taxonID	type	description	language	source
782E87AAFFB99E266CAFFC2EFE448A59.taxon	description	(Figure 1 D, E, 2 A – D, 3 A – C)	en	Becker, C., Türkay, M. (2010): Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 26): 1555-1575, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760020, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760020
782E87AAFFB99E266CAFFC2EFE448A59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Northeast Atlantic. France, Brittany: 13, 1 ♀ juvenile, host: Ascidia mentula, Morgat, 48 ° 13 ′ N, 4 ° 29 ′ W, hand-collected, 21 March 2007, leg. A. Magdeburg (SMF 33403 – SMF 33406). 13, 1 ♀, host: Ascidia mentula, bay of Morlaix, Île le Cerf, le Colombier, 48 ° 36 ′ N, 3 ° 59 ′ W, 29 March 1994, leg. E. Dumoulin (SMF 33411). Mediterranean. Ligurian Sea: 13, Italian Riviera, Genova, Portofino 44 ° 18.312 ′ N, 9 ° 12.702 ′ E, October 1913, leg. L. Nick (SMF 5293). 23, 1 ♀, host: “ Phallusia ”, Italian Riviera, Genova, Portofino, 44 ° 18 ′ N, 9 ° 12 ′ E, 17 October 1913, leg. L. Nick (SMF 5294). Tyrrhenian Sea: 13, host: “ Cynthia mentula ”, Italy, Campania, 13 March 1912, leg. L. Nick (SMF 5295). 1 ♀, Italy, Isola d’Elba, August 1965, leg. J. Martens (SMF 5153). 4 ♀, host: Pinna nobilis, Strait of Bonifacio, Italy, Sardinia, Teresa di Gallura, 41 ° 14 ′ 44 ″ N, 9 ° 11 ′ 24 ″ E, August 1961, leg. M. Grasshoff (SMF 4907). Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy, Trieste: 1 ♀, Isla Croce, 13 February 1914, leg. O. Löw-Beer, SMF 4925. 1 ♀, Isla Croce, 20 July 1969, leg. G. Pilleri (SMF 9867). Northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia, Istria: 33, 4 ♀, 2 ♀, 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, 4 ♀ ovigerous, Rovinj, Dvije Sestrice, hard bottom dredge, 10 September 1985, leg. RV BURIN (SMF 31505, SMF 31507, SMF 31509, SMF 34003). 13, Stat. 1 Ku, beam trawl, 05 September 1985, leg. RV BURIN, SMF 31506. 23, Rovinj, west of Crveni otok (Red Island), Stat. 5 - 1, 16 August 1989, leg RV BURIN (SMF 31513). 83, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ juvenile, 13 ♀ ovigerous, 2.8 nm W lighthouse San Giovanni in Pelago, Stat. Rov 95 - 10, 45 ° 2.634 ′ N, 13 ° 32.646 ′ E, hard bottom dredge, 05 September 1995, leg. RV BURIN (SMF 31508). 13, 2 ♀ juvenile hard stage, 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Ascidia mentula, 1 nm SW Banjole, Stat. YU- 87 / 7 b- 1, 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E – 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E, beam trawl, 18 September 1987, RV BURIN, leg. D. Krämer (SMF 33811). 1 ♀ juvenile stage II, 1 ♀ juvenile stage III – IV, 2 ♀ ovigerous, 2 nm N Banjole, Stat. YU- 87 / 7 c, 18 September 1987, RV BURIN, leg. D. Krämer (SMF 33812). 1 ♀ ovigerous, Rovinj, 1 nm SW Banjole, Stat. YU- 87 / 7 b- 2, 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E – 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E, 18 September 1987, RV BURIN, leg. D. Krämer (SMF 33813). 23, 2 ♀, 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Ascidia mentula, 1 nm SW Banjole, Stat. YU- 87 / 7 a- 1, 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E – 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E, 18 September 1987, RV BURIN, leg. D. Krämer (SMF 33814). 3 ♀, host: Ascidia virginea, Banjole, Stat. YU- 87 / 3 b- 1, 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E – 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E, 15 September 1987, RV BURIN, leg. D. Krämer (SMF 33815). 33, host: Ascidia virginea, Banjole, Stat. YU- 87 / 3 b- 1, 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E – 45 ° 3.407 ′ N, 13 ° 35.158 ′ E, 15 September 1987, leg. RV BURIN, SMF 34005. 13, 1 ♀ ovigerous, Rovinj, 16 August 1989, leg. RV BURIN (SMF 31511). 23, host: Halocynthia papillosa, Rovinj, Stat. Rov 05, scuba-diving, 24 August 2005, leg. C. Becker (SMF 33806). 2 ♀, Rovinj (SMF 5291). 33, host: Ascidia mentula, Rovinj, scuba-diving, 16 August 1989 (SMF 33807). 13, Rovinj, leg. 16 August 1989 (SMF 31514). 13, Rovinj, Notes: scale bars, 5 mm (A – B, D – E, G); 2 mm (C); 10 mm (F); photographs, C. Becker (A – E), S. Tränkner (F – G). Notes: scale bars, 2 mm (A); 500 µm (B); 250 µm (C) leg. 1987 (SMF 31515). 1 ♀, Rovinj, leg. 1989 (SMF 31516). 1 ♀, host: Pinna nobilis, Rovinj, beam trawl, December 2003, RV BURIN, leg. D. Brandis (SMF 33409). Levantian Sea: 13 free living, NW-Greece, July 1993, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz, (SMF 33461). Ionian See: 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Halocynthia papillosa, Greece, Thesprotia, Syvota, 38 ° 37 ′ N, 20 ° 40 ′ E, 15 July 1993, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (SMF 33410). 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Halocynthia papillosa, Greece, Crete, Agia Pelagica, “ Made ”, 35 ° 24 ′ 3.41 ″ N, 25 ° 2 ′ 1.70 ″ E, scuba-diving, 18 January 2007, leg. C. Becker and M. Schneider, (SMF 33408). Notes: scale bars, 2 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 500 µm (C). Male General description (Figure 2 A). Colour fawn to light brown. Carapace rounded, dorsally convex, strongly calcified, not translucent, without defined regions and lateral teeth. Carapace, as well as whole body surface, especially front, pilose, appearance dull owing to short pappose setae only noticeable under high magnification. Front pronounced, bilobed by narrow median notch. Eyes clearly visible in dorsal view, with bright red colouration in living specimens. Chelipeds (P 1), relative length of articles of walking legs and third maxillipeds consistent with description of female given below. Second and third pair of walking legs (P 3, P 4) with swimming fringes: two rows of long pappose setae on distal articles. One running dorso-posteriorly on carpus and propodus, one ventro-anteriorly. Shorter pappose setae lining dorsal and ventral margins of all walking legs (P 2 – P 5). Size of males varies with host, maximum carapace width about 8 mm in specimens from giant Mediterranean pen, Pinna nobilis. Pleon (abdomen) and sternum (Figure 2 B). Male abdominal segments clearly separated. Belonging to thoracotremata, male gonopores located on sternum. Pleon narrow, roughly tongue-shaped, general form slightly triangular. Pleon tapering distally with segments 3 – 5 trapezoidal, every segment somewhat narrower than previous. Pleon broadening in distal part of segment 6 and in rounded telson. Whole outer margin of abdomen fringed with setae, entire surface of pleon pilose with short pappose setae. First gonopod (GP 1) (Figures 2 C, D). Paired copulatory organs, first gonopods, running parallel basally for three-quarters of total length, distal quarter strongly curved towards lateral outside: position of distal tip with opening of ejaculatory canal resulting in angle of about 90 ° to base. First gonopod slender, slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, gradually tapering distally. Next to long pappose setae on proximal base of gonopod, long simple setae along total length of first gonopod, particularly near its curve. Female (adult) General description (Figure 1 D, E, 3 A). Colour fawn to light brown. Carapace subglobular or wider than long, especially in large females. Carapace soft, slightly translucent, surface setose, without defined regions. Front projecting a little, clearly bilobed by median incision. Eyes more or less visible in dorsal view, depending on size of specimen. Eyes with bright red colouration in living specimens. Surface of carapace pilose. Pleon very broad and rounded, covering whole ventral side, coxae of walking legs laterally, reaches buccal region anteriorly. Pleon’s margin fringed with setae. Surface of pleon pilose, with short pappose setae. Juvenile hard stage females before metamorphosis consistent with description of male (except for pleopods). Carapace width of clearly adult (ovigerous) females from around 5 mm in small females inhabiting ascidians, up to 20 mm in Pinna nobilis. Chelipeds and walking legs (Figure 3 A, B). Cheliped, especially palm of chela, rather robust. Cutting edge of palm with one stout triangular tooth on movable finger (dactylus) interlocking into depression on fixed finger (propodus), latter with five to six additional blunt teeth. Palm with simple setae of different lengths and with pappose setae. Setae in higher densities around cutting edge and at base of fingers. Whole surface of cheliped and palm pilose owing to short pappose setae. Walking legs (P 2 – P 5) with long, pointed, slightly curved dactyli. Dactyli of P 2 – P 5 considerably more than half as long as propodus. Dactyli of equal length in walking legs P 2 – P 4, slightly longer in P 5: approximately as long as three-quarters of propodus. Swimming fringes of second and third walking legs present in juvenile females, reduced in adults. Third maxilliped (Figure 3 C). Third maxilliped with large completely fused merusischium-article. Dactylus of palp inserting underneath propodus (subterminally). Flagellum two-segmented with tuft of long simple setae originating from its tip. Third maxillipeds’ inner margins densely fringed with long simple setae. Short pappose setae distributed over whole surface of maxilliped. Comments Hesse (1872) was the first to describe specimens from sea squirts as a new species, namely Pinnotheres ascidicola from the northern French Atlantic coast around Brittany. Miers (1886) listed it as P. ascidiicola [sic] among a number of other Pinnotheres - species without giving any definition. One of Hesse’s main reasons to assign these pea crabs to a separate species was their ascidian host. While he presupposed that the established species P. pisum and N. pinnotheres live exclusively in bivalves, he found his specimen in “ l’ascidie phallusiennes (Ascidia canina) ” and “ Ascidia intestinalis ”, which are, according to the literature, synonyms of Phallusia mammillata (Cuvier, 1815) and Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767). Further arguments, brought forward by Hesse, were the differences in size and colour, the carapace being less transparent, and his observation of P. ascidicola not being pilose, which is said to be the case in the other species, especially in N. pinnotheres. The general colour was characterized as sepia; the eyes were red. Moreover, Hesse described antennae, chelae, walking legs and third maxillipeds, without any comparison to P. pisum or N. pinnotheres. He stated for example that the first antenna was composed of three articles, the second antenna of four articles and the third maxillipeds’ flagellum of two articles, but he didn’t mention that all these characters are consistent with N. pinnotheres. Pinnotheres marioni is mentioned for the first time in Gourret (1884) as “ Pinnotheres nov. spec. ” out of Ascidia mentula from the Gulf of Marseille in the French part of the Mediterranean Sea. Only one drawing of the telson of the zoea is shown. In 1888, Gourret gave a detailed description, naming the species Pinnotheres Marioni in honour to his Professor A. F. Marion in the article on “ quelques Crustacés parasites des ascidies ”. Drawings were displayed for the male, the female’s carapace as well as pleon and chelae of both sexes and zoea larvae. All features shown in these drawings are, again, absolutely consistent with our analysis and description of N. pinnotheres. According to Gourret (1888), P. marioni differs from P. pisum and N. pinnotheres in being pilose and in the carapace not being translucent. The front of the male was described as pronounced with a median incision. He pointed out that this character clearly differs from P. pisum, but admitted that it resembles N. pinnotheres. The first antenna was said to differ from P. pisum in having three articles, which is also the case in N. pinnotheres. The characters described by Gourret were mainly compared by him with P. pisum, but not compared thoroughly with N. pinnotheres. In addition to this, Gourret was obviously not aware of Hesse’s description of P. ascidicola 15 years earlier, otherwise he should have compared his supposed new species with that one. From the original descriptions of P. ascidicola and P. marioni and the mentioned range of ascidian hosts, it becomes clear that Hesse and Gourret were talking about one and the same species. One feature, pointed out by Hesse and Gourret as an argument for the inhabitants of sea squirts being separate species, is their degree of pilosity respectively the non-pilosity of the whole body. While P. ascidicola was said to be smooth, P. marioni was stated to be pilose. But since both authors were already misjudging the pilosity of P. pisum and N. pinnotheres – Hesse having said both species were pilose, Gourret having maintained just the opposite – we assume that they probably just did not have adequate optical methods and the sufficient degree of magnification for a proper examination of very small setae. A study of the setae types by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been carried out by us for the European species, revealing that the carapace of P. pisum is smooth, while N. pinnotheres is pilose (Becker and Türkay, unpublished).	en	Becker, C., Türkay, M. (2010): Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 26): 1555-1575, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760020, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760020
782E87AAFFB09E236CC7FDDBFD1C8881.taxon	description	(Figure 1 A – C, 4 A – D, 5 A – C)	en	Becker, C., Türkay, M. (2010): Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 26): 1555-1575, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760020, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760020
782E87AAFFB09E236CC7FDDBFD1C8881.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Northeast Atlantic. North Sea, Dogger Bank: 13, host: Mactra stultorum, Stat. DOGN- 14 Ku, 54 ° 30.73 ′ N, 2 ° 40.352 ′ E – 54 ° 30.478 ′ N, 2 ° 39.246 ′ E, 19 July 2006, beam trawl, RV SENCKENBERG, leg. K. Pietratus (SMF 34583). 13, 2 ♀, host: Mactra stultorum, Stat. DOGN- 6 Ku, 54 ° 45.489 ′ N, 1 ° 43.853 ′ E – 54 ° 45.7 ′ N, 1 ° 42.443 ′ E, 19 July 2006, beam trawl, RV SENCKENBERG, leg. K. Pietratus (SMF 34584 – SMF 34586). 13, 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, host: Spisula solida, Dogger Bank-West, Stat. DOGO- 9 RD, 54 ° 59.635 ′ N, 1 ° 39.267 ′ E – 54 ° 59.635 ′ N, 1 ° 39.267 ′ E, 01 August 2008, ring dredge, leg. RV SENCKENBERG, (SMF 34043). 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-West, Stat. DOGO- 4 RD, 54 ° 28.71 ′ N, 1 ° 51.771 ′ E – 54 ° 28.71 ′ N, 1 ° 51.771 ′ E, ring drdge, 30 July 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG, (SMF 34040). 1 ♀, host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-West, Stat. DOGO- 5 Ku, 54 ° 37.473 ′ N, 1 ° 42.225 ′ E, 54 ° – 37.307 ′ N, 1 ° 42.38 ′ E, beam trawl, 30 July 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34007). 1 ♀, host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGO- 17 Ku, 54 ° 51.011 ′ N, 2 ° 5.168 ′ E – 54 ° 51.859 ′ N, 2 ° 5.222 ′ E, beam trawl, 1 August 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34008). 13, host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGO- 26 Ku, 54 ° 50.798 ′ N, 2 ° 49.403 ′ E – 54 ° 51.625 ′ N, 2 ° 50.568 ′ E, beam trawl, 1 August 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34009). 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-East, DOGL- 14 ku, 54 ° 31 ′ N, 2 ° 40.8 ′ E – 54 ° 30.8 ′ N, 2 ° 38.8 ′ E, beam trawl, 3 August 2004, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34006). 1 ♀, host: Gari fervensis, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGN- 40 / 8 Ku, 55 ° 27.544 ′ N, 4 ° 8.624 ′ E – 55 ° 27.768 ′ N, 4 ° 6.907 ′ E, beam trawl, 24 July 2006, RV Notes: scale bars, 2 mm (A), 500 µm (B), 250 µm (C). SENCKENBERG, leg. K. Pietratus (SMF 32742). 1 ♀, host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGO- 11 RD, 54 ° 45.396 ′ N, 2 ° 0.459 ′ E – 54 ° 45.396 ′ N, 2 ° 0.459 ′ E, 1 August 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34041). 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, free-living, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGO- 29 Ku, 55 ° 8.026 ′ N – 55 ° 8.323 ′ N, 2 ° 41.64 ′ E – 2 ° 43.195 ′ E, 3 August 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34042). 13, 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGO- 40 / 1 RD, 55 ° 27.453 ′ N, 4 ° 8.622 ′ E – 55 ° 27.453 ′ N, 4 ° 8.622 ′ E, 4 August 2008, leg. RV SENCKEN- BERG (SMF 34044). 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, host: Donax vittatus, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGO- 13 a RD, 54 ° 27.113 ′ N, 2 ° 16.064 ′ E – 54 ° 27.113 ′ N, 2 ° 16.064 ′ E, 30 July 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34045). 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Gari fervensis, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGO- 40 / 1 Ku, 55 ° 27.612 ′ N, 4 ° 8.219 ′ E – 55 ° 27.525 ′ N, 4 ° 10.267 ′ E, 4 August 2008, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 34046). 1 ♀ ovigerous, Notes: scale bars, 2 mm (A), 1 mm (B), 500 µm (C). host: Mactra stultorum, Dogger Bank-East, Stat. DOGM- 14 Ku, 54 ° 31.008 ′ N, 2 ° 40.609 ′ E – 54 ° 30.847 ′ N, 2 ° 40.535 ′ E, hard-bottom dredge, 3 August 2005, RV SENCKENBERG, leg. M. Türkay (SMF 34374). North Sea, German Bight: 783, 239 ♀ stage I to stage V (in part ovigerous), host: Modiolus modiolus, Helgoland Trench, 54 ° 08.419 ′ N – 54 ° 08.599 ′ N to 07 ° 50.921 ′ E – 07 ° 53.431 ′ E, beam trawl / hard bottom dredge, January – December 1985 – 1992, leg. RV SENCKENBERG, uncatalogued material. 1 ♀, Helgoland Trench, Stat. NR- 45 Ku, 54 ° 8.56 ′ N, 7 ° 52.3 ′ E – 54 ° 8.52 ′ N, 7 ° 52.08 ′ E, beam trawl, 13 August 1984, leg. RV SENCKENBERG (SMF 12887). 23 free living, Stat. D 2007 - 27 Ku, 55 ° 17.046 ′ N, 6 ° 43.88 ′ E – 55 ° 17.55 ′ N, 6 ° 45.238 ′ E, beam trawl, 7 August 2007, RV SENCKEN- BERG, leg. K. Pietratus (SMF 32743). 1 ♀, 13, host: Spisula solida, Loreley Bank, ring dredge, 14.05.1985, leg. RV SENCKENBERG, uncatalogued material. 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Mactra stultorum, north of Juist, Stat. D 2007 - 3 RD, 53 ° 47.161 ′ N, 7 ° 3.225 ′ E – 53 ° 47.161 ′ N, 7 ° 3.225 ′ E, hard bottom dredge, 1 August 2007, RV SENCK- ENBERG, leg. M. Türkay (SMF 34375). 1 ♀, ovigerous, host: Spisula elliptica, Wangerooge, Stat. LR- 060728 - 2 Ku, 53 ° 49.395 ′ N, 7 ° 52.498 ′ E – 53 ° 48.899 ′ N, 7 ° 53.863 ′ E, 28 July 2006, beam trawl, RV SENCKENBERG, leg. K. Pietratus (SMF 34587). 1 ♀, Norderney, Stat. V 53 - 078 Ku, 53 ° 49.51 ′ N, 7 ° 13.64 ′ E – 53 ° 49.72 ′ N, 7 ° 12.13 ′ E, beam trawl, 18 February 1987, RV Valdivia (SMF 32676). 13, 1 ♀, host: Mactra stultorum, Jadebusen, Stat. WH 287 Stat. 398, 1 May 2006, beam trawl, RV WALTER HERWIG, leg. K. Pietratus (SMF 32741). North Sea, other locations: 13, host: Mytilus edulis, Netherlands, close to the German boarder, mussels from a restaurant, 15 September 2006, leg. C. Becker, SMF 34582. 33, 1 ♀, host: Mytilus edulis, North Sea, Ireland, supermarket “ Metro ” in Frankfurt, Germany, 2005, leg. S. George (SMF 32744). France, Brittany: 1 ♀, host: Mytilus edulis, Roscoff, 1 April 1990 – 31 May 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34382). 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Mytilus galloprovincialis, 48 ° 34 ′ N, 2 ° 24 ′ W, 8 October 1994, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz, SMF 33457. 13, 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, host: Spisula solida, Région de Dinard: “ Les Haches ”, ring dredge, April 1993, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (SMF 34001). 1 ♀ juvenile, host: Mytilus edulis, Brest (supermarket), April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34318). 1 ♀, host: Mytilus edulis, France, Brittany, Brest (supermarket), 17 April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34319). 1 ♀, host: Mytilus edulis, France, Brittany, Vannes (supermarket), 17 April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34320). France, other locations: 93, 17 ♀, host: Mytilus edulis, France, Haute-Normandie, 49 ° 19 ′ N, 0 ° 22 ′ W, 8 October 1994, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz, SMF 33456. 2 ♀, host: Mytilus edulis from the market hall in Frankfurt / Germany, origin: France, Bay of Biscay, Oléron, 6 August 2005, leg. C. Becker (SMF 34576). 23, 11 ♀, host: Mytilus edulis from the market hall in Frankfurt / Germany, origin: France, Oléron, 17 February 2007, leg. C. Becker (SMF 34581). Mediterranean. Northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia, Istria: 1 ♀ ovigerous, Rovinj, mole in front of the Institute Ruder Boškovi 0, Stat. Rov 93, 1 September 1993 (SMF 31503). 13, 1 ♀, host: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Rovinj, in front of the old town, leg. 19 August 1989 (SMF 31519). 1 ♀, host: Ostrea edulis, Rovinj, Big Figarola, skin-diving, 1 September 2005, leg. C. Becker and S. Kalscheid (SMF 34579). 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Rovinj, Sv. Katarina, 9 July 1986, leg. U. Pettke (SMF 31512). 13, 2 ♀, 1 ♀ juvenile stage III – IV, 5 ♀ ovigerous, host: Pinna nobilis, Rovinj, bay of Bale, 1982, leg. U. Pettke (SMF 33808). 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Pinna nobilis, Rovinj, bay of Bale, July 1982, leg. U. Pettke (SMF 33810). 2 ♀, Rovinj, Sv. Katarina, SE-coast, Stat. Rov 01 - 02, 45 ° 4.651 ′ N, 13 ° 37.891 ′ E – 45 ° 4.651 ′ N, 13 ° 37.891 ′ E, leg. 13 August 2001 (SMF 31500). 13, 1 ♀, host: Pinna nobilis, Rovinj, bay of Bale, July 1982 (SMF 31501). 1 ♀, 13, host: Pinna nobilis, Rovinj, bay of Bale, July 1982 (SMF 31502). 13, 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Pinna nobilis, Rovinj, bay of Bale, July 1987, leg. D. Krämer (SMF 33809). 83, 3 ♀, 3 ♀ juvenile, 5 ♀ ovigerous, host: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Rovinj, Monte Mulini, leg. 21 August 1989 (SMF 31517). 23, 2 ♀ juvenile, 6 ♀ ovigerous, Rovinj, Val Salina, leg. 23 August 1989 (SMF 31518). 1 ♀, host: Pinna nobilis, Rovinj, December 2003, leg. D. Brandis (SMF 34577). 13, 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Pinna nobilis, bay of Kolone, July 1983 (SMF 31504). 1 ♀, host: Ostrea edulis, Limski Fjord, skin-diving, 29 August 2005, leg. C. Becker (SMF 34580). 1 ♀ juvenile stage II, host: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Limski Fjord, 21 August 1989 (SMF 31520). 3 ♀, Limski Fjord, August 1968, leg. Kinzelbach (SMF 5099). Tyrrhenian Sea: 1 ♀, Italy, Isola d’Elba, leg. S. Rau (SMF 5303). Ionian Sea: 13, 1 ♀, host: Pinna nobilis, Greece, Ionian Islands, Island Marathonisi in front of Island Zakynthos, 36 ° 45 ′ 13 ″ N, 22 ° 34 ′ 25 ″ E, August 1979, leg. B. Kurlemann (SMF 16285). Sea of Marmara: 33, 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Pinna nobilis, Turkey, Princes’ Islands, Büyükada, July – August 1966, leg. M. Türkay (SMF 4451). 23, 1 ♀ ovigerous, host: Pinna nobilis, Turkey, Princes’ Islands, KInalIada, June 1964, leg. M. Türkay (SMF 4455). 2 ♀, host: Pinna nobilis, Turkey, Princes’ Islands, Büyükada, July 1964, leg. M. Türkay (SMF 4467). Male General description (Figures 1 B, 4 A). Colour light, nearly white to ivory with orange ornamentation on dorsal surface of carapace, chelipeds and walking legs. Carapace rounded, dorsally very convex, strongly calcified, not translucent, without defined regions and lateral teeth. Surface plain and smooth owing to lack of setae. Front very pronounced, slightly acuminated in middle. Eyes clearly visible in dorsal view, with light orange colouration in living specimens. Chelipeds (P 1), relative length of articles of walking legs and third maxillipeds consistent with description of female given below, but chelipeds generally much stronger and stouter than in adult females. Second and third pair of walking legs (P 3, P 4) with swimming fringes: two rows of long pappose setae on distal articles. One running dorso-posteriorly on carpus and propodus, one ventro-anteriorly. Shorter pappose setae lining dorsal and ventral margins of all walking legs (P 2 – P 5). Largest males, found in Pinna nobilis, with carapace width of about 7 mm. Pleon (abdomen) and sternum (Figure 4 B). Male abdominal segments clearly separated. Belonging to Thoracotremata, male gonopores on sternum. Pleon narrow, general shape triangular. Pleon tapering distally from segment 3 to segment 6, lateral margins of segment 3 slightly rounded, shape of segment 4 and 5 trapezoid, margins of segment 6 slightly rounded, shape of telson trapezoid. Whole outer margin of pleon setose, remaining surface smooth. First gonopod (GP 1) (Figure 4 C, D). GP 1 straight over almost total length, strongly flattened dorso-ventrally. Distal part narrowed abruptly with light curve in last 7 / 8. Distal openings of ejaculatory canal oriented slightly towards lateral side of body. Gonopods with long pappose setae on proximal base and along total length, setae more numerous in curve of distal part. Female (adult) General description (Figure 1 A, C, 5 A). Colour light ivory, nearly white. Carapace subglobular or slightly wider than long, especially in large females. Carapace very soft, translucent through decalcification, without defined regions and lateral teeth. Eyes hardly visible in dorsal view, especially in large females. Eyes of living specimen with light orange colouration. Carapace and whole body surface smooth, shiny owing to lack of setae. Pleon very broad, rounded, covering whole ventral side including coxae, reaching front anteriorly. Pleons’ margin setose, outer surface smooth. Maximum body size of adult (ovigerous) females about 18 mm in carapace width in specimen from Pinna nobilis, minimum about 4 mm in small ovigerous females inhabiting Mytilus edulis. Juvenile females consistent with the description of males (except for pleopods). Chelipeds and walking legs (Figure 5 A, B). Cheliped (P 1), especially palm, slender in adult females (stouter in juvenile females and males). Cutting edge of claw with one single pointed tooth on movable finger (dactylus) and one single tooth on fixed finger (propodus). Inner and outer surface of palm rather smooth, only scattered setae. Simple and plumose setae located near angle of propodus and dactylus and on cutting edge of claw. Field of long pappo-serrate setae forming dense comb on bottom side of claw. Walking legs (P 2 – P 5) with short, pointed, curved dactyli. Dactyli of P 2 – P 5 considerably less than half as long as propodus. Dactyli almost of equal length in all walking legs. Swimming fringes of second and third walking legs (P 3, P 4) present in juvenile females, reduced in adults. Third maxilliped (Figure 5 C). Third maxilliped with large completely fused merusischium-article. Dactylus of palp inserting underneath propodus (subterminally). Flagellum two-segmented with tuft of long simple setae originating from tip. Third maxillipeds’ inner margins densely fringed with long simple setae, surfaces of merusischium, carpus and propodus smooth. Comments In contrast to data in the literature (Schmitt et al. 1973), we found Pinnotheres pisum exclusively in bivalves, but never in ascidians.	en	Becker, C., Türkay, M. (2010): Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 26): 1555-1575, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760020, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760020
782E87AAFFB59E3F6C9EFBC6FC1B8959.taxon	description	(Figure 1 F, G, 6 A – D)	en	Becker, C., Türkay, M. (2010): Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 26): 1555-1575, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760020, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760020
782E87AAFFB59E3F6C9EFBC6FC1B8959.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Northeast Atlantic. France, Brittany: 1 ♀, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, region of Dinard, east of “ des Haches ”, 48 ° 38 ′ N, 2 ° 3 ′ W, April 1993, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (SMF 33459). 1 ♀, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Pointe de Bilfot, Plouézec, 48 ° 45 ′ N, 2 ° 56 ′ W, 9 April 1993, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (SMF 33460). 3 ♀, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Bay of Morlaix, Île Callot, 11 April 1986, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (SMF 34002). 40 ♀, 38 ♀ ovigerous, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Roscoff, ring dredge, May 1990, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34252 – SMF 34294, SMF 34390 – SMF 34399, SMF 34460 – SMF 34484). 48 ♀, 3 juvenile stage III – IV, 2 ♀ ovigerous, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Bay of Morlaix, ring dredge, May 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34332). 13, 3 ♀ juvenile, 3 ♀ juvenile hard stage, 1 ♀ juvenile stage II, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Roscoff, ring dredge, April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34295 - SMF 34303). 3 ♀ juvenile, Notes: Scale bars, 1 mm (A), 500 µm (B), 200 µm (C). host: Venus verrucosa, Roscoff, ring dredge, April / May 1990 / 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34304 – SMF 34306). 13, 10 ♀, host: Venus verrucosa, Roscoff, ring dredge, April / May 1990 / 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34307 – SMF 34313, SMF 34383). 13, 1 ♀, host: Circomphalus casina, Roscoff, ring dredge, April / May 1990 / 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34314, SMF 34315). 1 ♀, 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, host: Clausinella fasciata, Roscoff, ring dredge, April / May 1990 / 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34316, SMF 34517). 33, 1 ♀ juvenile, 3 ♀ juvenile hard stage, 1 ♀ juvenile stage II, 1 ♀ juvenile stage II – III, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Roscoff, ring dredge, April / May 1990 / 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34321 – SMF 34328, SMF 34384 – SMF 34386). 23, 1 ♀ juvenile hard stage, host: Clausinella fasciata, Roscoff, ring dredge, April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34327 – SMF 34329). 23, host: Circomphalus casina, Roscoff, ring dredge, 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34330, SMF 34331). 9 ♀, host: Circomphalus casina, Roscoff, ring dredge, April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34335 - SMF 34373). 13, 1 ♀, host: Circomphalus casina, Roscoff: Stat. 9, beam trawl, April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34387, SMF 34388). 1 ♀, host: Clausinella fasciata, Roscoff: Stat. 9, beam trawl, April 1991, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34389). 56 ♀, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Roscoff, May 1990, leg. J. Klein (SMF 34485 – SMF 34540). 20 ♀, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Roscoff, October 2005, leg. W. Thomas, Station biologique de Roscoff (SMF 34333). 63 ♀ ovigerous, 1 ♀ stage IV, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Roscoff, 21 May 2008, leg. L. Lévèque, Station biologique de Roscoff (SMF 34334). 1 ♀, larvae zoea 1, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, Roscoff, 1 August 2005, leg. T. Wehe (SMF 34578). France, unspecified locations: 1 ♀ juvenile, 15 April 1987, leg. C. d’Udekem d’Acoz (SMF 33458). 1 ♀, host: Glycymeris glycymeris, France, fishmarket close to La Sausaie, February 1982, leg. H. Nesemann (SMF 34004). Male General description. Very similar to P. pisum (see figure 4 A). Males of P. pectunculi infrequently found inside host. Present study based on preserved material, therefore no information on general colour, possible ornamentation and colouration of eyes available. Carapace rounded, dorsally very convex, strongly calcified, not translucent, without defined regions and lateral teeth. Surface of carapace smooth, shiny, without setae. Front very pronounced, slightly acuminated in middle. Eyes clearly visible in dorsal view. Chelipeds, walking legs and third maxillipeds generally consistent with description for female given later, but chelipeds generally much stronger and stouter than in adult females. Second and third pair of walking legs (P 3, P 4) with swimming fringes: two rows of setae on distal articles: one runs dorso-posteriorly on carpus and propodus, another ventro-anteriorly. Dorsal and ventral margin of walking legs (P 2 – P 5) lined with shorter setae. Maximum carapace width of males about 5 mm in the dog cockle Glycymeris glycymeris. Pleon (abdomen) and sternum (Figure 6 B). Male abdominal segments clearly separated. Belonging to thoracotremata, male gonopores located on sternum. Pleon tapering from proximal to distal segments, tapering stronger, less gradual than in P. pisum. Shape of pleon less triangular than in P. pisum, rounded, especially telson. Outer margin of pleon lined with setae, remaining surface smooth. First gonopod (GP 1) (Figure 6 C, D). Gonopods flattened dorso-ventrally, tapering by degrees from base to tip. Curvature towards lateral side of body gradual from proximal base of gonopod to distal opening of ejaculatory canal. Whole limb sickle-shaped. Tapering to distal opening gradual, regular along total length. With same plumose setae as in P. pisum, but highest density less distal to tip, more concentrated in flexed region. Female General description (Figure 1 F, G). Very similar to P. pisum (see Figure 5 A). General colour light ivory, nearly white. Carapace subglobular or slightly wider than long, especially in large females. Carapace very soft, translucent through decalcification, without defined regions and lateral teeth. Eyes hardly visible in dorsal view, especially in large females. Eyes with light orange colouration in living specimens. Carapace, as well as whole body surface, smooth and shiny owing to lack of setae. Pleon very broad, rounded, covering whole ventral side and coxae, reaching front anteriorly. Pleons’ margin setose, outer surface smooth. Maximum carapace width around 10 mm in adult females from Glycymeris glycymeris, minimum carapace size in ovigerous females from Circomphalus casina about 5 mm. Juvenile females consistent with description of males (except for pleopods). Chelipeds and walking legs (Figure 6 A). Palm of cheliped very slender in adult females, appearing generally slightly more slender than in P. pisum. Chelipeds of juvenile females stouter, number and arrangement of teeth, setae types and their distribution identical to P. pisum (see Figure 5 B). Movable finger (dactylus) with one single pointed tooth. Fixed finger (propodus) with one tooth followed by additional small tooth. Small tooth is only feature to distinguish females of P. pectunculi and P. pisum. Setae types and grouping on claw identical. Principal part of palm plain and smooth, showing only scattered setae. Simple and pappose setae located on cutting edge of claw and near angle of propodus and dactylus. Bottom side of claw with field of long pappo-serrate setae forming dense comb. Walking legs (P 2 – P 5) slender with short, pointed and curved dactyli, considerably less than half as long as propodus. Dactyli of almost equal length in all walking legs. Swimming fringes of second and third walking leg (P 3, P 4) present in juvenile females, reduced in adults. Third maxilliped. Third maxilliped not different from P. pisum (see Figure 5 C), with large completely fused merus-ischium-article. Dactylus of palp inserted underneath propodus (subterminally). Flagellum two-segmented with tuft of long simple setae originating from its tip. Third maxillipeds’ inner margins densely fringed with long simple setae, but surfaces of merus-ischium-article, carpus and propodus smooth. Juvenile females very similar to males, except for slight differences in shape of pleon and abdominal appendages. Comments The first description of Pinnotheres pecunculi was by Hesse (1872). From the fact that the specimens found in the dog cockle, Glycymeris glycymeris, were much smaller than Pinnotheres pisum from the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, Hesse already concluded there must have been two separate species. Furthermore, Hesse described that the first antenna had five articles and that the male carapace showed an orange ornamentation. Bourdon (1965) mentioned specimens from Glycymeris glycymeris and indicated that these might have been a new species, but since he had seen the need for further investigations, he carefully called his specimens Pinnotheres pisum forma pectunculi. Bourdon described the additional tooth on the fixed finger of the claw in the female and mentioned that the walking legs were more pilose than in P. pisum (1965). In addition to this, he indicated the infection rate for P. pectunculi, but he didn’t give any statement for the incidence of males. Bourdon also mentioned the presence of N. pinnotheres in Ascidia mentula and in Ostrea edulis, while he was claiming that P. pisum did not inhabit Ostrea edulis, but was also found in ascidians. Our present study suggests that both is incorrect: while we never found N. pinnotheres in Ostrea edulis, P. pisum was not present in ascidians (see examined material). The origin and relationship of P. pectunculi is not yet clear. Since its distribution and host range seems so far to be very restricted, it might be a relatively new species. Next to its similarities with Pinnotheres pisum, it also resembles Zaops ostreum (Say, 1817) from the Northwest Atlantic. Z. ostreum was redescribed by Stauber (1945) and especially its chela and the males’ first gonopods look very similar to P. pectunculi, but it can still be separated by the relative length of the dactyli of the walking legs and by differences in the existence of dorsal and lateral spines of the larvae. The larvae of Z. ostreum were described by Sandoz and Hopkins (1947).	en	Becker, C., Türkay, M. (2010): Taxonomy and morphology of European pea crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Journal of Natural History 44 (25 - 26): 1555-1575, DOI: 10.1080/00222931003760020, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760020
