identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
771987EF77673A382AFEC484FE64DE81.text	771987EF77673A382AFEC484FE64DE81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale Perkins 1985	<div><p>Genus Hyalopale Perkins, 1985</p><p>Type species. Hyalopale bispinosa Perkins, 1985</p><p>Diagnosis. Small bodied chrysopetalids, as adults &lt;3 mm in length, attaining maximally 20 segments. Dorsum covered in asymmetric-shaped, transparent main paleae with multiple stacked internal ribs; lateral spines present, midline spines present or absent. Prostomium fused with anterior segments, with two pairs of large complex eyes, median and lateral antennae, moderate-sized oval palps. Achaetous segment I with pair of dorsal and ventral cirri (= tentacular cirri); segment II with pair of dorsal cirri, notochaetae, neurochaetae, ventral cirri absent. Pharynx with pair of stylet jaws. Pygidium a shallow lobe with two small anal cirri.</p><p>Description. Small-bodied, rectangular, tapered a little at posterior end, dorsum covered with hyaline, petaloid paleae fans, long-shafted falcigerous neurochaetae extend out beyond notopodia (Fig. 7). Prostomium a shallow, broad lobe not well-defined, with 2–3 pairs of large, bright red to maroon coloured eyes, often overlapping. Fingershaped median antenna inserts on anterior edge of prostomium, anterior to two slender lateral antennae, two ovoid palps insert ventrally (Fig. 5C, D). Muscular pharynx with small calcified pharyngeal ring, single pair of short stylet jaws with broad, inner groove, tanned distal jaw tips (Figs 4C; 5B). Segment 1 very reduced, with one pair slender, dorsal, ventral cirri; ventral pair adjacent to palps. Segment II notopodia with notochaetal spines only, dorsal cirri; neuropodia with spinigerous neurochaetae, ventral cirri absent. Segments II–III fused in part (Figs 5B; 10A, B). Mid-body notopodium with short, very slender aciculum, slender dorsal cirrus 1/2 to 2/3 length of main paleal fan; sub-acicular lateral notochaetal group composed of single spine, slightly curved with slight serrate margins, attenuated tip, inserts overlying aciculum. Main paleae notochaetal group composed of long, asymmetrical paleae with rounded or sloping brow, finely dentate convex margin, very small apices, numerous very fine internal ribs stacked close together, usually includes very shallow raised ribs. Midline spines present or absent (Figs 3; 4E; 8A).</p><p>Mid-body neuropodium with long, slender aciculum. Subacicular falcigerous neurochaetae with long shafts, comprising superior group with longest, very slender blades, minutely serrate, with minute curved distal tips; middle group with longer basal serrations to blades; inferior group short, slender bladed (Fig. 9D). Pygidia with very short to slightly longer filiform pair of anal cirri (Fig. 4B).</p><p>Remarks. Hyalopale is one of two chrysopetalid genera (also Treptopale), erected by Perkins (1985) from Florida coral reefs. Hyalopale and Treptopale are morphologically close to Paleanotus, with similar anterior end configurations and chaetal types (Perkins 1985; Watson 2010; Watson 2015), and similar stylet jaws (Watson &amp; Faulwetter 2017). Hyalopale is distinguished primarily by its small adult size and by the presence of spines in the lateral and midline positions in the notochaetal fascicle, which in Treptopale and Paleanotus are represented by developed paleal fascicles. Hyalopale has an extremely small adult size (length 1–2.8 mm, segments &lt;20) a simple body, and possesses very thin, hyaline main group paleae with a multiplicity of internal ribs finely stacked together. Hyalopale adult morphology is similar to larvae of other paleate chrysopetalids, which is described in more detail at the end of this paper.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF77673A382AFEC484FE64DE81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
771987EF77673A392AFEC236FA6EDE30.text	771987EF77673A392AFEC236FA6EDE30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale bispinosa Watson & Tilic & Rouse 2019	<div><p>Hyalopale bispinosa sensu stricto Perkins, 1985 sensu stricto</p><p>Figs 1A; 2</p><p>Hyalopale bispinosa Perkins, 1985: 908, Figs 28 A–F, 29 A–H</p><p>Type locality. Southern Florida, West Atlantic Material examined. Paratype. Hyalopale bispinosa sensu stricto . USNM 097369, specimen designated as paratype by Perkins (1985), 1 individual in 2 pieces, 17NE (original description 20 segments entire), L: 2mm, W: 0.8mm. North Atlantic Ocean, Florida, Dade County, S Biscayne Bay, Turkey Point power plant, east of Florida Power &amp; Light Company, Thalassia bed, coll. FOER personnel, 15 Feb 1978 .</p><p>Additional material. H. bispinosa s.s. LACM – AHF 2879, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75/lat 23.466667)">Caribbean Sea</a>, Bahamas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75/lat 23.466667)">Great Bahama Bank</a>, Exhuma Cays, 23° 28’N, 75° 45’ W, Basil Minn’s cave, marine entrance pool, bottom algae &amp; sediment, strong hydrogen sulphide odor from black silt, coll. T. Iliffe &amp; L. Harris, 11 Jan 2003. 1, 17NE, with gametes, L: 2.75mm, W: 1.25mm ; LACM-AHF 2874, Bahamas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.75584&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.5225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.75584/lat 23.5225)">Great Bahama Bank</a>, Exhuma Cays, Stocking Cay, 23° 31’ 21” N, 75° 45’ 21” W, Stn. 32, beneath ledge adjacent to cave entrance, 1m, coll. T. Haney &amp; L. Harris, 9 Jan 2003, 2NE: anterior end 12 segments, anterior end 7 segments, ovigerous female with mature eggs, 2 per body segment, body starting to degenerate, neurochaetae falling out .</p><p>Diagnosis. Hyalopale with mid-body main paleae with sloping convex margin, 26/27 (29) ribs, raised ribs absent.</p><p>Description. (based on Florida paratype USNM 097369).</p><p>Pale body covered in glass-like notochaetal paleae with reflective shine. Segment II notopodia with four spines each. Mid-body notochaetal fan comprises: lateral spine, nine main paleae, single short midline spine. Lateral-most main paleae with 21/22 ribs, middlegroup main paleae with 26/27 (29) ribs, shorter, slightly symmetrical midlinemost main palea with 19 ribs. Slender dorsal cirri just under half length of main fan. Main paleae with sloping convex margin, with very fine margin serration, inner margin with no visible serration, internal ribs densely packed with no obvious raised ribs, apices small, only slightly peaked (Fig. 1A). Mid-body neuropodia with falcigerous neurochaetae comprising: four superior long-bladed, two mid-superior long-bladed, 15–18 mid-group, 6–8 inferior falcigers; slender ventral cirri under half the length to neuropodial tip.</p><p>Remarks. Perkins (1985) figured in some detail the type material comprising mature individuals of Hyalopale bispinosa from the Florida mainland coast (Figs 28 A–F, 29 A–H). Perkins’ generic diagnosis states main paleae with ‘more than 25 internal ribs’ and remarks state ‘about 25 internal ribs’ (1985:908). The holotype was not examined for this study, but it is clear based on Perkins’ description and figures that the larger-bodied holotype and paratype material constitute H. bispinosa s.s. Examination of paratype material from the same locality as the holotype reveals an individual with a range of number of ribs with the middle group main paleae group numbering 26–28 (29) and lower numbers, 19–22, possessed by slender lateral and midline-most main paleae. Smaller paratypes collected from the Florida Keys, and designated as ‘young specimens’ by Perkins, are now described as a new species (see H. leslieae sp. nov.).</p><p>Additional material was made available of Hyalopale bispinosa s.s. from the Bahamas, including a live, entire individual with a yellow body and internal green pigmented patches (Fig. 2). This specimen has nine main paleae with (24) 25–26, 28 (29) ribs and another specimen has 8–10 main paleae with 27–30 ribs and slender lateral and midline main with 24/25 ribs; paleae of both specimens exhibit no obvious raised ribs. H. bispinosa s.s. material from mainland Florida and the Bahamas share common characters: similar length of body and number of segments, distinctive slope of brow of main paleae, absence of raised ribs as well as possession of the highest number of paleal ribs, a character which separates H. bispinosa s.s. from all other species. The type locality habitat was recorded as hard benthic and algal substrates (Perkins 1985). The Bahamas habitats refer to ‘bottom algae and sediment’ and a description of ‘black silt with a strong hydrogen smell’ indicating an anoxic habitat. Depths of 0–2m are recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF77673A392AFEC236FA6EDE30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
771987EF77663A342AFEC360FACBDA90.text	771987EF77663A342AFEC360FACBDA90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale bispinosa Watson & Tilic & Rouse 2019	<div><p>Hyalopale cf. bispinosa</p><p>Fig. 1B</p><p>Material examined. Mediterranean Sea, USNM 1076945, North Africa, Tunisia, Stn. 202B, coll. M.L. Jones, August 1973, 1, 10NE, L: 0.8mm, W: 0.6mm ; NTM W.25601, Spain, coll. Rafael Sarda, 2: 1, 10E, L: 1.14mm, W: 0.72mm; 1, 14NE (gametes). NTM W.25602, Eastern Mediterranean, Greece, Crete, Elounda, 15m, coll. Chatzigeogiou et al, 2007, 1, 12E, L: 0.6mm, W: 0.35mm ; NTM W.25603, Elounda, 15m, coll. Chatzigeogiou et al, 2007, 2: 1, 9E, 1, 16E ; NTM W.25600, Elounda, 20m, coll. Chatzigeogiou et al, 2008, 1 anterior end</p><p>.</p><p>Diagnosis. Hyalopale with mid-body main paleae with sloping convex margin, 23/24 (26) ribs, 3–4 shallow raised ribs.</p><p>Description. Older Mediterranean museum material collected from Spain light brown colour; more recent fresh collections from Crete comprise individuals coloured a dark red-brown. Notopodium of segment II with four simple spines. Mid-body notochaetal fan with single lateral spine, 6–8 (9) main paleae, 1–2 short, curved midline spines. Main paleae with 23–24 (26) ribs with ~ 3–4 very shallow raised ribs (Fig. 1B), lateral and midline-most main paleae with 19 ribs. Tunisian specimen poorly preserved. Main paleae shape similar to other Mediterranean material and possesses up to 22 ribs and four shallow raised ribs.</p><p>Remarks. In the absence of additional material from the locality the Tunisian specimen is provisionally included within Hyalopale bispinosa species complex. Mediterranean individuals of Hyalopale cf. bispinosa exhibit a similar shaped notochaetal fan and shape of main paleae when compared with that of H. bispinosa s.s., Western Atlantic, but the main paleae of the former possess a slightly lower range of rib numbers and includes shallow raised ribs; both share similar shaped apices but the brow is a little more rounded in the Mediterranean form (cf. Fig. 1A, B; Key). Mature specimens examined in this present study from the western and eastern Mediterranean did not exceed 16 segments with a length of 1.1mm; this is in comparison with Western Atlantic material of H. bispinosa s.s., e.g. Florida, 20E, L: 2.8mm and Bahamas, 17NE, L: 2.75mm. However, the number of ribs of the main paleae in the Mediterranean specimens (up to maximum 26), is similar between H. bispinosa material from the Eastern and Western Atlantic Oceans. In this paper, Mediterranean material of H. cf. bispinosa is represented by a DNA sequence from the island of Crete but cannot be confirmed as H. bispinosa s.s. until sequences are available for comparison from the type locality in the western Atlantic.</p><p>About twelve specimens, including mature individuals, were collected from Elounda and Alykes sites in Crete, predominantly from algae on rocky substrates at 15– 20m.</p><p>The Mediterranean Hyalopale cf. bispinosa, provides the only example to date of a Hyalopale species dwelling in deeper water. Specimens are also much darker coloured, which may indicate a degree of camouflage within a dark algal habitat. In comparison, all other Hyalopale species are found in shallow waters (0–2m) associated with lighter green algae and possess pale and patchy green coloured bodies. The Hyalopale feeding mode is hypothesized as predatory on algal-living invertebrates and is based on the buccal structure: a pair of small, pointed stylet jaws with an inner longitudinal groove and a muscular, barrel-like pharynx which includes calcified pharyngeal muscle; imaged through micro-CT for H. cf. bispinosa (as H. bispinosa) from Crete (Watson &amp; Faulwetter 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF77663A342AFEC360FACBDA90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
771987EF776B3A352AFEC7C0FBBDDFDF.text	771987EF776B3A352AFEC7C0FBBDDFDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale leslieae Watson & Tilic & Rouse 2019	<div><p>Hyalopale leslieae sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C2DFADE6-6DFD-436E-9F30-418940CFE070</p><p>Figs 1C; 3A; 4 A–E</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. USNM 097530, original designated paratype Hyalopale bispinosa by Perkins (1985), now identified as H. leslieae sp. nov. Florida Keys, Monroe County, Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary, reef crest, coralline covered rubble, less than 1m, 11E, L: 1.1mm, W: 0.75mm, gametes (? sperm) present .</p><p>Paratype, USNM 1490841, same locality as holotype, 1, 10E, L: 0.75mm, W: 0.5mm,</p><p>Additional material. USNM 53171, Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, Bimini, Southern Bimini Lagoon, from plastic sponges submerged in lagoon, two anterior ends plus fragments, poor condition, coll. A. Schoener, 1970–71; LACM – AHF 2821, Caribbean Sea, British Virgin Islands, Guana Island, North Bay, 18° 28’909” N, 64° 34’485”W, dredged area inside inner reef, soft bottom of fine coralline sand &amp; silt, with small rocks covered in turf algae &amp; Sargassum, (eunicid tubes in sediment beneath rocks), 0.46m, coll. L. Harris, 12 Oct 1997, 1, 11E, L: 0.85mm, W: 0.6mm, gametes; LACM – AHF 2755, Guana island, White Bay, 18° 28’21” N, 64° 34’26” W, fine to medium calcareous sand off low energy beach next to rocky intertidal, filamentous algae over sand, 0.5m, 16 July 2001, 2E, fragments including anterior end with 8 segments, gametes present, W: 0.7mm; LACM – AHF 2827, Guana Island, White Bay, 18° 28’ 32” N, 64° 34’ 39”W, off rocky shore, from low green and calcareous mats scraped from surface of coarse sand at base of large rocks, 1.5m, coll. K. Fitzhugh, 21 July 2001, 1, 13E; LACM – AHF 2834; Beef Island, 18° 26’ 41” N, 64° 33’ 15” W, concrete ramp, off mangrove area, in Cladophora clump scraped off surface of concrete wall covered in turf algae (calcareous fragments interwoven with clump of tube dwelling maldanids, Scyphoproctus, terebellids), 0m, Oct 1997, coll. L. Harris, 1, 12E, L: 1.1mm, W: 0.65mm, gametes present; LACM – AHF 2829, Beef Island, 18° 26’ 41” N, 64° 33’.15 W, concrete ramp below bridge, calcareous algae on small rocks in soft bottom off mangrove, (clumps of Halimeda, Amphiroa scraped off dead coral sitting in soft sand/silt bottom, clumps heavily covered with tubes of tanaenids, maldanids (euclymenins and Scyphoproctus), 0.3–0.6m, 15Oct 1997, coll. L. Harris, 1, 11E, L: 0.8mm, W: 0.55mm, gametes present; LACM – AHF 2756, West Beef Island near Hans Creek, on surface of living Pinctada sp. bivalve attached to severed mangrove root (covered with epifauna/ epiflora), 0.25m, 21 July 2000, coll. T. Haney, 1, 12E, sperm (?) present. Caribbean Sea, Belize, north tip of Carrie Bow Cay, 16.783° N, 88.067° W, September 2014, coll. G. Rouse, 1, 11E, specimen photographed at Scripps before being destroyed for DNA extraction and sequencing (Fig. 4A).</p><p>Diagnosis. Hyalopale with mid-body main paleae with sloping convex margin, (17) 18–20 (22) ribs, patchy, shallow raised ribs.</p><p>Description (based on holotype from Florida Keys). Pale body covered in glass-like notochaetal paleae with reflective shine; prostomium with two pairs of large red eyes, anterior pair melded; gametes present. Segment II notopodia with 3–4 spines each. Mid-body notochaetal fan comprises: lateral spine, 8–9 main paleae, single short midline spine. Lateral-most main paleae with 16/17 ribs, middle group paleae with (17)18–19 (20) ribs, shorter, slightly symmetrical midline-most main palea with 12/13 ribs (Fig. 3A). Main paleae with sloping convex margin, with very fine margin serration, inner margin with no visible serration, internal ribs densely packed, with 4–5 full length plus additional patchy shallow raised ribs, apices very small, blunt (Fig. 1C). Slender dorsal cirri just under half length of main fan. Mid-body neuropodia with falcigerous neurochaetae comprising: three superior long-blad- ed, two mid-superior long-bladed, 8–10 mid-group (some with longer basal blade serration), 6–8 inferior falcigers; slender ventral cirri under half-length to neuropodial tip. Paratype description same as holotype.</p><p>Additional description based on Belize specimen (Fig. 4 A–D). Pale yellow body with shield-like white patches on anterior segments, green internal patches (Fig. 4A). Prostomium with two pairs of large eyes, notopodium of segment II with four simple spines; barrel-shaped pharynx, pair of stylets clearly visible (Fig. 4C). Mid-body notochaetal fan with single lateral spine, 8–9 main paleae, 1–2 short, curved midline spines (Fig. 4E). Main paleae with (16) 18–19 (22) ribs with ~ 3–4 shallow raised ribs and often multiple broken-line ribs; smaller lateral-most, midline-most main palea with 13–14 ribs (Fig. 4D). Pygidium with two anal cirri (Fig. 4B).</p><p>Remarks. Perkins (1985) considered the smaller material from the Florida Keys to be possible juveniles of Hyalopale bispinosa s.s. Re-examination of this material, including additional specimens from the Virgin Islands, showed that mature individuals were present, including ones with enlarged eyes and neurochaetae starting to denigrate. A lot of the latter material consisted of broken anterior ends, which prompted comparison of rib numbers in the main paleae of anterior ends between H. bispinosa s.s. and a possible new species. Comparison of these rib numbers of anterior notochaetae, and comparison where possible with those of mid-body notochaetae, showed consistent higher and lower paleal rib counts down the body between both morpho-species.</p><p>Characters defining the Florida Keys and Caribbean new species, in comparison with Hyalopale bispinosa s.s. are: smaller in length and number of segments (12E, 1.1mm L versus 20E, 2.8mm L); main paleae with consistent lower number of ribs (18/20 versus 26/28) with multiple raised shallow ribs versus no obvious raised ribs. The presence of gametes in conjunction with morphological differences indicates the material from Florida Keys and the Caribbean Sea represents a new species, Hyalopale leslieae sp. nov. The phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 13) suggests that H. leslieae sp. nov., occupies a closer relation to Pacific taxa rather than the Mediterranean H. cf. bispinosa, though this node is poorly supported. It is of additional interest, that distributions of Hyalopale bispinosa s.s. and H. leslieae sp. nov. overlap in the Bahamas.</p><p>Etymology. Hyalopale leslieae sp. nov. is named in honour of Leslie Harris from the Los Angeles County Museum (LACM). Leslie is an indefagatible identifier and photographer of polychaetes who has over the years consistently bought chrysopetalids to the attention of CW, including the large amount of material from the Caribbean Virgin Islands, which characteristically includes beautifully detailed collection data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF776B3A352AFEC7C0FBBDDFDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
771987EF77693A322AFEC3FDFCBFDAC8.text	771987EF77693A322AFEC3FDFCBFDAC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale zerofskii Watson & Tilic & Rouse 2019	<div><p>Hyalopale zerofskii sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E131C388-1E2B-420C-BE89-AE479E562247</p><p>Figs 1F; 5 A–F, 6A–G</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: SIO-BIC A8084, Eastern Pacific Ocean, California, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.91646" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.17/lat 32.91646)">San Clemente Island</a>, 32°54’59.25”N, 118°27’50.67”W, maerl, 10 m., coll. Phil Zerofski, August 2, 2017, 1, 17E, L: 1.7mm, W: 0.9mm, ovigerous female.</p><p>Paratypes: SIO-BIC A8083 same collecting details as holotype; 3, (1, 18E, L: 1.25mm, W: 0.45mm, ovigerous female; 1, 15E, ovigerous female); SIO-BIC A8082, Eastern Pacific Ocean, California, San Clemente Island, same locality details as holotype, maerl, coll. Phil Zerofski, July 20, 2015, 1, 17E, L: 1.25mm, W: 0.45mm, ovigerous female ; SIO-BIC A 10228, ovigerous female, slide series</p><p>.</p><p>Additional material. NTM W. 29628, Eastern Pacific Ocean, Estacahuite Bay, Oaxaca, Mexico, from Padina algae, shallow depth, coll. Christopher Cruz Gomez, 25 Aug., 2007, 1 anterior body fragment, 9NE ; NTM W. 23735, Eastern Pacific, Moorea, French Polynesia, west side of fore-reef, hook inside, Stn. M 531, 1m, coral rubble, November 2010, coll. J. Thomas (Moorea Biocode), 1, 15E, L: 1.1mm, W: 0.6mm, (note: 11 anterior segments used up for DNA which failed, 4 posterior segments registered) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Hyalopale with mid-body main paleae with rounded brow, 25/26 (27) ribs, multiple shallow raised ribs.</p><p>Description (based on holotype, paratypes where noted). Live ovigerous female of 17 segments with two pairs of large cherry-red eyes, white pigmentation present dorsally in five anterior segments, green-brown internal body pigment visible; with five large eggs over segments 7–13, smaller eggs also present (Fig. 5A); smallest paratype ovigerous female of 15 segments with three large eggs plus smaller eggs. Gametous paratypes also possess light to dark green internal pigmented cells. Prostomium with slender finger-shaped median and two lateral antennae, two rounded palps ventrally, segment 1 with two pairs of slender tentacular cirri; segment 11 with six notochaetal spines; barrel shaped pharynx with pair pointed stylets situated close together with longitudinal groove facing inwards (Fig. 5 B–D). Mid-body notopodium with one subacicular curved lateral spine with minute serration in part on both margins; main paleae number 11 with 25–26 (27) and two counts of 28 ribs and 12–14 very finely raised ribs (~8 more obvious, Fig. 1F); on high magnification horizontal striae are relatively widely spaced. Lateral-most and midline-most main paleae smaller with 21–23 ribs; segment 17 has two midline-most smaller main paleae, slightly symmetrical in shape, 16–18 ribs (Fig. 6E). Midline spines absent. Main paleae with slightly rounded to sloping brow, tiny upright apex, inner margin with minute serrations, convex margin with visible serration becoming minutely serrated on brow. Notopodia with slender dorsal cirrus, style extending at least half to 2/3 length of paleal fan, cilia tufts laterally and distally on dorsal cirri; rounded swollen glands visible posterior to dorsal cirrophore (Fig. 5E, F). Mid-body neuropodia with 4 (5) superior long, very slender spinigerous articles; four mid- superior very slender falcigers; mid-group number 14–18 comprise upper slender falcigers and lower slightly broader falcigers with visible blade serration; inferior group with 4–6 slender shorter blades. Ventral cirri length as long as distance to neuropodial tip.</p><p>Remarks. Morphology. Paleal rib counts down the body of the holotype include: anterior chaetigers, segment III, has 18 ribs, segment V with 24 ribs, mid-body chaetigers has 25, 27 (28) ribs and posterior chaetigers, segment 15 has 24–26 ribs and segment 17 possesses 2–3 midline-most smaller main with 16–20 ribs. The possible Hyalopale zerofskii sp. nov. Mexican individual from Estacahuite Bay, Oaxaca, is a smaller specimen compared to the southern Californian type material and has no sign of gametes. The original specimen was 13E; the anterior body of the examined specimen has 9 segments (L: 0.8mm, W: 0.5mm); it has a broad tapered pharynx and posterior caeca, a mouth fold with large mouth papillae and the rounded tips of the two stylets visible. Larger and slightly smaller main paleae including the smaller midline-most main, exhibit a similar shape and range of internal and raised ribs that agrees with that observed with the type material of H. zerofskii sp. nov.</p><p>The possible Hyalopale zerofskii sp. nov. specimen from Moorea (French Polynesia) possesses a mid-body notopodium comprising: lateral spine with minute serration in part on both margins; main paleae with tiny upright apices, relatively widely spaced horizontal striae, 21–26 internal ribs (lateral-most main paleae with 21 ribs), 5–6 shallow raised ribs; midline spines absent. Posterior-most notopodium, segment 15, with three main paleae: two with 18 ribs and midline-most main palea, almost symmetrical, with 15 ribs. Although H. zerofskii sp. nov. from Moorea has main paleae with apices more ‘swept-up’ compared to the more ‘snub’ apices of main paleae in the southern California and Mexican specimens, it exhibits similarity of main paleae shape and number of ribs and is therefore identified within a Hyalopale zerofskii ‘ species complex’.</p><p>Hyalopale zerofskii sp. nov. lacks midline spines and has a paleal shape and degree of raised ribs quite different to that of the Western Atlantic H. bispinosa s.s (cf Fig. 1F with 1A, B). Morphological and molecular results indicate that H. zerofskii sp. nov. from the eastern Pacific is distinct from the Caribbean Sea species and is the sister group (though poorly supported) to H. sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. from the western Pacific (cf Fig. 1F &amp; G; Fig. 13).</p><p>Pigmentation &amp; epibionts. Hyalopale zerofskii sp. nov. has dense white pigmented cells of the dorsal anteriormost segments in two lateral ‘shield’ shaped areas and internal light to dark green/brownish pigmented body cells in all live material (Fig. 5A). Both forms of pigmentation are seen in the majority of other Hyalopale species e.g. the Caribbean H. bispinosa s.s. (Fig. 2) and the West Pacific species H. sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. (Fig. 7A).</p><p>All four of the sectioned specimens were ovigerous females. Multiple large vitellogenic oocytes (± 300–400µm in diameter) were observed dorsally in the coelomic cavity (Fig. 6D, F). Oogenesis occurs in laterally positioned ovaries, where multiple non-vitellogenic oocytes could be seen (Fig. 6F, G). The green/brown globular material visible through the live animal’s body wall is likely associated with the reproductive system, due to its close proximity to oocytes (Fig. 6 D–G). Though the function still remains unknown and needs further investigation, we hypothesize that these are glandular secretions. This is corroborated by their vesicular appearance, and the lack of identifiable nuclei and organelles. In certain sections, it was observed that the dark homogenous contents of these structures were emptied near the parapodia, leaving behind an empty vesicle (Fig. 6E). Developing paleae are located in the ventral rim of the paleal fan (Fig. 6E). The muscularized pharynx is equipped with large pharyngeal glands anteroventrally (Fig. 6A, B).</p><p>Epibiont ciliates identified as loricate peritrichs are attached to the epidermis aborally by a stalk, which are then covered by the paleae (Fig. 6C). Epibiont ciliates have been recorded in a number of different taxa of the Syllidae attached to intersegmental furrows, dorsal and ventral surfaces, nuchal organs, mouth opening and anterior cirri and are known to thrive in oxygen poor waters (Campos et al. 2014).</p><p>Etymology. This species is named for Phil Zerofski, Experimental Aquarium Manager, Marine Technician/Collector at Scripps Oceanography. He has been a great friend of the Rouse lab and brought us many wonderful specimens over the years and we honor him with this new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF77693A322AFEC3FDFCBFDAC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
771987EF776D3A2C2AFEC654FBEBD994.text	771987EF776D3A2C2AFEC654FBEBD994.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale sapphiriglancyorum Watson & Tilic & Rouse 2019	<div><p>Hyalopale sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E8386468-BD79-4718-A6BC-500FA53BB5C8</p><p>Figs. 1G; 7; 8 A</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: MZB Poly.00409, 15E, ovigerous female, L: 1.35mm, W: 0.9mm, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.68535&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.55575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.68535/lat -0.55575)">Western Pacific</a>, Indonesia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.68535&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.55575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.68535/lat -0.55575)">Raja Ampat</a>, slightly subtidal in front of Sorido Resort, Kri Island; rubble, algae and sand, 0.55575° S, 130.68535° E, coll. G. Rouse, Oct. 15, 2013.</p><p>Paratypes: MZB Poly.00410, collecting information collecting information as holotype, MZB Poly.00410, 3; SIO-BIC A 9490, 2E; Ovigerous females: 16E, L: 1.45mm, W: 0.9mm; 13E, L: 1.25mm, W: 0.75mm; 11E, L: 0.8mm, W: 0.4mm; one with gametes (?sperm), 16NE, L: 1.5mm, W: 0.8mm.</p><p>Additional Material. NTM W. 29627, Australia, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Low Isles, 16 °23’S, 145° 34’E, Halimeda washings from Porites Pond, coll. B.C. Russell, 23 Dec 1987, 1, 11E, male.</p><p>Diagnosis. Hyalopale with mid-body main paleae narrow with well-defined apices, 14–15 (17) ribs, 4–5 shallow raised ribs.</p><p>Description (based on holotype, paratypes where noted). Live holotype with pale yellow body with darker patches at base of notopodia, silvery transparent main paleae, solid white pigment present in dorsal anterior segments (to segment 6) including curving around pharynx; holotype and all paratype material with internal brownish-green pigments (Fig. 7). Prostomium partly retracted between anterior two chaetigers, with two pairs of large dark red fused eyes; slender finger shaped median antenna sits anterior to two slender lateral antennae; two rounded palps ventrally placed. Achaetous segment 1, very reduced with two pairs of slender tentacular cirri; segment II with six short, curved notochaetal spines; segment III with lateral spine, eight main paleae. Pharynx barrel shaped, extends to segment 5, very small pair of stylets visible. Mid-body notopodium with relatively narrow, long-shaped main paleae with sloping blunt brow, minute apex, inner margins with minute serrations, convex margin with visible serration leading to apex; with multiple very finely spaced internal ribs; main number 10–12, with (13) 14–15 (16) internal ribs, 4–5 shallow raised ribs; single, short midline-most spine with slight serration on distal convex margin (Fig. 8A). Lateral-most main may be slightly more symmetrical with (11) 12–14 ribs; posterior-most notopodia with midline-most main paleae, smaller, markedly more symmetrical in shape, 12–14 ribs. Notopodia with slender dorsal cirrus, style extending as long or slightly longer than main paleae fan. Neurochaetal falcigerous types with very slender blades, minutely serrate basally, with minute curved distal tips, comprising: five superior group very long-bladed; 5–6 mid superior long-bladed; 8–10 mid-group with slightly shorter-blades; 4–5 inferior group slightly shorter bladed. Ventral cirri insert relatively high on posterior margin of neuropodia; shape finger like, very slender about same length to slightly longer than length to neuropodial tip.</p><p>Additional material. When alive, the Australian specimen had greenish-black internal pigment material in patches and very thin, transparent paleae covering the dorsum. The convex margin of main palea with very fine serration to distal tip and (14) 15, 16 (17) ribs and 5/6 shallow raised ribs; mid-body segments with a small symmetrical midline-most main, and slender, relatively long dorsal and ventral cirri. It has particularly long-bladed, superior group falcigerous neurochaetae extending out beyond notopodia, numbering five.</p><p>Remarks. Hyalopale sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. is characterized by possession of the narrow shape of the main paleae and with the lowest number of ribs; comparatively longer dorsal cirri; neurochaetal types with particularly slender, long blades and slightly higher number of superior-most falcigers and possession of midline spines: characters sufficiently different to separate it from the other northern Australian Hyalopale species, Hyalopale angeliensis sp. nov., found from the eastern Indian Ocean (see Remarks H. angeliensis sp. nov. below). Hyalopale sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. is found in very similar shallow water, tropical coral reefal habitats from both western Pacific localities and is the sister group (though poorly supported) to the eastern Pacific temperate species H. zerofskii sp. nov. (Fig. 13).</p><p>The morphology of Hyalopale sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. from Indonesia and north eastern Australia agree, though DNA sequences were only obtained for the Indonesia material. The specimens from the two localities share the presence of midline spines, similar length of dorsal cirri, numbers of superior neurochaetae and long, narrow main paleae with a similar range of rib number: Indonesia, 14–15 (16) versus Australia (14) 15–16 (17), and a similar number of raised ribs. A smaller midline-most main palea is observed in posterior chaetigers in material from Indonesia and is present in most body segments of the GBR specimen. Ovigerous females of 13 to 16 segments entire possessed 1–2 large eggs (220–230 µm) per segment and a total of 9–11 large eggs per individual, with smaller eggs also present; large eggs were absent in the 11E individual (Fig. 7A). The Indonesian and Australian material included individuals with bodies starting to disintegrate, neurochaetae falling out and eyes coalescing. Swollen horizontal to coiled glands in mature individuals are situated below the base of the dorsal cirrophore and may have a granular appearance; many individuals also possess large rounded vacuoles with a slight ‘crazed’ surface, situated interamally closer to the neuropodia. Similar mature glandular patterns are seen in Paleanotus species (e.g. Watson 2015, Fig. 2H, I).</p><p>Etymology. Named in honor of the Glancy family, in appreciation for the support by John and Cynthia (Cindy) Glancy for the Rouse lab and the Scripps Oceanographic Collections Endowment (this was John’s gift to Cindy for their 50th wedding anniversary). Cindy and grandchildren were struck by the sapphire blue iridescence of the chaetae of the new species (Fig. 7), so we have incorporated that into the name.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF776D3A2C2AFEC654FBEBD994	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
771987EF77733A2D2AFEC1D1FEDEDA15.text	771987EF77733A2D2AFEC1D1FEDEDA15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale angeliensis Watson & Tilic & Rouse 2019	<div><p>Hyalopale angeliensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9106A06A-97A8-4D5D-A208-0F9C91152008</p><p>Figs 1E; 9 A–D</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. AM W.3166, Eastern Indian Ocean, Western Australia, Dampier, Angel Island, Stn. WA639, 20° 48’ S, 116° 81’ E, 1 Aug 2000, coll. P. A. Hutchings, L. Avery, 13E, L: 0.92mm, W: 0.4mm.</p><p>Additional material. USNM 1076948, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=1.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 1.13/lat -19.75)">Western Indian Ocean</a>, Seychelles, Round Island, 19° 45’ S, 57° 50’E, Sta. 14, intertidal from sponge, coll. K. Buchanan, Dec 1975, 1, 13E, L: 1.1mm, W: 0.55mm .</p><p>Diagnosis. Mid-body main paleae narrow with well-defined apices, (16)18–22 ribs, 4–6 shallow raised ribs.</p><p>Description (based on holotype except where noted).</p><p>Slightly wasted entire individual; body pale yellow, three pairs of melded dark red eyes; cirri intact, some neurochaetal types loosening in posterior body. Segment II with 4 short, curved notochaetal spines; segment III with lateral spine, 8 main paleae. Mid-body notochaetal fan with single lateral spine, 10 main paleae with 18–22 internal ribs, 4–6 patchy shallow raised ribs; midline spines absent. Main paleae slender with sloping brow, small blunt apices, inner margin may be slightly folded with minute serrations, convex margin with widely spaced serrations mid-way, becoming finer on brow leading to apex (Fig. 9A, Western Australia; Fig. 9B, Seychelles). Narrower, lateral-most main with 16–17 ribs and 2–3 smaller, more symmetrical-shaped, midline-most main with lower number of ribs (Fig. 9C, see 16–11 ribs). Neurochaetae mid-body comprise: four superior group very long-bladed; three mid superior group long-bladed; 8 mid-group with slightly shorter-blades, basal serration; 4–5 inferior group slightly shorter bladed. Mid-body neuropodia with broader mid-group falcigers (Fig. 9D, Seychelles).</p><p>Remarks. The two specimens of Hyalopale angeliensis sp. nov. are found at localities occurring on a similar parallel at ~ 20° S in the Eastern and mid-Indian Ocean. Hyalopale angeliensis sp. nov. is a small species, pos- sessing a relatively low number of paleal ribs; material examined from north-western Western Australia and the Seychelles Islands exhibit very similar, relatively narrow main paleae shape (respectively Fig. 9A,B) with slightly upswept apices, 18–22 ribs and 4–6 shallow raised ribs. Both individuals also consistently possess 2–3 smaller, midline-most main paleae (Fig. 9C); other Hyalopale species may only have 1–2 (rarely 3) smaller, midline-most main paleae. Hyalopale angeliensis sp. nov., and H. sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. have a general similarity in the narrow- shaped main paleae (cf Fig. 1 E, G), but the former has more distinct ‘upswept’ apices, a slightly higher range of rib numbers and absence of midline spines, compared to the latter. The absence of midline spines seen in Hyalopale angeliensis sp. nov. (Eastern Indian Ocean) is also observed in H. furfuricula sp. nov. (Western Indian Ocean) but both species possess very different main paleae shape and raised rib patterns (cf Fig. 1 E, D). Unfortunately, no DNA sequences could be acquired for this new species.</p><p>Etymology. The species name is named after the remote Angel Island off Dampier on the northwestern Australian coast.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF77733A2D2AFEC1D1FEDEDA15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
771987EF77713A282AFEC5A4FAFBDBD4.text	771987EF77713A282AFEC5A4FAFBDBD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hyalopale furfuricula Watson & Tilic & Rouse 2019	<div><p>Hyalopale furfuricula sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2338A919-41EE-4C0F-AF55-B118ADC145B4</p><p>Figs 1D; 10 A–B; 11 A–C</p><p>Paleanotus chrysolepis Hartmann-Schröder, 1960: 71</p><p>Paleanotus cf. chrysolepis Ben- Eliahu, 1976: 159</p><p>Hyalopale sp. Watson Russell, 1987: 668, fig. 27.4</p><p>Material examined. Holotype. NTM W.25602, Red Sea, Egypt, Al Ghurdaqah, Stn. B 27, littoral, coll. V. Storch, donated 1986, 1: 16NE, L: 1.1mm, W: 0.4mm, gametes.</p><p>Paratype. HZM P. 277743, Al Ghurdaqah, intertidal, near sub-fossil coral reef, bushy algae, coll. Remane, March, 1956, 1: 9E, L: 0.6mm, W: 0.38mm .</p><p>Additional material. HUJ AN.1.53, Red Sea, Israel, Gulf of Elat, Wadi Kabila, Dendropoma infauna, intertidal, 2: 1E, 16 segments, L: 1.1mm, W: 0.38mm; HZM P.14052, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.516666/lat -23.783333)">Western Indian Ocean</a>, Mozambique, Inhambane, 23 47’S, 35° 31’E, 25 Sept 1967, coll. Hartmann-Schröder, algal scrapings, 1, 14NE in 3 sets of fragments, W: 0.6mm .</p><p>Diagnosis. Mid-body main paleae with rounded brow, minute apices, (20) 22–24 ribs, multiple shallow raised ribs with minute denticles.</p><p>Description (based on holotype unless indicated otherwise). Prostomium retracted within segments II and III, more visible in ventral view, with two pairs melded red eyes; notopodia of segment II with six spines (Fig. 10 A, B). Barrel-like pharynx with two stylets, posterior caeca present. Mid-body notopodium with lateral spine; main paleae number nine, with (20) 22–24 (25) ribs and 9–10 (12) shallow raised ribs supporting small denticles that loosely line up in rows (Fig. 11 A, Red Sea; Fig. 11B, Mozambique); midline spines absent. Lateral and midline-most main paleae slightly more symmetrical, often with slightly involute shallow apices and 18–22 ribs (Fig. 11C). Main paleae relatively broad, with rounded brow, tiny, rounded apices, inner margin with minute serrations, convex margin with better-formed serration leading to apex. Notopodia with slender dorsal cirri, style extending just over half length of main paleae fan. Mid-body neurochaetae comprise: four long-bladed superior group; five mid superior; ~10 midgroup falcigers with slightly shorter, broader-blades with longer serrations; ~5 inferior group with shorter, slender blades. Total approximately 25/26. Ventral cirri finger- like, length to neuropodial tip.</p><p>Remarks. Watson Russell (1987) figured a small individual of Hyalopale sp. from the Red Sea, possessing three pairs of eyes and typical lateral spines (Watson Russell 1987: 668, Fig. 27.4). Hartmann-Schröder (1960) identified material from Ghardaga as Paleanotus chrysolepis and Ben-Eliahu (1976) recorded Paleanotus cf. chrysolepis from intertidal sabellariid and vermetid reefs in the Gulf of Elat, with lateral ‘acicular notosetae’ (= lateral spines) and noted green material in the body. Re-examination of these specimens in addition to that from HZM museum collections identified as Paleanotus chrysolepis by Hartmann-Schröder from Mozambique, proved to be Hyalopale furfuricula sp. nov. The morphology of Hyalopale furfuricula sp. nov. main paleae from individuals of the Red Sea and Mozambique closely agrees especially in the characteristic main paleal shape with a distinctive rounded brow with tiny, almost involute apices plus the numbers of internal ribs and raised ribs with small denticles. These notochaetal characters distinguish Hyalopale furfuricula sp. nov. from all other conspecifics, including those in adjoining regions: H. cf. bispinosa, Mediterranean Sea, to the north (cf Figs 1D, B) and H. angeliensis sp. nov. to the east (cf Figs 1 D, E). The mid-body neurochaetae of Hyalopale furfuricula sp. nov. are shorter, with broader more robust blades, and distinct curved distal tips that are less attenuate, when compared to those of H. angeliensis sp. nov. and H. sapphiriglancyorum sp. nov. Unfortunately, no DNA sequences could be acquired for this new species.</p><p>Etymology. The species name, furfuricula, is a diminutive form of furfur from the Latin and refers to the many tiny raised denticles or flakes on the dorsal surface of the main paleae, which forms a type of ‘scurf’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771987EF77713A282AFEC5A4FAFBDBD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watson, Charlotte;Tilic, Ekin;Rouse, Greg W.	Watson, Charlotte, Tilic, Ekin, Rouse, Greg W. (2019): Revision of Hyalopale (Chrysopetalidae; Phyllodocida; Annelida): an amphi-Atlantic Hyalopale bispinosa species complex and five new species from reefs of the Caribbean Sea and Indo-Pacific Oceans. Zootaxa 4671 (3): 339-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.3.2
