taxonID	type	description	language	source
0B7DC0387CD9D2481B421487548DC507.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Polyps not functionally differentiated into anthocodia and anthostele; contractile but not retractile within common coenenchyme; tentacles fold over oral disk in contraction. Polyps similar to those of Acanthogorgia (without crown of strongly projecting spines, however), but polyps can be short and verruciform to prominent, tall and cylindrical, not clavate. Sclerites of polyp walls large spindles, very conspicuous; commonly arranged more or less distinctly en chevron in eight long, longitudinal double rows, but distal ones project little or not at all. Distal ends of sclerites around tentacle bases not specifically differentiated as spines, though the tips may project somewhat around polyps' apex. Polyps are without suture separating tentacular / anthocodial from subtentacular sclerites. Sclerites of polyp body gradually merge with those of tentacle bases, which are not abruptly smaller; coenenchymal sclerites with tubercles of inner and outer sides similarly developed; inner layer of coenenchyme with more or less abundant radiates.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
8984BDE5243CB57563C560172A0E0971.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 lot (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
8984BDE5243CB57563C560172A0E0971.taxon	description	Description. Colony (Figures 8, 9 A) richly branched, not entirely in one plane, forming bushy fan or tree no more than 10 cm at widest point. Colony appeared fragile and delicate, but actually a tough, spiky bush / fan, branches reminiscent of those in a bottlebrush (Figure 9 B); not greatly flexible. Colony height (dictated by main, central, generally straight stem), base to tip, 15 - 16 cm; 7.0 cm broad; holdfast remnant present. If any regularity to branching pattern, slightly dichotomous to pinnate, usually in one plane; all lateral branches, of differing lengths, project at nearly right angles, extending / curving quickly upward, even those with more lateral placement. Branch diameter averages 2.0 - 3.0 mm. Polyps distributed over entire surface (not so much on lower portion of main stem, just above base), nearly in rings around branches, closely placed but not crowded (Figure 10); sometimes two with bases contiguous, generally separated by 1.0 mm, perhaps more; terminal twigs rounded, almost clavate in appearance; numerous polyps at apex, completely covered with straight and curved spindle-shaped sclerites. Polyps not retractile; very conspicuous, decidedly slender, columnar in shape, height between ~ 4.0 - 7.0 mm (most average 5.0 - 6.0 mm tall); diameter generally 1.0 mm for most of polyp length, narrowing slightly, then increasing to ~ 1.5 mm wide at the crown. Easily recognized by crown of sharp spines encircling top of polyp. Coenenchyme very thin and translucent, with axis color showing through. Color of freshly collected specimen bright lemon yellow (M Love, pers. comm.; Figure 8); on being placed in alcohol quickly turned, generally, light olive-green towards base, becoming slightly darker grey-green at uppermost branch tips. (While species in family are described as having a predominantly black, purely horny axis, color of axis showing through extremely thin coenenchyme appeared to account for overall olive-green color. Having now sat in 70 % ETOH for some time, the colony has turned more yellowish brown.) Sclerites (Figures 11, 12 A, B) mainly spindle-shaped; straight or curved, showing arrangement of eight double rows, forming longitudinally-placed chevrons (obliquely angled double-rows) characteristic of genus. A very few oddly branched; some, more a tripod shape. Sclerites appear mostly tuberculate, with distinct boomerang bend (Figure 12 A), easily removed from surface of colony. The longest sclerites, with distinct bend roughly a third of the way along their length, range from 1.0 - 2.0 mm in length (average 1.6 mm L x 0.17 mm W); one third of surface of sclerite bears tubercles, while other two-thirds is generally smooth; this smooth section, thin, rounded, somewhat beveled, is the distal, prominent spike that projects from the thorny basal portion embedded in the mesoglea of the body wall, in nearly longitudinal direction; lower, embedded portion, ~ 0.5 mm long, appears to cross over into the neighboring angled rows, these basal portions not much different one from another. These sclerites form the crown of thorns seen around top of polyp. Two very long spines project upwards to form the points of the crown at distal end of each of the eight double-rows. Smooth portion of these sclerites sit with approximately 1.0 mm of their length free of polyp. Numerous, slightly smaller, flatter sclerites have bend more centrally located, their entire surface covered with tubercles (average 1.0 mm L x ~ 0.08 mm W). These primarily cover outside surface of polyp (Figure 11), illustrating chevron pattern (eight longitudinal double rows) in placement. Sclerites of coenenchyme similar to those seen on polyps' surface (~ 0.8 mm long), perhaps slightly thicker in width and slightly more fully covered with tubercles; tentacular sclerites smaller still, bent, flattened (up to ~ 0.18 mm long), completely covered with tubercles; more prominent, dense, on dorsal side of tentacles. If present, a few smaller (0.1 mm long) radiate or cross-shaped sclerites may be seen. In the coenenchyme covering the base, exclusively, are 0.25 mm long, bent, strongly spined spindles. All sclerites completely colorless, reminiscent of thin, bent shards of glass.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
8984BDE5243CB57563C560172A0E0971.taxon	etymology	Etymology. For designation gracillima, the Latin gracili- means slender; this may reference the conspicuous, very slender polyps and very slender points in the crown of this species. Kuekenthal (1909) gave no explanation for the derivation of the species name.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
8984BDE5243CB57563C560172A0E0971.taxon	distribution	Distribution. For genus in general, " species ... inhabit moderate to considerable depths; various species of Acanthogorgia occur in all seas, some thriving in very cold waters " (Bayer, penciled personal annotations in Kuekenthal 1924). Examinations of the literature revealed numerous species in the Indo-Pacific region. Recent MBARI on-line postings indicated this genus is found in northern California waters, often at great depth. Milton Love (description based on specimen he collected) indicated (pers. comm.) that the color of this gorgonian is very vibrant, thus easily seen; it is quite abundant in certain areas, such as the Footprint, a feature outside the Anacapa / Santa Cruz Island Passage. Thus, for this species, range seems to extend around the Pacific Ocean from Japan (Kuekenthal's specimen) to eastern Pacific waters of California; further study will be required to determine whether, and how far, it extends north and south of California.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
8984BDE5243CB57563C560172A0E0971.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. On this particular specimen, there were at least two scale worms wrapped around the base of polyps in two separate areas within the colony.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
642B765386B2772FDC76BBBB4FCD4264.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colonies generally flattened (flabellate); commonly reticulate, or developed into dense bushy shrubs. Branches appear thin and delicate. Polyps tall, cylindrical, topped with thorny crown of strongly projecting spinous sclerites, embedded at tentacle bases. They lie, collectively, over infolded tentacles, protruding end of sclerites smooth. Polyps on all sides of branches, or roughly biserial; arise vertically at right angle to branch surface, acalycinous, not retractile. Coenenchyme between branches usually thin, axis visible through it. Sclerites in polyps slender spindles slightly bent, arranged en chevron in eight longitudinal double rows. Back of tentacles with only numerous small, flat, bent sclerites; stem coenenchyme with slender, generally bent or sinuous spindles sculptured by prickles or simple tubercles; in deeper layers of coenenchyme (some species), with radiates (tri-radiates and crosses, often with a projecting central spine). Axis dark, but coenenchyme usually colored; sclerites always colorless.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
C2CFA9B83F11C6880C2B823D2474A970.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 lot (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
C2CFA9B83F11C6880C2B823D2474A970.taxon	description	Description. Colonies (two) generally in one plane; one measures 7.0 cm x 5.5 cm (length to width); second (Figure 13) measures 9.0 cm x 4.5 cm, at widest, halfway up colony. Thin, delicate-looking branches (round to slightly square in shape); branching more or less dichotomous; closely monopodial. No flattening at branch origins. Base 2.0 mm wide, main branch 1.0 mm wide; branchlets vary between 0.5 - 0.75 mm wide and tips of branchlets very thin, thread-like; all branches quite stiff. Coenenchyme very thin (very little still present in these specimens); axis predominantly exposed, yellow-gold to rusty-brown. Of the few polyps present on a few branches, most located near branch tips (Figure 14 A); coenenchyme and polyps creamy-white. Polyps primarily sit lateral to branch, at distance of ~ 1.0 mm or less from each other; closer to branch tip sitting literally side by side; some few branches indicate that polyps can be found on all sides. There are marked, longitudinal grooves / ridges at distal ends of polyps; there is barely apparent a very short little spiny crown at their very tip (Figure 14 B). The ridges, eight in number, are each formed by a parallel collection of two or three bent spindle-type sclerites. Polyp surface densely covered with sclerites; no calyx apparent. Polyp height 3.0 mm, 2.0 mm from base to area of longitudinal grooves with another 1.0 mm of height when area of grooves / ridges included. All approximately 1.0 mm wide, distal end slightly wider, somewhat obvious, ~ 1.5 mm wide. No expanded tentacles readily visible (contracted over mouth); all heavily covered or encased by sclerites. Sclerites (Figures 15, A particularly) predominantly bent spindles; all tuberculated across entire surface, averaging 0.5 mm long by 0.08 mm wide. The largest (~ 0.7 mm x ~ 0.1 mm), decidedly bent spindles; these form the eight ridges mentioned above; others appear to lie in longitudinal direction up to and beyond upper edge of polyp, barely showing as short points of a crown. Bent spindles, somewhat smaller, almost tend to the formation of the en chevron, double-row pattern at the proximal end of ridges and down on to lower end of polyp. Also, less bent ones, seemingly very narrow spindles (0.6 mm x 0.05 mm); few appear slightly club-shaped (average 0.4 mm x 0.06 mm), primarily from lower polyp wall and coenenchyme. Sclerites with boomerang shape scarce or not present. From initial light microscopy examination, apparent that many of these spindles can be broken; many odd-shaped bits seen in arrays, with some of the spindles having oddly truncated ends, where some aspect of the sclerites likely had broken off. All forms quite densely arrayed on specimen's surface, giving polyp and branch coenenchyme a distinct white to glassy appearance; all sclerites colorless. Inner coenenchyme radiates not found.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
6F10971E5C745C33091F569C756A5C9F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Axis purely horny (scleroprotein without calcareous deposits), dark-colored, predominantly black; very difficult to cut, with wide, hollow, cross-chambered central core. Coenenchyme very thin, polyps conspicuous, contractile, not retractile, completely covered with both straight and curved fusiform sclerites (forming, in appearance only, cylindrical calyces; no calyces actually present). Sclerites arranged in eight double rows, forming eight en chevron fields; no well-defined operculum; sclerites instead arranged as transverse ring and eight points of converging spindles on tentacle bases; thus, sclerites of polyps continuous with those of tentacular crown, latter being sharp spines arrayed conspicuously around top of polyp, with no intervening sclerite-free neck zone or transverse collaret. Consequently, no clear division between anthocodia and anthostele. Tentacles fold inward over oral disk. Predominant sclerites colorless, in form of prickly or warty spindles; sometimes, presence of three- and four-armed radiates.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. One specimen in SBMNH collection was identified as this species (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E.taxon	description	Description. Colony (Figure 1 A) of thin, flattened branches, crooked, tortuous, somewhat anastomosed; no large main stem development. Rather low-lying, prostrate form; height 0.5 mm- 7.0 mm; " stolon " thin, membranous; arrangement of medulla and " cortex " as described for family. Calyces (Figure 1 B) prominent, projecting cylinders up to 2.5 - 3.0 mm tall; polyps stout, with highly retractile portion up to 2.5 mm in length; total calyx / polyp size 5.0 mm tall by 2.0 mm wide. Calyces monomorphic, with eight deep, longitudinal grooves, delineating eight ridges or ribs with sharp edges. Distal part of polyp usually exsert, bearing eight double-rows of spindles. Polyps large, rather widely spaced. Color of living colony described as light yellow or straw-colored to grayish white; in alcohol, creamy white. Sclerites (Figure 2) of coenenchyme large, elongate, thin, pointed spindles, often with prominent projections on edges; generally, fusiform (0.25 - 0.3 mm long), not capstans; often appearing bent. Older descriptions indicate that sometimes these are strongly clavate at terminal end, appearing as clubbed spindles; this condition not seen in material examined. Anthocodial armature strong spindles, often clavate or bent, only rarely as radiate bodies and capstans. Spindles at base of tentacles (collaret), 0.18 mm long, those of calyx 0.22 mm long, none of these club-shaped. Sclerites widely spaced, showing transverse disposition at base of tentacles; sclerites of medulla strong thorny spindles. Colony surface rough to the touch due to projecting sclerites.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Presumably named for type locality, northern Pacific Ocean.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Not definitively known at this time for coastal western United States; potentially from southern California: USA, California, San Diego, Point Loma, 200 m (Nutting 1909) and China Point, (?) San Clemente Island, SW tip, 91 m, to at least northern California, Monterey Bay, 900 m (Nutting 1909); possibly as far north as southern British Columbia, Canada (Lamb and Hanby 2005).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
5194AF472D3C29BDDF8D477379F5674E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. According to Kozloff (1987), a shallow subtidal form. Lamb and Hanby (2005) state it as " subtidal, below 40 m (133 ft). "	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
0CB81570C56F767DEE6FDCB69275DF14.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. With slender, rounded, tortuous, commonly upright, abundant anastomosing branches producing tangled colonies. Branches always solid; no main stems developed, branches grading upwards from broadened membranous base. Polyps present on base as well as on branches, widely scattered on all sides, sometimes clustered into large masses. Polyps elongated in expansion arising from distinctly projecting, short yet elevated cylindrical calyces. Polyps partially retractile, seldom entirely retractile; large anthocodiae commonly preserved exsert, arising from either extended, rather thin, slightly sharp, spiculose, but spongy, basal membrane (encrusting) or from slender irregular stems (branched). Axis spiculose, well differentiated, not firm. Long, strongly warted, often irregular spindles and short, girdled rods in coenenchyme. Sclerites of axis more irregular; bear fewer, larger warts, knobs or lobes. Spongy base filled with thin spindles and rods, permeating tissue. Bright rosy-red or brownish in life, but other color forms likely.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Branches of colonies slender. Polyps monomorphic, with prominent calyces, anthocodiae usually exsert. Axis not jointed, without a cross-chambered central core. Medulla surrounded by longitudinal boundary canals (of roughly equal size) separating it from cortex; medulla only rarely perforated by gastrodermal solenia in smaller branches and even then, not as extensively as in lower parts of colony; in larger branches, medulla perforated by solenia. Generally, medulla with separable sclerites; medullar sclerites stout spindles (not needle-like), thorny, ornamented with warts, spines or branching processes, that may link sclerites together. Sclerites of coenenchyme longer fusiform spindles, sometimes clavate or bent, occasionally with radiate bodies and capstans (rarely).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
989D8C6FB2DE7EBBCE9B51A5B0B5CF50.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Within the Subclass Octocorallia, taxonomic placement of this family reflects the changeable history the Order Alcyonacea has experienced since its inception. Currently, Alcyonacea is one of three orders in the subclass (Williams and Cairns 2014). The current Order Alcyonacea was, however, originally divided into four orders (Alcyonacea, Gorgonacea, Stolonifera, and Telestacea). Current coral taxonomy now divides Order Alcyonacea into five nominal groups: Calcaxonia, Holaxonia, Scleraxonia, Alcyoniina and Stolonifera (Bayer 1981 c, Fabricius and Alderslade 2001). While the Family Anthothelidae is today recognized as valid in the Order Alcyonacea [Scleraxonia], a number of species in the family were originally placed in the older Order Stolonifera, often within the Family Clavulariidae. A few researchers may still group some of the families of soft corals in an Order Stolonifera, but since then, a number of genera and several species have been moved out of Stolonifera. Fabricius and Alderslade (2001) noted that the " decision whether to categorize a particular genus as a stoloniferan becomes so subjective that the name plainly has limited classificatory value ..... " Use of the Order Stolonifera, and placement of the Family Anthothelidae in it, or the nominal group, Scleraxonia (as opposed to Stolonifera), has had a continued, tumultuous history (Hickson 1915, Molander 1918, Kuekenthal 1919, 1924, Madsen 1944, Bayer 1961, Bayer 1981 a, b, c, Hochberg 1979). Currently, the classification of species in the family is determined by the presence of a membranous colony form, presence, or absence of coenenchyme layers surrounding an axis, and the way in which polyps arise from the membranous base. Any membranous octocoral colony currently held in the SBMNH collection (few in number, small in size, deteriorated due to early formalin storage) could be a member of either the genus Clavularia or the genus Anthothela (the latter, a genus within the Order Alcyonacea, Scleraxonia). A detailed examination of the few colonies held in the SBMNH collection, in comparison with material housed elsewhere is needed; that necessitates a separate project, to be undertaken at some future date. Most of the material in the SBMNH collection with membranous colony form is present in a very fragile state; a more detailed description for each will not be easy, in some instances, not possible at all. It is likely that even with a more thorough examination of the material held at SBMNH, the results will necessarily be inconclusive. A complete revision of the genus Anthothela was recently completed by Moore et al. (2017), utilized here.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
7FE695C2C3FF58FE888125C0DF6FDACB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Axis an unjointed medullar region composed of completely fused calcareous sclerodermites (solid calcium carbonate) derived from sclerites; Grillo et al. (1993) indicated calcium carbonate axis of family is not derived from the fusion of sclerites, but rather that there are two different origins for the sclerites and the axial skeleton (concentric addition of CaCO 3). Sclerites present as numerous regular capstans, or as rods, plates, and irregular forms without capstans.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
2C6A8E63CF2F2F8F7C913EF6BE3211CF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. One lot, 2 specimens + fragments (recent addition) in SBMNH collection, most likely this species (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
77050C354AF44D567F040C6B183C0920.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sclerites of cortex numerous, regular capstans, often modified with six, seven or eight radii; or as double clubs (only some species), crosses and opera glasses; long spindles present in tentacles. Without axial pits bearing beaded rims beneath autozooids. Autozooids prominent, non-retractile (when contracted cannot fully retract into cortex) and ovate-cylindrical, usually distributed on one side of colony.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
77050C354AF44D567F040C6B183C0920.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Bayer (1956 b) stated that the name Corallium " is an old name of dubious origin, going back to the ancient Greeks, classically applied to the red coral of commerce, the ' true red stony coral'. "	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
840A17E2353FF773061B68B9EB07B37B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. No material in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
17CC9AE908009E1E3764275A86913A26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. No material in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
CC313C5A1BCFA597BEAE883008E32822.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. No material identified as this species in collection at SBMNH (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
7D20C8B21BB11BA6AA2D2CF81B0A85AA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colonies fan-shaped, branching in one plane, some anastomosing. Larger branches with axis often tending to be flattened at right angles to plane of fan; in older colonies, smaller branches can bend and grow perpendicular from the fan. Polyps prominent, low, wart-like, non-retractile; coenenchyme thick between polyps. Sclerites of polyp tentacles small rods; below anthocodiae, sclerites large and bow-shaped, in angled double rows (chevrons), forming eight marginal points, forming strong collaret; tentacular operculum distinct. Sclerites of coenenchyme in two distinct layers, mostly spindles (coarse or densely warted), small capstans, with some clubs or discoidal forms.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
C0CBFEE7068BCB24BD045F0681E9FDAE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ~ 1 - 2 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
C0CBFEE7068BCB24BD045F0681E9FDAE.taxon	description	Description. Collection lot studied contains one branch fragment (Figure 3); in most respects, examination of fragment revealed characters that align with the description given in Sanchez (2005, pages 15 - 20). The branch is distinctive in its knobby aspect, but sclerites fall well within the parameters of morphology as discussed and shown in Sanchez (2005).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
C0CBFEE7068BCB24BD045F0681E9FDAE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The variety name pacifica was presumably proposed in reference to the location / distribution of the species in the Pacific Ocean.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
C0CBFEE7068BCB24BD045F0681E9FDAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recorded from Alaskan waters, Bering Sea, ' Albatross', 54 ° 02 ' 40 " N, 166 ° 42 ' 00 " W, at a depth of 504 m; USNM 3315. Also, recorded from Unalaska to Kodiak, ' Albatross', 54 ° 19 ' 00 " N, 159 ° 40 ' 00 " W, taken by dredge, 114 m; USNM 3338. Bayer indicated (unpublished ms 2, Cairns 2009) that known distribution of this species was from the Bering Sea south to Vancouver Island (specimen collected by Mr Wm Spreadborough, at Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, BC, at a depth of 16 m, June, 1909. [Col. No. 51, Coelenterates, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa]) on the east side of the Pacific, and likely over to Japan on the west; southern limit (at the time Bayer was writing) was unknown. Based on more recent work, including the review of systematics for the family by Sanchez (2005), this species, in the Pacific Ocean (a possible variant of P. arborea), extends to at least the northern limit of the California Bight on the eastern side (at question, further south, at depth), and down into New Zealand waters on the Pacific Ocean's western side.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
C0CBFEE7068BCB24BD045F0681E9FDAE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Specimens collected or photographed in the Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary have harbored polychaete worms, purple in color (species identification not determined), with the worms wound around the branches of the colony (Langstroth and Langstroth 2000). On a specimen examined from Mexico, Gulf of California, Baja, Bahia de Los Angeles, there was a complete over-covering of what may be some sort of grey colonial or zoanthid-type organism (the specimen was not included in the list of material examined, as the overgrowth of the zoanthids precluded any clear examination of the host gorgonian itself). A MBARI video clip, viewed on a visit to MBARI, had an excellent segment of this species heavily colonized by numerous basket stars, so many in fact, that the entire, large tree-like colony displayed a heavy growth of " hair. " According to Langstroth and Langstroth (2000), on a Paragorgia specimen, a feather star, Florometra serratissima, was seen clutching the gorgonian with its leg-like cirri. While this was seen in a lab setting, the feather star likely may have come with the gorgonian during the collection process. If so, other filter-feeding echinoderms might be seen living on / with these gorgonians in situ. Evidence from recent OCNMS expeditions, as well as numerous MBARI and NOAA video clips support this. Colonies living in deeper water grow very slowly in some areas and could be several hundred years old (Andrews et al. 2005, Sherwood et al. 2005), reaching heights of several meters (DeVogelaere et al. 2005). It is speculated (Brancato et al. 2007) that these large, aged colonies provide critical habitat for such organisms as Northern Rockfish, Pacific Ocean Perch, species of King Crab, and Pacific Cod. An expedition undertaken by Olympic Coast NMS (May 2006) lent credence to this speculation.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
40B6A986E674615B8050714F92D27FCD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Massive, tree-like colonies with thick branches, measuring up to 7.0 meters tall, perhaps as much as 6.0 - 7.0 meters wide. Sclerites in axial medulla, long, ornate rods (spindles) with branching processes, derived from capstan type, up to 0.6 - 0.8 mm in length, colorless or pink; elsewhere (coenenchyme, tentacles, etc.) sclerites small (less than 0.15 mm in length), differing shapes, commonly pink or red. Surface sclerites six-, seven-, and eight-radiate capstans, always less than 0.1 mm long, with globular, smooth, grooved or lobulated ornamentation. Sclerites in subsurface / outer medulla of intermediate form, ranging between radiates and spindles. Autozooid polyp tentacles have distinctively blunt, stubby rods or ovals, less than 0.1 mm.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
F562574F9DA51656050D10866C4D44A6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. No material in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
B6105B6D9D9E7C3AC63C13959F6274C3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. No material in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
B3547D19C9E30473408784CA665C2E42.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. No material in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
666F851842A9637B0B3833ACB9DBC38B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Robust, profusely branched colonies with dimorphic polyps (feeding autozooids, reproductive siphonozooids). Axial skeletal structure solely a continuous medulla, containing separable sclerites. Medulla perforated by gastrodermal canals all the way to branch tips, not separated from cortex by a ring of boundary canals.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
6FA0BDD2D50403CE0CF5CE2CAAA96218.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ~ 8 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
6FA0BDD2D50403CE0CF5CE2CAAA96218.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Specimens rarely displayed growth in one plane. Sclerites of medulla with blunt tips, bearing minimal ornamentation, smooth in areas between widely spaced spiny processes; sclerites of colony surface and coenenchymal tissue intermediate between surface and medulla 7 - radiates, but never 8 - radiates. Thick, compact branches with color variation from pinkish orange to pale pink.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
6FA0BDD2D50403CE0CF5CE2CAAA96218.taxon	description	Description. Colony (Figure 4, 6) fragments robust, tree-like, with thick, conspicuous branches. Specimen of Figure 4 approximately 18 cm tall, that of Figure 6 roughly 36 cm long (when gently stretched out). Coenenchyme is thick and tough (like cutting through raw carrot). Branches moderately smooth in appearance, although lumpy in many spots, with small calyces evident; appear somewhat moderately spaced, scattered irregularly, on all sides of branches; distal or lateral branch tips each end with round, swollen knob. Color of branch coenenchyme (Figure 4) bright reddish orange; specimen shown in Figure 6 creamy beige with orange polyp apertures (this could be normal color or could have bleached out due to earlier storage solutions); in both specimens, polyps of same orange hue, with tentacles white (more visible in specimen of Figure 4). Cross section samples of both colonies revealed obvious boundary canals, and both colonies have very few, but rather large penetration canals in the medulla. No blunt, stubby, ornate polyp tentacular sclerites (rods) were ever found in any of numerous tissue samples examined; outer surface sclerites are radiate (Figures 5 C, 7 C), most closely matching a 7 - radiate configuration, with ornamentation often jagged and extensive; color of these sclerites a pale pinkish orange; medullary sclerites (Figures 5 A, 7 A) are spindles, with moderate ornamentation, not as bare as seen in most other species of the genus; these spindles are more or less white, but may often have a very pale yellow color.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
6FA0BDD2D50403CE0CF5CE2CAAA96218.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Nearly all specimens examined, with the exception of two, are from locations within the vicinity of the California Channel Islands, thus a reference to the state of California, where most of the specimens were collected.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
6FA0BDD2D50403CE0CF5CE2CAAA96218.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Based on the specimens in the SBMNH collection, ranges from at least Lincoln County, Oregon through southern California waters.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
5754291918987CC9E5D542FC78DF33A1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A genus in the family Paragorgiidae with scleritic medulla showing no (or very few, one to two) large penetration canals; main solenia around subsurface / outer medulla as boundary canals, forming reticulate network; network of canals observable with light microscopy as a regularly reticulate and uniform mesh just beneath surface. Polyps without tentacular sclerites, outer surface with radiate sclerites; generally, medullary sclerites nearly bare of ornamentation. Autozooid polyps uniformly to randomly distributed along branches, throughout colony. Branching colonies often in one plane (but not always); main branches usually thicker than terminals; terminals clavate. Coloration either of uniform beige or bright orange-red to a beige coloring with slightly projected pinkish orange polyp apertures.	en	Horvath, Elizabeth Anne (2019): A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, and Calcaxonia - Part I: Introduction, species of Scleraxonia and Holaxonia (Family Acanthogorgiidae). ZooKeys 860: 1-66, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.19961
