identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7A2787AFFFD3BE38F9B4FD26FA97F93F.text	7A2787AFFFD3BE38F9B4FD26FA97F93F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinonychia Zhang & Derkarabetian 2021	<div><p>Sinonychia gen. n.</p><p>Figs 1–31, 33</p><p>ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3E5B75D9-94F0-4B4E-8D09-89A5A916495C</p><p>Type species: Sinonychia martensi sp. n.</p><p>Diagnosis. Sinonychia gen. n. can be differentiated from all other Cladonychiidae genera on the basis of penis morphology, having a combination of two pairs of relatively thick lateral setae on the glans, a cylindrical, basally widening glans, and an elongate stylus arising apically. Morphologically the new genus is most similar to Speleonychia from the Pacific Northwest of North America but can be distinguished by several characters. First, in spination of the penis: in Sinonychia gen. n. two pairs of apical setae on the penis are thick and at a 90˚ or larger angle to the stylus, whereas in Speleonychia these setae are at a much smaller angle, directed apicad (Briggs 1974: figs 7–8). Second, the shape of the glans: in Sinonychia gen. n. the glans is almost cylindrical, with a wide, blunt apex and with the stylus arising sub-terminally, while in Speleonychia the glans is more triangular, with a more pointed apex and a stylus arising terminally. Third, in spination of the pedipalpal femur: Sinonychia gen. n. has multiple distal SBTs on the ventral surface at the distal end (Figs 5–6), while Speleonychia has only a single SBT (Briggs 1974: fig. 2).</p><p>Etymology. The generic name is composed of “Sino”, derived from the Latin word “Sinae” (from the Ancient Greek “Σῖναι”) which generally refers to China, and of the Latin noun “onyx” (from the Ancient Greek “ὄνῠχος”) meaning ‘claw’, a common name applied to many travunioid and triaenonychoid genera. The second part of the new genus name also indicates morphological similarity with the genus Speleonychia . The genus name is feminine.</p><p>Description. Highly troglomorphic with unpigmented body (Figs 22–31). Ocularium greatly reduced in size, smooth, set back from anterior margin of carapace; eyes and retinae completely absent (Figs 1, 22–31). Dorsal scutum of the “eta” (η) category of Kury &amp; Medrano (2016). Genital operculum nearly triangular (Fig. 9). Sternum elongate and narrowly triangular (Fig. 8). Pedipalps thin, elongate, lacking pigment, with thin SBTs (Figs 5–6). Legs extremely long, thin, and lacking pigment. Claws III–IV with peltonychium (Figs 10–13). Penis truncus thin and elongate, musculature restricted to its base (Fig. 16); glans articulated with truncus, with two pairs of setae, the more distal pair being smaller than the other pair; stylus elongate, arising apically from glans (Figs 17–19).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A2787AFFFD3BE38F9B4FD26FA97F93F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Chao;Derkarabetian, Shahan	Zhang, Chao, Derkarabetian, Shahan (2021): First record of Travunioidea (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) from China, with the description of a new monotypic genus from a cave. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 87-97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.8
7A2787AFFFD3BE3EF9B4F914FC5DFE06.text	7A2787AFFFD3BE3EF9B4F914FC5DFE06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sinonychia martensi Zhang & Derkarabetian 2021	<div><p>Sinonychia martensi sp. n.</p><p>Figs 1–31, 33</p><p>ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1FD58240-64B2-4B4B-8679-718B8A65FAFB</p><p>Type material. CHINA: Beijing: Holotype male (MHBU-Opi-18 ZC0604), Beijing City, Fangshan District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.86667/lat 39.783333)">Beiyao Village</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.86667/lat 39.783333)">Tangren Cave</a>, N 39°47’, E 115°52’, 70 m elevation, leg. Z.G. Feng 12.9.2018 . Paratypes: 1 female allotype (MHBU-Opi-18 ZC0605), 14 females (MHBU-Opi-18 ZC0606–0619) with collecting data as for holotype except: leg. Z.Y. Li. 12 females (MHBU-Opi-20 ZC1201–1212) with collecting data as for holotype except: leg. C. Zhang, X.H. Ru &amp; Q.W. Cui 20.12.2020 .</p><p>Diagnosis. As given for the genus.</p><p>Etymology. The new species is dedicated to Prof. Dr Jochen Martens (Mainz, Germany), one of the top ten opilionologists who have described the most species (Machado et al. 2007); name in the genitive case.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype). Habitus as in Figs 1, 7, 22–24. Colouration (Figs 22–24): entire body pale yellow. Body length 1.92, scute length 1.54, scute width 1.15, carapace width 0.95, LII/SL 9.65.</p><p>Dorsum (Figs 7, 22). Scutum minutely granular, scutum outline of the “eta” (η) category; posterior region of scutum widest, posterior end of opisthosoma convex. Surface of carapace completely smooth, anterior margin unarmed. Ocularium low, slightly conical, unarmed, without eyes, set back from anterior margin of scutum by 0.08 mm. Grooves between scutal areas inconspicuous. Free tergites and anal operculum unarmed.</p><p>Venter (Figs 8, 24). Genital operculum nearly triangular (Fig. 9). Coxae I–IV, genital operculum and free sternites finely granular and covered with scattered minute setae. Sternum elongate, narrowly triangular (Fig. 8). Spiracles clearly visible.</p><p>Chelicerae (Figs 2–4). Basichelicerite slender, without distinct dorso-distal bulla, no prominent armament except for three small SBTs. Cheliceral hand unarmed, pro-dorsally with SBTs, the inner ones larger than the outer ones, some SBTs ectally, ventrally, and entally in sub-distal portion. Fingers relatively short, inner edges dentate (Fig. 4); movable finger with eight small, rounded teeth; fixed finger with five more distinctly pointed teeth.</p><p>Pedipalps (Figs 5–6). Measurements given in Table 1. Coxae dorsally unarmed and ventrally with one large and one small SBT (Figs 6, 8). Trochanter dorsally with one very small SBT, ventrally with one large SBT and one small accessory SBT. Femur dorsally convex, with a row of reduced SBTs; ventrally with three enlarged SBTs basally, followed by three small SBTs, the most distal one of them located ectally, with two SBTs distally on ental side. Patella ventro-entally with two SBTs and ventro-ectally with one SBT. Tibia with three SBTs each ventro-entally and ventro-ectally. Tarsus ventro-entally with three and ventro-ectally with four SBTs. Tarsal claw 0.38 long, curved, shorter than tarsus.</p><p>Legs. All elongated; measurements given in Table 1. All segments smooth, with only few short setae. Femur IV straight. Claws of legs III–IV developed as peltonychia with only one pair of distolateral prongs in both wings of the central shield and with pointed distal prong (Figs 10–11). Distitarsus I with two, distitarsus II with seven tarsomeres. Distitarsi III–IV without scopula. Tarsal formula (I–IV): 7,17,4,4.</p><p>Penis (Figs 16–19). Penis 1.31 long, truncus slender, nearly parallel-sided. Joint between glans and truncus articulated. Truncus distally and basally inflated; musculature limited to base of truncus. Glans almost cylindrical, longer than wide, distally contracted (in lateral view), basally slightly inflated. Distal portion of glans dorsally with weak invagination from where stylus arises, and laterally with two pairs of thick recurved setae. Apical pair of setae smaller than other pair and nearly perpendicular to axis of stylus; subapical pair of setae larger than apical pair and more strongly inclined towards base of penis. Stylus thin, cylindrical, and tubular.</p><p>Female (Figs 12–15, 20–21, 25–31, 33). In general appearance very similar to male. Allotype (MHBU-Opi- 18ZC0605): Body length 2.09, dorsal scute length 1.41, scute width 1.23, carapace width 0.85. Measurements of pedipalp and legs given in Table 1. Pedipalpal claw length 0.40. Midgut (Fig. 15) with triangular D1, elongate OD2 with two branches, and an elongate OD3 with two branches. Free ninth tergite and lateral sclerites present (Fig. 14).</p><p>Ovipositor (Figs 20–21). Four distal lobes. Ventral and dorsal lobes without setae. Each lateral lobe with two pairs of setae on lateral surface, without distal setae.</p><p>Variation. Size range of females (n = 27): body length 1.63–2.14, width 1.10–1.25. Colouration of the body varies from yellowish white to pale yellow (Figs 28–31). The outline of the dorsum varies from trapezoidal (Fig. 28) to elongate trapezoidal (Figs 29–31). The distal portion and prongs of claws III–IV vary in their degree of fusion with the central shield (Figs 12–13).</p><p>Notes. Sexual dimorphism is not exhibited in this species. Only a single male specimen was found among a total of 28 specimens. To avoid damage to the male holotype, some characters of the male that are not easily observable were only examined in the females. For example, the ninth tergite and lateral sclerites were observed by placing specimens into 10% KOH for a few minutes to dissolve the tissue (Fig. 14), and midgut morphology was observed by dissecting specimens (Fig. 15).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality.</p><p>Habitat. Tangren Cave lies in the Majiagou Formation of the Middle Ordovician, formed about 440–500 million years ago. The main body of the cave is deep in the mountain, 40 to 60 metres below the surface, with a northeast to southwest course. The temperature in the cave is 15–18℃ and the relative humidity is 95%. The cave entrance on the hillside (Fig. 32) leads to a relatively narrow and small vertical shaft. The cave is divided into three sections. The first section is about 6 metres long, close to the cliff. The second section is about 39 metres long and vertical, nearly 30 metres of it requires a suspended descent. The third section is about 10 metres long and also requires a suspended descent. The Tangren cave extends downward along the limestone stratum in the southwest of the mountain, with a slope of 20–30 degrees. About 100 metres from the entrance there is a spacious hall, 3–20 metres high and 2–40 metres wide. All specimens were collected in this hall, most of them under stones by hand, a few on the cave walls. The cave was visited by the collectors twice.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A2787AFFFD3BE3EF9B4F914FC5DFE06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zhang, Chao;Derkarabetian, Shahan	Zhang, Chao, Derkarabetian, Shahan (2021): First record of Travunioidea (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores) from China, with the description of a new monotypic genus from a cave. Zootaxa 4984 (1): 87-97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.8
