identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B46FE9CF26A05F3EB2D045B1A809E308.text	B46FE9CF26A05F3EB2D045B1A809E308.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camaena Albers 1850	<div><p>Camaena Albers, 1850</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Helix cicatricosa Müller, 1774, subsequent designation by Martens 1860.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B46FE9CF26A05F3EB2D045B1A809E308	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Pei;Hu, Mei-Ling;Lin, Jun-Hong;Yang, Hai-Fang;Li, Xiao-Jing;Zhou, Wei-Chuan	Wang, Pei, Hu, Mei-Ling, Lin, Jun-Hong, Yang, Hai-Fang, Li, Xiao-Jing, Zhou, Wei-Chuan (2020): Descriptions of four new dextral land snails of the genus Camaena (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Camaenidae) from south China. ZooKeys 996: 37-58, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187
8B931CAC5AEE572692BBCB4DE6A19AF9.text	8B931CAC5AEE572692BBCB4DE6A19AF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camaena funingensis Zhou, Wang & Lin 2020	<div><p>Camaena funingensis Zhou, Wang &amp; Lin sp. nov. Figures 3A, 4, 5A, 6, Tables 3, 4, 5</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. [FJIQBC 19340] Shell height 21.0 mm, shell width 41.0 mm, height of aperture 14.0 mm, width of aperture 18.7 mm, 22 October 2014, collected from the type locality.</p><p>Paratype. [FJIQBC 19341-19343] 3 live specimens: 2 adults, 1 juvenile.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Laolida, Funing, Wenshan, Yunnan, China (23°31'48.88"N, 105°32'59.70"E).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name of the new species refers to the type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Shell. Shell dextral, large, thin, fragile and lucent, low, and flat conical. 4.5 whorls, the front whorls increasing slowly. Spire relatively low. Body whorl rapidly expanded. Shell light yellowish brown with clear growth lines and spiral bands on the surface. Apex quite blunt. Suture shallow. The protoconch surface smooth, and some short clear growth lines near the inner side of suture under 32 × stereomicroscope. Body whorl with carinate periphery, and a thin reddish brown band on the carina and several sparse bands below the carina. Aperture lunate, slightly descending. Peristome reflected, white, thin, sharp. Columellar lip reflected. Umbilicus reddish brown, large, only 1/5 covered. Inner lip attached to the body whorl, forming translucent callus.</p><p>Soft body. Yellowish brown with irregular black lines and spots. Tentacles dark.</p><p>Reproductive system. Bursa copulatrix oval and large with long and tapering pedunculus, expanded at the base. Flagellum long, tapering distally. Vas deferens short and thin. Epiphallus long, slightly thick. Penis retractor muscle medium length and slender, becoming wider at the end. Penis swollen and long, with longitudinal, slightly corrugated, strong and widely spaced pilasters internally. Verge ovate, opened terminally, and one clear crack on the verge surface extending from the terminal to the base.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The species was found on limestone.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Camaena funingensis sp. nov. is characterized by a more oblate shape, lower spire, thin and fragile shell, and yellowish brown coloration, which are clearly different from the other dextral camaenids except C. longsonensis (Morlet, 1891), C jinpingensis Chen, Zhang &amp; Li, 1990, and C. vorvonga (Bavay &amp; Dautzenberg, 1900) (Chen et al. 1990; Schileyko 2011). The shells of the above four species are distinct from C. funingensis in the following ways:</p><p>(1) The umbilicus of C. funingensis sp. nov. is only 1/5 covered, while that of C. longsonensis is almost covered by reflected columellar lip leaving only a narrow slit, and that of C. jinpingensis is fully covered.</p><p>(2) C. funingensis sp. nov. has several reddish brown bands at the bottom of the body whorl in addition to those on the carina, while only one thin reddish brown band is present on the carinate periphery of C. vorvonga .</p><p>(3) For C. funingensis sp. nov., the verge is ovate and has one clear crack on the surface extending to the base, which makes it stand out other dextral camaenids.</p><p>Camaena gaolongensis sp. nov. is distinguishable from C. funingensis sp. nov. in having no spiral band. For C. maguanensis sp. nov., there is no band on the carinate periphery of the body whorl except for several below the carina. Moreover, the verge of C. maguanensis sp. nov. is small and circular. Camaena yulinensis sp. nov. differs to C. funingensis sp. nov. in having a conical verge and flesh-colored peristome.</p><p>P -distances of the COI gene between C. funingensis sp. nov. and the other camaenids are 0.068-0.200 (Table 3), and those between C. funingensis sp. nov. and C. gaolongensis sp. nov., C. maguanensis sp. nov. and C. yulinensis sp. nov. are 0.075, 0.068 and 0.094 respectively. All of these P -distances exceed the maximum intra-specific value 0.059 in the family Camaenidae . On the phylogenetic tree, these four new species are adjacent, hence it is reasonable to designate this as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B931CAC5AEE572692BBCB4DE6A19AF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Pei;Hu, Mei-Ling;Lin, Jun-Hong;Yang, Hai-Fang;Li, Xiao-Jing;Zhou, Wei-Chuan	Wang, Pei, Hu, Mei-Ling, Lin, Jun-Hong, Yang, Hai-Fang, Li, Xiao-Jing, Zhou, Wei-Chuan (2020): Descriptions of four new dextral land snails of the genus Camaena (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Camaenidae) from south China. ZooKeys 996: 37-58, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187
DB60DEBDA2E05365B9C38E73A5D60C68.text	DB60DEBDA2E05365B9C38E73A5D60C68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camaena gaolongensis Zhou, Wang & Lin 2020	<div><p>Camaena gaolongensis Zhou, Wang &amp; Lin sp. nov. Figures 3B, 4, 5B, 7, Tables 3, 4, 5</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. [FJIQBC 19353] Shell height 23.8 mm, shell width 49.0 mm, height of aperture 14.0 mm, width of aperture 19.2 mm, 11 April 2015, collected from the type locality.</p><p>Paratype. [FJIQBC 19354] 1 live juvenile, 20 October 2014; [FJIQBC 19355-19356] 2 live adults, 11 April 2015.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Dayao, Gaolong, Tianlin, Guangxi, China (24°11'52.33"N, 105°43'40.56"E).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name of the new species refers to the type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Shell. Shell dextral, large, thick, strong, low, and flat conical. 4.5 whorls, the front whorls increasing slowly. Spire relatively low. Body whorl rapidly expanded. Shell dark brown with clear and dense growth lines on the surface. Apex quite blunt. Suture shallow. The protoconch surface smooth with scale marks, and some short growth lines clear near the outer side of suture under 32 × stereomicroscope. Body whorl with acute and carinate periphery, but no spiral band. Aperture U-shaped. Peristome reflected, white and thick. Columellar lip reflected. Umbilicus reddish brown, open, large, and only 2/5 covered. Inner lip attached to the body whorl, forming translucent callus.</p><p>Soft body. Brown with irregularly black lines and spots. Tentacles dark.</p><p>Reproductive system. Bursa copulatrix oval and medium sized with long pedunculus, expanded at the base, becoming thinner at the distal end. Flagellum long and smooth, tapering distally. Vas deferens long and thin. Epiphallus medium length and thick. Penis retractor muscle short, slender basally but wide and flat distally. Penis thick and medium length. Inner penial wall supporting longitudinal, stronger, and more widely spaced pilasters, smooth basally, curved distally. Verge irregularly conical, opened basally, extending from the base to the end, with several slanted wrinkles on the surface.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>It is common in primary forest and loess areas, but it has not been found on the reclaimed lands outside the primary forest.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Camaena gaolongensis sp. nov. is clearly different from other dextral camaenids by its quite thick, low, flat, and dark brown conical shell resembling a flying saucer (Chen et al. 1990, Schileyko 2011). Additionally, the longitudinal pilasters on the inner penial wall are stronger and more widely spaced, as well as smooth at the base but curved at the end, which are also distinct from the other dissected Camaena snails (Ding et al. 2016, Ai et al.2016).</p><p>P -distances of the COI gene between C. gaolongensis sp. nov. and other dextral Camaena species are 0.075-0.203 (Table 3), and those between C. gaolongensis sp. nov., C. maguanensis sp. nov., and C. yulinensis sp. nov. are 0.085 and 0.104 respectively. Combining the topological structure of the phylogenetic tree, the new species C. gaolongensis sp. nov. is distinct from other dextral Camaena species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB60DEBDA2E05365B9C38E73A5D60C68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Pei;Hu, Mei-Ling;Lin, Jun-Hong;Yang, Hai-Fang;Li, Xiao-Jing;Zhou, Wei-Chuan	Wang, Pei, Hu, Mei-Ling, Lin, Jun-Hong, Yang, Hai-Fang, Li, Xiao-Jing, Zhou, Wei-Chuan (2020): Descriptions of four new dextral land snails of the genus Camaena (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Camaenidae) from south China. ZooKeys 996: 37-58, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187
69AD598F42365739904B4E8FC710E71B.text	69AD598F42365739904B4E8FC710E71B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camaena maguanensis Zhou, Wang & Hu 2020	<div><p>Camaena maguanensis Zhou, Wang &amp; Hu sp. nov. Figures 3C, 4, 5C, 8, Tables 3, 4, 5</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. [FJIQBC 19405] Shell height 19.2 mm, shell width 39.0 mm, height of aperture 12.0 mm, width of aperture 16.5 mm, 16 April 2015, collected from the type locality.</p><p>Paratype. [FJIQBC 19406] 1 live adult; [FJIQBC 19407-19413] 7 empty shells: 5 adults, 2 juveniles.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Huazhige, Maguan, Wenshan, Yunnan, China (22°57'24.48"N, 104°21'12.96"E).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name of the new species refers to the type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Shell. Shell dextral, large, thin, fragile, and glossy, low and flat conical. 4.5 whorls, the front whorls increasing slowly. Spire relatively low. Body whorl rapidly expanded. Shell yellowish with unclear growth lines and spiral bands on the surface. Apex quite blunt. Suture shallow. The protoconch surface smooth, some short growth lines visible near the two sides of suture under 32 × stereomicroscope. Last whorl with quite acute carina at periphery and a shallow groove-like depression above and below the carina. No band on the carina, but several reddish brown and sparse spire bands below the carina. Aperture crescent-shaped. Peristome reflected, white and thick. Columellar lip reflected. Umbilicus reddish brown, open, large and only 2/5 covered. Inner lip attached to the body whorl, forming translucent callus.</p><p>Soft body. Light yellowish brown with black lines. Tentacles dark.</p><p>Reproductive system. Bursa copulatrix oval, small, with quite long and tapering pedunculus. Flagellum long, tapering distally. Vas deferens long and thin. Epiphallus medium thickness and length. Penis retractor muscle very short and slender. Penis long with a short protrusion at the middle. Inner penial wall with longitudinal, slightly straight and smooth pilasters. Verge circular, somewhat small, opened basally, extending from the base to the end.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The species was found on limestone in Maguan county of Yunnan province, China.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Camaena maguanensis sp. nov. is clearly different from other dextral camaenids with a lower conical shell. In particular, C. maguanensis sp. nov. has a large and open umbilicus, which distinguishes it from C. longsonensis and C. jinpingensis . Although the umbilicus of C. maguanensis sp. nov. is similar to that of C. vorvonga, some differences are obvious. For example, C. maguanensis sp. nov. has no spiral band on the carinate periphery of the body whorl but some spaced bands at the base. The shell of C. maguanensis sp. nov. is yellowish, but that of C. gaolongensis sp. nov. is dark brown. On the other hand, C. maguanensis sp. nov. has a circular and slightly smaller verge.</p><p>P -distances of the COI gene between this new species and the other dextral species are 0.068-0.198 (Table 3), and that between C. maguanensis sp. nov. and C. yulinensis sp. nov. is 0.108, also exceeding 0.059 (currently the maximum differentiation value (p-distance) of Camaenidae) (Criscione and Köhler 2014), and the topology of the phylogenetic tree also supports the new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/69AD598F42365739904B4E8FC710E71B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Pei;Hu, Mei-Ling;Lin, Jun-Hong;Yang, Hai-Fang;Li, Xiao-Jing;Zhou, Wei-Chuan	Wang, Pei, Hu, Mei-Ling, Lin, Jun-Hong, Yang, Hai-Fang, Li, Xiao-Jing, Zhou, Wei-Chuan (2020): Descriptions of four new dextral land snails of the genus Camaena (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Camaenidae) from south China. ZooKeys 996: 37-58, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187
3E0CDA8E7D1453E384248FEF2D082342.text	3E0CDA8E7D1453E384248FEF2D082342.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camaena yulinensis Zhou, Wang & Hu 2020	<div><p>Camaena yulinensis Zhou, Wang &amp; Hu sp. nov. Figures 3D, 4, 5D, 9, Tables 3, 4, 5</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. [FJIQBC 19460] Shell height 21.0 mm, shell width 40.5 mm, height of aperture 13.5 mm, width of aperture 18.2 mm, 21 September 2014, collected from the type locality.</p><p>Paratype. [FJIQBC 19461-19466] 6 specimens: 3 live adults, 3 empty adult shells, 4 November 2013; [FJIQBC 19468-19472] 5 specimens: 3 live adults, 2 empty juvenile shells, 21 September 2014.</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Longquan cave, Yulin, Guangxi, China (22°36'41.24"N, 109°45'21.36"E).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name of the new species refers to the type locality.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Shell. Shell dextral, large, thin, fragile, and slightly lucent, low and flat conical. 4.5 whorls, the front whorls increasing slowly. Spire relatively low. Body whorl rapidly expanded. Shell light yellowish with clear and dense growth lines and spiral bands on the surface. Apex quite blunt. Suture shallow. The protoconch surface smooth for most individuals, but a few are rough. Growth lines clear near the outer side of suture under 32 × stereomicroscope. Last whorl with carinate periphery, a thin reddish brown spiral band on the carina, and many reddish brown spiral bands of different thickness on the upper and lower parts. Aperture lunate. Peristome reflected, flesh-colored, thin, sharp. Columellar lip reflected. Umbilicus reddish brown, open, large, and only 1/3 covered. Inner lip attached to body whorl, forming translucent callus.</p><p>Soft body. Pale yellow with irregular black lines. Tentacles dark brown.</p><p>Reproductive system. Bursa copulatrix oval, large, with long and tapering pedunculus. Flagellum long and slightly thick, tapering distally. Vas deferens short and thin. Epiphallus medium length and slightly thick. Penis retractor muscle short and wide. Penis short and swollen at distal 1/3, with longitudinal, thin, smooth pilasters internally. Verge conical, large, opened terminally, with some irregular wrinkles on the surface.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The species was found on limestone in Yulin city, Guangxi province.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Camaena yulinensis sp. nov. differs from C. longsonensis and C. jinpingensis in the key characteristic of large open umbilicus. This new species not only has spiral bands with different thickness on the body whorl but also has a flesh-colored peristome compared to C. vorvonga . The differences between this species and the other three new Camaena species herein have already been described above.</p><p>P -distances of the COI gene between C. yulinensis sp. nov. and the other dextral congeners ranges from 0.092 to 0.202 (Table 3) and the phylogenetic topology tree supports the establishment of this new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E0CDA8E7D1453E384248FEF2D082342	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Pei;Hu, Mei-Ling;Lin, Jun-Hong;Yang, Hai-Fang;Li, Xiao-Jing;Zhou, Wei-Chuan	Wang, Pei, Hu, Mei-Ling, Lin, Jun-Hong, Yang, Hai-Fang, Li, Xiao-Jing, Zhou, Wei-Chuan (2020): Descriptions of four new dextral land snails of the genus Camaena (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Camaenidae) from south China. ZooKeys 996: 37-58, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.54187
