identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
775E87C1B65D4F24FF25FA585E14F90B.text	775E87C1B65D4F24FF25FA585E14F90B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calloconophora estellae Flórez-V 2019	<div><p>Calloconophora estellae Flórez-V sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 1–5)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 81929DE6-A603-4D15-97E7-7900DFCF4C1E</p><p>Diagnosis. General color brown with most of ventral surface yellow. Body densely covered by silver to golden pubescence; pronotum with two bands of darker and shorter pubescence at each side extended parallel to dorsal margin. Forewing membrane and veins densely punctate and pubescent except for membrane of apical cells and apical limbus, lacking macula. Frontoclypeal fold absent. Anterior pronotal horn short, acute, subconical with dorsal and ventral margins somewhat compressed, obliquely projected, pronotal dorsal margin slightly arcuate. Pro- and mesotibiae narrow (not subfoliaceous), margins subparallel. Male aedeagus U-shaped, denticles on anterior face of apex of posterior arm evenly denticulate.</p><p>Description. Holotype male. Color: General color brown, with ventral surface yellow (Figs. 1 A–C). Head, pronotum, coxa and ventral surface of thorax brown, darker brown on forewings and dorso-medial carina; pronotal posterior process lighter than rest of pronotum. Ocelli yellow, eyes dark brown. Rostrum, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsi yellow, spines and base of tibial cucullate setae dark brown.</p><p>Sculpture: Head, pronotum, tibia, tarsus, and ventral surface of thorax, coxae, trochanter, femur and abdomen (including pygofer) covered densely by silver to golden pubescence, except for pronotum with two bands of darker and shorter pubescence at each side extended parallel to dorsal, ventral one from anterior process to humeral angles, and dorsal one from anterior process to 2/3 of pronotal lateral margin (Fig. 1C). Pronotum densely and finely punctate. Forewing membrane and veins densely punctate and pubescent except for membrane of apical cells and apical limbus (Fig. 1G).</p><p>Head: In lateral view, obliquely positioned (vertex positioned much more anteriorly than clypeus and rostrum; Fig. 1C); supraantenal ledges rounded, weakly extended over frontoclypeus (Fig. 1A); frontoclypeus ovoid, lacking fold.</p><p>Thorax: Pronotal anterior process short, broad and conical, obliquely projected; dorsal margin of pronotum in lateral view continuous (Fig. 1C); pronotal medial carina pronounced and flattened on anterior process; in frontal view, dorsal margin dome-shaped (Fig. 1A); in dorsal view, pronotal horn triangular, posterior process acuminate (Fig. 1F). Forewing membrane and veins densely punctate and pubescent except for membrane of apical cells and apical limbus. Pro- and mesotibiae narrow (not subfoliaceous), margins subparallel (Fig. 1 B–C). Metatibia rows I and II bearing spine-like cucullate setae, intercalated with small cucullate setae, row III with numerous cucullate setae; apex with spines (Fig. 1 B–C). Apex of first metatarsomere with cucullate setae.</p><p>Abdomen: Pleurites fused to tergites, covered with acanthae, antero-ventromedial margin of pleurites-tergites with oval spiracles on segments IV–VIII (Fig. 3 A–B, 3L); sternite IV without transverse carina (Fig. 3 A–B). Male genitalia. Lateral plate free, finger-like (Fig. 3C). Style with apical hook of shank flattened and expanded, oriented horizontally (Fig. 3 F–G). Aedeagus U-shaped (Fig. 3G), posterior arm with apical margin arcuate in caudal view (Fig. 3E), lateral margins divergent toward apex, lateral expansions absent, apex of aedeagus with denticules on anterior face (Fig. 3E, 3G); gonopore ovoid, membrane weakly produced, without microtrichia (Fig. 3E, 3G).</p><p>Female. Usually bigger than male. Pronotal horn slightly larger than that of male, and sometimes more dorsally directed (Fig. 1D). Abdomen: Genitalia. Gonoplac with apex obtuse (finger-shaped) (Fig. 3I). First-valvulae (Fig. 3J) broad, with dorsal and ventral margin subparallel until apex, apex abruptly narrowed ending in one short, acute tip; dorsal sculptured area (sad, Fig. 3J) restricted to apical area with oblique linear tegumental processes, ventral sculptured area restricted to apical 1/5; structure similar to pores along mid-zone; ventral structure of coupling and ramus extended up to apical third (vsc, Fig. 3J); hyaline area (hya, Fig. 3J) extended beyond ventral structure of coupling to below apical tooth. Second valvulae (Fig. 3K) fused from to basal third, broad, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, abruptly narrowed at apex, ending in acute tip; dorsal surface with small teeth; ramus (ram) extended to apical third; ducts of different length present on apical fourth, extended toward margins, opened on pores (po).</p><p>Variations: Some specimens have the pronotal horn more acute than others (Fig. 1 B–D). The pronotal horn in some live specimens has a reddish tint.</p><p>Late-instar nymph (Fig. 2 A–D): Color: Head, thorax (including legs and forewing pad) greenish brown [in live specimens] to black; abdomen reddish brown with ventral regions of terga darker (even black), anal tube dark brown to black. White waxy patches on: band extended on pronotum over head margin, passing to humeral angles and extended on anterior margin of forewing pad (Figs. 2 B–C); band extended at each side of pronotal horn to posterior margin (Figs. 2 B–C); meso- and metanotum with two bands at each side (one continuous with pronotal horn band) (Figs. 2 B–C); abdomen with waxy spots extended in line at each side of medial region of terga (Figs. 2 B–C); one rounded band extended from each side from third abdominal segment to eighth abdominal segment, passing to ventral margin; this waxy band broader on 3 rd, 4 th and 8 th segments (Figs. 2 B–C).</p><p>Surface: Integument sparsely clothed with needle-like chalazae, more densely located at bands of waxy patches, abdominal tergites with one row at each side of dorso-medial margin and other row on middle of tergite above ventral waxy patches. Abdominal sternites densely clothed with setae. Head, thorax and abdomen: Body lacking scoli, pronotal horn simple (without apical processes) (Fig. 2C), short, conical, obliquely projected anterior- and dorsally (Fig. 2B), pronotum extended to third abdominal segment (Fig. 2C). Tibiae slender (not subfoliaceous). Abdominal segment IX with dorsal length slightly shorter than combined length of segments VII– VIII (Fig. 2D); ventral extension half-length of dorsal extension.</p><p>Measurements: Males (n=2)/ Females (n=2) (average - mm): body length (from anterior margin of metopidium to forewing apex): 5.11/5.38; pronotal length (from tip of pronotal horn to apex of posterior process): 6.27/6.29; maximum height of pronotum: 2.19/2.18; length of forewing: 4.86/5.21; pronotal width: 2.29/2.31; head width: 2.10/2.13</p><p>Examined material: Holotype male in CBUCES from COLOMBIA: Antioquia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.58107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.908918" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.58107/lat 6.908918)">Remedios</a>: “ COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Remedios, \ vereda La Cruz, finca La Brillantina, \ 6.908918°N; 74.581073°W, \ 500–600 msnm, manual, \ Feb. 13/2015 \ leg. A. Chinome, A. Delgado, A. Díaz, C. \ Flórez-V, S. Gallán, J. Sandoval \ CBUCES-F 1673 ”. Paratypes (10 males, 7 females and 2 nymphs in total). COLOMBIA: Antioquia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.58107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.908918" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.58107/lat 6.908918)">Remedios</a>: “ COLOMBIA. Antioquia, Remedios, \ vereda La Cruz, finca La Brillantina, \ 6.908918°N; 74.581073°W, \ 500–600 msnm, manual, \ ene-jun-2015 \ leg. A. Chinome, A. Delgado, A. Díaz, C. \ Flórez-V, S. Gallán, J. Sandoval \ CBUCES-F 1675 ” (1 male in CEUA) , “CBUCES-F 1228 ” (1 male in MPUJ), “CBUCES-F 1600 ” (1 female in CBUCES) . COLOMBIA: Chocó: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.39107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.29508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.39107/lat 5.29508)">Tadó</a>: “ COLOMBIA. Chocó, Tadó, comunidad \ de Afrodescendientes Bochoromá \ 5.29508°N; 76.39107°W \ ~150 msnm, manual \ Sep. 9-11/2016 \ leg. C. Bota, C. Flórez, C. Guzmán, J.M. \ Sánchez \ CBUCES-F 908 ” (1 male in MEFLG) , “CBUCES-F 1863” (1 female in MPUJ), “CBUCES-F 2254” (1 female in CBUCES), “CBUCES-F 2255” (2 nymphs in CBUCES) . COLOMBIA: Risaralda: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.21107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.34824" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.21107/lat 5.34824)">Pueblo Rico</a>: “ COLOMBIA. Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, \ Corregimiento Santa Cecilia, Área de Manejo \ Especial de Alto Amurrupá, Río Lloraudó \ 5.34824°N, 76.21107°W \ ~ 325 m, manual \ Sep. 16/2016 \ leg. C. Bota, B. Cárdenas, C. Flórez \ CBUCES-F 836 ” (1 male in IAvH), “CBUCES-F 834” (1 male in MEFLG) , “CBUCES-F 835” (1 male in CSJ), “CBUCES-F 1849” (1 male in CEUA), “CBUCES-F 2251” (1 female in CBUCES), “CBUCES-F 2252” (1 female in CEUA), “CBUCES-F 2253” (2 males in ethanol in CBUCES) . “ COLOMBIA. Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, \ corregimiento Santa Cecilia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.15728&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.15728/lat 5.333)">Área de Manejo</a> \ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.15728&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.15728/lat 5.333)">Especial Alto Amurrupá</a> \ 5.333000°N; 76.157279°W \ 500–800 msnm \ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.15728&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.15728/lat 5.333)">Manual</a>, borde de bosque, \ Abril 13/2016 \ leg. B. Cárdenas, C. Flórez-V \ CBUCES-F 385” (1 male in CBUCES) . “ COLOMBIA. Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, \ quebrada Minas Calamar, \ 5.35315°N, 76.20125°W, 300 msnm \ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.20125&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.35315" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.20125/lat 5.35315)">Ene.</a> 20/2019 \ leg. C. Bota, C. Flórez-V, N. Flórez, \ A. Ospina, J. Sandoval \ CBUCES-F 2256” (1 female in CBUCES) , “CBUCES-F 2257” (1 female in IAvH).</p><p>Holotype minuten mounted, in excellent state of preservation. Paratypes minuten or pin mounted. Two males and one female paratype with dissected abdomens placed in vials with glycerin pinned with specimens. Two teneral male paratypes in 75% ethanol with broken pronotal horn and two nymphs in 75% ethanol.</p><p>Distribution. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Remedios (Vereda La Cruz, 6.908918°N, 74.581073°W, 500–600 masl); Chocó: Tadó (Bochoromá, 5.29508°N, 76.39107°W, 150 masl); Risaralda: Pueblo Rico (Corregimiento Santa Cecilia, 5.333000°N, 76.157279°W, 500–800 masl) (Fig. 9).</p><p>Biology. This species exhibits fascinating maternal care behavior. Females secrete a white and sticky waxy substance around stems close to their eggs or aggregations of nymphs (Figs. 4 A–B). This substance is secreted forming a spiral pattern, with balls joined with narrow lines (Figs. 4 A–B). As in other aconophorines, this species also produces a sticky and white secretion over eggs (Figs. 4 C–D). Many insects were found glued to the covered eggs or to the spiral secretion, mainly ants and parasitoid wasps (Fig. 4D). These secretions lost their sticky attribute over time (Fig. 5A) and, thereafter, other insects were found on the same plants: ants and even other treehoppers Neotynelia vertebralis (Fairmaire) (Fig. 4F), Bolbonota sp. and Stegaspis fronditia (Linnaeus) . However, females may deposit fresh secretions over the worn substance (Fig. 5A). Parasitic wasps were observed attacking eggs and sometimes walking over the weathered waxy substance. Therefore, females of C. estellae sp. nov. also defend their eggs by moving the legs and sometimes kicking the parasitoids. A wasp ( Vespidae) was found once tending nymphs in presence of treehopper adults (Fig. 4E); the wasp did not appear to be deterred walking on branches with the secretion. When the treehopper aggregation was disturbed, the wasp fled immediately, which would indicate they do not defend the treehoppers. Nymphs have a white pattern which enhances camouflage with the waxy substance (Fig. 5F). This species has been found exclusively in vines of one species of the genus Doliocarpus Rol. (Dileniaceae), found in riparian forests close to rivers and streams.</p><p>Etymology. Named in honor of Luz Estella Valencia, the author’s mother, an amazing woman full of joy and kindness, with a great strength to withstand difficult moments.</p><p>Remarks. This species is very different from other Calloconophora species and has characters found in other aconophorine genera, including characters of the immatures, which makes it difficult to place this species to genus with certainty. This species is placed in Calloconophora based on the main diagnostic character for that genus in the key to genera of Dietrich and Deitz (1991): the basal half of the forewing has the membrane entirely and densely punctate. However, other Calloconophora characters presented in the key, like the subfoliaceous pro- and mesotibiae and the male gonopore membrane with microtrichia do not occur in C. estellae sp. nov. These characters are considered less reliable because they are not expressed in all species previously included in Calloconophora . Calloconophora estellae also exhibits characteristics of Aconophora and Guayaquila: pronotal sculpture similar to species in Aconophora with distinct longitudinal bands of dark setae; male genitalia similar to species in Guayaquila and Aconophora mexicana Stål, 1864, with aedeagus U-shaped without lateral processes and anterior face of apex of posterior arm with denticles. The proper taxonomic placement should be confirmed based on a phylogenetic analysis of the tribe.</p><p>Calloconophora estellae sp. nov. nymphs do not match any of the Calloconophora nymphs described by Dietrich and Deitz (1991). The new species lacks scoli and apicolateral processes in the pronotal horn and is, therefore, more similar to nymphs of Guayaquila peruviensis Dietrich (Dietrich and Deitz 1991), G. enigmata Dietrich (Flórez-V unpublished data) and Aconophora cultellata (Walker), except for the scoli present in A. cultellata (Dietrich and Deitz 1991) . The behavior in females of secreting a waxy white substance adjacent to the eggs or nymphs is also known in Havilandia pruinosa (Haviland), Ochropepla triangulum (Germar), Leioscyta spiralis Haviland and other Leioscyta species (Dietrich and Deitz 1991, Dietrich and McKamey 1995). Calloconophora estellae females deposit the secretion in a spiral pattern with the lines almost equidistant and consisting of evenly spaced balls joined by narrow lines. This differs from the more irregular pattern produced by female A. mexicana (Fig. 5B) and from L. spiralis which secretes spiral patterns with irregularly spaced lines and balls (Fig. 5C). Nymphs of these species are also clothed with irregular waxy exudates as in nymphs of C. estellae (Fig. 5 E–F). The maternal behavior of secreting a sticky substance to defend offspring is also recorded in some species of Aconophora and Guayaquila including A. cultellata Walker, A, elongatiformis Dietrich, A. elongatula Dietrich, A. flavipes (Germar) (Fig. 5D) and Guayaquila peruviensis, which secrete a translucent substance, and A. mexicana, which also secretes a white (non-translucent) substance (Fig. 5B) (Dietrich and Deitz 1991, Flórez-V unpublished data). Although C. estellae resembles A. mexicana, they differ considerably in their nymphal morphology (Fig. 5E), known host plants (plants of the family Asteraceae for A. mexicana) and the pattern of the female defensive secretion (Fig. 5B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/775E87C1B65D4F24FF25FA585E14F90B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo	Flórez-V, Camilo (2019): Two amazing new species of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) from Colombia: Calloconophora estellae sp. nov. and Problematode robertoi sp. nov. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 561-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.4
775E87C1B6554F22FF25FE7B5DDDFD76.text	775E87C1B6554F22FF25FE7B5DDDFD76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Problematode robertoi Flórez-V 2019	<div><p>Problematode robertoi Flórez-V sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 6–8)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 24302351-67AC-49A9-9032-BF9B3162FC4D</p><p>Diagnosis. Problematode robertoi sp. nov. is similar to Problematode inerme Gaiani and other genera with a dorso-ventrally flattened body and pronotum lacking a posterior process as Antillotolania Ramos, Euwalkeria Goding, Smergotomia Dietrich, and Togotolania Cryan and Deitz, but it can be distinguished by: pronotum with dorsal surface simple, lacking projections at each side of medial carina; forewing with venation reticulate at apical half, veins rounded, some supranumerary crossveins not reaching other veins, thus irregular cells appearing of different sizes; membrane sclerotized and punctate in basal third, before division of M and Cu, and after division of R and M+Cu, and nearly all basal half of clavus; pro- and mesofemora without medial spine on ventral margin.</p><p>Description. Holotype male. Body dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 6 D–E). Color: overall integument brown. Head reddish brown, eyes reddish dark brown, ocelli yellow, dorsal projections of head dark brown. Pronotum with supraocular callosities and dorso-medial carina dark brown (Fig. 6C); one transverse dark brown band over supraocular callosities, followed by lighter area on metopidium and another dark brown region (Fig. 6A, 6 C–E); posterior margin of pronotum light brown (Fig. 6C). Scutellum brown, darker from midlength to distal fourth, apical fourth greenish (Fig. 6C). Forewing dark brown on base of sclerotized area, then brown; veins brown (some areas with a darker brown area around veins; Fig. 6A, 6C). Coxae and tarsi dark brown; protrochanter and profemur brown; protibia dark brown with apex darker; meso- and metatrochanter light brown; meso- and metafemora light brown with apical third dark brown; meso- and metatibia light brown with base and subapex dark brown (Fig. 6 A–B). Abdomen reddish brown (Fig. 6B).</p><p>Surface: Head, pronotum, ventral surface of thorax, legs and sclerotized area of forewings and veins covered with silvery pubescence (Fig. 6 A–E).</p><p>Head: Slightly wider than humeral angles (Fig. 6 C–D); vertex concave between dorsal projections and ocelli, from occipital margin to frontoclypeal suture (Fig. 6 B–C); supraantenal ledges rounded and folded posteriorly, weakly pronounced (Fig. 6E), margin continuous with one transverse carina of frontoclypeus (Fig. 6B); frontoclypeus ovoid, flattened (Fig. 6B); eyes stalked; dorsal projections conical (Fig. 6 B–C).</p><p>Thorax: Pronotum with dorso-median carina weakly produced (Fig. 6 D–E), supraocullar callosity forming five glabrous spots (Fig. 6C); post-ocular lobes developed and directed ventrolaterally (Fig. 6A, 6 D–E). Base of scutellum weakly swollen, apex slightly directed upward (Fig. 6A). Forewing with veins thickened, apical half with venation reticulate differing somewhat on left and right wing; veins forming filigree-like pattern of rounded lines; some supranumerary crossveins incomplete, thus some irregular cells appear bigger than others (Fig. 6A, 6C). Pro-, meso- and metacoxae separated medially by 1.5 coxae length (Fig. 6B). Pro- and mesofemora simple, lacking medial spine on ventral margin (Fig. 6B, 6 D–E).</p><p>Abdomen: Male terminalia small compared to other abdominal segments, in ventral view width 0.5X VIII segment width (Fig. 8A). Genitalia. Lateral plate with postero-dorsal finger-like process (Fig. 8C). Subgenital plate narrow, length 2.5X width, fused until half-length (Fig. 8B); lobes with long setae throughout (setae longer than lobes width) (Fig. 8 B–C). Style in ventral view stout throughout, apex finger shaped, directed laterally (Fig. 8B); in lateral view broader at middle, apex rounded and more or less hook-shaped (Fig. 8C). Aedeagus in lateral view Ushaped (Fig. 8C), posterior arm wider at apical third, tapering apically, with denticles on anterior face of apical third (Fig. 8 C–D); gonopore ovoid, located on apical third of posterior arm (Fig. 8 C–D).</p><p>Late-instar nymph exuviae (Fig. 7 A–E): Overall body shape: Body dorso-ventrally flattened; in anterior view arched, excavated ventrally. Surface: Tegument covered with short chalazae, densely covered by debris from plant, moss and lichen. Head, thorax and abdomen: Head with small subtriangular frontal processes [as in adults] joined with lateral lobes extended in front eyes and surpassing them in dorsal view, with large chalazae on anterior margin (Fig. 7 C–D); ventral margin carinate in anterior view; frontoclypeus ovoid, anteclypeus oval (Fig. 7C). Thoracic nota lacking scoli; pronotal lateral lobes ventro-laterally extended with emarginate edge that receives mesothoracic leg in repose (Fig. 7D); ventral margin of mesothorax forewing pad emarginate anteriorly receiving metathoracic leg in repose (Fig. 7B) and ventrolaterally extended and straight posteriorly. Pro- and mesotibiae flattened, subfoliaceous, with marginal chalazae, longer at anterior margin; metatibiae less flattened than other tibiae (Fig. 7B). Abdominal terga IV–VII with large lateral lamellae (all, Fig. 7C) directed posterolaterally, smallest on tergum IV and increasing in size posteriorly, with chalazae with needle-like setae and tuberculate base on margins (Figs. 7 C–D); terga III–VIII each with 1 pair of enlarged chalazae near mid line; tergum IX triangular in dorsal view, slightly longer than wider at base, length smaller than combined lengths of segments VI–VIII (Fig. 7C).</p><p>Measurements. Holotype male (mm): body length: 9.00; pronotal length: 2.29; maximum height of pronotum: 0.83; length of forewing: 7.86; pronotal width: 2.74; head width: 2.84.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male in CBUCES from COLOMBIA: Caldas: Villamaría: “ COLOMBIA. Caldas, Villamaría, vereda Montaño, \ cerca de finca Arboloco, \ 4.980243°N, 75.434655 \~2500 msnm, manual, en Solanum (Solanaceae) \ Mar. 27/2018 \ leg. A. Flórez, C. Flórez-V, J.J. Flórez, N. Flórez, R. \ Flórez, A. Ospina, L.E. Valencia \ CBUCES-F 2250” (CBUCES).</p><p>Specimen in 75% ethanol, in good state of preservation, abdomen dissected and placed in vials with glycerin together with left metatibia and metatarsomeres, pinned aside of the specimen.</p><p>Distribution. COLOMBIA. Caldas: Villamaría (Vereda Montaño, Finca Arboloco, 4.980243°N, 75.434655°W, 2500 masl). This is the first record of the genus in Colombia (Fig. 9).</p><p>Biology. One teneral was found on a plant of the genus Solanum L. ( Solanaceae) in a small patch of cloud forest (Fig. 7F). The exuviae were found under a leaf near to the branch apex (Fig. 7E). Although, several explorations in the area were made, just one specimen was collected.</p><p>Etymology. Named in honor of Roberto Flórez, the author’s father, an extraordinary man, very peaceful and wise; owner of the “Finca Arboloco”, close to where the type locality.</p><p>Remarks. This is the first record of the genus in Colombia, which had been recorded for the Coastal Montane Forests of Venezuela (Gaiani 2017). This species is assigned to Problematode based on the dorsoventrally flattened body, apical half of forewing with reticulate veins, pronotum lacking posterior process, mesotrochanter fused with mesocoxa, aedeagus U-shaped lacking lateral processes as was described by Gaiani (2017).</p><p>The nymphs of Problematode robertoi sp. nov. exhibit characters of cryptic nymphs belonging to membracid subfamilies Stegaspidinae and Darninae: flattened body, large abdominal lamellae and emarginate forewing pads notched to receive mesotibiae at rest to increase crypsis (McKamey and Brodbeck 2013). Some other characters shared with Stegaspidinae nymphs are the foliaceous ventrolateral lobes of the head, foliaceous tibiae with chalazae on antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal margins, abdominal lamellae directed posterolaterad with needle-like setae. These attributes have been reported for nymphs of Antillotolania, Bocydium, Deiroderes, Flexocentrus, Lycoderides, Microcentrus, Smerdalea, Stegaspis and Stylocentrus (Cryan and Deitz 1999a, 1999b, 2000; McKamey and Brodbeck 2013, Flórez-V and Evangelista 2017, Flórez-V unpublished data). Previously, Dietrich et al. (2001) suggested the foliaceous ventrolateral lobes on the head of nymphs as a synapomorphy of Stegaspidinae, although some stegaspidines as Bocydium exhibit smaller lobes (see Flórez-V and Evangelista 2017). The known Darninae nymphs do not present foliaceous ventrolateral lobes neither enlarged chalazae on margins of abdominal lamellae and have chalazae solely in the antero-dorsal margin of tibiae. Therefore, because the combination of features observed on the nymph of P. robertoi sp. nov., Problematode should be placed as incertae sedis within Stegaspidinae . However, proper taxonomic placement of the genus should be based on a family level phylogenetic study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/775E87C1B6554F22FF25FE7B5DDDFD76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo	Flórez-V, Camilo (2019): Two amazing new species of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) from Colombia: Calloconophora estellae sp. nov. and Problematode robertoi sp. nov. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 561-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.4
775E87C1B6524F22FF25FD4D59BEFB9C.text	775E87C1B6524F22FF25FD4D59BEFB9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Problematode : Gaiani 2017	<div><p>Key to species of Problematode:</p><p>1. Pronotum with keel-like dorsal process.................................................... P. sakakibarai Gaiani</p><p>1’. Pronotum lacking dorsal process (Fig. 6A, 6C).............................................................. 2</p><p>2(1’). Dorsal region of pronotum with two bare, glabrous projections at each side of medial carina. Forewing with membrane punctate and sclerotized at basal half; reticulate venation at apical half with dense supranumerary crossveins; pro- and mesofemora each with medial spine on ventral margin..................................................... P. inerme Gaiani</p><p>2’. Dorsal region of pronotum lacking projections at each side of medial carina (Fig. 6 D–E). Forewing with membrane punctuated and sclerotized at basal third (until before division of M and Cu); reticulate venation at apical half with supranumerary crossveins incomplete, leaving large membranous areas (Fig. 6A, 6C); pro- and mesofemora simple, without spine (Fig. 6A, 6 D–E)..................................................................................... P. robertoi sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/775E87C1B6524F22FF25FD4D59BEFB9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Flórez-V, Camilo	Flórez-V, Camilo (2019): Two amazing new species of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) from Colombia: Calloconophora estellae sp. nov. and Problematode robertoi sp. nov. Zootaxa 4590 (5): 561-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4590.5.4
