taxonID	type	description	language	source
7B3FFA4CAC618E3E48FFF894FDC6FE26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ZUEC BRY 0 1, Tapajós River (Site 2 a), 2 ° 26 ' 30 " S; 54 ° 53 ' 38 " W, colony on wood; Preto Lake (Site 2 b), 2 ° 26 ' 31 " S; 54 ° 53 ' 59 " W, colonies on leaves and wood; Tapajos River (Site 2 c), 2 ° 26 ' 19 " S; 54 ° 54 ' 54 " W, colonies on plastic bottles and aluminum can; Cuná-Unã Dam (Site 5 a), 2 ° 26 ’ 30 " S; 54 ° 53 ' 38 " W, colony on wood; ZUEC No. BRY 0 6, Cuná-Unã River (Site 5 b), 2 ° 48 ' 54 " S; 54 ° 53 ' 38 " W, colony on wood; and Verde Lake (Site 1), 2 ° 48 ' 54 " S; 54 ° 53 ' 38 " W, colonies on tree trunk and plastic (see Table 2).	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC618E3E48FFF894FDC6FE26.taxon	description	Description. Zooids are flattened and firmly adherent to the substratum. They are joined end-to-end in linear series with frequent lateral and bilateral branching (Figs. 2 a, c, d). The dorsal orifice is surrounded by a squarish chitinous rim with a single spine at each corner. As zooids age the chitinous rim becomes taller, forming a distinct peristome, and the sides peel back as flat scale-like protuberances. Dorsal body spines seem to occur most often on older zooids, often in pairs to form a double row (Fig. 2 e). Hibernaculae form directly from functional zooids as the walls thicken, the polypide degenerates, and the internal space fills with yolky cellular material (Fig. 2 b)	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC618E3E48FFF894FDC6FE26.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hislopia corderoi was the most commonly encountered bryozoan species during this brief survey of the waters around Santarém (Table 2). It occurred mostly on submerged wood but was also found on plastic bottles and packaging. Typically multiple colonies occurred in close proximity. The issue of dorsal body spines that define H. corderoi has been contentious. In his original description, Mané- Garzón (1960) considered dorsal body spines to be diagnostic of the new species, clearly distinguishing it from previously described hislopiids from China, Thailand, Cambodia, India, and elsewhere in Asia. The type species of this genus, H. lacustris, had been described and illustrated with only a small spine at each of the four corners of the peristomial orifice (Carter 1858). Subsequent Hislopia species were distinguished on the basis of zooid shape, zooid color, the frequency of branching, the shape of the developing bud, and the presence or absence of orificial spines (Marcus 1984), but not body spines. By the time Mané-Garzón described H. corderoi in Uruguay, Bonetto and Cordiviola (1963) had already been collecting what they identified as Hislopia lacustris from the Paraná River. They had noted a variable number of dorsal body spines and assumed these were normal features of the species. In his Hislopia material from the Amazon River, Wiebach (1967) found body spines ranging from 0 to 24. He also noted that spines occurred on young zooids and even on developing buds. Wiebach (1967) considered the presence of any dorsal body spines as diagnostic for H. corderoi, but recognized that some colonies of H. corderoi may lack spines. This would mean that Bonetto and Cordiviola (1963) may have been mistaken, and that H. lacustris has yet to be confirmed from South America. During the final preparation of this paper, DNA sequence data revealed that Hislopia specimens from Sites 1 and 2 were genetically distinct. Morphologically the zooids from Site 1 had spines ranging from prominent to very small, while those from Site 2 seemed smooth. Spiny material from Site 4 allied genetically with the Site 1 group. This work was done by Andrea Waschenbach (NHMUK). Further details and the significance of her finding will be explored at a later time.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC618E3E48FFF894FDC6FE26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil: Amazonas River, Tapajós River; Uruguay: Uruguay River at Nueva Palmira; Argentina: middle and Upper Paraná River.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3E48FFFA86FD53F990.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Natanella natans n. comb.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3E48FFFA86FD53F990.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Diminutive form of the Latin adjective natans, swimming, referring to the unusual motile zooids characteristic of this genus.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3E48FFFA86FD53F990.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Same diagnosis as the family.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3F48FFF949FC7DF88C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: CUMZ No. 3152, collected 6 March 2005 by T. Wood, Huai Chan Reservoir, 35 km NE Sa Kaeo, Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand, 13 ° 59.2 ’ N, 100 ° 26.8 ’ E. Other material examined: ZUEC BRY 57, Santa Fé Lake (Site 7), 21 ° 57 ' 47 " S; 47 ° 27 ' 39 " W, (see Table 2), growing on a piece of PVC pipe; NHMUK (not yet accessioned), collected 28 August 2011 by B. Okamura, oxbow lake on Kinabatangan River near Sandakan, Sabah, Borneo, 5 ° 28.840 ’ N; 118 ° 15.448 ’ E.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3F48FFF949FC7DF88C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin adjective, natans, swimming, alluding to the unusual motile zooids characteristic of this genus and species. The species name is retained from the original designation of Hislopia natans.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3F48FFF949FC7DF88C.taxon	description	Description. Colonies form a diffuse, sparsely branching network composed of spindle-shaped zooids joined end to end with occasional side branches (Fig. 3 a). Zooids are flattened and attached firmly to the substratum, with mean length of 860 µm long and width of 380 µm (n = 20; SD length = 12; SD width = 4), and a length to width ratio of 2 – 3.5. The lophophore bears 12 – 14 tentacles. The simple gut consists of a narrow esophagus leading progressively to a small gizzard, a large stomach and a small distal area for the temporary storage of digested remains. The hibernaculum is shorter and broader than the standard zooid, with thickened walls and one or more dark portals marking the site of its former attachment to the colony (Fig. 3 c). Dorsolateral lobe-like extensions of certain zooids develop into nautizooids (Fig. 3 a, b) which eventually detach and swim away under the power of an extended lophophore.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3F48FFF949FC7DF88C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There is no evidence of cyphonautes larvae in this species. Instead, it seems likely (but not yet confirmed) that nautizooids are the products of sexual reproduction, developing directly from fertilized ova in the maternal zooid. This species resembles and sometimes co-occurs with Hislopia species. Both N. natans n. comb. and Hislopia spp. produce zooids in linear series, each zooid can develop a lateral branch on either side, the entire colony is adherent to the substratum and free branches occur rarely, mostly under very crowded conditions. N. natans n. comb. and Hislopia spp. differ in the following ways: Zooid morphology: length to width ratio is <2 in Hislopia and> 2 in N. natans n. comb.; Tentacle number: Hislopia zooids typically have 16 – 20 tentacles, N. natans n. comb. zooids have 12 – 14; Nautizooids: Natanella natans n. comb. colonies normally bear numerous nautizooids in various stages of development, especially in older parts of the colony; Hislopia has no such nautizooids and releases fertilized ova directly into the water where cyphonautes larvae develop.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC678E3F48FFF949FC7DF88C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This is a tropical species known so far from only five far-flung sites worldwide, including three in Thailand (Wood et al. 2010), one in Borneo (River Kinabatangan), and now one in São Paulo, Brazil. The latitudinal range extends so far from 13 ° N (Thailand) to 23 ° S (Brazil).	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC658E3D48FFFBD3FB8EFF29.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 50, individual statoblasts collected 25 January 2016 by B. Okamura from Juá Lake (Site 3), 2 ° 26 ' 0 " S; 54 ° 46 ' 54 " W, (see Table 2).	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC658E3D48FFFBD3FB8EFF29.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Latin adjective, elongata (elongate) in reference to the statoblast shape.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC658E3D48FFFBD3FB8EFF29.taxon	description	Description. Floatoblasts are long and slender. They are widest in the middle, taper to pointed ends, and measure about 1 mm long by 0.27 mm wide and 0.25 mm in depth, giving a length / width ratio of 3.7 (Figs. 4 a, c). Fenestrae of both valves are similar in size and present an unusually rectangular shape that contrasts to the more oval or circular fenestra that characterize floatoblasts of other known species. Polar grooves are absent. In lateral view one valve, which we designate as ventral, curves slightly inward at the poles. The other valve, designated dorsal, is correspondingly concave so that the ends of the suture are curved in a dorsal direction on either side of the capsule (Fig. 4 b). SEM shows the so-called dorsal fenestra to have a finely wrinkled surface, while the presumed ventral fenestra is smooth (Fig. 4 d). Low, rounded tubercles cover the annulus of both valves (Fig. 4 c).	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC658E3D48FFFBD3FB8EFF29.taxon	discussion	Remarks. At this time the species is known only by two floatoblasts. Neither colonies nor any other types of statoblasts have been observed. The statoblast capsule alone exceeds the dimensions of many other whole phylactolaemate statoblasts (Fig. 4 a). A similarly sized statoblast in the Neotropical region would be that of Asajirella gelatinosa (Oka, 1891) which is disc-shaped and measures about 1.2 mm in diameter. Plumatella siolii, also known from Brazil, reaches nearly 800 µm in length, but the length to width ratio is well under 3 (Fig. 4 c). In northern temperate regions P. fruticosa produces long and narrow floatoblasts with a length not more than 570 µm and a length to width ratio <2 (Bushnell 1965, Wood & Okamura 2005). Designating dorsal and ventral valves of the statoblasts is difficult using the criteria generally applied in other species. Because one valve is more convex than the other we have considered it as ventral, following the pattern of asymmetrical statoblasts in plumatellid species. However, this should be considered only tentative until it is known which valve attaches to the funiculus. The statoblasts share basic structure with other phylactolaemate bryozoans, but their large size and uniquely elongated shape raise questions. More intensive searching may reveal the conditions to which this species is adapted as well as the type of colony capable of producing such large and oddly shaped statoblasts. Distribution. Unknown beyond the single site where statoblasts were collected.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC658E3C48FFFD11FD53FC6B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Tapajosella elongata n. sp.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC658E3C48FFFD11FD53FC6B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for the Tapajós, an indigenous people of Brazil, now extinct, who once populated the region in which the species was discovered.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC658E3C48FFFD11FD53FC6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Same diagnosis as the family.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC648E3248FFFB36FA58F837.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 10, colony growing on wood, collected 28 January 2016 by B. Okamura at Santa Fé Lake (Site 7), 21 ° 57 ' 47 " S; 47 ° 27 ' 39 " W, (see Table 2)	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC648E3248FFFB36FA58F837.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Specific name honors Pirassununga, the nearest city to the type locality.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC648E3248FFFB36FA58F837.taxon	description	Description. The colony is open and repent, entirely attached to the substratum. The ectocyst is lightly sclerotized but well encrusted, giving it a velvety appearance (Fig. 5). A weak raphe is evident throughout the colonies. Statoblasts are shown in Fig. 6, dimensions are provided in Table 3. In lateral view the statoblast is asymmetrical with a nearly flat dorsal valve and highly convex ventral valve (Fig. 6 c). Dorsal and ventral fenestrae are similar in size and shape (Fig. 6 a, b). Fenestra tubercles on the dorsal valve are sharply defined and well spaced (Fig. 6 a); on the ventral fenestra the tubercles become increasingly crowded towards the center (Fig. 6 b). The annulus of both valves reveals convex contours of each air chamber, giving it a lumpy appearance. The suture is minutely crenulated (Figs. 6 d). This feature shows up well in SEM photos, but it can also be seen in light microscopy as a minutely jagged edge, especially on the dorsal valve.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC648E3248FFFB36FA58F837.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In some ways the floatoblast this species resembles Plumatella javanica Kraepelin, 1906 from Java, and it may have been mistaken for P. javanica by Wiebach 1970 in specimens from the Amazon Basin. In both species the floatoblasts are similar in overall dimensions, and in having large fenestrae and heavy tuberculation. The colonies are also similar, both being flat and repent with a fragile ectocyst. SEM photos of the type specimen of P. javanica (see Smith & Wood 1995, Fig. 1) correspond well with SEM photos by Wood et al. 2006 b (their Fig. 20) and Hirose & Mawatari 2011 a (their Fig 3 C, D). In every case the domed fenestra tubercles are formed very close together in a manner seen in no other species except Plumatella siamensis Wood, Anurakpongsatorn & Mahujchariyawong, 2006 (Wood et al. 2006 b). In both species, the densely packed tubercles are also surrounded by several deep, pore-like dimples. These features may be considered partially diagnostic for both species. Plumatella siamensis is further characterized by the absence of a fully-formed capsule (Wood et al. 2006 b). However, there are significant differences between floatoblasts of those species. The fenestra tubercles of P. pirassununga n. sp. are much smaller than those of P. javanica (diameter 3.6 µm compared to 5 µ) and are well separated, especially on the dorsal valve. This uncommon separation is also seen in Plumatella bushnelli Wood, 2001 and sharply distinguishes P. pirassununga n. sp. from P. javanica. Since Wiebach (1970) apparently limited his observations to statoblast dimensions it is very possible that his “ P. javanica ” was in fact the new species, P. pirassununga n. sp. The situation may be clearer as more material becomes available.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC648E3248FFFB36FA58F837.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Unknown beyond the single site where this species was collected. FIGURE. 6. Plumatella pirassununga n. sp. Scanning electron microgtraphs of statoblasts, scale bar = 100 µm. a) Dorsal valve; b) Ventral valve, c) Lateral view of showing asymmetry; d) Detail of ventral valves showing crenulated margin, scale bar = 30 µm.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3348FFFF47FB8FFB4C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 49, colony, including statoblasts, collected 22 January 2017 by B. Okamura on submerged, uprooted tree at Jari Channel (Site 4 a), 2 ° 14 ' 40 " S; 54 ° 50 ' 23 " W, (see Table 2).	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3348FFFF47FB8FFB4C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Specific name is derived from the site name, Jari Channel.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3348FFFF47FB8FFB4C.taxon	description	Description. The colony is robust with a dark, heavily sclerotized outer cuticle. At the tip of each zooid the stiff ectocyst ends abruptly and is continued by a colorless and more flexible portion of the body wall (Figs. 7 d, e). The entire colony is firmly attached to the substratum with no free branches. However, the zooids bend outwards away from the substratum, and under crowded conditions the colony takes on a shrubby appearance. In floatoblasts the ventral valve is highly convex, and the dorsal valve is much less so. Separated valves are shown in Fig 7 a, and dimensions in Table 3. The entire statoblast periphery reveals a line of tiny projections from the suture (Fig. 7 b). In lateral view the dorsal and ventral valves taper at the periphery to form an acute angle (Fig. 7 c). Dorsal and ventral fenestrae are strongly tuberculated with the tubercles more widely spaced on the ventral valve. Sessoblasts have not been observed.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3348FFFF47FB8FFB4C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The minute knobs on the periphery of the floatoblast would be sufficient to place this species in the genus Swarupella Shrivastava, 1981. Shrivastava (1981) introduced this genus to accommodate Swarupella andamanensis, a species from the Andaman Islands having very small spines at the poles of the floatoblast. Two species from Thailand were further added to Swarupella: Swarupella divina, Wood, Anurakpongsatorn & Mahujchariyawong 2006 and Swaruella kasartensis, Wood, Anurakpongsatorn & Mahujchariyawong 2006 (Wood et al. 2006 b), both with small processes around the entire statoblast periphery. However, it is uncertain whether the species showing this diminutive feature truly share a common ancestry that would unify them within the Family Plumatellidae. Other species in Brazil showing the same peripheral feature include Stolella evelina e (Marcus, 1941), Stolella agilis tica Marcus, 1942, and Stolella iheringi (Marcus, 1942) (Wood, unpublished, based on examinations of paratype specimens at the NHMUK). For now we consider a prominent suture with an irregular edge, shown in P. jariensis n. sp., to be a useful taxonomic character with little systematic significance. The acute taper of dorsal and ventral valves toward the periphery (Fig 7 b) is unusual feature that contrasts with the more rounded statoblast edges found in most other plumatellids.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3348FFFF47FB8FFB4C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Unknown beyond the single site where this species was collected.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3048FFF8ADFD81FAF8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: Collected on Vallisneria leaves, Libmanan River, Luzon, Philippines by K. Kraepelin, Senckenburg Museum, No. 92 – B – 92 Frankfurt. Other material examined: ZUEC BRY No. 56, two individual floatoblasts collected 20 January 2016 by B. Okamura from Tapajós River (Site 2 c), 2 ° 26 ' 19 " S, 54 ° 54 ' 54 " W, (see Table 2).	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3048FFF8ADFD81FAF8.taxon	description	Description. Floatoblasts are elongate and oval in shape. Outer dimensions of the two intact statoblasts (length, width) are 445, 215 and 446, 222 micrometers, and the length is almost exactly twice the width (Figs. 8 a, b). The dorsal fenestra is elongate, irregular in outline, and about half the length of the entire statoblast. The width of the dorsal annulus at the poles is more than twice the width along the lateral edges of the statoblast. On the ventral valve the fenestra is broadly oval, matching the shape of the underlying capsule to leave an annular width at the poles more than three times the lateral annular width. Strong tubercules are evenly distributed across both dorsal and ventral fenestrae. Both valves are almost equally convex, giving the statoblast an even symmetry in lateral view.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3048FFF8ADFD81FAF8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Plumatella philippinensis has not been reported from any site since the description from Libmanan River, Philippines was published by Kraepelin (1887). The holotype remains in good condition at the Senckenberg Museum, including both colonies and statoblasts (Figs. 8 c, d). Notable features of the floatoblast include an irregularly shaped dorsal fenestra occupying the central third of the dorsal valve. The ventral fenestra is a large oval. Both fenestrae are tuberculated. This combination of features was not seen in any other species until Marcus (1942) encountered new material from Ribeira de Iguape River in Brazil, misidentifying it as P. fruticosa Allman, 1844. In contrast to the specimen from the Philippines, Marcus’ illustrated floatoblast shows a smooth outline of the dorsal fenestra and a uniform width to the ventral annulus (shown here in Figs. 8 e, f). These differences could be accepted as either normal variation or stylized drawing. Unfortunately, the type material that Marcus deposited at the NHMUK (No. 1942.2.16.1) is currently missing from the collection. The floatoblast described here from Juá Lake is not a perfect match with the material from either Kraepelin or Marcus. Although the dorsal valve is similar and both fenestrae are tuberculated, the ventral fenestra is less elongate. There are no multiple specimens to indicate the range of morphological variation. It is possible that this specimen represents a new species yet to be described. However, with such scanty material we are placing it tentatively in a group that includes both Kraepelin’s P. philippinensis and Marcus’ material from Brazil. Future collections will no doubt clarify all of these relationships.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC6A8E3048FFF8ADFD81FAF8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Philippines: Camarines Sur Province, Libmanan River; Brazil: São Paulo State, Ribeira de Iguape River; Pará State, Juá Channel.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC688E3648FFFEFAFF09FE7E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: ZUEC BRY 51, collected 19 January 2016 by B. Okamura at Jari Channel (Site 4 b), 2 ° 14 ' 40 " S; 54 ° 50 ' 23 " W, and Tapajós River (Site 2 a), 2 ° 26 ' 30 " S, 54 ° 53 ' 38 " W 21 and 23 January 2016 (see Table 2). Colonies include statoblasts attached to wood. Also examined for comparison was F. toriumii Hirose & Mawatari, 2011 b, T. Wood personal collection No. 1464, collected 22 July 1998, Garrison Lake, Curry Co., Oregon, USA by T. G. Marsh.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC688E3648FFFEFAFF09FE7E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin adjective, tenax, meaning tenacious, holding fast, clinging, referring to the tight adherence of statoblasts to the substratum.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC688E3648FFFEFAFF09FE7E.taxon	description	Description. The specimen includes statoblasts, and only short portions of the colony without polypides. Statoblasts are variable in shape (Fig. 9 a) but are mostly roughly circular with a diameter of about 300 µm. They are firmly attached to the substratum along the entire basal valve. Weak pitting of the frontal valve is easily seen when the clean, isolated valve is viewed with transmitted light microscopy (Fig. 9 b). SEM also shows the pitting clearly (Fig. 9 c). However, when a dry statoblast is viewed with reflected light the surface of the frontal valve appears shiny.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC688E3648FFFEFAFF09FE7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A combination of three morphological features of the statoblast characterize the specimen from Brazil: surface topography, shape, and strong adherence to the substratum. The lightly pitted texture of the statoblast frontal valve is very similar to that of Fredericella toriumii Hirose & Mawatari, 2011 b. All other fredericellid species have statoblasts that are either smooth or heavily pitted, or in the case of Fredericella browni (Rogick, 1945) smooth but covered with a cornified membrane (Hartikainen et al., 2013 b; Wood 2015). Among the known fredericellids only the statoblasts of F. toriumii have an unmistakable but consistent lightly pitted texture. The round statoblast shape is a feature also seen in Fredericella australiensis Goddard, 1909 and F. browni. In all other fredericellids the statoblast is longer than wide, often at a ratio approaching 2: 1 (Toriumi 1951; Wood & Backus 1992). Toriumi (1951) suggested that statoblast shape in F. sultana is controlled largely by the diameter of the zooecial tube, which in turn may be a function of environmental conditions. The correlation between zooecium diameter and statoblast breadth has been noted in other fredericellids as well (Wood & Backus 1992). Hartikainen et al. (2013 a) showed that F. sultana statoblasts become malformed and take on more rounded dimensions in colonies infected by the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. All of the fredericellid statoblasts in our collection from Brazil are rounded, and many are malformed (Fig 9 a). Based solely on statoblast dimensions this could be either a new species or else F. toriumii with a myxozoan infection. However, the third feature of the statoblasts of the specimen from Brazil is an unusually firm adherence to the substratum. Most other fredericellid species may have traces of an attachment ring on the basal valve. In F. browni the ring is quite well developed. How this compares to F. toriumii from Japan is inconclusive (Hirose, personal communication), but F. toriumii from Oregon has no special attachment structures. On balance, the combined three morphological features seen in the fredericellid statoblasts from the Jari Channel are sufficient, in our opinion, to justify the new species, F. tenax n. sp..	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
7B3FFA4CAC688E3648FFFEFAFF09FE7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only in South America from the vicinity of Lake Titicaca, and the Jari Channel reported here.	en	Wood, Timothy S., Okamura, Beth (2017): New species, genera, families, and range extensions of freshwater bryozoans in Brazil: the tip of the iceberg? Zootaxa 4306 (3): 383-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.3.5
