes pearly white with black surrounding except for AME which are black. Chelicera promargin armed with 3 - 4 teeth and retromargin unarmed. Labium 0.228 long, 0.210 wide at its base. Sternum 1.036 long, 0.792 wide. Scutum triangular and small, covering about 1 / 5 of abdominal dorsal surface. Legs same colour as body except for all Fe which are darker brown. Legs size are IV> I> II> III. Leg spination: Leg I: Fe 3 d; Leg II: Fe 3 d Mt 1 - 2 v; Leg III: Fe 6 d Pa 1 rl Ti / Mt spinose; Leg IV: Fe 6 d Ti / Mt spinose. Palp (Figs 35 – 40). Tibial apophysis oblique, ca Ḣ of cymbium’s length. Terminal apophysis connected prolaterally to embolar base and with rounded rims, retrolaterally membranous and with pointed apical tip. Embolar base sclerotized with prolateral process protruding ventrally from terminal apophysis and with dorsal apophysis invisible from ventral side or even from prolateral side unless upper part of cymbium is removed. Embolus short, horizontal with roughly surfaced terminal hump. Embolar radix with acute dorsal apophysis.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497CFF9E6585FA1BFD55FD0E.taxon	discussion	Comments. The metellus group within the genus Zelotes was formed by Senglet (2011) to include species that possessed distinct configuration of genitalic characters in both sexes which deviated from the “ true ” Zelotes (see Senglet, 2011, p. 554); one of those is the absence of intercalary sclerite. Since this character is a putative synapomorphy of the genus sensu stricto and a diagnostic character of all its members (Platnick & Shadab, 1983), it is possible that this group now including three species (Z. prishutovae Ponomarev & Tsvetkov, 2006, Z. metellus and Z. limantis sp. n.) should be elevated to a distinct genus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497CFF9E6585FA1BFD55FD0E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497FFF806585FA78FDA8F9F8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female of Z. zekharya described here is characterized by an epigynal plate wider than long, its anterior margin of equal width and its lateral margins being curved, as well as by long and curved median copulatory ducts. From its closest morphological relative, Z. tenuis (L. Koch, 1866), it differs by the continuous anterior margin, in Z. tenuis being divided (see Senglet, 2011, p. 523, Figs 45 ̄ 49).	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497FFF806585FA78FDA8F9F8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀, Cyprus, Agridi, near Dali, in building, VII. 2011, leg. D. McCowan.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497FFF806585FA78FDA8F9F8.taxon	description	Description. Female. Medium sized spiders of orange colouration, abdomen grey. Measurements: TL 5.527; CL 2.289; CW 1.621; AL 3.096. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.098, PME 0.079 x 0.130, PLE 0.103, ALE 0.123 AME-AME 0.057 (ca 1 / 2 of AME diameter), AME-ALE almost touching, PME-PME (min / max) 0.044 / 0.166, PME-PLE 0.055. All eyes pearly white with black surrounding except for AME which are black. PER slightly procurved to straight, AER slightly recurved to straight. Cephalothorax with widening thoracic region and fovea at posterior third of its length. Chelicera armed with 5 teeth at promargin and 3 denticles at retromargin. Labium 0.412 long, 0.326 wide at its base. Sternum 1.43 long, 1.084 wide. Legs size are IV> I> II> III. Leg spination: Leg I: Fe 2 d / 1 pl; Leg II: Fe 2 - 3 d / 1 pl Mt 3 v; Leg III: Fe 6 d Pa 1 rl Ti / Mt spinose; Leg IV: Fe 4 d Ti / Mt spinose. Epigyne (Fig. 41). Epigynal plate wider than long, formed by continuous anterior margin and curved latero-posterior margins, which divide the plate into two parts. Anterior margin width almost equal to epigynal width. Vulva (Fig. 42). Median ducts long and curved. Spermathecae rounded, almost touching.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497FFF806585FA78FDA8F9F8.taxon	discussion	Comments. The female described here belongs to the tenuis group as defined by Senglet (2011). Following the key proposed by the same author, it closely resembles Z. tenuis (L. Koch, 1866) but it is different from it (see diagnosis). On the other hand, Z. zekharya was described by Levy (2009) on the basis of male specimens only. The shape of the palpal embolar base and the embolus (Levy, 2009, p. 30, Fig. 63) indicate this species clearly belongs to the tenuis - group as well. Because both Z. zekharya and the female here examined belong to the same species group and also due to the biogeographical affinity between Cyprus and Israel, the region from which Z. zekharya was described, we believe that this female is the matching sex of Z. zekharya.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
705F87EA497FFF806585FA78FDA8F9F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Israel, Cyprus.	en	Russell-Smith, Anthony (2017): New species and new records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Cyprus. Zootaxa 4329 (3): 237-255, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4329.3.3
