identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7B718782847E0D3905DCFB7AFB6BFE29.text	7B718782847E0D3905DCFB7AFB6BFE29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phoneutria Perty 1833	<div><p>Phoneutria Perty, 1833</p><p>Phoneutria Perty, 1833: 196 –197. Mello-Leitão 1936: 2, 14; 1940:104, 105; Bonnet 1958: 3619 –3620; Bücherl et al. 1964: 96 –97, 100; Bücherl 1969a: 26 –27; Bücherl et al. 1969: 47–48; Brignoli 1983: 588; Platnick 1989: 503; Platnick 1993: 677; Platnick 1998: 615; Simó and Brescovit 2001: 69, 70.</p><p>Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (ad part): Keyserling 1881: 576; Keyserling 1891: 144; F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897: 76, 78, 80–81.</p><p>Type species. Phoneutria fera Perty, 1833; by subsequent designation (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897). Gen- der feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Phoneutria can be distinguished from other ctenid genera by the presence of dense scopulae on the prolateral face of pedipalp tibiae and tarsi in males and females and by the defensive display with an erect position and lateral movements of the body with elevated forelegs (Figs 52–55) (Simó &amp; Brescovit 2001).</p><p>Species composition. Eight species following this revision, of which five are known from outside the Amazon region as defined for this study and therefore treated here: P. nigriventer, P. keyserlingi, P. pertyi, P. bahiensis and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. Amazonian Phoneutria include P. f e r a, P. boliviensis (F. O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1897) and P. re i d y i (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897).</p><p>Distribution. Phoneutria occurs from Costa Rica southwards into South America, and here mostly in forested areas of Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. In Brazil it is found throughout the country, except in the northeastern region north of the City of Salvador (12°58'S 38°30'W). Species of the genus were introduced to Chile and Uruguay (Simó &amp; Brescovit 2001).</p><p>Natural History. Members of Phoneutria are nocturnal species with cursorial habits. During the day they can be found in banana plantations, bromeliads, inside termite mounds, under fallen logs and rocks (Vellard 1936). At least one species, P. n i g r i v e n t e r, is synanthropic, hiding in dark and moist places inside or in the vicinities of human dwellings (Bücherl 1968). Mating of P. nigriventer occurs in the dry season from April to June, when mature males and females are most frequently observed (Ramos et al. 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B718782847E0D3905DCFB7AFB6BFE29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério (2007): The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 1526: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177546
7B71878284780D3D05DCFB67FB75F941.text	7B71878284780D3D05DCFB67FB75F941.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling 1891) Keyserling 1891	<div><p>Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891)</p><p>(Figs 5, 9, 13, 17, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 68)</p><p>Ctenus nigriventer Keyserling, 1891: 144, plate 4, fig. 98. Strand 1910: 296 –298; Petrunkevitch 1911: 475; Roewer 1955: 653.</p><p>Ctenus nigriventroides Strand, 1907 . Strand 1916: 129 –130 (misidentification; Simó &amp; Brescovit 2001).</p><p>Ctenus rufichelis Mello-Leitão, 1917: 97, figs 15–16; Roewer 1955: 654; Eickstedt 1981: 106–109 (synonymy established in Bücherl 1968).</p><p>Ctenus paca Mello-Leitão, 1922: 41 . Roewer 1955: 653; Eickstedt and Lucas 1969: 75 (synonymy established in Bücherl 1968).</p><p>Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling) . Mello-Leitão 1936: 15 –17, 599, plate 1, fig. 36, plate 3, figs 34–35; Bonnet 1958: 3621; Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin 1966: 675 –682; Eickstedt 1981: 106–117, figs 1, 3, 5, 7–10; Platnick 1989: 503; Platnick 1993: 677; Platnick 1998: 615.</p><p>Phoneutria rufichelis: Mello-Leitão 1936: 15; Bonnet 1958: 3622.</p><p>Phoneutria paca (Mello-Leitão): Mello-Leitão 1936: 15, 18; Bonnet 1958: 3620.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype of Ctenus nigriventer Keyserling, 1891: female, Rio Grande [32º02'06”S, 52º05'55”W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil], von Ihering (BMNH 1890.7.1.2914). Not examined (photographs provided by BMNH).</p><p>Holotype of Ctenus rufichelis Mello-Leitão, 1917: male, São João Del Rei, [21°08’08”S, 44°15’42W”, Minas Gerais, Brazil]. Not examined (presumed lost; Eickstedt 1981).</p><p>Holotype of Ctenus paca Mello-Leitão, 1922: immature female, São Paulo [23°32’51”S, 46°38’10”W, São Paulo, Brazil], 1921, E. Garbe (MZSP 11.053, former 537A).</p><p>Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Missiones: Puerto Yguacú, 25°00’S, 55°00’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 27621). BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Anaurilândia, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta, 22°11’S, 52°43’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 23441), 1ɗ (IBSP 23484), 2Ψ (IBSP 23498), 1Ψ (IBSP 29554), 1ɗ (IBSP 39497); Bataguassú (Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta), 21°42’S, 52°25’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 38822), 1ɗ (IBSP 38872), 2Ψ (IBSP 39461); Bonito, 21°07’S, 56°28’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 4910); Paranaíba, 19°40’S, 51°11’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 1947), 1Ψ (IBSP 3742), 1Ψ (IBSP 6810), 1ɗ (IBSP 6813), 1Ψ (IBSP 14071), 3Ψ (IBSP 14126), 2Ψ (IBSP 14127), 1Ψ (IBSP 14244); Santa Rita do Rio Pardo, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta, 21°18’S, 52°49’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 37654), 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 37873). Goiás: Ipameri, 17°43’S, 48°09’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 3761). Distrito Federal: Brasília, 15°46’S, 47°55’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2804), 1ɗ (UNB 3013), 1ɗ (UNB 3545). Minas Gerais: Arceburgo, 21°21’S, 46°56’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 4754); Barbacena, 21°13’S, 43°46’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2164); Barão de Cocais, 19°56’S, 43°29’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2296), 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2476); Bocaina de Minas, Mirantão, 22°15’S, 44°29’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 14066), 1Ψ (IBSP 4749); Botelhos, 21°38’S, 46°23’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2466); Camanducaia, 22°45’S, 46°08’W, 1Ψ, 1ɗ (IBSP 2165), 1Ψ (IBSP 2662), 1Ψ (IBSP 3580); Cambuí, 22°36’S, 46°03’W, 2ɗ (IBSP 1766); Campo Florido, 19°45’S, 48°34’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2634); Estiva, 22°27’S, 46°01’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2793); Extrema, 22°51’S, 46°19’W, 1Ψ, 1ɗ (IBSP 2426), 1ɗ (IBSP 3451), 1ɗ (IBSP 41286); Frutal, 20°01’S, 48°56’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 3152); Iguatama, 20°10’S, 45°42’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 1921); Juatuba, Área de Preservação de Serra Azul, 19°57’S, 44°20’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 35835); Ouro Fino, 22°16’S, 46°22’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2932), 1Ψ (IBSP 14302); Passa Vinte, 22°12’S, 44°14’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2472); Passos, 20°43’S, 46°36’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2114); Paraisópolis, 22°33’S, 45°46’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2933); Poços de Caldas, 21°47’S, 46°33’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2220), 1ɗ (IBSP 27179); Pouso Alegre, 22°13’S, 45°56’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2859); Santa Bárbara, 19°57’S, 43°24’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 714); Sapucaia Mirim, 22°44’S, 45°44’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 24089); São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Canastra, 20°08’S, 46°39’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 39866); Uberaba, 19°44’S, 47°55’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2573), 1ɗ (IBSP 2729); Uberlândia, 18°55’S, 48°16’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 238). São Paulo: Agudos, 22°28’S, 48°59’W, 2ɗ (IBSP 206); Alumínio, 23°32’S, 47°15’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2278); Andradina, 20°53’S, 51°22’W, 1ɗ(IBSP 1571); Apiaí, 24°30’S, 48°50’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2511); Assis, 22°39’S, 50°24’W, 1ɗ(IBSP 2852), 1ɗ (IBSP 2084); Atibaia, 23°07’S, 46°33’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2415); Bananal Paulista, 22°41’S, 44°19’W, 1ɗ(IBSP 2069); Bebedouro, 20°56’S, 48°28’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2480); Bento de Abreu, 21°16’S, 50°48’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2229); Botucatu, 22°53’S, 48°26’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2272); Bragança Paulista, 22°57’S, 46°32’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 27279); Buri, 23°47’S, 48°35’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2335); Buritizal, 20°11’S, 47°42’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2319), 1Ψ (IBSP 2332); Caieiras, 23°21’S, 46°44’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 169); Cajamar, 23°21’S, 46°52’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 33122); Cajuru, Sampaio Moreira, 21°16’S, 47°18’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 214); Campinas, 22°54’S, 47°03’W, 3ɗ (IBSP 2545); Campo Limpo Paulista, 23°12’S, 46°47’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 178); Capivari, 22°59’S, 47°30’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2640); Dourado, 22°06’S, 48°19’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2271); Embu, 23°38’S, 46°51’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 3161); Guararema, 23°24’S, 46°02’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2227), 1ɗ (IBSP 36379); Guaratinguetá, 22°48’S, 45°11’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2413); Guarulhos, 23°27’S, 46°32’W, 3ɗ (IBSP 29636); Ibiúna, 23°39’S, 47°13’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2595); Itapeva, 23°58’S, 48°52’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2487); Itatiba, 23°00’S, 46°50’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2568), 1Ψ (IBSP 27813); Itu, 23°15’S, 47°17’W, 1ɗ(IBSP 27278); Jacareí, 23°18’S, 45°57’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 1389); Júlio Mesquita, 22°00’S, 49°47’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2648); Juquitiba, 23°55’S, 47°04’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2360), 1ɗ 1Ψ (IBSP 2628); Lindóia, 22°31’S, 46°39’W, 2 Ψ (IBSP 2626); Mairiporã, 23°19’S, 46°36’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 78874); Matão, Silvânia, 21°36’S, 48°21’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 164); Miracatu, 24°16’S, 47°27’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2194), 1Ψ (IBSP 2196), 1ɗ (IBSP 1192); Nazaré Paulista, 23°10’S, 46°23’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2341); Pindamonhangaba, 22°55’S, 45°27’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 27272); Piracicaba, 22°43’S, 47°38’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 73), 2ɗ (IBSP 28282); Porto Feliz, 23°12’S, 47°31’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2939); Porto Ferreira, 21°51’S, 47°28’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 566); Porto Primavera, 21°32’S, 51°58’W, 2ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 37776); Promissão, Usina Hidrelétrica de Promissão, 21°32’S, 49°51’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 28436); Rinópolis, 21°43’S, 50°43’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 915), 1ɗ (IBSP 4231); Rio Claro, 22°24’S, 47°33’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 10571), 1ɗ (IBSP 10578), 1ɗ (IBSP 10580), 1ɗ (IBSP 20988); Rio Grande da Serra, 23°44’S, 46°23’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2246); Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, 21°49’S, 47°14’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 1715); Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, 22°53’S, 49°37’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 170); Santana do Parnaíba, 23°26’S, 46°55’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 20473); Santo André, 23°39’S, 46°32’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 28275); São Bento do Sapucaí, 22°41’S, 45°43’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2948); São Bernardo do Campo, 23°41’S, 46°33’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2378); São Lourenço da Serra, 23°51’S, 46°56’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 27277), 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2720), 1ɗ (IBSP 27965); São Paulo, 23°32’S, 46°38’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 14), 2Ψ (IBSP 61), 1Ψ (IBSP 62), 1Ψ (IBSP 66), 1Ψ (IBSP 79), 1Ψ (IBSP 83), 1Ψ (IBSP 85), 1ɗ (IBSP 91), 1Ψ (IBSP 128), 1Ψ (IBSP 196), 1Ψ (IBSP 216), 1Ψ (IBSP 773), 1Ψ (IBSP 969), 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 1128), 1ɗ (IBSP 2182), 1Ψ (IBSP 2260), 2Ψ (IBSP 2317), 1Ψ (IBSP 3164), 1ɗ (IBSP 14063), 1Ψ (IBSP 20469), 1ɗ (IBSP 27290), 1ɗ (IBSP 27967), 1Ψ (IBSP 78877); Represa Guarapiranga, Ilha dos Eucaliptos, 23°44’S, 46°44’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 36145); Serra da Cantareira, 23°20’S, 46°41’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2633); Sete Barras, 24°23’S, 47°55’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2949); Tambaú, 21°42’S, 47°16’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2268); Tapiraí, 23°57’S, 47°30’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2566); Valinhos, 22°58’S, 46°59’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2942). Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa, 19°56’S, 40°36’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2359). Rio de Janeiro: Barra Mansa, 22°32’S, 44°10’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2263), 2Ψ (IBSP 2567), 1ɗ (IBSP 4736), 1Ψ (IBSP 11860), 1ɗ (IBSP 11888); Barra do Piraí, 22°28’S, 43°49’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2291), Vargem Alegre, 22°30’S, 43°55’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2276); Engenheiro Paulo Frontin, Morro Azul, 22°32’S, 43°40’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 975); Itatiaia, 22°29’S, 44°33’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2787); Resende, 22°28’S, 44°26’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2493); Rio Bonito, 22°42’S, 42°36’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2288); Volta Redonda, 22°31’S, 44°06’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 17551). Paraná: Apucarana, 23°33’S, 51°27’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2180), 1Ψ (IBSP 2416); Balsa Nova, 25°35’S, 49°38’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 1070); Boa Vista da Aparecida, Flor da Serra, 25°26’S, 53°24’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 21366), 1Ψ (IBSP 21392), 1Ψ (IBSP 21368); Campina Grande do Sul, 25°18’S, 49°03’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2943); Candói/Mangueirinha, Usina Hidrelétrica de Segredo, 25°56’S, 52°10’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 11552), 1ɗ, 2Ψ (IBSP 11553), 1ɗ (IBSP 11588), 1Ψ (IBSP 11562), 1Ψ (IBSP 11590), 1ɗ, 2Ψ (IBSP 11600), 5Ψ (IBSP 11608), 2ɗ, 4Ψ (IBSP 11627), 1ɗ, 5Ψ (IBSP 11628), 1Ψ (IBSP 11631), 3ɗ, 2Ψ (IBSP 11703); Curitiba, 25°25’S, 49°16’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 440), 1ɗ (IBSP 489), 1Ψ (IBSP 3418), 1Ψ (IBSP 3609), 1ɗ (IBSP 4734), 2Ψ (IBSP 35890), 1Ψ (IBSP 38182); Cruzeiro do Iguaçú, 25°36’S, 53°07’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 21365); Guarapuava, 25°23’S, 51°27’W, 3Ψ, 2ɗ 1 juv. (IBSP 4919); Pinhão, Usina Hidreléterica da Foz do Areia, Bacia do Rio Piqueri, Serra dos Dourados, 25°41’S, 51°39’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 10028), 2Ψ (IBSP 10029), 2ɗ, 2Ψ (IBSP 10500), 3ɗ, 3Ψ (IBSP 10533), 4Ψ, 1ɗ (IBSP 10561), 3Ψ (IBSP 10562); Foz do Iguaçu, 25°32’S, 54°35’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 34983); Itaperuçú, 25°13’S, 49°20’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 1109); Jaguariaíva, 24°15’S, 49°42’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2343), Parque Estadual do Cerrado, 24°09’S, 50°18’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 24144); Telêmaco Borba, Monte Alegre, 24°19’S, 50°36’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2724); Laranjeiras do Sul, Usina Hidrelétrica Salto Santiago, 25°24’S, 52°24’W, 7Ψ (IBSP 14294); Mallet, 25°52’S, 50°49’W, 3Ψ (IBSP 2674); Paranavaí, 23°04’S, 52°27’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 3635); Ponta Grossa, 25°05’S, 50°09’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2430), 1Ψ (IBSP 3685); Porto Rico, 22°46’S, 53°16’W, 1ɗ, 2Ψ (IBSP 2479); Rio Azul, 25°43’S, 50°47’W, 3Ψ (IBSP 2446); Rio Negro, 26°06’S, 49°47’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2680), 1Ψ (IBSP 2897); Rolândia, 23°18’S, 51°22’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 1505); Tijucas do Sul, Lagoa, 25°55’S, 49°11’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 39067); União da Vitória, 26°13’S, 51°05’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 1125). Santa Catarina: Capinzal, 27°20’S, 51°36’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2237); Corupá, 26°25’S, 49°14’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 204), 1Ψ (IBSP 509), 1Ψ (IBSP 510); Ibicaré, 27°05’S, 51°21’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2191). Rio Grande do Sul: Santa Cruz do Sul, 29°43’S, 52°25’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 207), 1Ψ (IBSP 78), 2Ψ (IBSP 72), 1Ψ (IBSP 98); Porto Alegre, 30°01’S, 51°13’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 516), 1Ψ (IBSP 1724); Tuparendi, 27°45’S, 54°28’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 5052), 1ɗ (IBSP 14108). URUGUAY: Montevidéu: Montevidéu, 35°00’S, 56°00’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 627).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Phoneutria nigriventer is most similar to P. keyserlingi, P. pertyi and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. Females have a flat epigyne (Fig. 13) and an epigynal lateral field with the area close to the copulatory opening not grooved (Fig. 17), in contrast to P. keyserlingi, which has an elevated epigyne and the epigynal lateral field with the area close to the copulatory opening grooved (Fig 18). From the other two species, females differ by the flat epigynal middle field and the lack of basal sulci in the epigynal lateral apophysis (Fig. 13), in contrast to the convex epigynal middle field and epigynal lateral apophysis with sulci present (Figs 15–16). Additionally, P. nigriventer females differ from the similar species by the uniform black ventral opisthosoma (Fig. 56). Males of P. nigriventer differ from P. keyserlingi and P. pertyi by the straight embolus with weakly pronounced prolateral keel (Fig. 36). From P. eickstedtae sp. nov. they differ by the very narrow embolus base, which is much wider in P. eickstedtae sp. nov. (Fig. 39).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female and male were redescribed in detail by Eickstedt (1981). In addition:</p><p>Female</p><p>Epigyne. Lateral epigynal fields with area close to the copulatory openings not grooved (Fig. 17).</p><p>Chelicerae. Dark brown with red setae (Fig. 44).</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibiae dorsally dark brown with a longitudinal light brown median band, retrolateral face with a light brown band and prolateral face with a brown band; tarsus dorsally dark brown (Fig. 44).</p><p>Opisthosoma. Dorsally yellow-brown to dark brown, with or without pairs of lighter spots longitudinally in the median region and these with or without black dots on the posterior border (Fig. 48); ventrally uniform black to dark brown (Figs 52, 56).</p><p>Male</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibia shorter than cymbium; embolus with weakly pronounced, narrow prolateral marginal keel, (Fig. 36); tegulum long and its base narrower than the median region (Figs 24, 28).</p><p>Opisthosoma. Ventrally brown to orange, otherwise colour pattern as female.</p><p>Va ri a ti on</p><p>Opisthosoma of immature spiders ventrally orange with wide transverse black band close to the epigastric furrow (Fig. 60). In females, the dark band grows in size after each moult, until covering the whole ventral surface. In males, the orange colour remains or changes to brown in adults, but never to black.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Ctenus luederwaldti Mello-Leitão, 1927 is currently listed as junior synonym of P. n i g r i v e n t e r (Eickstedt 1981; Platnick 2007). The holotype of this species is an immature specimen from Blumenau (26º55'S 49º03'W, Santa Catarina, Brazil) collected in 1924 by Luederwaldt (MZSP 940) (examined). The ventral pattern of the specimen is severely faded and therefore it is not possible to establish whether this species should be considered valid or is a junior synonym of either P. nigriventer or P. keyserlingi . The specimen was collected in an area where both P. nigriventer and P. keyserlingi occur. Therefore, we remove P. luederwaldti from its synonymy with P. n i g r i v e n t e r and consider it a nomen dubium.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Brazil (states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), in the Atlantic rainforest or in forest fragments of the Cerrado; northern Argentina; introduced to Uruguay (Capocasale 1984; Simó 1984) (Fig. 68).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B71878284780D3D05DCFB67FB75F941	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério (2007): The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 1526: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177546
7B718782847B0D3305DCF8B7FF71F9F1.text	7B718782847B0D3305DCF8B7FF71F9F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phoneutria keyserlingi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897) F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897	<div><p>Phoneutria keyserlingi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897)</p><p>(Figs 6, 10, 14, 18, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 61, 68)</p><p>Ctenus ferus (Perty) . Keyserling 1891: 145 (misidentification; F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897).</p><p>Ctenus keyserlingii F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: 53, 55, 59, 64, 76, 81, plate 3, fig. 2c.</p><p>Phoneutria keyserlingi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge) . Bücherl 1969b:157; Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin 1973: 32 (as junior synonym of P. fer a); Eickstedt 1981: 118, figs 2, 4, 6, 8–10 (revalidated); Simó and Brescovit 2001: 73 (as junior synonym of P. nigriventer); Platnick 1989: 503; Platnick 1993: 677; Platnick 1998: 615.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype of Ctenus keyserlingi F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: female, Rio de Janeiro [22º54'10”S 42º12'27”W, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil], von Ihering (BMNH 1890.7.1.2918). Not examined (photographs provided by BMNH).</p><p>Other material examined: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Ana Dias, 24°18’S, 47°04’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 242); 1ɗ (IBSP 243); 1Ψ (IBSP 3273); Bertioga, 23°51’S, 46°08’W, 1ɗ 1Ψ (IBSP 2904); 1Ψ (IBSP 14117); 1ɗ (IBSP 20457); Biritiba-Mirim, 23°34’S, 46°02’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2945); Boracéia, 22°11’S, 48°46’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 1359); 1Ψ (IBSP 2187); Cananéia, 25°00’S, 47°55’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2494); 1ɗ (IBSP 2594); 1Ψ (IBSP 3466); Caraguatatuba, 23°37’S, 45°24’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 1601); 1ɗ 1Ψ (IBSP 2946); 1Ψ (IBSP 4573); Guarujá, 23°59’S, 46°15’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2841); 1ɗ (IBSP 28283), Ilha Santo Amaro, 1Ψ (IBSP 1074); Iguape, 24°42’S, 47°33’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2857); 1Ψ (IBSP 3740); 1ɗ (IBSP 11852); 1ɗ (IBSP 14107); Ilha dos Alcatrazes, 24°06’S, 45°41’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 37), 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 40), 1Ψ (IBSP 52), 1Ψ (MZSP 8941), 1ɗ (IBSP 78873); Ilhabela, 23°46’S, 45°21’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 56); 1Ψ (IBSP 2176); 1Ψ (IBSP 3804); 1Ψ (IBSP 4575); 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 34905); 1ɗ (IBSP 38295); Ilha de Búzios, 23°48’S, 45°08’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 10282); Ilha do Cardoso, 25°07’S, 47°58’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 14395); Ilha Porchat, 23°58’S, 46°22’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2098); 1Ψ (IBSP 2103); Ilha da Queimada Grande, 24°29’S, 46°41’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 25), 1Ψ (IBSP 1187), 1Ψ (IBSP 1189), 1Ψ (IBSP 14098), 1Ψ (IBSP 78875); Itanhaem, 24°10’S, 46°47’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 1837); 1ɗ 1Ψ (IBSP 2275); Itariri, 24°17’S, 47°10’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2091); 1Ψ (IBSP 2093); Itatinga (Usina Hidrelétrica de Itatinga), 23°06’S, 48°36’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 28444); Juquiá, 24°19’S, 47°38’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2184); 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 36399); Miracatu, 24°16’S, 47°27’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2223); 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2497); 1Ψ (IBSP 2593), Biguá, 1ɗ (IBSP 2094), Biguazinho, 1Ψ (IBSP 2163); Mongaguá, 24°05’S, 46°37’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2385); Pedro de Toledo, 24°16’S, 47°13’W, 2Ψ (IBSP 2331); 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2947); Peruíbe, 24°19’S, 46°59’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 1750); 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 1912); 1ɗ (IBSP 2735); Praia do Camburi, 23°21’S, 45°21’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2267); 1Ψ (IBSP 3508); Praia Grande, 24°00’S, 46°24’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2144); 1Ψ (IBSP 2700); Santos, 23°57’S, 46°20’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 664); 1Ψ (IBSP 691); São Sebastião, 23°45’S, 45°24’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 236); 2ɗ (IBSP 871); 1ɗ (IBSP 977); 1Ψ (IBSP 1846); 1Ψ (IBSP 2080); 1ɗ (IBSP 2199); 1ɗ (IBSP 2475); 1ɗ (IBSP 3446); 1Ψ (IBSP 5871); 1Ψ (IBSP 14057); 1ɗ (IBSP 14113); 1Ψ (IBSP 14115); 1Ψ (IBSP 20327); Sete Barras, 24°23’S 47°55’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2138); 1ɗ 1Ψ (IBSP 2847); 2ɗ 1Ψ (IBSP 27424); Ubatuba, 23°26’S, 45°04’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 65); 1Ψ (IBSP 1602); 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2128); 2Ψ (IBSP 2146); 1Ψ (IBSP 2233); 2ɗ (IBSP 2523); 1Ψ (IBSP 2727); 1Ψ (IBSP 3510); 1ɗ (IBSP 3634); 1ɗ (IBSP 3659); 1Ψ (IBSP 3750); 1Ψ (IBSP 4576); 1ɗ (IBSP 27966); 1ɗ (IBSP 37814); 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 37790). Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis, 23°00’S, 44°19’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 3585); 1ɗ, 2Ψ (IBSP 3774); 1ɗ (IBSP 4564); 1ɗ (IBSP 4567); 2Ψ (IBSP 4570); 1ɗ (IBSP 4751); Goiabal, 2Ψ (IBSP 3006); Ilha Marambaia, 23°04’S, 43°58’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 28227); Itatiaia, 22°29’S, 44°33’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 34987); Mendes, 22°31’S, 43°43’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 922); Nova Friburgo, 22°16’S, 42°31’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2856); Parati, 23°13’S, 44°42’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 4566); 1Ψ (IBSP 27275); Piraí, Serra das Araras, 22°37’S, 43°53’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 14114); Rio de Janeiro, 22°54’S, 43°12’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 1476); São Pedro da Aldeia, 22°50’S, 42°06’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 2166). Paraná: Morretes, 25°28’S, 48°50’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ (IBSP 2555); 1ɗ (IBSP 7334); Paranaguá, 25°31’S, 48°30’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2240). Santa Catarina: no exact locality, 1Ψ (IBSP 2135); Balneário Barra do Sul, 26°27’S, 48°36’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 15362); Corupá, 26°25’S, 49°14’W, 1ɗ 1Ψ (IBSP 511); Florianópolis, 27°35’S, 48°32’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 4913); 1ɗ (IBSP 5053); 1ɗ (IBSP 9991); Porto Belo, 27°09’S, 48°33’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 4636).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Phoneutria keyserlingi is most similar to P. nigriventer and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. Females can be distinguished by having the epigyne ventrally elevated, laminar epigynal lateral guides (Fig. 14) and the epigynal lateral field with a grooved area close to the copulatory opening (Fig. 18), whereas in the similar species the epigyne is flat, the guides are cylindrical (Fig. 13) and the epigynal lateral field has the area close to the copulatory opening not grooved (Fig. 17). Males differ by the wide and curved embolus (Figs 25, 29) and by the elevated prolateral marginal keel (Fig. 37), whereas the embolus is straight and narrow and the prolateral marginal keel is weakly elevated in P. nigriventer (Fig. 36) and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. (Fig. 39).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female and male were redescribed in detail by Eickstedt (1981). In addition:</p><p>Female</p><p>Epigyne. Epigynal lateral field with deeply grooved area close to copulatory openings (Fig. 18).</p><p>Chelicerae. Yellowish to red (Fig. 45).</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibia dorsally dark brown with yellow longitudinal median band, tarsus dark brown (Fig. 45).</p><p>Opisthosoma. Dorsally yellowish to brownish with pairs of black dots longitudinally in the median region, or, less frequently, with pairs of lighter spots (Fig. 49); ventrally brownish to orange (Figs 53, 57).</p><p>Male</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibia shorter than cymbium; embolus strongly curved, prolateral marginal keel elevated (Fig. 37); tegulum base as wide as the median region (Figs 25, 29).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin (1973) considered P. keyserlingi a junior synonym of P. f e r a. Eickstedt (1981) reinstated it as valid species following the examination of the holotype and specimens from the southern and south-eastern Brazilian coast. She based her decision on diagnostic characters of the genitalia, in particular the curved embolus of the male pedipalp and the laminar lateral guides of the female epigyne. Simó and Brescovit (2001) considered P. keyserlingi a junior synonym of P. n i g r i v e n t e r arguing that the epigynal lateral guides should not be used as diagnostic character, because their shape is highly variable in other ctenids. In this study we found that P. keyserlingi females consistently have laminar epigynal lateral guides (Figs 6, 14) and the epigynal lateral field, close to the copulatory opening, is deeply grooved (Fig. 18). This agrees with the wide, strongly sclerotised and curved embolus of the male pedipalp (Fig. 37). On the other hand, P. nigriventer females always have cylindrical epigynal lateral guides (Figs 5, 13) and the epigynal lateral field close to the copulatory opening is shallow (Fig. 17). Males have a narrow and straight embolus (Fig. 36) which agrees with female genitalia shape, suggesting a possible mechanical incompatibility between the copulatory organs of P. keyserlingi and P. nigriventer . Based on these distinct and consistent differences we consider P. keyserlingi a valid species and consequently propose removing it from synonymy with P. n i g r i v e n - ter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B718782847B0D3305DCF8B7FF71F9F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério (2007): The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 1526: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177546
7B71878284760D3605DCFF07FC5CFE29.text	7B71878284760D3605DCFF07FC5CFE29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phoneutria pertyi (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897) F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897	<div><p>Phoneutria pertyi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897)</p><p>(Figs 7, 11, 15, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 68)</p><p>Ctenus rufibarbi s (Perty). Keyserling 1881: 576, plate 16, fig. 22 (misidentification; F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897). Ctenus pertyi F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: 76, 80.</p><p>Phoneutria pertyi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge) . Eickstedt 1981: 97, 99–100; Simó and Brescovit 2001: 72 (as junior synonym of P. nigriventer); Platnick 1989: 503; Platnick 1993: 677; Platnick 1998: 615.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Syntypes of Ctenus pertyi F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: two females, Nova Friburgo [22o16’55”S 42o51’32”W, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil] (BMNH 1915.3.5.7771.72). Not examined (photographs provided by BMNH).</p><p>Other material examined: BRAZIL: Bahia: Itamaraju, 17°02’S, 39°31’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 26722). Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins, 20°21’S, 40°39’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 36355), 1ɗ (IBSP 14297), 1ɗ (IBSP 14119), 1Ψ (IBSP 78876); São Mateus, 18°42’S, 39°51’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 12867), 1ɗ (IBSP 12919), 1ɗ (IBSP 12651), 1Ψ (IBSP 16521), 1Ψ (IBSP 12692); Vitor Hugo, 20°25’S 40°49’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 16267). Minas Gerais: Juiz de Fora, 21°45’S, 43°21’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2574), 1ɗ (IBSP 4801), 1Ψ (IBSP 14129); Mariana, 20°22’S, 43°24’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 27942), 1Ψ (IBSP 27941), 1Ψ (IBSP 27940), 2ɗ, 2Ψ (IBSP 33061). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 22°16’S, 42°31’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 3402), 1Ψ (IBSP 3157), 1Ψ (IBSP 2970), 1Ψ (IBSP 2142), 2Ψ (IBSP 4688), 1Ψ (IBSP 3314), 1Ψ (IBSP 3392), 1Ψ (IBSP 2125), 1Ψ 1ɗ (IBSP 2718), 1ɗ (IBSP 2843), 1ɗ (IBSP 3027), 1Ψ (IBSP 3141), 1Ψ (IBSP 3142), 1Ψ (IBSP 3154), 1ɗ (IBSP 3391), 1Ψ (IBSP 4577); Petrópolis, 22°30’S 43°10’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2849), 1Ψ (IBSP 4797), 1Ψ (IBSP 31874), 1Ψ, 1ɗ (IBSP 36206); Teresópolis, Serra dos Órgãos, 22°24’S, 42°57’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 11890), 1Ψ (IBSP 31972).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Phoneutria pertyi is most similar to P. nigriventer and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. Females differ by having several basal sulci in the epigynal lateral apophysis (Fig. 15), whereas these are absent in P. n i g r i v e n t e r (Fig. 13) and reduced in P. eickstedtae sp. nov. (Fig. 16). Males have the pedipalp tibia longer or similar in length to the cymbium and the apex of embolus curved and hook-like in shape (Figs 26, 30), in contrast P. nigriventer and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. in which the tibia is shorter than the cymbium and the embolus is straight (Figs 36, 39).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female (based on IBSP 3141 from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)</p><p>Dimensions. Total length 25.20; prosoma oval, length 12.95, width 9.33; opisthosoma length 11.97, width 10.40; clypeus height 0.85.</p><p>Eyes. Eye diameter, ALE 0.3, PLE 0.55, AME 0.45, PME 0.5; Eye interdistances, AME-AME 0.5, PME- PME 0.4, ALE-ALE 0.3, PLE-PLE 2.1, AME-ALE 0.45, PME-PLE 0.6, AME-PME 0.35, PME-ALE 0.4; MOQ length 1.4, anterior width 1.4, posterior width 1.45</p><p>Legs. Leg formula I, IV, II, III; measurements: I—femur 14.29, patella 6.10, tibia 12.99, metatarsus 11.56, tarsus 3.58, total length 48.52; II—12.60, 5.64, 11.27, 10.50, 3.31, 43.32; III—10.58, 5.26, 7.97, 8.34, 2.98, 35.13; IV—13.36, 4.91, 10.90, 13.84, 3.83, 46.84; spination: I and II—tibia: v 2-2 -2-2-2, p 0, d 0, r 0; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1, d 0, r 1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; III—tibia: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1, d 1-1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 0, d 0, r 0; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; IV—same as leg III, except metatarsus: v 2-2 -2-2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1-1; and, tarsus: v 2, p 0, d 0, r 0; tarsi I–IV with paired pectinate claws with 4 teeth and 1 denticle.</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibia length 3.78, width 1.33; tarsus length 4.63, width 1.20.</p><p>Epigyne. Triangular; apically with several sulci; epigynal lateral field wide and sinuous; epigynal middle field convex from one third of its tip to posterior edge; epigynal lateral guides cylindrical and slightly oblique to half of the epigyne length; epigynal lateral apophysis wide, with many narrow basal sulci (Figs 7, 15); retrolateral area of spermathecae with basal projection (Fig. 11).</p><p>Colouration. Dorsal shield of prosoma red-brown with golden setae (Fig. 50); ocular area with light gray setae and dark brown oblique band from PLE to anterior dorsal shield of prosoma edge; light yellow setae between AME and PLE (Fig 46). Chelicerae dark brown with golden-yellow and white setae (Fig. 46). Sternum light brown. Pedipalp tibia dorsally brown with golden longitudinal median band, retrolateral face with a white band and between these two bands and a brown band, prolateral face with dense yellow scopulae (Fig. 46). Legs I–IV yellowish-brown. Opisthosoma dorsally golden, with pairs of dark spots longitudinally in the median region (Fig 50); ventrally yellowish-brown with or without transverse dark brown band close to the epigastric furrow and with four more conspicuous white lines in the posterior opisthosoma half; area close to the spinnerets with two lateral dark brown bands (Figs 54, 58).</p><p>Va r ia ti o n. Chelicerae yellowish to reddish; opisthosoma dorsally yellowish-brown to light brown with pairs of black dots longitudinally in the median region, or with pairs of lighter spots; ventrally light yellow to brown with or without a transverse dark brown band close to epigastric furrow. Immature spiders of same colour pattern as adults.</p><p>Male (based on IBSP 3027 from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)</p><p>Dimensions. Total length 23.85; prosoma oval, length 13.62, width 10.45; opisthosoma length 10.13, width 6.69; clypeus height 0.75.</p><p>Eyes. Eye diameter, ALE 0.3, PLE 0.5, AME 0.45, PME 0.5; eye interdistances AME-AME 0.4, PME- PME 0.35, ALE-ALE 0.3, PLE-PLE 2.2, AME-ALE 0.35, PME-PLE 0.25, AME-PME 0.3, PME-ALE 0.3; MOQ length 1.35, anterior width 1.3, posterior width 1.4.</p><p>Legs. Leg formula I, IV, II, III.;measurements: I—femur 15.98, patella 6.40, tibia 16.18, metatarsus 16.40, tarsus 5.68, total length 60.64; II—15.21, 6.17, 14.41, 14.15, 5.27, 55.21; III—11.76, 5.35, 9.99, 10.64, 3.87, 41.61; IV—15.42, 5.68, 13.60, 18.22, 4.67, 57.59; leg spination: I and II—tibia: v 2-2 -2-2-2, p 1-1, d 1- 1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1, d 0, r 1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; III—tibia: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1, d 1-1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; IV – same as leg III, except metatarsus: v 2- 2 -2-2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1-1; and tarsus: v 2, p 0, d 0, r 0; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I–IV with dense ventral scopulae; tarsi I–IV with paired pectinate claws with 11 teeth and 1 denticle.</p><p>Pedipalp. Tibia, length 4.71, width 1.34; cymbium, length 4.58, width 2.67; embolus tip strongly curved (Fig. 26), its prolateral marginal keel pronounced (Fig. 38); sperm duct simple, curved closed to the embolus base (Fig 26); tegulum as wide at base as at the median region, slightly convex, base round, projecting retrolaterally and with slight projection at the median region; median tegular apophysis as wide as long; prolateral sulcus wide (Figs 26, 30); retrolateral tibial apophysis short and with truncated tip (Fig 42).</p><p>Colouration. As female, except cymbium brown with white setae (Figs 46, 50, 54, 58).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In her revisionary work, Eickstedt (1981) confirmed the validity of P. pertyi after examining the holotype and other specimens from the type locality. Subsequently, Simó and Brescovit (2001) synonymised P. p e r t y i with P. nigriventer arguing that characters presented in the original description such as the equal length of legs I and IV and the lack of an anterior truncation of the epigyne were not of diagnostic value. They also perceived that (p. 73) "the morphology of the epigynum of the holotype of this species corresponds with P. nigriventer ". In contrast, we consider P. pertyi a valid species based on the distinct morphology of male and female genitalia: males, unlike P. nigriventer, have the embolus tip with an accentuated curvature, the tegulum is as wide at its base as at the median region, and the median tegular apophysis is as wide as long, with the sperm duct curved close to the embolus base (Figs 26, 30). The epigyne of females have a convex middle field, the epigynal lateral apophyses are wide with many narrow basal sulci (Figs 7, 15), and the spermathecae have a retrolateral projection (Fig. 11). The wide epigynal lateral apophyses with basal sulci are features found also in the Amazonian species of Phoneutria, suggesting close affinities with these species. Additionally, immature spiders do not change their colour during development, in contrast to both P. n i g r i v e n t e r and P. keyserlingi .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Atlantic rainforest in Brazil, from the extreme southeast of the State of Bahia, eastern parts of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and northwestern Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 68).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B71878284760D3605DCFF07FC5CFE29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério (2007): The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 1526: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177546
7B71878284700D3705DCFE6FFA5BFE41.text	7B71878284700D3705DCFE6FFA5BFE41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phoneutria bahiensis Simo and Brescovit 2001	<div><p>Phoneutria bahiensis Simó and Brescovit, 2001</p><p>(Figs 19–23, 65–67, 68)</p><p>Phoneutria bahiensis Simó and Brescovit, 2001: 75 –77, figs 18–21, 26.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype of Phoneutria bahiensis Simó and Brescovit, 2001: male, Ceplac, Ilhéus [14º47'51”S 39º02'13”W, Bahia, Brazil], 12 April 1998, A.D. Brescovit and R. Bertani (IBSP 19027). Paratype: female, same data as holotype (IBSP 19040). Paratype: male, same data as holotype (IBSP 19344). Not examined (not present in IBSP where it is expected to be housed; A.D. Brescovit, personal communication).</p><p>Other material examined: BRAZIL: Bahia: Ilhéus, 14°47’S, 39°02’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 24057); Itapebi, 15°57’S, 39°32’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 58193); Porto Seguro, 16°26’S, 39°03’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 9516); Salvador, 12°58’S, 38°30’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 58194); Una, Reserva Biológica de Una, 15°17’S, 39°04’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 45022), 1ɗ (IBSP 45023), 1ɗ (IBSP 45024). Espírito Santo: Linhares, 19°23’S, 40°04’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 7585).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Phoneutria bahiensis is most similar to P. f e r a and P. re i d y i. Females differ by the flat anterior lobe (Fig. 19), which is convex and much more distinct in P. f e r a but only weakly developed in P. reidyi . Males differ by the reduced retrolateral tibial apophysis of pedipalp (Fig. 21), which is fully developed in P. f e r a and P. re i d y i.</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Female and male were described in detail by Simó and Brescovit (2001). In addition:</p><p>Female</p><p>Chelicerae. Dark brown with yellow setae (Fig 66).</p><p>Pedipalps. Dorsally dark brown; retrolateral face of patella and tibia with yellow band (Fig 66).</p><p>Opisthosoma. Dorsally dark brown with yellowish orange setae (Fig 65); ventrally dark brown with four series of light yellow dots.</p><p>Epigyne. Epigynal anterior lobe flat and well-developed.</p><p>Males</p><p>Legs. Legs I and IV of equal length; tarsi I–IV with paired pectinate claws with 3 teeth and 2 denticles.</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibia equal or longer than cymbium; embolus straight and tip weakly curved (Fig. 23); tegulum short with basal part shorter than median region; median tegular apophysis apically excavated; retrolateral tibial apophysis very short, about one third of cymbial length, directed apically, with apical spine, which was frequently missing in examined specimens (Fig. 19).</p><p>Colouration. As in females, except cymbium with longitudinal orange median band.</p><p>Va r ia ti o n. Immature spiders with same colour pattern as adults, and metatarsi with a distal transverse white band (Fig 67).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Phoneutria bahiensis was included in the Brazilian list of threatened species (Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2003) due to its perceived limited geographic distribution derived from the original description. Subsequent additional record suggest a much wider geographical range (Dias et al. 2005; see also material examined above).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>In Atlantic rainforest in Brazil, from the south-eastern parts of Bahia to northern Espírito Santo (Fig. 68).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B71878284700D3705DCFE6FFA5BFE41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério (2007): The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 1526: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177546
7B71878284710D3405DCFDB7FCCDF979.text	7B71878284710D3405DCFDB7FCCDF979.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phoneutria eickstedtae	<div><p>Phoneutria eickstedtae sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 8, 12, 16, 27, 31, 35, 39, 43, 47, 51, 55, 59, 68)</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype. Female, Faunal Rescue in Peixe-Angical Hidroelectric Power Station, Peixe [12º20’54”S, 48º14’98”W, Tocantins, Brazil], 13 March 2006, R. Bertani, (IBSP 70406). Paratype. Male, same locality, 10 February 2006, R.M.G. de Andrade (IBSP 71058).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Goiás: Alto Paraíso, 14º07’S, 47º30’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2676); Minaçu, Usina Hidrelétrica da Serra da Mesa, 13º31’S, 48º13’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 14636); Mineiros, Parque Nacional das Emas, 17º34’S, 52º33’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 9529); Rio Verde, 17º47’S, 50º55’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 563), 1Ψ (IBSP 564), 1Ψ (IBSP 704), 1Ψ (IBSP 3432); São Domingos, Parque Estadual Terra Ronca, 13º23’S, 46º19’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 35020), 1ɗ (IBSP 35021), São Bernardo cave, 1Ψ (IBSP 27639). Distrito Federal: Brasília, 15º46’S, 47º55’W, 1ɗ (UNB 319), 1Ψ (UNB 369), 3Ψ (IBSP 1587), 1Ψ (UNB 1701), 1ɗ (IBSP 2840), 1ɗ (UNB 3034), 1Ψ (UNB 3043), 1ɗ (UNB 3554), 1ɗ (UNB 3720), 1Ψ (UNB 3788), 3Ψ (IBSP 4468). Mato Grosso: Barra do Garças, 15º49’S, 52º09’W, 1ɗ (IBSP 6033); Chapada dos Guimarães, Usina Hidrelétrica do Rio Manso, 15º10’S, 55º40’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 29335). Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, 19º00’S, 57º39’W, 1Ψ (IBSP 2966); Paranaíba, 19°40’S, 51°11’W,1Ψ (IBSP 14104).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific name is a matronym honouring Vera Regina Dessimoni von Eickstedt in recognition of her contribution to the taxonomy of ctenids, in particular Phoneutria .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Phoneutria eickstedtae sp. nov. is most similar to P. nigriventer and P. p e r t y i. Female epigynes have a posterior transverse lobe and the epigynal lateral apophysis has some weak basal sulci (Fig. 16), in contrast to P. nigriventer in which both the posterior transverse lobe and the basal sulci are absent (Fig. 13). In P. p e r t y i, the posterior lobe is ill-defined and the epigynal lateral apophysis has many basal sulci (Fig. 15). Males differ by the wide embolus base (Fig. 39) and the dark brown venter with four series of light yellow dots (Fig 59), whereas in P. nigriventer the embolus base is very narrow (Fig. 36) and the opisthosoma is brown to orange ventrally without lines. In P. pertyi, the embolus base is narrow (Fig. 38) and the opisthosoma is yellowishbrown ventrally with four more conspicuous white lines in the posterior half.</p><p>Description</p><p>Female (based on holotype from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil) Dimensions. Total length 35.52; prosoma length 18.81, width 14.29; opisthosoma length 16.22, width 10.48; clypeus height 0.55.</p><p>Eyes. Eye diameter, ALE 0.35, PLE 0.60, AME 0.50, PME 0.55; eye interdistances, AME-AME 0.35, PME-PME 0.40, PLE-PLE 2.10, ALE-PLE 0.25, AME-ALE 0.25, PME-PLE 0.45, AME-PME 0.30, PME- ALE 0.25; MOQ length 1.40, anterior width 1.35, posterior width 1.45.</p><p>Legs. Leg formula IV, I, II, III; measurements: I—femur 17.26, patella 8.59, tibia 16.89, metatarsus 15.50, tarsus 4.27, total length 62.51; II—16.60, 8.15, 15.36, 14.19, 4.33, 47.38; III—13.80, 6.90, 11.26, 11.53, 3.89, 55.38. IV—17.21, 7.24, 14.63,19.51, 4.85, 63.44; spination: I, II—tibia: v 2-2 -2-2-2, p 1-1, d 0, r 0; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 0, d 0, r 0; III—tibia: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1, d 1-1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; IV—as leg III, except metatarsus: v 2-2 -2-2; femora and patellae of legs I–IV with numerous setae; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi with dense ventral scopulae; tarsi I–IV with paired pectinate claws with 3 teeth and 2 denticles.</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibia length 4.80, width 1.81; tarsus length 5.64, width 1.45.</p><p>Epigyne. Triangular, longer than wide; wide epigynal lateral field; epigynal middle field convex, apically slightly concave; posterior transversal lobe pronounced; epigynal lateral guides cylindrical and slightly oblique; epigynal lateral apophysis directed ventrally with weak basal sulci (Figs 8, 16); spermathecae round with fertilisation ducts emerging basally (Fig 12).</p><p>Male (based on paratype from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil)</p><p>Dimensions. Total length 23.95; prosoma length 12.76, width 9.82; opisthosoma length 10.11, width 5.42; clypeus height 0.76.</p><p>Eyes. Eye diameter, ALE 0.32, PLE 0.52, AME 0.52, PME 0.56; eye interdistances, AME-AME 0.32, PME-PME 0.40, PLE-PLE 2.40, ALE-PLE 0.20, AME-ALE 0.52, PME-PLE 0.56, AME-PME 0.32, PME- ALE 0.28; MOQ length 1.36, anterior width 1.24, posterior width 1.40.</p><p>Legs. Leg formula I, IV, II, III; measurements: I—femur 14.56, patella 5.10, tibia 12.85, metatarsus 17.16, tarsus 4.74, total length 54.41; II—13.89, 5.46, 13.23, 13.28, 4.73, 50.59; III—11.58, 4.97, 9.02, 10.10, 3.72, 39.39; IV—14.46, 4.95, 11.89, 16.97, 4.60, 52.87; spination: I and II—tibia: v 2-2 -2-2-2, p 1-1-1, d 1-1-1, r 1- 1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1, d 0, r 1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r0; III and IV—tibia: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1, d 1-1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -1-2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I–IV with dense ventral scopulae; tarsi with paired pectinate claws having I– III — 7 teeth and IV —9 teeth.</p><p>Pedipalps. Tibia length 4.33, width 1.40; cymbium length 4.85, width 2.45; tibia and cymbium with dense prolateral scopulae; bulb ellipsoid (Figs 27, 31); embolus long and straight, its base wide (Fig. 39); median tegular apophysis longer than wide, prolateral sulcus narrow extending for almost all its length (Fig. 31); retrolateral tibial apophysis tip pointed (Fig. 43).</p><p>Colouration. Dorsal shield of prosoma brown with yellow setae, area from anterior edge to AME light yellow (Fig. 51). Chelicerae brown with light setae (Fig. 47). Sternum yellowish-brown. Pedipalp tibiae dorsally with dark brown longitudinal band, prolaterally dark brown scopulae and light yellow retrolateral band (Fig. 47). Legs: I–IV dorsally dark brown with golden setae; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi ventrally grayish-olive. Opisthosoma dorsally yellow-brown to dark brown, with pairs of lighter spots longitudinally in the median region, these with or without black dots on the posterior border (Fig. 51); ventrally dark brown with four divergent series of orange dots (Figs 55, 59).</p><p>Va r ia ti o n. Dorsal shield of prosoma dark brown to brown; opisthosoma dorsally yellowish-brown to dark brown; ventrally reddish dark brown to dark brown with two or four series of light yellow or orange dots. Immature spiders with same colour pattern as adults.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B71878284710D3405DCFDB7FCCDF979	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério	Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério (2007): The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 1526: 1-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177546
